20:
31:
151:
The formation of echinocytes can also be induced by electric field pulses. Alternating electric current produces modifications in the membranes of red blood cells, attributed to a higher permeability to water and a decreased tonicity, leading to the transformation into echinocytes.
80:
in sampled blood. Echinocytes can be distinguished from acanthocytes by the shape of the projections, which are smaller and more numerous than in acanthocytes and are evenly spaced. Echinocytes also exhibit central pallor, or lightening of color in the center of the cell under
136:
Echinocytes, like acanthocytes, may be found in hyperlipidemia caused by liver dysfunction, but the lipids themselves do not integrate into the membrane. Instead, it is speculated that cell surface receptors on the red blood cells bind with
853:
365:
Henszen, MM; Weske, M; Schwarz, S; Haest, CW; Deuticke, B (October–December 1997). "Electric field pulses induce reversible shape transformation of human erythrocytes".
72:, but the mechanism of cell membrane alteration is different. Echinocytosis is a reversible condition of red blood cells that is often merely an artifact produced by
148:, and disappear at the end of the procedure. The level of echinocytosis appeared to be related to the increase in blood viscosity that occurs during hemodialysis.
466:
200:
255:
459:
180:
19:
740:
452:
321:
23:
777:
103:
765:
602:
548:
802:
797:
560:
179:
Mentzer WC. Spiculated cells (echinocytes and acanthocytes) and target cells. UpToDate (release: 20.12- C21.4)
858:
699:
98:
651:
812:
30:
656:
127:
56:
characterized by many small, evenly spaced thorny projections. A more common term for these cells is
807:
735:
661:
592:
217:
625:
271:
Owen, J S; Brown, D; Harry, D; McIntyre, N; Beaven, G; Isenberg, H; Gratzer, W (December 1985).
93:
In addition to appearing as an artifact of staining or drying, echinocytes are associated with:
273:"Erythrocyte echinocytosis in liver disease. Role of abnormal plasma high density lipoproteins"
792:
787:
431:
382:
343:
302:
251:
196:
718:
640:
421:
413:
374:
333:
292:
284:
232:
108:
138:
48:, meaning 'hedgehog' or 'sea urchin'), in human biology and medicine, refers to a form of
782:
745:
525:
484:
426:
401:
161:
113:
49:
35:
297:
272:
847:
630:
555:
77:
53:
770:
620:
509:
504:
499:
351:
145:
82:
757:
666:
579:
543:
533:
475:
191:
Hoffman, R; Benz, EJ; Silberstein, LE; Heslop, H; Weitz J; Anastasi, J. (2012).
69:
727:
694:
676:
378:
338:
584:
569:
435:
386:
347:
306:
828:
704:
538:
402:"Changes observed in erythrocyte cells exposed to an alternating current"
400:
Jeican, II; Matei, H; Istrate, A; Mironescu, E; Bâlici, S (April 2017).
417:
444:
288:
29:
18:
73:
448:
250:. Philadelphia, PA : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
320:
Hasler, C R; Owen, G; Brunner, D; Reinhart, W (1998).
246:
Tkachuk, Douglas C.; Hirschmann, Jan V., eds. (2007).
144:
These cells were also shown to develop in vivo during
821:
756:
726:
717:
687:
639:
613:
518:
492:
483:
854:Abnormal clinical and laboratory findings for RBCs
460:
8:
723:
489:
467:
453:
445:
425:
337:
296:
193:Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice
68:Echinocytes are frequently confused with
322:"Echinocytosis induced by haemodialysis"
248:Wintrobe's atlas of clinical hematology
172:
34:Echinocyte compared to other forms of
7:
326:Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation
332:(12). Oxford Journals: 3132–3137.
141:, which induces the shape change.
118:Phosphoglycerate kinase deficiency
14:
277:Journal of Clinical Investigation
16:Abnormal form of red blood cell
231:de Alarcon PA (Nov 30, 2011).
1:
132:Early posttransfusion of RBC
124:Myeloproliferative disorders
24:Scanning electron microscopy
875:
218:"Burr Cells (Echinocytes)"
216:MediaLab (July 12, 2013).
195:(6th ed.). Elsevier.
104:pyruvate kinase deficiency
766:Hypersegmented neutrophil
673:Hemoglobin precipitation
603:Hereditary stomatocytosis
549:Hereditary elliptocytosis
379:10.3109/09687689709048182
798:Critical green inclusion
589:Sickle cell/drepanocyte
561:Hereditary spherocytosis
530:Membrane abnormalities
121:Disseminated malignancy
700:Red cell agglutination
339:10.1093/ndt/13.12.3132
99:chronic kidney disease
76:, which is used as an
38:
27:
52:that has an abnormal
44:(from the Greek word
33:
22:
803:Alder–Reilly anomaly
657:Basophilic stippling
128:Vitamin E deficiency
26:(SEM) of echinocytes
778:Pelger–Huët anomaly
736:Reactive lymphocyte
662:Pappenheimer bodies
593:Sickle cell disease
626:Hypochromic anemia
418:10.15386/cjmed-696
39:
28:
841:
840:
837:
836:
793:Toxic vacuolation
788:Toxic granulation
719:White blood cells
713:
712:
652:Howell–Jolly body
289:10.1172/JCI112237
202:978-1-4377-2928-3
866:
808:Jordans' anomaly
724:
641:Inclusion bodies
490:
469:
462:
455:
446:
440:
439:
429:
397:
391:
390:
362:
356:
355:
350:. Archived from
341:
317:
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310:
300:
268:
262:
261:
243:
237:
236:
233:"Acanthocytosis"
228:
222:
221:
213:
207:
206:
188:
182:
177:
109:hypophosphatemia
874:
873:
869:
868:
867:
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864:
863:
844:
843:
842:
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817:
752:
709:
683:
635:
609:
514:
485:Red blood cells
479:
473:
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203:
190:
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185:
178:
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158:
139:HDL cholesterol
91:
83:Wright staining
66:
17:
12:
11:
5:
872:
870:
862:
861:
859:Histopathology
856:
846:
845:
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785:
780:
775:
774:
773:
762:
760:
754:
753:
751:
750:
749:
748:
746:Russell bodies
738:
732:
730:
721:
715:
714:
711:
710:
708:
707:
702:
697:
691:
689:
685:
684:
682:
681:
680:
679:
671:
670:
669:
664:
659:
654:
648:Developmental
645:
643:
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634:
633:
628:
623:
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615:
611:
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606:
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587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
566:
565:
564:
563:
553:
552:
551:
541:
536:
528:
526:Poikilocytosis
522:
520:
516:
515:
513:
512:
507:
502:
496:
494:
487:
481:
480:
474:
472:
471:
464:
457:
449:
442:
441:
392:
373:(4): 195–204.
367:Mol Membr Biol
357:
354:on 2013-07-13.
312:
283:(6): 2275–85.
263:
257:978-0781770231
256:
238:
223:
208:
201:
183:
171:
169:
166:
165:
164:
162:Poikilocytosis
157:
154:
134:
133:
130:
125:
122:
119:
116:
114:hyperlipidemia
111:
106:
101:
90:
87:
65:
62:
50:red blood cell
36:poikilocytosis
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
871:
860:
857:
855:
852:
851:
849:
830:
827:
826:
824:
820:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
772:
769:
768:
767:
764:
763:
761:
759:
755:
747:
744:
743:
742:
739:
737:
734:
733:
731:
729:
725:
722:
720:
716:
706:
703:
701:
698:
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693:
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686:
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674:
672:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
649:
647:
646:
644:
642:
638:
632:
631:Polychromasia
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
618:
616:
612:
604:
601:
600:
598:
594:
591:
590:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
562:
559:
558:
557:
554:
550:
547:
546:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
531:
529:
527:
524:
523:
521:
517:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
497:
495:
491:
488:
486:
482:
477:
470:
465:
463:
458:
456:
451:
450:
447:
437:
433:
428:
423:
419:
415:
412:(2): 154–60.
411:
407:
403:
396:
393:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
361:
358:
353:
349:
345:
340:
335:
331:
327:
323:
316:
313:
308:
304:
299:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
267:
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259:
253:
249:
242:
239:
234:
227:
224:
219:
212:
209:
204:
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176:
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159:
155:
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129:
126:
123:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
96:
95:
94:
88:
86:
84:
79:
78:anticoagulant
75:
71:
63:
61:
59:
55:
54:cell membrane
51:
47:
43:
37:
32:
25:
21:
783:Döhle bodies
771:Arneth count
758:Granulocytes
621:Anisochromia
599:Stomatocyte
574:
510:Microcytosis
505:Macrocytosis
500:Anisocytosis
409:
405:
395:
370:
366:
360:
352:the original
329:
325:
315:
280:
276:
266:
247:
241:
226:
211:
192:
186:
175:
150:
146:hemodialysis
143:
135:
92:
70:acanthocytes
67:
57:
45:
41:
40:
741:Smudge cell
728:Lymphocytes
667:Cabot rings
580:Schistocyte
544:Elliptocyte
534:Acanthocyte
97:Uremia and
848:Categories
813:Left shift
695:Haemoconia
677:Heinz body
575:Echinocyte
556:Spherocyte
476:Blood film
406:Clujul Med
168:References
64:Physiology
58:burr cells
42:Echinocyte
585:Degmacyte
570:Dacrocyte
829:Auer rod
705:Rouleaux
539:Codocyte
478:findings
436:28559698
156:See also
427:5433566
387:9491371
348:9870478
307:4077979
46:echinos
614:Colour
434:
424:
385:
346:
305:
298:424351
295:
254:
199:
89:Causes
822:Other
688:Other
519:Shape
493:Size
432:PMID
383:PMID
344:PMID
303:PMID
252:ISBN
197:ISBN
74:EDTA
422:PMC
414:doi
375:doi
334:doi
293:PMC
285:doi
850::
430:.
420:.
410:90
408:.
404:.
381:.
371:14
369:.
342:.
330:13
328:.
324:.
301:.
291:.
281:76
279:.
275:.
85:.
60:.
468:e
461:t
454:v
438:.
416::
389:.
377::
336::
309:.
287::
260:.
235:.
220:.
205:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
