386:
This work, published in 2002 by Cello, Paul and Wimmer, was the first test-tube synthesis of an organism in the absence of a natural template achieved outside living cells. The poliovirus synthesis caught global attention, high praise, ridicule and fierce condemnation. Several years later, Wimmer published an essay in EMBO Reports reflecting on hotly debated issues that this new kind of research generated (ethical matters, questions about the global eradication of poliovirus, concerns of "dual use research"). Apart from providing a 'proof of principle,' the experiment heralded the total synthesis of organisms with computers as parents, a strategy that allows investigating the structure and function of an organism's biology to an extent hitherto impossible. Meanwhile, synthetic biology has led to a new kind of RNA virus genetics and has been used to develop rapid methods for computer-aided chemical synthesis of viral recoded genomes. This strategy allows for the generation of new vaccines in a very short time.
382:, cell-free synthesis of any virus. This experiment has led to biochemical studies of the complete poliovirus life cycle in cytoplasmic extracts of naĂŻve mammalian cells. Many investigators have since used this strategy involving a cell "juice" void of the barrier of a cellular membrane, of nuclei or of mitochondria, for the study of key steps in poliovirus translation and genome replication.
275:, in 1974 to join the Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, an academic environment in which he continued to engage. In 1979 he was promoted to professor at Stony Brook University, and from 1984 to 1999 he served as the Chairman of the Department. Wimmer was honored as a Distinguished Professor of the State University of New York at Stony Brook in 2002.
1760:
385:
Using the nucleotide sequence of the genome deciphered in 1981, Wimmer followed up on the work published in 1991 by synthesizing chemically the genome in the form of double stranded DNA ("cDNA"), which was then transcribed enzymatically into genome RNA and "booted to life" in the cell free system.
363:
genome by Sung Key Jang (1988), independently described also by Nahum
Sonenberg and his colleagues. IRES elements allow initiation of protein synthesis in a cap-independent manner, which violates a long-standing dogma in protein synthesis of eukaryotic cells. IRESes have now found widespread
506:
Exploring the Role of
Antiviral Drugs in the Eradication of Polio. Workshop Report 2006. S.L. Katz, R. Andino, D. Joseph-McCarthy, J. F. Modlin, N. Nathanson, R. J. Whitley, E. Wimmer. National Research Council (National Academy of Sciences); National Academies Press Washington, DC,
286:
Originally trained as an organic chemist, Wimmer developed a deep understanding and fascination for viruses as replicating (living) biological entities as well as (non-living) aggregates of organic compounds, or, "as chemicals with a life cycle". After working on the structure of
820:
Kitamura, N.; Semler, B. L.; Rothberg, P. G.; Larsen, G. R.; Adler, C. J.; Dorner, A. J.; Emini, E. A.; Hanecak, R.; Lee, J. J.; van der Werf, S.; Anderson, C. W.; Wimmer, E. (1981). ". Primary structure, gene organization and polypeptide expression of poliovirus RNA".
227:
Wimmer worked at the
University of Göttingen as a research associate and instructor until 1964. Intrigued by the chemistry of living cells, however, he shifted his research interests in 1964 and joined Gordon Tener at the Department of Biochemistry of the
364:
recognition in cell biology and application in biotechnology. An IRES chimeric oncolytic poliovirus , originally constructed in Wimmer's laboratory, has now been developed by
Matthias Gromeier at Duke University for the treatment of human glioma.
318:
Wimmer's major early accomplishment, spearheaded by Naomi
Kitamura and other members of his laboratory, was the elucidation in 1981 of the structure and genetic organization of the poliovirus genome, the first sequence of a eukaryotic
1796:
1182:"Recruitment of Nectin-3 to cell-cell junctions through trans-heterophilic interaction with CD155, a vitronectin and poliovirus receptor that localizes to αvβ3 integrin containing membrane microdomains"
1137:
Mendelsohn, C.L.; Wimmer, E.; Racaniello, V.R. (1989). "Cellular
Receptor for Poliovirus: Molecular Cloning, Nucleotide Sequence, and Expression of a New Member of the Immunoglobulin Super-family".
367:
Wimmer is co-discoverer of the poliovirus receptor CD155, a cell-adhesion molecule and tumor antigen, whose expression is regulated by the sonic hedgehog pathway. A decade-long collaboration with
172:. He is best known for his seminal work on the molecular biology of poliovirus and the first chemical synthesis of a viral genome capable of infection and subsequent production of live viruses.
1400:
278:
Wimmer is married since 1965 to Astrid née Brose, a German physical therapist, who earned her Ph.D. in
Comparative Literature at Stony Brook University in 1988. They have two children.
414:
375:
in Wimmer's lab has yielded the crystal structure of the two outer domains of CD155, an achievement that has solved the architecture of the poliovirus/receptor complex.
1551:"Reduction of the rate of poliovirus protein synthesis through large scale codon deoptimization causes attenuation of viral virulence by lowering specific infectivity"
1375:
510:
Picornaviren – Grundlagen. Eckard Wimmer und Aniko Paul. "Medizinische
Virologie, 2nd ed., W.H. Gerlach and H.W. Doer, Eds., Georg Thieme Verlag, 2009. (in German)
351:, where Bert L. Semler showed that the cleavages occur predominantly at evolutionary preserved Q^G sites. These studies were the basis for the discovery of the
966:
490:
Viral
Genetics. Guest editors Eckard Wimmer and Rob Goldbach. In "Current Opinion in Genetics & Development". Current Biology LTD. Vol. 2, No. 1, 1992
347:. Wimmer's lab not only provided proof of the polyprotein but also largely identified the pathway by which the polyprotein is processed into functional
260:
331:. VPg was later shown by Aniko Paul to be a primer in RNA replication. The resulting gene map provided irrefutable evidence for the existence of the
1816:
259:, which became the infectious agent of his choice. Between 1968 and 1974 he taught and conducted research in the Department of Microbiology in the
1391:
500:
RNA Signals in Entero- and
Rhinovirus Genome Replication. In: "Seminars in Virology". Guest Editor Eckard Wimmer. Academic Press. Vol. 8, 1997.
1031:"Initiation of Protein Synthesis by Internal Entry of Ribosomes into the 5' Non- translated Region of Encephalomyocarditis Virus RNA In Vivo"
420:
477:
982:"Evidence in Vitro for Internal Entry by the Translational Machinery in the 5' Non-Translated Region of Encephalomyocarditis Virus RNA"
872:
Paul, Aniko V.; v Boom, J.; Filippov, D.; Wimmer, E. (1998). "Protein-primed RNA Synthesis by Purified Poliovirus RNA Polymerase".
426:
1500:"Identification of two functionally redundant RNA elements in the coding sequence of poliovirus using computer generated design"
1806:
1811:
444:
229:
1791:
494:
399:
188:, when Wimmer was three his father died; when he was nine his mother fled together with him and his two older brothers to
389:
Recently, Wimmer's lab has elucidated the key step in the morphogenesis of poliovirus that has been elusive for decades.
451:
405:
356:
1262:
Zhang, P.; Mueller, S.; Morais, M. C.; Bator, C. M.; Bowman, V. D.; Hafenstein, S.; Wimmer, E.; Rossmann, M. G (2008).
1463:
Wimmer, Eckard; Paul, A. (2011). "Synthetic poliovirus and other designer viruses: what have we learned from them?".
209:
1655:
Mueller, S; Coleman, J.R.; Papamichail, D.; Ward, C. B.; Nimnual, A.; Futcher, B.; Skiena, S.; Wimmer, E (2010).
503:
Molecular Biology of Picornaviruses. Edited by Bert L. Semler and Eckard Wimmer. ASM Press, Washington, DC, 2002.
1498:
Song, Y.; Liu, Y.; Ward, C.B.; Mueller, S.; Futcher, B.; Skiena, S.; Paul, A.V.; Wimmer, E. (4 September 2012).
1764:
1416:"The test-tube synthesis of poliovirus: The simple synthesis of a virus has far reaching societal implications"
221:
64:
1801:
655:"Chemical synthesis of poliovirus cDNA: generation of infectious virus in the absence of natural template"
458:
296:
268:
241:
169:
126:
1369:
433:
Robert-Koch-Medal in Gold for Lifelong Achievements in Infectious Diseases from the Robert-Koch-Stiftung
201:
605:
Molla, Akhteruzzaman; Paul, A.V.; Wimmer, Eckard (1991). "Cell free, de novo synthesis of poliovirus".
1786:
1611:
1275:
1091:
980:
Jang, S.K.; Kräusslich, H.-G.; Nicklin, M. J. H.; Duke, G. M.; Palmenberg, A. C.; Wimmer, E. (1988).
881:
830:
774:
666:
614:
556:
311:
and even death. Neither the molecular biology of poliovirus proliferation nor the mechanism of its
1706:"A direct interaction between proteins 2CATPase and VP3 is required for enterovirus morphogenesis"
1162:
905:
854:
692:
1264:"Crystal structure of CD155 and electron microscopic studies of its complexes with polioviruses"
240:. Then in 1966 he worked in the US with Manfred E. Reichmann in the Department of Botany at the
1737:
1686:
1637:
1580:
1531:
1480:
1445:
1357:
1303:
1244:
1203:
1154:
1119:
1060:
1011:
940:
897:
846:
802:
743:
684:
630:
584:
432:
379:
308:
217:
213:
94:
75:
1727:
1717:
1676:
1668:
1627:
1619:
1570:
1562:
1521:
1511:
1472:
1435:
1427:
1347:
1337:
1293:
1283:
1234:
1193:
1146:
1109:
1099:
1050:
1042:
1001:
993:
932:
889:
838:
792:
782:
733:
723:
674:
622:
574:
564:
368:
323:. The primary structure of the genome was unique at the time amongst RNA viruses as it was
712:"Sequence studies of Poliovirus RNA II Polyadenylic Acis at 3'-Terminus of Poliovirus RNA"
372:
340:
336:
324:
272:
248:
181:
162:
89:
1615:
1476:
1279:
1095:
936:
885:
834:
778:
670:
618:
560:
168:, organic chemist and distinguished professor of molecular genetics and microbiology at
1732:
1705:
1681:
1656:
1632:
1599:
1575:
1550:
1526:
1499:
1440:
1415:
1298:
1263:
1223:"Expression of the human poliovirus receptor/CD155 gene is activated by Sonic Hedgehog"
579:
544:
464:
1352:
1325:
1055:
1030:
1006:
981:
797:
762:
738:
711:
335:, the only polypeptide that poliovirus synthesizes. Polyproteins, first postulated by
1780:
1150:
1114:
1079:
304:
1166:
1046:
997:
1770:
909:
858:
696:
360:
288:
237:
205:
193:
185:
1722:
348:
332:
716:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
549:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1598:
Coleman, JR; Papamichail D; Skiena S; Futcher B; Wimmer E; Mueller S. (2008).
1078:
Gromeier, M.; Lachmann, S.; Rosenfeld, M. R.; Gutin, P. H.; Wimmer, E (2000).
520:
344:
312:
300:
256:
165:
79:
1431:
1657:"Live attenuated influenza virus vaccines by computer-aided rational design"
1623:
1516:
1288:
1104:
1080:"Intergeneric Poliovirus Recombinants for the Treatment of Malignant Glioma"
958:
679:
654:
626:
569:
320:
233:
197:
1741:
1690:
1641:
1584:
1535:
1484:
1449:
1342:
1307:
1248:
1239:
1222:
1207:
1198:
1181:
1123:
728:
688:
588:
1759:
1361:
1221:
Solecki, D.; Gromeier, M.; Mueller, S.; Bernhardt, G.; Wimmer, E. (2002).
1158:
1064:
1015:
944:
901:
850:
747:
634:
1566:
806:
787:
264:
116:
1771:
Stony Brook University Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology
1704:
Liu, Y.; Wang, C.; Mueller, S.; Paul, A.; Wimmer, E.; Jiang, P (2010).
141:
112:
53:
1326:"Synthesis of Infectious Poliovirus RNA by Purified T7 RNA Polymerase"
1672:
842:
189:
49:
17:
1324:
S. Bradley; J. Wimmer; E., Studier, F. W. & Dunn, J. J. (1986).
1549:
Meuller, S; Papamichael D; Coleman JR; Skiena S; Wimmer E (2006).
893:
196:, where he finished elementary school and high school. He studied
352:
493:
Cellular Receptors for Animal Viruses. Edited by Eckard Wimmer.
1600:"Virus attenuation by genome-scale changes in codon pair bias"
470:
400:
Gesellschaft fĂĽr Virologie of Germany, Austria and Switzerland
328:
292:
252:
1029:
Davies, S.K.; Davies, M.V.; Kaufman, R.J.; Wimmer, E (1989).
180:
Eckard Albert Friedrich Wimmer was born on May 22, 1936, in
450:
Lifetime Achievement Award, The Research Foundation of the
441:
Village Times Herald "Man of the Year in Medicine" (2012).
1797:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
303:
in 1968. Poliovirus is the cause of the horrific disease
761:
Lee, Y.F.; Nomoto, A.; Detjen, B.M.; Wimmer, E. (1977).
447:
from the Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and Sciences (2011)
438:
Certificate of Special Congressional Recognition. 2012.
763:"A protein covalently linked to poliovirus genome RNA"
378:
In 1991, Molla, Paul and Wimmer published the first
923:Kräusslich; Wimmer, E (1988). "Viral Proteinases".
415:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
136:
122:
108:
85:
70:
60:
32:
25:
1390:
421:Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina von
327:and 5' covalently linked to a protein called
8:
1374:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
653:Cello, j; Paul, A.; Wimmer, Eckard (2002).
220:of natural products under the guidance of
22:
1731:
1721:
1680:
1631:
1574:
1525:
1515:
1439:
1351:
1341:
1297:
1287:
1238:
1197:
1113:
1103:
1054:
1005:
796:
786:
737:
727:
678:
578:
568:
261:Saint Louis University School of Medicine
315:was understood in the nineteen sixties.
532:
247:In 1968, during a five-months visit in
214:Doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.)
1392:"SCIENTISTS CREATE A LIVE POLIO VIRUS"
1367:
538:
536:
465:Alexander von Humboldt Forschungspreis
1319:
1317:
398:Loeffler-Frosch Medaille 2014 by the
236:, British Columbia, Canada, to study
208:to continue his Chemistry studies at
7:
1403:from the original on 6 October 2022.
648:
646:
644:
600:
598:
478:Institute for Scientific Information
204:from 1953 to 1956, and then fled to
1477:10.1146/annurev-micro-090110-102957
965:. University of California Irvine.
937:10.1146/annurev.bi.57.070188.003413
497:Press. Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 1994
411:Robert-Koch-Stiftung Berlin (2012)
212:. In 1962 he earned the degree of
14:
543:Gupta, Sujata (5 February 2013).
1758:
1389:Pollack, Andrew (12 July 2002).
1180:Mueller, S.; Wimmer, E. (2003).
969:from the original on 2013-11-03.
710:Yogo, Y; Wimmer, Eckard (1972).
427:American Academy of Microbiology
1817:Immigrants to the United States
1047:10.1128/jvi.63.4.1651-1660.1989
998:10.1128/jvi.62.8.2636-2643.1988
307:, which can cause irreversible
445:M.W. Beijerinck Virology Prize
230:University of British Columbia
1:
495:Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
291:and the structure of a plant
267:. He and his family moved to
1723:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001066
1504:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
1330:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
1268:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
1151:10.1016/0092-8674(89)90690-9
1084:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
767:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
452:State University of New York
406:National Academy of Sciences
1773:Faculty Page: Eckard Wimmer
457:Distinguished Professor of
343:in many viruses and in all
255:, Wimmer was introduced to
1833:
545:"Profile of Eckard Wimmer"
15:
476:Highly Cited Researcher,
473:Merit Awards (1988, 1998)
299:), Wimmer chose to study
132:
101:
1432:10.1038/sj.embor.7400728
244:to study plant viruses.
161:(born 22 May 1936) is a
1624:10.1126/science.1155761
1517:10.1073/pnas.1211484109
1414:Wimmer, Eckard (2006).
1289:10.1073/pnas.0807848105
1105:10.1073/pnas.97.12.6803
680:10.1126/science.1072266
627:10.1126/science.1661029
570:10.1073/pnas.1221558110
521:Synthesis of Poliovirus
210:University of Göttingen
1807:Scientists from Berlin
1343:10.1073/pnas.83.8.2330
1240:10.1074/jbc.m201378200
1199:10.1074/jbc.M304166200
963:Faculty Profile System
729:10.1073/pnas.69.7.1877
459:Stony Brook University
355:ribosome entry site" (
297:tobacco necrosis virus
269:Stony Brook University
242:University of Illinois
170:Stony Brook University
127:Stony Brook University
1812:West German emigrants
202:University of Rostock
1792:American virologists
1767:at Wikimedia Commons
1567:10.1128/jvi.00738-06
1465:Annu. Rev. Microbiol
788:10.1073/pnas.74.1.59
339:, are a hallmark of
65:Göttingen University
16:For other uses, see
1616:2008Sci...320.1784C
1610:(5884): 1784–1787.
1510:(36): 14301–14307.
1280:2008PNAS..10518284Z
1274:(47): 18284–18289.
1233:(28): 25697–25702.
1192:(33): 31251–31260.
1096:2000PNAS...97.6803G
886:1998Natur.393..280P
835:1981Natur.291..547K
779:1977PNAS...74...59L
671:2002Sci...297.1016C
665:(5583): 1016–1018.
619:1991Sci...254.1647M
613:(5038): 1647–1651.
561:2013PNAS..110.1973G
92:Virology Prize 2011
1426:(Spec No): S3–S9.
1397:The New York Times
925:Annu. Rev. Biochem
371:’s laboratory and
325:3’' polyadenylated
282:Research interests
184:. At the onset of
1763:Media related to
1561:(19): 9687–9696.
1090:(12): 6803–6808.
829:(5816): 547–553.
393:Awards and honors
309:flaccid paralysis
295:virus (satellite
251:'s laboratory at
218:organic chemistry
156:
155:
103:Scientific career
76:de novo synthesis
1824:
1762:
1746:
1745:
1735:
1725:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1684:
1673:10.1038/nbt.1636
1652:
1646:
1645:
1635:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1578:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1529:
1519:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1443:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1394:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1373:
1365:
1355:
1345:
1336:(8): 2330–2334.
1321:
1312:
1311:
1301:
1291:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1242:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1201:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1117:
1107:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1058:
1041:(4): 1651–1660.
1026:
1020:
1019:
1009:
992:(8): 2636–2643.
977:
971:
970:
959:"Bert L. Semler"
955:
949:
948:
920:
914:
913:
869:
863:
862:
843:10.1038/291547a0
817:
811:
810:
800:
790:
758:
752:
751:
741:
731:
722:(7): 1877–1882.
707:
701:
700:
682:
650:
639:
638:
602:
593:
592:
582:
572:
555:(6): 1973–1975.
540:
369:Michael Rossmann
152:
149:
147:
145:
143:
46:
42:
40:
23:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1777:
1776:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1716:(8): e1001066.
1703:
1702:
1698:
1661:Nat. Biotechnol
1654:
1653:
1649:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1366:
1323:
1322:
1315:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1028:
1027:
1023:
979:
978:
974:
957:
956:
952:
922:
921:
917:
880:(6682): 280–4.
871:
870:
866:
819:
818:
814:
760:
759:
755:
709:
708:
704:
652:
651:
642:
604:
603:
596:
542:
541:
534:
529:
517:
487:
435:, Berlin (2012)
395:
373:Steffen Mueller
341:gene expression
337:David Baltimore
284:
273:Long Island, NY
249:David Baltimore
182:Berlin, Germany
178:
176:Life and career
163:German American
140:
95:Koch Gold Medal
93:
90:M.W. Beijerinck
61:Alma mater
56:
47:
44:
38:
36:
28:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1830:
1828:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1768:
1754:
1753:External links
1751:
1748:
1747:
1710:PLOS Pathogens
1696:
1667:(7): 723–727.
1647:
1590:
1541:
1490:
1455:
1406:
1381:
1313:
1254:
1213:
1172:
1145:(5): 855–865.
1129:
1070:
1021:
972:
950:
915:
864:
812:
753:
702:
640:
594:
531:
530:
528:
525:
524:
523:
516:
513:
512:
511:
508:
504:
501:
498:
491:
486:
483:
482:
481:
480:(1981–present)
474:
468:
462:
455:
448:
442:
439:
436:
430:
424:
418:
412:
409:
403:
394:
391:
283:
280:
222:Hans Brockmann
177:
174:
154:
153:
138:
134:
133:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
110:
106:
105:
99:
98:
87:
83:
82:
72:
71:Known for
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
48:
34:
30:
29:
26:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1829:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1802:Living people
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1765:Eckard Wimmer
1761:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1385:
1382:
1377:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1258:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1227:J. Biol. Chem
1224:
1217:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1186:J. Biol. Chem
1183:
1176:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
976:
973:
968:
964:
960:
954:
951:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
919:
916:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
894:10.1038/30529
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
868:
865:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
816:
813:
808:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
757:
754:
749:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
721:
717:
713:
706:
703:
698:
694:
690:
686:
681:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
649:
647:
645:
641:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
601:
599:
595:
590:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
539:
537:
533:
526:
522:
519:
518:
514:
509:
505:
502:
499:
496:
492:
489:
488:
484:
479:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
456:
453:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
397:
396:
392:
390:
387:
383:
381:
376:
374:
370:
365:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
316:
314:
310:
306:
305:poliomyelitis
302:
298:
294:
290:
281:
279:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
175:
173:
171:
167:
164:
160:
159:Eckard Wimmer
151:
139:
135:
131:
128:
125:
121:
118:
114:
111:
107:
104:
100:
96:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
73:
69:
66:
63:
59:
55:
51:
45:(age 88)
35:
31:
27:Eckard Wimmer
24:
19:
1713:
1709:
1699:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1558:
1554:
1544:
1507:
1503:
1493:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1423:
1420:EMBO Reports
1419:
1409:
1396:
1384:
1370:cite journal
1333:
1329:
1271:
1267:
1257:
1230:
1226:
1216:
1189:
1185:
1175:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1087:
1083:
1073:
1038:
1034:
1024:
989:
985:
975:
962:
953:
928:
924:
918:
877:
873:
867:
826:
822:
815:
773:(1): 59–63.
770:
766:
756:
719:
715:
705:
662:
658:
610:
606:
552:
548:
485:Bibliography
454:(April 2008)
388:
384:
377:
366:
361:picornavirus
349:polypeptides
345:retroviruses
317:
313:pathogenesis
285:
277:
246:
238:transfer RNA
226:
206:West Germany
194:East Germany
186:World War II
179:
158:
157:
123:Institutions
102:
1787:1936 births
1471:: 583–609.
931:: 701–754.
423:1652 (1998)
333:polyprotein
146:.stonybrook
43:22 May 1936
1781:Categories
527:References
301:poliovirus
257:poliovirus
166:virologist
80:Poliovirus
39:1936-05-22
353:"internal
321:RNA virus
234:Vancouver
198:chemistry
1742:20865167
1691:20543832
1642:18583614
1585:16973573
1555:J. Virol
1536:22886087
1485:21756105
1450:16819446
1401:Archived
1308:19011098
1249:11983699
1208:12759359
1167:44296539
1124:10841575
1035:J. Virol
986:J. Virol
967:Archived
689:12114528
589:23277540
515:See also
265:Missouri
117:Virology
1733:2928791
1682:2902615
1633:2754401
1612:Bibcode
1604:Science
1576:1617239
1527:3437848
1441:1490301
1362:3010307
1299:2587566
1276:Bibcode
1159:2538245
1092:Bibcode
1065:2538648
1016:2839690
945:3052288
910:4423949
902:9607767
882:Bibcode
859:4352308
851:6264310
831:Bibcode
775:Bibcode
748:4340162
697:5810309
667:Bibcode
659:Science
635:1661029
615:Bibcode
607:Science
580:3568298
557:Bibcode
408:(2012).
380:de novo
359:) in a
216:in the
200:at the
150:/wimmer
137:Website
113:Biology
54:Germany
1740:
1730:
1689:
1679:
1640:
1630:
1583:
1573:
1534:
1524:
1483:
1448:
1438:
1360:
1353:323290
1350:
1306:
1296:
1247:
1206:
1165:
1157:
1122:
1112:
1063:
1056:248413
1053:
1014:
1007:253694
1004:
943:
908:
900:
874:Nature
857:
849:
823:Nature
807:189316
805:
798:393196
795:
746:
739:426823
736:
695:
687:
633:
587:
577:
467:(1996)
461:(2002)
429:(1994)
417:(2009)
402:(2014)
190:Saxony
109:Fields
86:Awards
74:First
50:Berlin
18:Wimmer
1163:S2CID
1115:18745
906:S2CID
855:S2CID
693:S2CID
289:tRNAs
1738:PMID
1687:PMID
1638:PMID
1581:PMID
1532:PMID
1481:PMID
1446:PMID
1376:link
1358:PMID
1304:PMID
1245:PMID
1204:PMID
1155:PMID
1139:Cell
1120:PMID
1061:PMID
1012:PMID
941:PMID
898:PMID
847:PMID
803:PMID
744:PMID
685:PMID
631:PMID
585:PMID
357:IRES
148:.edu
144:.mgm
97:2012
33:Born
1728:PMC
1718:doi
1677:PMC
1669:doi
1628:PMC
1620:doi
1608:320
1571:PMC
1563:doi
1522:PMC
1512:doi
1508:109
1473:doi
1436:PMC
1428:doi
1348:PMC
1338:doi
1294:PMC
1284:doi
1272:105
1235:doi
1231:277
1194:doi
1190:278
1147:doi
1110:PMC
1100:doi
1051:PMC
1043:doi
1002:PMC
994:doi
933:doi
890:doi
878:393
839:doi
827:291
793:PMC
783:doi
734:PMC
724:doi
675:doi
663:297
623:doi
611:254
575:PMC
565:doi
553:110
507:USA
471:NIH
329:VPg
293:RNA
271:on
263:in
253:MIT
232:in
142:www
78:of
1783::
1736:.
1726:.
1712:.
1708:.
1685:.
1675:.
1665:28
1663:.
1659:.
1636:.
1626:.
1618:.
1606:.
1602:.
1579:.
1569:.
1559:80
1557:.
1553:.
1530:.
1520:.
1506:.
1502:.
1479:.
1469:65
1467:.
1444:.
1434:.
1422:.
1418:.
1399:.
1395:.
1372:}}
1368:{{
1356:.
1346:.
1334:83
1332:.
1328:.
1316:^
1302:.
1292:.
1282:.
1270:.
1266:.
1243:.
1229:.
1225:.
1202:.
1188:.
1184:.
1161:.
1153:.
1143:56
1141:.
1118:.
1108:.
1098:.
1088:97
1086:.
1082:.
1059:.
1049:.
1039:63
1037:.
1033:.
1010:.
1000:.
990:62
988:.
984:.
961:.
939:.
929:57
927:.
904:.
896:.
888:.
876:.
853:.
845:.
837:.
825:.
801:.
791:.
781:.
771:74
769:.
765:.
742:.
732:.
720:69
718:.
714:.
691:.
683:.
673:.
661:.
657:.
643:^
629:.
621:.
609:.
597:^
583:.
573:.
563:.
551:.
547:.
535:^
224:.
192:,
115:,
52:,
41:)
1744:.
1720::
1714:6
1693:.
1671::
1644:.
1622::
1614::
1587:.
1565::
1538:.
1514::
1487:.
1475::
1452:.
1430::
1424:7
1378:)
1364:.
1340::
1310:.
1286::
1278::
1251:.
1237::
1210:.
1196::
1169:.
1149::
1126:.
1102::
1094::
1067:.
1045::
1018:.
996::
947:.
935::
912:.
892::
884::
861:.
841::
833::
809:.
785::
777::
750:.
726::
699:.
677::
669::
637:.
625::
617::
591:.
567::
559::
37:(
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.