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in
Islamic art, often serving as a form of religious expression. The term "arabesque" is a French term derived from the Italian word arabesco, meaning "in the Arabic style" Arabesque patterns can be found in various media, including ceramics, architecture, calligraphy, and textiles. Since the 19th century, Arabesque art has been highly influential in Western art and design, with many designers and artists incorporating patterns into their work.
782:
819:, it makes up about 15% of the world's population and as such the culture that ensues it is full of different aspects of life that are effected by art. There are 64 traditional arts that are followed that start with the classics of music and range all the way to the application and adornment of jewellery. Since religion and culture are inseparable with Hinduism recurring symbols such as the gods and their reincarnations, the
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905:
1236:, Punjabi artists at the time became trained in the Mughal style of painting, resulting in their work being highly influenced by the Mughal style of art. The early portraits of the Sikh Gurus and the elements in them, like their outfits, turbans, and poses, looked similar to Mughal nobles and princes. The Gurus are identified in
420:
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The decorative features used use a variety of symmetries that are now recognized as belonging to separate mathematical groups, yet the patternsâ delicacy and elegance are unmatched in contemporary mathematical thought. Although it was once customary in Islam to use geometric shapes, these designs are
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component. While most works of art had legible inscriptions, not all
Muslims would have been able to read them. One should always keep in mind, however, that calligraphy is principally a means to transmit a text, albeit in a decorative form. From its simple and primitive early examples of the 5th and
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by monks; before and after the construction prayers are recited, and the form of the mandala represents the pure surroundings (palace) of a Buddha on which is meditated to train the mind. The work is rarely, if ever, signed by the artist. Other
Tibetan Buddhist art includes metal ritual objects, such
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of the Guru). There are many paintings and depictions of Guru Nanak's life, specifically in the B-40 Janamsakhi. He is shown growing up from a little boy to a teenager to a youth, and then into a middle-aged man and eventually an old, wise man. The images also depict many core Sikh values along with
944:
Arabesque is a decorative art style characterized by repetitive, intricate patterns of intertwined plants and abstract curvilinear motifs. It is believed to have originated in the
Islamic world, and its use spread throughout the Middle East, Europe, and North Africa. It has played an important role
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and calligraphy are expertly combined in the
Alhambra in Spain from the 14th century. Islamic art is made up of these three separate but complementary fields. They are arranged in a three-tiered hierarchy, with geometry at the button. This is frequently indicated by its use on the lower portions of
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as art forms and craft practiced by the lower class. Nevertheless, poetry was also popular during
Confucius's time, and poetry was both praised and ranked high in status with music. According to Confucius and his disciples, music strives to create and reflect harmony in the world; hence, education
286:
Two places suggest more vividly than any others the vitality of
Buddhist cave painting from about the 5th century AD. One is Ajanta, a site in India long forgotten until discovered in 1817. The other is Dunhuang, one of the great oasis staging posts on the Silk Road...The paintings range from calm
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depicts him as a pious, religious man with simple clothes and a rosary held in his hand, portraying his contemplative nature. The earlier of the ten Gurus have their images modeled on Guru Nanak's piety and simplicity. A transformation can be noticed with the sixth Guru when elements of political
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decoration. Circles and interlaced circles, squares or four-sided polygons are the typical star pattern resulting from squares and triangles inscribed in a circle. Multi-sided polygons are the four fundamental shapes or ârepeat unitsâ from which the more complex patterns are built. It is evident,
631:
The last part of the 20th and the first part of the 21st century have seen a focused effort by artists who claim faith in Christ to re-establish art with themes that revolve around faith, Christ, God, the Church, the Bible and other classic
Christian themes as worthy of respect by the secular art
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in churches in Rome are the most prominent surviving examples. Christian art would soon become the foundation of churches across Europe. Stained glass windows often depict biblical scenes to be reflected across the inner workings of the building. Murals and altarpiece art also fill churches with
1399:
Across many religions, symbols or icons are used to represent specific beliefs. These small pieces of art are summaries of religion which can and have been used by many to imply what their beliefs are. For example, Christianity being symbolized by the cross icon and Islam being symbolized by the
1003:
Geometric patterns make up one of the three non-figural types of decoration in
Islamic art. Whether isolated or used in combination with non-figural ornamentation or figural representation, geometric patterns are popularly associated with Islamic art, largely due to their aniconic quality. These
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The Qur'an is less specific but condemns idolatry and uses the Arabic term musawwir ("maker of forms", or artist) as an epithet for God. Partially as a result of this religious sentiment, figures in painting were often stylized and, in some cases, the destruction of figurative artworks occurred.
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was previously known in the
Byzantine period and aniconicism was a feature of the Judaic world, thus placing the Islamic objection to figurative representations within a larger context. As ornament, however, figures were largely devoid of any larger significance and perhaps therefore posed less
342:, though other definitions are possible. It is to make imagery of the different beliefs in the world and what it looks like. Most Christian groups use or have used art to some extent, although some have had strong objections to some forms of religious image, and there have been major periods of
1041:
The geometric shape of the circle is used in Islamic art to signify the fundamental symbol of oneness and the ultimate course of all diversity in creation. As the illustration below shows, many classic Islamic patterns have ritual beginnings in the circle's raw partition into regular sections.
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are used as the primary ornamental feature on various items of all kinds, in addition to adorning the surfaces of massive Islamic buildings. Although geometric ornamentation may have peaked in the Islamic world, the Greeks, Romans and Sasanians in Iran were the sources for geometric shapes and
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art. This new style was hieratic, meaning its primary purpose was to convey religious meaning rather than accurately render objects and people. Realistic perspective, proportions, light and colour were ignored in favour of geometric simplification of forms, reverse perspective and standardized
710:. While it still maintains a strong influence within Indonesia, Confucian influence on western art has been limited. While Confucian themes enjoyed representation in Chinese art centers, they are fewer in comparison to the number of artworks that are about or influenced by
84:
images), and "devotional image" usually meaning a smaller image for private prayer or worship. Images can often be divided into "iconic images", just showing one or more figures, and "narrative images" showing moments from an episode or story involving sacred figures.
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incorporated significant components of the classical past to invent a new form of decoration that highlighted the vitality of order and unity. Islamic astronomers, mathematicians and scientists contributed these forms, which were crucial for their type of art style.
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A prohibition against depicting representational images in religious art, as well as the naturally decorative nature of Arabic script, led to the use of calligraphic decorations, which usually involved repeating geometrical patterns and vegetal forms
862:) that expressed ideals of order and nature. These were used on religious architecture, carpets, and handwritten documents. Islamic art has reflected this balanced, harmonious world-view. It focuses on spiritual essence rather than physical form.
1049:, in the fifteenth century. From there, a regular grid of triangles is created, and then the design is added on top of it. See how the intricate pattern intertwines with the fundamental design, shown in the images above as a white outline.
893:
The Islamic resistance to the representation of living beings ultimately stems from the belief that the creation of living forms is unique to God. It is for this reason that the role of images and image makers has been controversial.
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was transmitted in Arabic, and inherent within the Arabic script is the potential for ornamental forms. The employment of calligraphy as ornament had a definite aesthetic appeal but often also included an underlying
969:
6th century AD, the Arabic alphabet developed rapidly after the rise of Islam in the 7th century into a beautiful form of art. The main two families of calligraphic styles were the dry styles, called generally the
1081:
1391:
Taoist art (also spelled as Daoist art) relates to the Taoist philosophy and narratives of Lao-tzu (also spelled as Laozi) that promote "living simply and honestly and in harmony with nature."
1092:
in Granada pictured above. The Alhambra palace in Spain and the Samarkand mosque in Uzbekistan are just two examples of the art of repeated geometric designs that can be seen worldwide.
287:
devotional images of the Buddha to lively and crowded scenes, often featuring the seductively full-breasted and narrow-waisted women more familiar in Indian sculpture than in painting.
608:
Since the advent of printing, the sale of reproductions of pious works has been a major element of popular Christian culture. In the 19th century, this included genre painters such as
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promoted the growth of calligraphy and visual arts in terms of social status. Confucian aesthetics and values further contributed to the development of these visual art forms, with
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reign (1801-1839) holds prime importance in Sikh history. He was a great patron of art and architecture and sponsored the construction of many magnificent forts, palaces, temples,
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are frequently associated with Islamic art, partly because of their iconic appeal, whether used alone or in conjunction with figural depiction or non-configurable adornment. These
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challenge. As with other forms of Islamic ornamentation, artists freely adapted and stylized basic human and animal forms, giving rise to a great variety of figural-based designs.
666:, a collection of poetry complied by Confucius. This image is a section of the scroll of an unidentified artist from the 13th century, and it narrates the poem about rural living.
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Geometric shapes resemble the arabesque design found in many vegetal designs in terms of its abstraction, repeated motifs and symmetry. Geometric designs frequently coexist with
773:
Painting of Indic deities (Krishna, Vishnu, Lakshmi, Shesha, Shiva, Parvati, Nandi, Lakshmi, Garuda, Hanuman, Rama, Sita) and a devotee (possibly Diwan Dina Nath), Mandi, ca.1830
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and geometric pattern designers have decorated mosques, castles and manuscripts. Most often, Islamic geometric designs are employed in places of worship as a way to exalt
1004:
abstract designs not only adorn the surfaces of monumental Islamic architecture but also function as the major decorative element on a vast array of objects of all types.
558:, rapidly bringing the production of public Christian art to a virtual halt in Protestant countries, and causing the destruction of most of the art that already existed.
49:
is a visual representation of religious ideologies and their relationship with humans. Sacred art directly relates to religious art in the sense that its purpose is for
1080:
There are observable patterns spanning a thousand years of Islamic history and throughout the entire Islamic world since these geometric patterns are also connected to
658:
454:, but from this point grand Christian buildings built under imperial patronage brought a need for Christian versions of Roman elite and official art, of which
1287:, precious jewels, clothes, colorful paintings, minting of coins and luxury tents and canopies. The most significant of these were the golden throne built by
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however, that the intricate designs found on several things come in various sizes and configurations, making them suitable for inclusion more than category.
901:(Traditions of the Prophet), where painters are challenged to "breathe life" into their creations and threatened with punishment on the Day of Judgment.
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1839:
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As a secular, non-sectarian, universal notion of art arose in 19th-century Western Europe, secular artists occasionally treated Christian themes (
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2112:
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1260:, elements of grandeur were added, such as royal attire, precious jewels, elegant shoes, a grand turban, and a warrior-like sword.
1248:, also composed in the Mughal style. In a painting from around 1750, the sixth Sikh guru is depicted in courtly Mughal dress and setting.
1996:
1815:"Geometric Patterns in Islamic Art | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art"
187:
Buddhist art followed believers as the dharma spread, adapted, and evolved in each new host country. It developed to the north through
1349:. He also contributed to temples and mosques, with one of the most significant ones being expensive silver doors at a Hindu temple of
1155:. Mandaean scroll illustrations, usually labeled with lengthy written explanations, typically contain abstract geometric drawings of
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designs. The interior is lined with mirrors and colorful glass and its upper part is covered with gilded copper plates. Besides the
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Christian art continued to be produced in great quantities, both for churches and clergy and for the laity. During this time,
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flower, extra limbs, and even the traditional arts make their appearances in many sculptures, paintings, music, and dance.
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should begin with the foundations of poetry and moral behavior, and conclude with music. Over time, the development of the
184:, 6th to 5th century BC, and thereafter evolved by contact with other cultures as it spread throughout Asia and the world.
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Muslims are much less averse to the depiction of figures, including the Prophet's as long as the depiction is respectful.
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only appeared in the first half of the 18th century. One of the first set of paintings of the Gurus were commissioned by
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Christian sacred art is produced in an attempt to illustrate, supplement and portray in tangible form the principles of
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1123:
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Sauchelli, Andrea (2016). The Will to MakeâBelieve: Religious Fictionalism, Religious Beliefs, and the Value of Art.
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survives from dates near the origins of Christianity. The oldest surviving Christian paintings are from the site at
998:
120:
1341:, Ranjit Singh also contributed to the embellishments many other gurdwaras, drawing spectacular imagery from the
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world. Art could then be used to cultivate the church to participate in Christianity once again. Artists such as
1197:'; however there has emerged a niche cultural phenomenon that can be described as 'Political Sikh'. The art of
865:
While there has been an aversion to potential idol worship through Islamic history, this is a distinctly modern
30:
842:
920:, mid-16th century, depicts floral gardens shaped in a manner that reflects the Islamic symbolism of paradise.
221:, until Buddhism nearly disappeared in India around the 10th century due in part to the vigorous expansion of
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1686:"Figural Representation in Islamic Art | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History"
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853:(prayer niche) is decorated with 9th-century lusterware tiles and painted intertwined vegetal motifs.
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have produced well-known works of art for churches. Through a social interpretation of Christianity,
480:
39:
1110:. Even though Jainism spread only in some parts of India, it has made a significant contribution to
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also revived the interest in sacred art, through the depiction of Jesus in ordinary places in life.
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1034:
986:
954:
816:
735:
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431:
177:
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has been merged with different locality and ethnicity of different Sikhs into categories such as '
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1962:
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1642:
1603:
1458:
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1217:, who was first painted more than 200 years after he lived. The widely popular portraits of the
1084:. In some pieces of architecture, Islamic architects follow the same guidelines, such as in the
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2441:
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Most of the early portraits of the Sikh Gurus were painted in courtly Mughal style. Under the
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820:
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have had significant influence both in sacred and secular arts. Other notable artists include
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with a shamrock. Each saint holds or is associated with attributes and symbols in sacred art.
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2237:
1706:
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resistance and power are added, showing Sikh political struggles at the time. Further, with
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1141:
1058:
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as well as creating an object as aid to meditation. An example of this is the creation of a
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The use of images has been controversial in many religions. The term for such opposition is
81:
73:
1743:"Calligraphy in Islamic Art | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History"
616:. In the modern era, companies specializing in modern commercial Christian artists such as
2228:
Kaur Singh, Nikky-Guninder (2013). "Corporeal Metaphysics: Guru Nanak in Early Sikh Art".
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The Spiritual Dynamic in Modern Art : Art History Reconsidered, 1800 to the Present
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and calligraphy works centralizing on the written works and teachings of Confucianism.
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The glory of Byzantium: art and culture of the Middle Byzantine era, A.D. 843â1261
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17:
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for the renovation. He also hired a technical expert for the gold plating of the
1346:
1268:
1264:
1074:
Grand structures made by divine geometry include buildings, gardens and floors.
832:
727:
699:
569:). Only rarely was a Christian artist included in the historical canon (such as
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507:
447:
435:
404:
400:
381:
258:
242:
109:
54:
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conventions to portray individuals and events. The controversy over the use of
470:), a more abstract aesthetic replaced the naturalism previously established in
2122:
1386:
1305:. He invited skilled architects, artists, wood carvers and other craftsmen to
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1237:
1218:
1214:
1111:
926:
562:
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262:
254:
93:
69:
62:
1599:
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897:
The strongest statements on the subject of figural depiction are made in the
217:
In India, the Buddhist art flourished and even influenced the development of
1330:
1148:
1132:
939:
904:
881:, stand as prominent examples contrary to the modern Sunni tradition. Also,
859:
764:
687:
679:
613:
578:
451:
438:, dated to around the year 70, and the oldest Christian sculptures are from
424:
238:
218:
89:
42:
mosaics. It is set against the original golden background of the 6th century
960:
518:
The Renaissance saw an increase in monumental secular works, but until the
96:
being the deliberate destruction of images by people of the same religion.
1370:
1358:
1306:
1284:
1272:
the Political and Cultural forces that influenced his life and religion.
1241:
1176:
1101:
1089:
982:
965:
882:
812:
715:
532:
511:
226:
58:
1607:
1583:
1462:
1438:
1646:
1622:
1374:
1366:
1222:
1107:
1012:
978:
846:
419:
250:
246:
134: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
50:
640:, Gary P. Bergel, Carlos Cazares, Bruce Herman, Deborah Sokolove, and
376:
play a part in the art of most Christian denominations. Images of the
1362:
1354:
1326:
1160:
1136:
917:
898:
711:
625:
455:
384:, and images of saints are much rarer in Protestant art than that of
362:
275:
65:
remain under the umbrella term of religious art, but not sacred art.
1863:
1861:
1638:
2420:
2241:
1201:
such as Amarjeet Kaur Nandhra, and Amrit and Rabindra Kaur Singh (
1182:
1156:
1127:
970:
903:
866:
836:
768:
707:
703:
683:
657:
566:
489:
479:, the interpretation of the Second Commandment, and the crisis of
418:
366:
354:
271:
222:
204:
167:
29:
612:. The invention of color lithography led to broad circulation of
2105:
The Mandaean gnostic religion: worship practice and deep thought
1350:
1322:
1205:), is partly informed by their Sikh spirituality and influence.
1046:
1045:
Four circle divisions resulted in the above pattern, created in
329:
77:
2414:
Visual Piety: A History and Theory of Popular Religious Images.
399:
system developed to conclusively identify scenes. For example,
2024:"Exploring The Alhambra Palace And Fortress In Granada, Spain"
1902:"Geometric patterns in Islamic art emphasised unity and order"
1840:"Exploring The Alhambra Palace And Fortress In Granada, Spain"
1276:
Sikh Art and Architecture during Maharaja Ranjit Singh's Reign
776:
237:
Most Tibetan Buddhist artforms are related to the practice of
103:
53:
and religious practices. According to one set of definitions,
959:
Calligraphy is a highly regarded element of Islamic art. The
38:
showing the image of the Virgin and Child, one of the first
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1301:
most remarkable contribution was the refurbishment of the
1151:
art can be found in illustrated manuscript scrolls called
1106:
Jain art refers to religious works of art associated with
2451:. Downers Grove, Ill.: Inter-Varsity Press, 1983. 130 p.
1584:"Visual Arts and Music in Traditional Chinese Art System"
483:
led to a standardization of religious imagery within the
1661:"Islamic Art â Islamic Art of Calligraphy and Arabesque"
442:, dating to the beginning of the 2nd century. Until the
68:
Other terms often used for art of various religions are
793:
361:
are the most common subjects, especially the images of
209:
An example of Tibetan Buddhist art: Thangka Depicting
462:
During the development of early Christian art in the
1833:
1831:
624:, although widely regarded in the fine art world as
2449:
The Gift of Art: the Place of the Arts in Scripture
2335:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000â.
2394:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1982.
2385:
2354:
1997:"The Stunning Beauty of Islamic Geometric Pattern"
1317:is now embellished with semi-precious stones like
2337:http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/daoi/hd_daoi.htm
1181:The art, culture, identity, and societies of the
1066:works of architecture. Since the eighth century,
2331:Augustin, Birgitta. âDaoism and Daoist Art.â In
446:Christian art derived its style and much of its
395:For the benefit of the illiterate, an elaborate
349:Most Christian art is allusive, or built around
261:. Creation of Buddhist art is usually done as a
1895:
1893:
1891:
1725:"Arabesque | Definition of Arabesque by Lexico"
1263:The Gurus are also extensively depicted in the
423:Virgin and Child. Wall painting from the early
2417:Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
2389:The Vatican: spirit and art of Christian Rome
2269:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
1515:But Is It Art?: An Introduction to Art Theory
973:, and the soft cursive styles, which include
353:familiar to the intended observer. Images of
202:to form the Southern branch of Buddhist art.
195:to form the Northern branch of Buddhist art.
80:in its more general sense (not restricted to
8:
2363:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1782:
1780:
1558:. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. p. 127.
1329:walls on the exterior. The walls also boast
198:Buddhist art followed to the east as far as
2353:Evans, Helen C.; Wixom, William D. (1997).
2183:
2181:
2179:
1707:"Arabesque | decorative style | Britannica"
1623:"Musical Art in Early Confucian Philosophy"
1353:. Under Maharaja Ranjit Singh, cities like
1225:, the eldest son of the seventh Sikh guru,
1213:Sikhism was founded in the 16th century by
459:intricate and expressive Christian images.
2377:Hein, David. âChristianity and the Arts.â
2055:www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/geom/hd_geom.htm
1400:image of the star and crescent. Also see:
1062:walls or floors, as in the example above.
1517:, Oxford University Press (2001), page 95
841:A specimen of Islamic sacred art: in the
734:as the highest form of art and dismissed
514:(Boston, Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum)
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
2423:Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
2188:Kaur Singh, Nikky-Guninder. "Sikh Art".
1498:Christian Art: A Very Short Introduction
662:Odes of the State of Bin is a poem from
2147:Singh Twins Art Launches Liverpool Fest
1429:
730:, the Chinese art hierarchy considered
577:). However many modern artists such as
444:adoption of Christianity by Constantine
1057:Geometric patterns, biomorphic design
1963:"Language of Symmetry in Islamic Art"
1844:www.forbes.com/sites/geoffreymorrison
1789:"Language of Symmetry in Islamic Art"
61:but are not considered traditionally
7:
2136:Textile artist Amarjeet Kaur Nandhra
1577:
1575:
132:adding citations to reliable sources
34:9th century Byzantine mosaic of the
2309:The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies
2307:Kaur Singh, Nikky-Guninder (2014).
2277:The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies
2274:Kaur Singh, Nikky-Guninder (2014).
2207:. New York: Routledge. p. 24.
2190:The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies
2082:. Abhinav Publications. p. 1.
2051:"Geometric Patterns in Islamic Art"
1929:"Geometric Patterns in Islamic Art"
1870:"Geometric Patterns in Islamic Art"
1395:Religious Symbolism and Iconography
322:Religious image § Christianity
1727:. 22 November 2019. Archived from
1527:Buenconsejo, Clara (21 May 2015).
1291:and the bejewelled canopy for the
72:, usually for the main image in a
25:
2333:Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
1345:, the lives of the Gurus and the
180:following the historical life of
1439:"Sacred, Holy or Religious Art?"
1377:thrived as centres of the arts.
780:
253:, often including depictions of
108:
686:, then spread westwards on the
540:created the massive columns in
502:(1470) and commissioned by the
297:Water and Land Ritual paintings
176:Buddhist art originated on the
119:needs additional citations for
2103:Nasoraia, Brikha H.S. (2021).
1582:Andrijauskas, Antanas (2016).
682:. Confucian art originated in
357:and narrative scenes from the
1:
1900:Dewji, Nimira (8 July 2016).
670:Confucian art is inspired by
628:, have been very successful.
1995:Aba, Ali (3 November 2022).
1745:. Metropolitan Museum of Art
1688:. Metropolitan Museum of Art
1529:"Contemporary Religious Art"
556:huge effect on Christian art
2311:. Oxford University Press.
2280:. Oxford University Press.
1764:"Art of Arabic Calligraphy"
1554:Karetzky, Patricia (2014).
1251:One of the first images of
1124:List of Mandaean scriptures
172:Buddha statue in Sri Lanka.
27:Art with religious subjects
2498:
1967:The Art of Islamic Pattern
1384:
1174:
1121:
1099:
999:Islamic geometric patterns
996:
952:
937:
830:
762:
651:
498:with an Angel, painted by
319:
305:
294:
161:
2079:Jain Temples of Rajasthan
1531:. Mozaico. Archived from
1135:manuscript art featuring
1008:Types Of Geometric Styles
2049:Aba, Ali (8 July 2016).
1627:Philosophy East and West
1209:Images of the Sikh Gurus
1159:that are reminiscent of
1139:at the scales, from the
1076:The Blue Mosque Geometry
1053:Alhambra Palace Geometry
849:, the upper part of the
843:Great Mosque of Kairouan
698:, and eastwards through
554:. The Reformation had a
2205:Sikh Art and Literature
2162:. New York: Routledge.
2160:Sikh Art and Literature
2107:. New Delhi: Sterling.
1793:artofislamicpattern.com
1621:Huang, Siu-Chi (1963).
1502:Oxford University Press
1437:Chute, Desmond (1955).
1281:Maharaja Ranjit Singh's
524:Michelangelo Buonarroti
2076:Kumar, Sehdev (2001).
1289:Hafez Muhammad Multani
1145:
921:
875:depictions of Muhammad
873:, along with medieval
854:
774:
749:Chinese writing system
667:
530:and carved the famous
520:Protestant Reformation
515:
428:
403:depicted with a lamb,
214:
173:
43:
2203:Brown, Kerry (1999).
2158:Brown, Kerry (1999).
1556:Chinese Religious Art
1513:Cynthia A. Freeland,
1477:"History Of Buddhism"
1275:
1131:
907:
889:Figure representation
840:
772:
661:
493:
422:
346:within Christianity.
208:
171:
57:that are inspired by
33:
2442:Veith, Gene Edward,
2381:, May 4, 2014, 8â11.
2230:History of Religions
1838:Morrison, Geoffrey.
1535:on 29 September 2015
1165:prehistoric rock art
1068:Muslim calligraphers
1020:elaborate patterns.
690:, southward down to
542:St. Peter's Basilica
481:Byzantine Iconoclasm
427:, Rome, 4th century.
291:Chinese Buddhist art
241:or Buddhist tantra.
233:Tibetan Buddhist art
128:improve this article
1846:. Jonathon Goldmann
955:Islamic calligraphy
817:1 billion followers
753:landscape paintings
676:Chinese philosopher
674:, coined after the
642:John August Swanson
538:Gianlorenzo Bernini
432:Early Christian art
282:Indian Buddhist art
178:Indian subcontinent
2482:Visual arts genres
2192:. Oxford Academic.
1868:Corbin, Margaret.
1711:www.britannica.com
1649:– via JSTOR.
1479:. Historyworld.net
1146:
1114:and architecture.
1029:History And Design
1013:Geometric patterns
922:
871:Persian miniatures
855:
792:. You can help by
775:
668:
638:Larry D. Alexander
516:
429:
215:
182:Siddhartha Gautama
174:
44:
18:Ecclesiastical art
2457:978-0-87784-813-4
2430:Charlene Spretnak
2401:978-0-87099-348-0
2379:The Living Church
2370:978-0-8109-6507-2
2114:978-81-950824-1-4
2089:978-81-7017-348-9
1874:www.metmuseum.org
1504:(2004), page 110.
1496:Beth Williamson,
1402:Religious symbols
1343:Guru Granth Sahib
1293:Guru Granth Sahib
1258:Guru Gobind Singh
1017:abstract patterns
810:
809:
618:Thomas Blackshear
599:Graham Sutherland
546:Leonardo da Vinci
500:Sandro Botticelli
485:Eastern Orthodoxy
390:Eastern Orthodoxy
386:Roman Catholicism
160:
159:
152:
40:post-iconoclastic
16:(Redirected from
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2039:
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2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1992:
1979:
1978:
1976:
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1961:Henry, Richard.
1958:
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1672:
1663:. Archived from
1657:
1651:
1650:
1618:
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1594:(1â2): 165â187.
1579:
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1449:(418): 570â579.
1434:
1418:Spiritualist art
1311:Harmandir Sahib.
1142:Scroll of Abatur
805:
802:
784:
777:
664:The Book of Odes
494:An example of a
464:Byzantine empire
372:Scenes from the
155:
148:
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82:Eastern Orthodox
74:place of worship
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2347:Further reading
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2343:
2339:(December 2011)
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1409:
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1383:
1339:Harmandir Sahib
1325:along with its
1315:Harmandir Sahib
1303:Harmandir Sahib
1278:
1246:Persian scripts
1211:
1203:The Singh Twins
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1082:Islamic culture
1022:Islamic artists
1001:
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879:angels in Islam
835:
829:
806:
800:
797:
790:needs expansion
767:
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724:
678:and politician
656:
650:
634:Makoto Fujimura
610:MihĂĄly MunkĂĄcsy
595:Elisabeth Frink
575:Stanley Spencer
504:Catholic Church
417:
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334:Images of Jesus
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700:northern China
696:Southeast Asia
694:and then onto
692:southern China
652:Main article:
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622:Thomas Kinkade
603:Fritz von Uhde
528:Sistine Chapel
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648:Confucian art
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450:from popular
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2005:. Retrieved
2000:
1971:. Retrieved
1966:
1937:. Retrieved
1935:. David Nick
1932:
1922:
1910:. Retrieved
1905:
1878:. Retrieved
1876:. David Nick
1873:
1848:. Retrieved
1843:
1819:. Retrieved
1809:
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1768:. Retrieved
1758:
1747:. Retrieved
1737:
1729:the original
1719:
1710:
1701:
1690:. Retrieved
1680:
1669:. Retrieved
1665:the original
1655:
1633:(1): 49â60.
1630:
1626:
1616:
1591:
1588:Music in Art
1587:
1555:
1549:
1537:. Retrieved
1533:the original
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1492:
1481:. Retrieved
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1432:
1398:
1390:
1351:Goddess Kali
1297:
1279:
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1231:
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1223:Baba Ram Rai
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1118:Mandaean art
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811:
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794:adding to it
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583:Marc Chagall
560:
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548:painted the
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526:painted the
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397:iconographic
394:
382:infant Jesus
371:
348:
340:Christianity
337:
312:Catholic art
285:
267:sand mandala
259:bodhisattvas
236:
216:
197:
193:Eastern Asia
189:Central Asia
186:
175:
164:Buddhist art
146:
137:
126:Please help
121:verification
118:
100:Buddhist art
87:
67:
46:
45:
36:Hagia Sophia
2057:. Anna Yang
2030:. Anna Yang
2003:. Anna Yang
1969:. Sam Amara
1933:ISMAILIMAIL
1906:ISMAILIMAIL
1795:. Sam Amara
1443:Blackfriars
1347:Janamsakhis
1265:Janamsakhis
1086:Blue Mosque
1059:(arabesque)
987:many others
949:Calligraphy
833:Islamic art
815:, with its
736:calligraphy
728:Han dynasty
551:Last Supper
508:Renaissance
506:during the
472:Hellenistic
448:iconography
407:with keys,
405:Saint Peter
401:Saint Agnes
378:Virgin Mary
243:Tibetan art
2471:Categories
2293:2023-03-20
2123:1272858968
2022:Aba, Ali.
1821:2013-09-06
1770:2013-09-06
1749:2013-09-06
1692:2013-09-06
1671:2014-02-11
1483:2013-09-06
1424:References
1387:Taoist art
1381:Taoist art
1253:Guru Nanak
1238:Devanagari
1215:Guru Nanak
1122:See also:
1112:Indian art
1047:Yazd, Iran
966:talismanic
927:Iconoclasm
860:arabesques
614:holy cards
563:Bouguereau
440:sarcophagi
344:iconoclasm
320:See also:
295:See also:
263:meditation
225:alongside
94:iconoclasm
70:cult image
2250:162323904
2061:March 20,
2034:March 20,
2007:March 20,
1973:March 20,
1939:March 20,
1912:March 20,
1880:March 20,
1850:March 20,
1799:March 20,
1600:1522-7464
1455:1754-2014
1331:Arabesque
1285:gurdwaras
940:Arabesque
934:Arabesque
765:Hindu art
759:Hindu art
688:Silk Road
680:Confucius
579:Eric Gill
452:Roman art
425:catacombs
245:includes
239:Vajrayana
219:Hindu art
213:, c. 1740
191:and into
140:June 2015
90:aniconism
2425:, 93, 3.
2411:(1998).
1766:. Sakkal
1608:90012994
1463:43813855
1407:See also
1371:Srinagar
1359:Amritsar
1307:Amritsar
1242:Gurmukhi
1177:Sikh art
1171:Sikh art
1149:Mandaean
1133:Mandaean
1102:Jain art
1096:Jain art
1090:Alhambra
1088:and the
993:Geometry
983:Nastaliq
813:Hinduism
744:painting
716:Buddhism
512:Florence
274:and the
251:mandalas
247:thangkas
227:Hinduism
59:religion
55:artworks
1647:1396785
1375:Patiala
1367:Sialkot
1193:' and '
1108:Jainism
979:Thuluth
847:Tunisia
722:History
571:Rouault
496:Madonna
456:mosaics
436:Megiddo
415:History
365:on the
270:as the
255:Buddhas
92:, with
51:worship
2455:
2444:junior
2398:
2367:
2315:
2284:
2248:
2236:: 35.
2211:
2166:
2121:
2111:
2086:
2028:Medium
2001:Medium
1645:
1606:
1598:
1562:
1539:2 June
1461:
1453:
1363:Multan
1355:Lahore
1327:marble
1244:, and
1161:cubism
1157:uthras
1137:Abatur
975:Naskhi
961:Qur'an
918:Tabriz
899:Hadith
869:view.
851:mihrab
742:, and
740:poetry
712:Daoism
702:on to
626:kitsch
544:, and
363:Christ
351:themes
332:, and
314:, and
276:phurba
63:sacred
2246:S2CID
1643:JSTOR
1604:JSTOR
1459:JSTOR
1183:Sikhs
1153:diwan
971:Kufic
883:Shi'a
867:Sunni
821:lotus
732:music
708:Korea
704:Japan
684:China
567:Manet
533:PietĂ
466:(see
367:Cross
355:Jesus
272:vajra
223:Islam
2453:ISBN
2396:ISBN
2365:ISBN
2313:ISBN
2282:ISBN
2209:ISBN
2164:ISBN
2119:OCLC
2109:ISBN
2084:ISBN
2063:2023
2036:2023
2009:2023
1975:2023
1941:2023
1914:2023
1882:2023
1852:2023
1801:2023
1596:ISSN
1560:ISBN
1541:2015
1451:ISSN
1373:and
1333:and
1323:onyx
1321:and
1313:The
1189:', '
1072:God.
985:and
912:, a
908:The
877:and
714:and
706:and
620:and
597:and
388:and
330:Icon
257:and
249:and
78:icon
2238:doi
1635:doi
1163:or
845:in
796:.
573:or
510:in
130:by
2473::
2447:.
2432:,
2258:^
2244:.
2234:53
2232:.
2178:^
2117:.
2053:.
2026:.
1999:.
1983:^
1965:.
1949:^
1931:.
1904:.
1890:^
1872:.
1860:^
1842:.
1830:^
1791:.
1779:^
1709:.
1641:.
1631:13
1629:.
1625:.
1602:.
1592:41
1590:.
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1574:^
1500:,
1457:.
1447:36
1445:.
1441:.
1369:,
1365:,
1361:,
1357:,
1295:.
1240:,
1229:.
1167:.
989:.
981:,
977:,
916:,
738:,
718:.
644:.
593:,
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