1191:. Contemporary reports claimed that the Griquas then sold much of their land voluntarily, and that the overall annexation of the territory took place "at the wish of the inhabitants themselves." On the other hand, opinion among the Griqua people themselves seems to have been divided. A quote by Adam Kok III, upon learning of the Colonial Offices' plans, suggests that there was misunderstanding or even deception involved in the annexation of Griqualand East: "There you have it... we were not consulted. We can say nothing." The British assumed direct control of the territory in 1874.
412:
132:
84:
1301:
472:
72:
122:
1610:
781:
982:
4725:
1069:
1186:
In the differing sources and versions of history, the end of
Griqualand East's story is as contested as its beginning, and the reasons for the country's dissolution remain hazy. Local Cape sources record an official (but heavily qualified) request in 1869, from Adam Kok III, for the establishment of
1194:
What is known for a fact is that the Griqua leader, whose name still adorns the town he founded, died in
December 1875 after being severely injured in a wagon-accident. At his funeral, his cousin commented that with Kok's death, the Griquas' last hope for an independent state in Southern Africa had
1098:
had begun printing its own banknotes, Kok and his followers embarked on a similar experiment of their own and had about 10,000 one pound-notes printed for use in the area. The plans to actually introduce them never materialised, and, with the exception of a few remaining samples, almost all of them
1036:
and the Cape colonists. According to the sources, Adam Kok III and his followers only learned about the plans six years after the official document had been secretly signed. Realising that they could not muster a fighting force that could match the colonial army, and after having voiced their
1233:
Pondo people, who had long constituted the majority of the
Griqualand East population, came to own increasing amounts of land in the area, together with newly-arriving European settlers. These demographic factors led to a further dilution of Griqua identity and a century later, under
1222:). The act was only promulgated two years later on 17 September 1879, when four magistrates were set up, at Kokstad, Matatiele, Mount Frere and Umzimkulu. The territory was also given two elected seats in the Cape Parliament, which at the time was elected through the multi-racial "
1052:
visited the place and agreed to establish a church if the people were to move once more. Kok consulted with the populace, and they chose an area farther south of the mountain. The
Griquas moved there in 1872, and founded the town of Kokstad, named in honour of their leader.
1116:
The seal included in the information-box is a rough replica of a seal shown on the first set of banknotes of 1867 which is the only known and surviving depiction. On the banknote itself, it is flanked to the left and right by a band or ribbon which reads
1018:
1031:
and the Free State in 1854, long before the
Griquas had any knowledge of their fate. The Colonial Office agreed to undertake the expulsion of the entire population in exchange for a settlement of a border conflict between the
1013:
and "their predatory raids upon the farmers and natives of Natal" After their leader Adam Kok III had sent an advance party to survey the area, the entire group agreed to the arrangement and arrived there in 1862.
1638:
809:
4534:
932:
from 1816 to 1828). As Faku eventually realised that his warriors could not defend the eastern part of his kingdom against Shaka, he decided to evacuate the area, leaving behind what became known as
4811:
1155:. A single source dates its first documented appearance to 1903, but the flag itself might have been in use earlier; whether or not independent Griqualand East actually deployed it is uncertain.
2675:
1218:
Although initially the Cape had refused to annex the territory, agreement was reached after substantial negotiation and in 1877 the Cape
Parliament passed the Griqualand East Annexation Act (
3305:
924:
dynasty from 1815 to 1867. During his reign, Faku initially welcomed many refugees who came over the territory's north-eastern border, fleeing from the incursions and raids by the army of
1631:
802:
439:‡ Maximum extend given, defined as unclaimed/un-annexed by other established governments. Total area was in flux throughout history. Source for given figure under References (below).
4841:
4821:
2099:
The life and times of Sir John
Charles Molteno, K. C. M. G., First Premier of Cape Colony, Comprising a History of Representative Institutions and Responsible Government at the Cape
4094:
1108:
Confirmation that the
Strachan and Co circulated as money in the region from 1874 comes from the local Standard Bank at Kokstad . and the Managing Director of Strachan and Co
4816:
2337:
4836:
3552:
3256:
1624:
795:
4704:
4638:
1076:
Though, in historical terms, constantly on the move, with permanent settlements existing only for short intervals, the people of
Griqualand East managed to establish a
4711:
4199:
3472:
3263:
2668:
131:
4520:
4499:
4353:
3270:
4115:
3465:
4031:
3947:
3402:
3381:
4492:
3312:
1254:
was formed in 1910, the Cape Colony changed its name to "Cape
Province", and during the 1980s, part of former Griqualand East was partitioned off into the
998:
3520:
4831:
4729:
4164:
2661:
3141:
1037:
opposition to becoming either subjects to the Crown in the Cape Colony or servants in the Free State, they left their homeland under duress to go into
4555:
4416:
4332:
3622:
4697:
4485:
4213:
3545:
2214:
3023:
2961:
1086:), a gathering of 12 members which made decisions on behalf of the Griqua population and formed delegations to deal with the surrounding polities.
4478:
4276:
4024:
3905:
3488:
2330:
1082:
4318:
1229:
The Griqua people had only ever been a small, ruling minority of the population of Griqualand East. Once independent Griqua rule was ended, the
4826:
4576:
4541:
4052:
3249:
2970:
1198:
After coming under British rule, Griqualand East was administered by the British as a separate colony for several years. During this time, the
3104:
4846:
4791:
4450:
4010:
4666:
4457:
4360:
3982:
1210:, was reluctant to assume responsibility for Griqualand East due to its considerable expenses and its considerably resentful population.
1105:
and minted in Germany, several coins were used (see picture) and remained in circulation long after the disestablishment of the country.
4603:
4548:
4464:
4304:
3968:
3531:
3198:
3168:
1187:
British rule, on condition that land title be respected and that Griqualand East should under no circumstances be incorporated into the
3081:
4562:
4527:
4471:
3989:
3954:
3643:
3092:
2323:
4742:
3358:
3351:
4339:
4206:
4185:
4143:
3685:
1785:
1267:
943:
Meanwhile, a group of Griquas who had left the Cape of Good Hope in the 18th century and had settled in the area around present-day
1044:
Ultimately, all sources agree that the last great Griqua leader's followers ended up in the area around Mount Currie and set up a
4269:
4108:
3277:
3191:
3134:
990:
1971:
4506:
4262:
4178:
4059:
4045:
4017:
3284:
3228:
3437:
1944:. African Studies Series. J.M. Lonsdale, D.M.G. Newberry, and A.F. Robertson, 21. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.
4806:
4801:
4248:
4157:
3912:
3671:
1048:, a simple settlement site made up of small huts, where they remained for over half a decade. In 1869, Reverend Dower of the
83:
1822:
1009:. Their settlement there was to avoid a potential conflict with the Free State and simultaneously serve as a buffer against
1101:
After the move to Kokstad, however, a new venture in introducing a local currency was more successful in 1874; designed by
4409:
4388:
4311:
4192:
4150:
4129:
4003:
3566:
3444:
3212:
2934:
1799:
Adam Kok I (f.1710-95) left the Cape Colony during the early 18th century with a few Cape coloured (i.e. mixed) followers.
437:. A single source dates its origin to 1903; whether or not independent Griqualand East actually deployed it is uncertain.
4673:
4617:
4443:
4325:
4297:
4234:
3926:
3784:
2207:
3451:
4610:
4513:
4381:
4290:
4136:
3495:
969:
mountain range), but first-hand witnesses give two differing narratives of the reasons and motivations for their last
1056:
The state that was established around Kokstad, while Griqua ruled, was populated overwhelmingly by the pre-existing
4073:
3594:
3502:
3458:
3235:
3113:
3012:
2642:
71:
4851:
4624:
4255:
4087:
4080:
4038:
3752:
3699:
3587:
3538:
3319:
2977:
2234:
1381:
552:
4781:
4436:
3692:
3344:
2607:
2304:
1262:. In 1994, shortly before the first all-inclusive elections, it was incorporated into the southern part of the
1223:
955:
in 1854). In 1861 most of these inhabitants embarked on an exhausting journey, leaving to move southwards over
2984:
1027:
More recently recovered official documents, however, tell the story of a deal that was negotiated between the
4395:
4066:
3961:
3828:
3678:
3559:
3291:
3074:
2200:
1911:
1281:
452:
1750:
Das Volk der Xosa-Kaffern im östlichen Südafrika nach seiner Geschichte, Eigenart, Verfassung und Religion.
4786:
3636:
3601:
2803:
2613:
2294:
2284:
2279:
1467:
1375:
1207:
1152:
868:, was the final place of settlement for a people who had migrated several times on their journey from the
865:
638:
546:
434:
285:
153:
4171:
4101:
3996:
3891:
3745:
3395:
3175:
3088:
2883:
2703:
2619:
2387:
1565:
1315:
1251:
736:
486:
4796:
3919:
3805:
3573:
3509:
3242:
3005:
2998:
2950:
2733:
2407:
1359:
530:
4374:
4346:
4220:
3738:
3731:
3664:
3629:
3580:
3060:
2867:
2463:
2377:
1614:
1479:
1418:
785:
650:
589:
1691:
Statistics based on the 1907 estimate. Estimate for Xhosa population ranges from 25,000 to 40,000.
3067:
1485:
917:
656:
1430:
849:
states in Southern Africa from the early 1860s until the late 1870s and was located between the
601:
4659:
4645:
3975:
3791:
3615:
3205:
2795:
2725:
2487:
2445:
2264:
1781:
1473:
1406:
1340:
1321:
1300:
1134:
948:
869:
644:
577:
511:
492:
471:
1226:" system, whereby qualifications for suffrage were applied to all males, regardless of race.
4583:
3940:
3650:
3430:
3120:
2875:
2843:
2779:
2517:
2481:
2469:
2259:
2254:
2149:
1657:
1534:
1448:
1148:
1068:
705:
619:
3898:
3812:
3706:
3374:
3298:
3219:
2943:
2827:
2819:
2787:
2505:
2499:
2457:
2239:
1826:
1528:
1503:
1497:
1284:
1199:
1188:
1028:
1006:
850:
699:
674:
668:
455:
2076:
121:
4652:
4367:
4241:
3884:
3798:
3481:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3127:
3053:
2899:
2859:
2565:
2529:
2367:
2244:
2223:
2185:
The Eastern Cape Frontier Zone, 1660–1980: A Cartographic Guide for Historical Research
1577:
1540:
1230:
1206:
to annex the costly and turbulent territory. However the Cape, newly under a system of
1057:
952:
880:
854:
838:
748:
711:
178:
163:
883:
and became a colony in 1874, shortly before the death of its founder and only leader,
4775:
4569:
4283:
3388:
3367:
3337:
3330:
3039:
2269:
1442:
1263:
846:
613:
345:
39:
35:
2653:
912:
Before the arrival of migrants from the west and north, the area formed part of the
4227:
3836:
3657:
3608:
2771:
2685:
2625:
2433:
1863:
A life time in South Africa, being the recollections of the first premier of Natal.
1595:
1424:
1292:
1060:
peoples, with the Griqua forming only a very small, politically-dominant minority.
1021:
981:
929:
921:
899:
of the Griquas has been described as "one of the great epics of the 19th century."
892:
884:
766:
595:
463:
358:
210:
31:
2315:
1955:
Frontiers: The Epic of South Africa's Creation and the Tragedy of the Xhosa People
947:
in 1826 faced the prospect of their area coming under the control of the emerging
887:. A short while later, the small territory was incorporated into the neighbouring
1849:
1819:
1775:
3820:
2763:
2451:
1942:
Adam Kok's Griquas: A Study in the Development of Stratification in South Africa
1559:
1412:
1387:
1203:
994:
965:
944:
888:
730:
583:
558:
405:
1266:
province. Kokstad retained its name and is today one of the main cities of the
17:
4402:
3933:
3046:
2991:
2851:
2835:
2589:
2523:
2511:
2289:
2274:
2066:
Longman's geographical reading books. Spottiswoode & Co. London:1885. p114
1916:
A historical geography of the British colonies. Vol IV: South and East Africa.
1522:
1102:
1033:
693:
379:
4757:
4744:
1986:
993:, first Premier of Natal, the inhabitants of Philippolis were invited by Sir
3854:
3845:
3776:
3182:
3159:
3148:
2541:
2372:
2249:
2027:
1652:
1259:
1235:
913:
826:
171:
1703:
30:
This article is about the former 19th-century country. For other uses, see
1017:
4631:
4122:
3767:
2891:
2748:
2583:
2559:
2420:
2357:
1571:
1369:
1255:
1239:
1138:
742:
540:
2028:"Ken Strachan Managing Director of Strachan and Co confirm date of 1874"
1876:
The Earth and Its Inhabitants. Africa. Volume VI: South and West Africa.
3032:
2595:
2299:
2003:
1436:
1010:
873:
858:
607:
1774:
Lipschutz, Mark R. (1989). "Kok Family". In Rasmussen, R. Kent (ed.).
3759:
2915:
2694:
2577:
2553:
2547:
2362:
2004:"Standard Bank 125th Anniversary brochure in PDF form - see 2nd page"
1589:
1095:
891:. Though for a long time overshadowed in history by the story of the
760:
1902:
Ministry of Education, South Africa. HSRC Pres. Cape Town:2004. p102
1682:. Townshend, Taylor & Snashall. Cape Town/Kaapstad: 1907. p219f
2907:
2571:
1583:
1238:, the territory was incorporated into the Xhosa "homeland" of the
1067:
1038:
1016:
980:
925:
754:
103:
2192:
1166:"There you have it... we were not consulted. We can say nothing."
1202:
put considerable pressure on the government of the neighbouring
2657:
2319:
2196:
1900:
Every step of the way. The journey to freedom in South Africa.
2114:. Archives Year Book for South African History, 1969, Vol II.
1829:, Greater Kokstad Municipality website. Accessed 2009-07-31.
2053:
Royal Scottish Geographical Society. Edinburgh:1886. p480
429:† The Griqua flag is a vertically flipped version of the
985:
Griqua and Boer states in Southern Africa, 19th century.
1716:"...een van die epiese gebeurtenisse van die 19de eeu."
1143:
The Griqua flag is a vertically flipped version of the
963:
that means mountains of Ukhahlamba (today known as the
2150:"Griqua community | South African History Online"
1734:
Faku. Rulership and Colonialism in the Mpondo Kingdom.
1072:
One Sterling Pound banknote of Nieuw Griqualand, 1868
1721:
Langs die Kampvuur. Waare Suider-Afrikaanse stories.
4812:
Former British colonies and protectorates in Africa
4687:
4593:
4426:
3874:
3865:
3723:
3519:
3158:
3103:
3022:
2960:
2933:
2926:
2692:
1989:(History of the Griqua Nation & Nomansland) on
375:
355:
342:
333:
325:
320:
306:
296:
282:
272:
259:
242:
230:
220:
204:
192:
184:
159:
149:
141:
49:
2112:The Parliament of the Cape of Good Hope, 1872–1910
1099:were destroyed without ever being in circulation.
136:Location of Griqualand East within the Cape Colony
2139:Trübner & Co. London:July/October 1886. p179
951:(Oranje Vrijstaat - officially established as a
3473:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre
1974:South African Mint Company. Accessed 2009-08-03
1780:. University of California Press. p. 111.
1163:
1005:, south of what had by then become the British
2125:International Law: A South African Perspective
1931:. David Philip Publishers. South Africa. 3003.
1752:Evang. Missions-Gesellschaft. Berlin:1889. p75
4842:1870s disestablishments in the British Empire
4822:States and territories disestablished in 1879
2669:
2331:
2208:
1632:
1180:(comment on looming British annexation, 1874)
997:, administrator of the area on behalf of the
803:
8:
2077:"Griqua | South African History Online"
1865:London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1900. p. 225
1850:History of the Griqua Nation and Nomansland
920:, who ruled as sovereign of the ethnically
4817:States and territories established in 1862
3871:
2930:
2676:
2662:
2654:
2353:
2338:
2324:
2316:
2215:
2201:
2193:
1777:Dictionary of African Historical Biography
1639:
1625:
1277:
810:
796:
448:
130:
46:
4837:1874 establishments in the British Empire
1982:
1980:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1141:. The actual implied colours are unknown.
3546:Reconstruction and Development Programme
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1674:
1672:
1258:, one of the four nominally independent
3142:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike
2046:
2044:
1987:Griqua One Pound Bank Note and Currency
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1762:Nature. Illustrated Journal of Science.
1744:
1742:
1736:Wilfrid Laurier University Press. 2001.
1668:
1280:
451:
441:* +Zulu refugees from earlier Shaka war
332:
324:
319:
3623:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike
2101:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1900.
2064:The British Colonies and Dependencies.
1719:Webster, Roger. Die Adam Kok-Trek. in:
1699:
1697:
872:and over the mountains of present-day
329:20,000 km (7,700 sq mi)
1918:London: Clarendon Press, 1900. p. 186
354:
341:
337:
305:
295:
281:
271:
258:
241:
237:
203:
199:
191:
7:
1706:on flagspot.net; Accessed 2009-07-31
3553:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
3199:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis
2172:The Cape Coloured People, 1652–1937
2174:. London: Longman Group Ltd. 1957.
1214:Incorporation into the Cape (1879)
1001:, to settle in the aforementioned
879:The territory was occupied by the
25:
4832:1870s disestablishments in Africa
4712:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
4340:South African Party (Cape Colony)
1268:Harry Gwala District Municipality
4724:
4723:
1878:New York: Appleton, 1890. p. 177
1608:
1299:
779:
470:
410:
120:
82:
70:
4354:South African Party (1977–1980)
4347:South African Party (1911–1934)
4263:Progressive Party (Cape Colony)
4060:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners
2346:Other South African governments
2183:Bergh, J.S., and J.C. Visagie.
2051:Scottish Geographical Magazine.
1898:Morris, Michael John Linnegar.
845:), was one of four short-lived
3672:2019 service delivery protests
3658:#FeesMustFall student protests
3403:1983 constitutional referendum
106:: For King, Law and the People
1:
4827:1862 establishments in Africa
4130:Johannesburg Reform Committee
3359:Israel–South Africa Agreement
2752:
2737:
2714:
2707:
2424:
2411:
2398:
2391:
2187:. Durban: Butterworths, 1985.
1363:
534:
4847:19th century in South Africa
4792:History of the Northern Cape
3785:Black Consciousness Movement
3539:Government of National Unity
1929:The First People of the Cape
989:According to the account of
3496:Saint James Church massacre
3382:Weapons of mass destruction
1764:Vol. LXXII. Sept 1905. p473
1094:In 1867, after the Bank of
864:Griqualand East's capital,
274:• Move from Mt.Currie
27:Former 19th-century country
4868:
3236:1957 Alexandra bus boycott
3114:South West Africa campaign
3013:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
2978:French Huguenot settlement
940:in contemporary sources).
145:British Colony (1874–1879)
29:
4721:
4698:African National Congress
4151:Liberal Party (1953–1968)
3489:1992 apartheid referendum
2640:
2351:
2230:
2127:. Cape Town. 2006. p.136.
1704:Griqualand (South Africa)
1382:Republic of Graaff-Reinet
1159:British Annexation (1878)
553:Republic of Graaff-Reinet
426:
385:
371:
338:
316:
246:Annexation of Philippolis
238:
216:
200:
129:
111:
96:
66:
61:
4144:Labour Party (1969–1994)
4137:Labour Party (1910–1958)
3693:2020 Phala Phala Robbery
3651:#RhodesMustFall protests
3250:1960 republic referendum
2626:Republic of South Africa
2608:Cape Qualified Franchise
1957:. New York: Knopf, 1992.
1912:Lucas, Charles Prestwood
1596:Republic of South Africa
1224:Cape Qualified Franchise
767:Republic of South Africa
308:• Adam Kok's death
248:Expulsion to Nomansland
4596:terrorist organisations
4396:National Party of Venda
3679:2019 Johannesburg riots
3292:Constructive engagement
3257:International isolation
3075:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
2137:The Westminster Review.
1615:South Africa portal
1246:Contemporary Griqualand
833:), officially known as
786:South Africa portal
3602:Attack on Kennedy Road
3213:Congress of the People
2804:South African Republic
2614:South African Republic
1993:. Accessed 2009-07-31.
1732:Stapleton, Timothy J.
1468:South African Republic
1376:Republic of Swellendam
1208:responsible government
1169:
1153:South African Republic
1073:
1050:London Mission Society
1024:
986:
977:Arrival and settlement
639:South African Republic
547:Republic of Swellendam
435:South African Republic
100:Pro Rege Lege et Grege
4807:1870s in South Africa
4802:1860s in South Africa
4172:Natal Indian Congress
3892:Afrikaner Broederbond
3746:Afrikaner nationalism
3532:1994 general election
3503:Bophuthatswana crisis
3396:Church Street bombing
3176:Apartheid legislation
3169:1948 general election
3089:South Africa Act 1909
2884:Union of South Africa
2704:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
2684:Political history of
2620:Union of South Africa
2388:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
1678:Burton, Alfred R. E.
1566:Union of South Africa
1316:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
1252:Union of South Africa
1071:
1020:
984:
857:Rivers, south of the
737:Union of South Africa
487:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
160:Common languages
3806:Greater South Africa
3644:2014 platinum strike
3510:Shell House massacre
3438:Transkei coup d'état
3243:Sharpeville massacre
3006:Battle of Blaauwberg
2999:Battle of Muizenberg
2951:Battle of Salt River
2734:Mthethwa Paramountcy
2408:Mthethwa Paramountcy
1360:Mthethwa Paramountcy
531:Mthethwa Paramountcy
4758:30.5500°S 29.4167°E
4754: /
4705:Democratic Alliance
3875:Civic and political
3739:Afrikaner Calvinism
3732:African nationalism
3581:African Renaissance
3271:UNSC Resolution 591
3192:Internal resistance
3093:National Convention
3061:Transvaal Civil War
2985:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars
2868:Orange River Colony
2464:Orange River Colony
2062:Rudler, F.W. (ed).
1852:Accessed 2009-07-30
1825:18 May 2010 at the
1480:Republic of Utrecht
651:Republic of Utrecht
3445:Ciskei coup d'état
3264:UN Resolution 1761
3229:Women's March 1956
3082:South African Wars
3068:Mineral Revolution
2644:Current government
2250:Lydenburg Republic
2152:. Sahistory.org.za
2079:. Sahistory.org.za
1991:www.tokencoins.com
1820:History of Kokstad
1680:Cape Colony to-day
1486:Lydenburg Republic
1074:
1025:
987:
961:intaba zokhahlamba
657:Lydenburg Republic
298:• Annexation
4763:-30.5500; 29.4167
4737:
4736:
4690:political parties
4683:
4682:
4660:Orde van die Dood
4270:Progressive Party
3976:Congress Alliance
3792:Cape Independence
3724:Political culture
3719:
3718:
3686:COVID-19 pandemic
3616:Marikana massacre
3452:Venda coup d'état
3206:Defiance Campaign
2796:Orange Free State
2726:Dutch Cape Colony
2651:
2650:
2635:
2634:
2488:Orange Free State
2446:Dutch Cape Colony
2313:
2312:
2265:Orange Free State
2110:M.A. Grundlingh:
1649:
1648:
1504:Diggers' Republic
1474:Orange Free State
1407:Dutch Cape Colony
1341:Dutch Cape Colony
1322:Kingdom of Mutapa
1181:
1177:
1167:
1130:
1126:
1122:
949:Orange Free State
870:Cape of Good Hope
820:
819:
675:Diggers' Republic
645:Orange Free State
578:Dutch Cape Colony
512:Dutch Cape Colony
493:Kingdom of Mutapa
447:
446:
442:
422:
421:
418:
417:
363:
206:• 1862–1875
176:
168:
107:
16:(Redirected from
4859:
4852:Former republics
4769:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4747:
4727:
4726:
4714:
4707:
4700:
4676:
4669:
4662:
4655:
4648:
4641:
4634:
4627:
4620:
4613:
4606:
4594:Paramilitary and
4586:
4584:Umkosi Wezintaba
4579:
4572:
4565:
4558:
4551:
4544:
4537:
4530:
4523:
4516:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4488:
4481:
4474:
4467:
4460:
4453:
4446:
4439:
4429:social movements
4427:Trade unions and
4419:
4412:
4405:
4398:
4391:
4384:
4377:
4370:
4363:
4356:
4349:
4342:
4335:
4328:
4321:
4314:
4307:
4300:
4293:
4286:
4279:
4272:
4265:
4258:
4251:
4244:
4237:
4230:
4223:
4216:
4209:
4202:
4195:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4167:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4118:
4111:
4104:
4097:
4090:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4062:
4055:
4048:
4041:
4034:
4027:
4020:
4013:
4006:
3999:
3992:
3985:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3957:
3950:
3943:
3941:Boerestaat Party
3936:
3929:
3922:
3915:
3908:
3901:
3894:
3887:
3872:
3858:
3849:
3840:
3831:
3824:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3794:
3787:
3780:
3771:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3712:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3625:
3618:
3611:
3604:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3512:
3505:
3498:
3491:
3484:
3475:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3431:Dakar Conference
3426:
3419:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3370:
3361:
3354:
3352:Israeli alliance
3347:
3340:
3333:
3322:
3315:
3308:
3306:Sporting boycott
3301:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3278:Academic boycott
3273:
3266:
3259:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3231:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3185:
3178:
3171:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3135:Great Depression
3130:
3123:
3121:Maritz rebellion
3116:
3096:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2971:Dutch settlement
2953:
2946:
2944:Bantu migrations
2931:
2919:
2911:
2903:
2895:
2887:
2879:
2876:Transvaal Colony
2871:
2863:
2855:
2847:
2844:Nieuwe Republiek
2839:
2831:
2823:
2815:
2807:
2799:
2791:
2783:
2780:Natalia Republic
2775:
2767:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2749:Ndwandwe Kingdom
2744:
2742:
2739:
2729:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2655:
2518:Nieuwe Republiek
2482:Natalia Republic
2470:Transvaal Colony
2429:
2426:
2421:Ndwandwe Kingdom
2416:
2413:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2354:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2317:
2295:Utrecht Republic
2260:Nieuwe Republiek
2255:Natalia Republic
2217:
2210:
2203:
2194:
2188:
2181:
2175:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2121:
2115:
2108:
2102:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2073:
2067:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2008:
2000:
1994:
1984:
1975:
1969:
1958:
1951:
1945:
1938:
1932:
1925:
1919:
1909:
1903:
1896:
1879:
1874:Reclus, Élisée.
1872:
1866:
1861:Robinson, John.
1859:
1853:
1847:
1830:
1817:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1746:
1737:
1730:
1724:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1692:
1689:
1683:
1676:
1658:Natalia Republic
1641:
1634:
1627:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1449:Natalia Republic
1419:Waterboer's Land
1365:
1303:
1290:
1278:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1165:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1103:Strachan and Co.
843:Nieuw Griqualand
812:
805:
798:
784:
783:
782:
620:Natalia Republic
590:Waterboer's Land
536:
474:
461:
449:
428:
414:
413:
402:
401:
387:
386:
361:
174:
166:
134:
124:
116:
102:
86:
74:
54:Nieuw Griqualand
47:
21:
4867:
4866:
4862:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4856:
4782:Griqualand East
4772:
4771:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4733:
4717:
4710:
4703:
4696:
4689:
4679:
4672:
4665:
4658:
4651:
4644:
4637:
4630:
4623:
4616:
4609:
4602:
4595:
4589:
4582:
4575:
4568:
4561:
4554:
4547:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4519:
4512:
4505:
4498:
4491:
4484:
4477:
4470:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4442:
4435:
4428:
4422:
4415:
4408:
4401:
4394:
4387:
4380:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4352:
4345:
4338:
4331:
4324:
4317:
4310:
4303:
4296:
4289:
4282:
4275:
4268:
4261:
4254:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4226:
4219:
4212:
4205:
4198:
4191:
4184:
4177:
4170:
4163:
4156:
4149:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4121:
4114:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4088:HNP (Herstigte)
4086:
4081:HNP (Herenigde)
4079:
4072:
4065:
4058:
4051:
4044:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4009:
4002:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3974:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3904:
3899:Afrikaner Party
3897:
3890:
3883:
3876:
3867:
3861:
3852:
3843:
3834:
3827:
3818:
3813:Honorary whites
3811:
3804:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3774:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3715:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3574:Soweto bombings
3572:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3480:
3471:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3429:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3380:
3375:Soweto Uprising
3373:
3366:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3299:Tar Baby Option
3297:
3290:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3220:Freedom Charter
3218:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3181:
3174:
3167:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3099:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2922:
2914:
2906:
2898:
2890:
2882:
2874:
2866:
2858:
2850:
2842:
2834:
2826:
2820:Griqualand West
2818:
2812:Griqualand East
2810:
2802:
2794:
2786:
2778:
2770:
2762:
2755:
2747:
2740:
2732:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2702:
2688:
2682:
2652:
2647:
2636:
2631:
2601:
2535:
2500:Griqualand West
2494:Griqualand East
2475:
2439:
2427:
2414:
2401:
2394:
2347:
2344:
2314:
2309:
2226:
2221:
2191:
2182:
2178:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2153:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2135:
2131:
2122:
2118:
2109:
2105:
2097:P. A. Molteno:
2096:
2092:
2082:
2080:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2061:
2057:
2049:
2042:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1985:
1978:
1970:
1961:
1952:
1948:
1939:
1935:
1926:
1922:
1910:
1906:
1897:
1882:
1873:
1869:
1860:
1856:
1848:
1833:
1827:Wayback Machine
1818:
1805:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1748:Kropf, Albert.
1747:
1740:
1731:
1727:
1723:Spearhead. p84f
1718:
1714:
1710:
1702:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1677:
1670:
1666:
1645:
1609:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1555:
1547:
1546:
1535:Nieuw Republiek
1518:
1510:
1509:
1498:Griqualand West
1492:Griqualand East
1463:
1455:
1454:
1431:Adam Kok's Land
1402:
1394:
1393:
1355:
1347:
1346:
1336:
1328:
1327:
1311:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1276:
1248:
1216:
1200:Colonial Office
1189:Colony of Natal
1184:
1179:
1171:
1161:
1142:
1133:and includes a
1121:OUVERNEMENT VAN
1114:
1100:
1092:
1066:
1029:Colonial Office
1007:colony of Natal
979:
938:"No-man's land"
936:(often spelled
928:(leader of the
910:
905:
831:Griekwaland-Oos
823:Griqualand East
816:
780:
778:
773:
772:
726:
718:
717:
706:Nieuw Republiek
689:
681:
680:
669:Griqualand West
663:Griqualand East
634:
626:
625:
602:Adam Kok's Land
573:
565:
564:
526:
518:
517:
507:
499:
498:
482:
462:
459:
458:
443:
440:
438:
411:
364:
348:
309:
299:
289:
275:
265:
254:
252:
249:
247:
245:
225:
224:Raad/Volksraad
207:
177:
169:
137:
125:
118:
114:
101:
92:
91:
90:
87:
79:
78:
75:
57:
56:Griekwaland-Oos
55:
52:
51:Griqualand East
43:
28:
23:
22:
18:East Griqualand
15:
12:
11:
5:
4865:
4863:
4855:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4774:
4773:
4735:
4734:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4708:
4701:
4693:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4670:
4663:
4656:
4653:Ossewabrandwag
4649:
4642:
4635:
4628:
4621:
4614:
4607:
4599:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4580:
4573:
4566:
4559:
4552:
4545:
4538:
4531:
4524:
4517:
4510:
4503:
4496:
4489:
4482:
4475:
4468:
4461:
4454:
4447:
4440:
4432:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4413:
4406:
4399:
4392:
4389:Unionist Party
4385:
4378:
4371:
4368:Torch Commando
4364:
4357:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4308:
4301:
4294:
4287:
4280:
4273:
4266:
4259:
4252:
4245:
4242:Orde Boerevolk
4238:
4231:
4224:
4217:
4210:
4203:
4196:
4189:
4182:
4175:
4168:
4161:
4154:
4147:
4140:
4133:
4126:
4119:
4112:
4105:
4098:
4091:
4084:
4077:
4070:
4063:
4056:
4049:
4042:
4035:
4028:
4021:
4018:DP (1989–2000)
4014:
4011:DP (1973–1977)
4007:
4004:Dominion Party
4000:
3993:
3986:
3979:
3972:
3965:
3958:
3951:
3944:
3937:
3930:
3923:
3916:
3909:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3885:Afrikaner Bond
3880:
3878:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3850:
3841:
3832:
3825:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3799:Day of the Vow
3795:
3788:
3781:
3772:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3742:
3735:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3703:
3696:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3626:
3619:
3612:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3584:
3577:
3570:
3567:Floor crossing
3563:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3527:
3525:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3506:
3499:
3492:
3485:
3482:Bisho massacre
3478:
3477:
3476:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3424:Operation Vula
3420:
3417:Rubicon speech
3413:
3410:Langa massacre
3406:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3316:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3267:
3253:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3172:
3164:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3128:Rand Rebellion
3124:
3117:
3109:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3054:Boer Republics
3050:
3043:
3036:
3028:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3009:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2966:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2947:
2939:
2937:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2912:
2904:
2900:Bophuthatswana
2896:
2888:
2880:
2872:
2864:
2860:Klein Vrystaat
2856:
2848:
2840:
2832:
2824:
2816:
2808:
2800:
2792:
2784:
2776:
2768:
2760:
2745:
2730:
2722:
2699:
2697:
2690:
2689:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2658:
2649:
2648:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2628:(1961–present)
2623:
2617:
2611:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2566:Bophuthatswana
2563:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2530:Klein Vrystaat
2527:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2431:
2418:
2405:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2368:Boer Republics
2365:
2360:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2320:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2245:Klein Vrystaat
2242:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2224:Boer republics
2222:
2220:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2197:
2190:
2189:
2176:
2163:
2141:
2129:
2116:
2103:
2090:
2068:
2055:
2040:
2019:
1995:
1976:
1959:
1946:
1940:J. Dunn (ed).
1933:
1920:
1904:
1880:
1867:
1854:
1831:
1803:
1786:
1766:
1754:
1738:
1725:
1708:
1693:
1684:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1598:(1961–present)
1593:
1587:
1581:
1578:Bophuthatswana
1575:
1569:
1563:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1541:Klein Vrystaat
1538:
1532:
1526:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1319:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1296:
1295:
1289:in present-day
1275:
1272:
1247:
1244:
1231:Xhosa speaking
1220:Act 38 of 1877
1215:
1212:
1195:died as well.
1162:
1160:
1157:
1113:
1110:
1091:
1088:
1065:
1062:
1058:Xhosa speaking
999:United Kingdom
978:
975:
914:Mpondo kingdom
909:
906:
904:
901:
881:British Empire
835:New Griqualand
818:
817:
815:
814:
807:
800:
792:
789:
788:
775:
774:
771:
770:
769:(1961–present)
764:
758:
752:
749:Bophuthatswana
746:
740:
734:
727:
724:
723:
720:
719:
716:
715:
712:Klein Vrystaat
709:
703:
697:
690:
687:
686:
683:
682:
679:
678:
672:
666:
660:
654:
648:
642:
635:
632:
631:
628:
627:
624:
623:
617:
611:
605:
599:
593:
587:
581:
574:
571:
570:
567:
566:
563:
562:
556:
550:
544:
538:
527:
524:
523:
520:
519:
516:
515:
508:
505:
504:
501:
500:
497:
496:
490:
483:
480:
479:
476:
475:
467:
466:
460:in present-day
445:
444:
427:
424:
423:
420:
419:
416:
415:
408:
399:
396:
395:
390:
383:
382:
377:
373:
372:
369:
368:
365:
356:
353:
352:
349:
343:
340:
339:
336:
335:
331:
330:
327:
323:
322:
318:
317:
314:
313:
310:
307:
304:
303:
300:
297:
294:
293:
290:
283:
280:
279:
276:
273:
270:
269:
266:
260:
257:
256:
250:
243:
240:
239:
236:
235:
232:
228:
227:
222:
218:
217:
214:
213:
208:
205:
202:
201:
198:
197:
194:
190:
189:
186:
182:
181:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
143:
139:
138:
135:
127:
126:
119:
109:
108:
94:
93:
88:
81:
80:
76:
69:
68:
67:
64:
63:
59:
58:
53:
50:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4864:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4787:Griqua people
4785:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4770:
4767:
4732:
4731:
4720:
4713:
4709:
4706:
4702:
4699:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4686:
4675:
4671:
4668:
4664:
4661:
4657:
4654:
4650:
4647:
4643:
4640:
4636:
4633:
4629:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4615:
4612:
4608:
4605:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4592:
4585:
4581:
4578:
4574:
4571:
4570:Die Spoorbund
4567:
4564:
4560:
4557:
4553:
4550:
4546:
4543:
4539:
4536:
4532:
4529:
4525:
4522:
4518:
4515:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4497:
4494:
4490:
4487:
4483:
4480:
4476:
4473:
4469:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4455:
4452:
4448:
4445:
4441:
4438:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4425:
4418:
4414:
4411:
4410:Workers Party
4407:
4404:
4400:
4397:
4393:
4390:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4376:
4372:
4369:
4365:
4362:
4358:
4355:
4351:
4348:
4344:
4341:
4337:
4334:
4330:
4327:
4323:
4320:
4316:
4313:
4309:
4306:
4302:
4299:
4295:
4292:
4288:
4285:
4284:Radio Freedom
4281:
4278:
4274:
4271:
4267:
4264:
4260:
4257:
4253:
4250:
4246:
4243:
4239:
4236:
4235:Oranjewerkers
4232:
4229:
4225:
4222:
4218:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4204:
4201:
4197:
4194:
4190:
4187:
4183:
4180:
4176:
4173:
4169:
4166:
4162:
4159:
4155:
4152:
4148:
4145:
4141:
4138:
4134:
4131:
4127:
4124:
4120:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4106:
4103:
4099:
4096:
4092:
4089:
4085:
4082:
4078:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4064:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4019:
4015:
4012:
4008:
4005:
4001:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3970:
3966:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3952:
3949:
3945:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3924:
3921:
3917:
3914:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3877:organisations
3873:
3870:
3868:organisations
3864:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3764:
3761:
3757:
3754:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3711:
3709:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3683:
3680:
3676:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3665:Tshwane riots
3662:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3634:
3631:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3533:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3518:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3479:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3389:Project Coast
3386:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3368:Mafeje affair
3365:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3338:Durban Moment
3335:
3332:
3331:Rivonia Trial
3328:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3285:Disinvestment
3282:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3040:1820 Settlers
3037:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2750:
2746:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2679:
2674:
2672:
2667:
2665:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2646:
2645:
2639:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2422:
2419:
2409:
2406:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2341:
2336:
2334:
2329:
2327:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2270:Potchefstroom
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2235:Graaff-Reinet
2233:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2213:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2186:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2170:J.S. Marais:
2167:
2164:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2123:John Dugard:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1927:Mountain, A.
1924:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1789:
1787:9780520066113
1783:
1779:
1778:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1606:
1605:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1443:Potchefstroom
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1372:(c.1780–1817)
1371:
1368:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1264:KwaZulu-Natal
1261:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1183:
1176:
1168:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1097:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1070:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
991:John Robinson
983:
976:
974:
972:
968:
967:
962:
958:
954:
953:Boer republic
950:
946:
941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
907:
902:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
877:
875:
871:
867:
862:
860:
859:Sotho Kingdom
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
813:
808:
806:
801:
799:
794:
793:
791:
790:
787:
777:
776:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
728:
722:
721:
713:
710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
691:
685:
684:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
636:
630:
629:
621:
618:
615:
614:Potchefstroom
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
575:
569:
568:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
543:(c.1780–1817)
542:
539:
532:
529:
528:
522:
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195:
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133:
128:
123:
117:
110:
105:
99:
95:
85:
73:
65:
60:
48:
45:
41:
40:Griqua people
37:
36:KwaZulu-Natal
33:
19:
4739:
4728:
4688:Histories of
4382:United Party
4291:Reform Party
4228:Orangia Unie
3853:
3844:
3837:Swart gevaar
3835:
3819:
3775:
3766:
3707:
3609:Blikkiesdorp
2935:Pre-colonial
2811:
2788:Natal Colony
2772:Zulu Kingdom
2686:South Africa
2643:
2493:
2458:Natal Colony
2434:Zulu Kingdom
2305:Zoutpansberg
2184:
2179:
2171:
2166:
2154:. Retrieved
2144:
2136:
2132:
2124:
2119:
2111:
2106:
2098:
2093:
2081:. Retrieved
2071:
2063:
2058:
2050:
2031:. Retrieved
2022:
2010:. Retrieved
1998:
1990:
1954:
1953:N. Mostert.
1949:
1941:
1936:
1928:
1923:
1915:
1907:
1899:
1875:
1870:
1862:
1857:
1798:
1791:. Retrieved
1776:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1749:
1733:
1728:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1687:
1679:
1554:1900–present
1491:
1425:Zulu Kingdom
1293:South Africa
1249:
1228:
1219:
1217:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1175:Adam Kok III
1174:
1170:
1164:
1144:
1118:
1115:
1107:
1093:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1055:
1049:
1045:
1043:
1026:
1022:Adam Kok III
1002:
988:
970:
964:
960:
959:also called
956:
942:
937:
933:
930:Zulu Kingdom
911:
896:
893:Voortrekkers
885:Adam Kok III
878:
863:
842:
834:
830:
822:
821:
725:1900–present
662:
596:Zulu Kingdom
464:South Africa
433:used by the
430:
393:Succeeded by
392:
262:
255:1862 (1863?)
226:(12 members)
211:Adam Kok III
112:
98:Motto:
97:
44:
32:Eastern Cape
4797:Cape Colony
4761: /
3821:Rooi gevaar
3700:2021 unrest
3630:Nkandlagate
3459:Third Force
3320:Rugby union
2918:(1981–1994)
2910:(1979–1994)
2902:(1977–1994)
2894:(1976–1994)
2886:(1910–1961)
2878:(1902–1910)
2870:(1902–1910)
2862:(1886–1891)
2854:(1885–1887)
2846:(1884–1888)
2838:(1882–1885)
2830:(1882–1883)
2822:(1870–1873)
2814:(1861–1879)
2806:(1856–1902)
2798:(1854–1902)
2790:(1843–1910)
2782:(1839–1843)
2774:(1816–1897)
2766:(1795–1910)
2764:Cape Colony
2756: 1780
2741: 1780
2728:(1652–1806)
2718: 1220
2711: 1075
2616:(1856–1902)
2610:(1853–1910)
2490:(1854–1902)
2460:(1843–1910)
2454:(1795–1910)
2452:Cape Colony
2448:(1652–1806)
2428: 1780
2415: 1780
2402: 1220
2395: 1075
1592:(1981–1994)
1586:(1979–1994)
1580:(1977–1994)
1574:(1976–1994)
1568:(1910–1961)
1562:(1806–1910)
1560:Cape Colony
1543:(1886–1891)
1537:(1884–1888)
1531:(1882–1883)
1525:(1882–1885)
1506:(1870–1871)
1500:(1870–1880)
1494:(1861–1879)
1488:(1856–1860)
1482:(1854–1858)
1476:(1854–1902)
1470:(1852–1902)
1451:(1839–1843)
1445:(1837–1848)
1439:(1836–1844)
1433:(1825–1861)
1427:(1818–1897)
1421:(1813–1871)
1415:(1806–1910)
1413:Cape Colony
1409:(1802–1806)
1390:(1795–1802)
1388:Cape Colony
1384:(1795–1796)
1343:(1652–1795)
1324:(1430–1760)
1318:(1050–1270)
1310:before 1600
1204:Cape Colony
1145:"Vierkleur"
995:George Grey
966:Drakensberg
945:Philippolis
889:Cape Colony
763:(1981–1994)
757:(1979–1994)
751:(1977–1994)
745:(1976–1994)
739:(1910–1961)
733:(1806–1910)
731:Cape Colony
714:(1886–1891)
708:(1884–1888)
702:(1882–1883)
696:(1882–1885)
677:(1870–1871)
671:(1870–1880)
665:(1861–1879)
659:(1856–1860)
653:(1854–1858)
647:(1854–1902)
641:(1852–1902)
622:(1839–1843)
616:(1837–1848)
610:(1836–1844)
604:(1825–1861)
598:(1818–1897)
592:(1813–1871)
586:(1806–1910)
584:Cape Colony
580:(1802–1806)
561:(1795–1802)
559:Cape Colony
555:(1795–1796)
514:(1652–1795)
495:(1430–1760)
489:(1050–1270)
481:before 1600
431:"Vierkleur"
406:Cape Colony
302:1874 ~ 1879
221:Legislature
77:Griqua Flag
4776:Categories
4749:29°25′00″E
4746:30°33′00″S
4639:Greyshirts
4403:Volksparty
3934:Black Sash
3595:Xenophobia
3588:Travelgate
3345:Border War
3149:Bantustans
3047:Great Trek
2992:Xhosa Wars
2852:Upingtonia
2836:Stellaland
2590:KwaNdebele
2524:Upingtonia
2512:Stellaland
2373:Bantustans
2290:Upingtonia
2280:Swellendam
2275:Stellaland
2156:23 January
2083:23 January
1972:Rare Coins
1793:23 January
1664:References
1523:Stellaland
1366:1780–1817)
1282:Historical
1260:Bantustans
1064:Government
1034:Afrikaners
1003:Nomansland
957:Ukhahlamba
934:Nomansland
908:Background
694:Stellaland
537:1780–1817)
453:Historical
334:Population
185:Government
3855:Volkstaat
3846:Uitlander
3777:Boerehaat
3753:Anarchism
3560:Arms Deal
3523:apartheid
3183:Pass laws
3160:Apartheid
3105:1910–1948
3024:1815–1910
2962:1652–1815
2622:(1910–61)
2598:(1981–94)
2592:(1981–94)
2586:(1981–94)
2580:(1981–94)
2574:(1979–94)
2568:(1977–94)
2562:(1976–94)
2556:(1974–94)
2550:(1972–94)
2544:(1971–94)
2542:Gazankulu
2532:(1886–91)
2526:(1885–87)
2520:(1884–88)
2514:(1882–85)
2508:(1882–83)
2502:(1870–73)
2496:(1861–79)
2484:(1839–43)
2472:(1902–10)
2466:(1902–10)
2436:(1816–97)
2285:Transvaal
1653:Coloureds
1517:1875–1900
1462:1850–1875
1401:1800–1850
1354:1700–1800
1335:1600–1700
1250:When the
1236:Apartheid
1149:Transvaal
1129:RIQUALAND
1112:Symbolism
1083:Volksraad
1041:in 1863.
918:King Faku
851:Umzimkulu
827:Afrikaans
688:1875–1900
633:1850–1875
572:1800–1850
525:1700–1800
506:1600–1700
193:President
172:Afrikaans
167:(written)
62:1862–1879
4730:Category
4632:Boeremag
4123:Jeugkrag
4074:Het Volk
3768:Baasskap
3710:incident
3313:Olympics
2892:Transkei
2695:polities
2693:Defunct
2584:KaNgwane
2560:Transkei
2378:National
2363:Colonies
2358:Kingdoms
1823:Archived
1572:Transkei
1370:Ndwandwe
1274:See also
1256:Transkei
1240:Transkei
1151:and the
1147:used by
1139:mantling
1090:Currency
743:Transkei
541:Ndwandwe
376:Currency
362:(Mpondo)
326:Estimate
288:founded
188:Republic
175:(spoken)
4535:SAAPAWU
3866:Defunct
3829:Slavery
3033:Mfecane
2596:KwaZulu
2300:Winburg
2033:17 June
2012:17 June
1914:et al.
1437:Winburg
1011:Bushmen
903:History
874:Lesotho
866:Kokstad
608:Winburg
357:•
344:•
286:Kokstad
284:•
261:•
244:•
231:History
154:Kokstad
150:Capital
4486:FOSATU
4333:SAYRCO
4305:SADECO
4221:Occupy
3760:Azania
3708:Lady R
3637:Racism
3466:CODESA
2927:Events
2916:Ciskei
2828:Goshen
2758:–1819)
2743:–1817)
2578:Ciskei
2554:QwaQwa
2548:Lebowa
2506:Goshen
2430:–1819)
2417:–1817)
2240:Goshen
1784:
1590:Ciskei
1529:Goshen
1378:(1795)
1285:states
1096:Durban
1046:Laager
916:under
895:, the
855:Kinira
847:Griqua
761:Ciskei
700:Goshen
549:(1795)
456:states
380:Tokens
367:30,000
346:Griqua
263:Laager
234:
196:
170:proto-
142:Status
89:Emblem
38:, and
4667:PAGAD
4563:SATUC
4556:SARHU
4542:SACTU
4521:NURHS
4479:FNETU
4465:CTSWU
4458:CNETU
4451:BLATU
4326:SAYCO
4214:NUSAS
4095:IDASA
3906:AITUP
3521:Post-
2908:Venda
2572:Venda
2007:(PDF)
1584:Venda
1137:with
1039:exile
926:Shaka
922:Xhosa
839:Dutch
755:Venda
359:Xhosa
351:1,100
179:Xhosa
164:Dutch
104:Latin
4674:SANF
4604:APLA
4549:SAIF
4528:PAWE
4514:NEUM
4507:MUSA
4472:FCWU
4417:WOSA
4361:TNIP
4319:SASO
4312:SAIC
4298:SABP
4249:PAVN
3983:COSG
3962:CTEG
3955:CNIP
2158:2013
2085:2013
2035:2014
2014:2014
1795:2014
1782:ISBN
1135:helm
1125:IEUW
1080:(or
1078:Raad
971:trek
897:trek
853:and
321:Area
312:1875
292:1872
278:1869
268:1862
253:1860
113:Seal
4625:BBB
4618:AWB
4611:ARM
4577:UDF
4500:IWW
4493:ICU
4444:BCM
4437:APF
4375:UFP
4277:PRP
4256:PFP
4207:NRP
4200:NPP
4186:NNP
4179:NLP
4165:NCP
4116:ISL
4067:GNP
4039:ECC
4032:DSM
4025:DPP
3997:DLF
3969:COD
3948:CDA
3927:BPC
3920:AVF
3913:APO
1123:| N
4778::
4646:MK
4193:NP
4158:NA
4109:IP
4102:ID
4053:FD
4046:FA
3990:CP
2753:c.
2738:c.
2715:c.
2708:c.
2425:c.
2412:c.
2399:c.
2392:c.
2043:^
1979:^
1962:^
1883:^
1834:^
1806:^
1797:.
1741:^
1696:^
1671:^
1364:c.
1270:.
1242:.
1173:-
1119:"G
973:.
876:.
861:.
841::
829::
535:c.
34:,
3095:)
3091:(
2751:(
2736:(
2720:)
2713:–
2706:(
2677:e
2670:t
2663:v
2423:(
2410:(
2404:)
2397:–
2390:(
2339:e
2332:t
2325:v
2216:e
2209:t
2202:v
2160:.
2087:.
2037:.
2016:.
1640:e
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1362:(
1131:"
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837:(
825:(
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533:(
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20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
