Economy of Spain (1939–1959)

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businessmen were to ask for a formal authorization and pay the worker an adequate redundancy payment if the request was accepted. The widespread job stability caused by the high termination costs was one of the most important pillars of the social approval of the Francoist regime. These measures were also influential on the development of the internal labor market, as most enterprises preferred to promote workers for their productivity instead of employing new ones. The job training for workers happened mostly on the same factory where they worked considering the low quality of the state's instruction services. Up to 1958, the state fixed wages, labor conditions and hours of working time through the

479: 3535: 1705:. The Service would control the prices and categories of hotel facilities. The government promoted visits to a series of itineraries, called the War Routes or National Routes, over which the state had a complete monopoly. The Routes were designed to serve as propaganda for the regime. The government also promoted the arrival to the country of intellectuals and other international famous sympathizers as a way of raising its popularity. In 1940, it was informed that, since the creation of the War Routes one year and a half before, 8,060 visitors had arrived and had paid 461,251 pesetas at local Spanish hotels. 28: 1892: 1930:

project and started, after 1957, a gradual process of reforms pointed at economic and social liberalization, despite the opposition of various factions and of Franco himself. The autarchy was finally abolished by the approval of the Stabilization Plan in 1959. This process was partly fostered by the recession of 1956 and by the removal of falangist politicians from power positions due to American pressure. The end of the economic expansion after 1957 drove the country near to bankrupt, what led to a cabinet reshuffle in which economic policy was left in hands of the "

1717: 4528: 1451: 1857:, one of the main promoters of the Plan, carried out another tax reform focused on preparing the state budget for the new developmental project. The reform was approved in December and proved an immediate success: tax collection in 1958 exceeded by a 15% the state predictions, what allowed the state to announce that "fiscal surplus is already a fact". Fiscal deficit was cancelled and the government did not make use of debt to finance itself that year. The reform was also focused on countering inflation. Navarro Rubio was deeply concerned with 1835: 379: 1799: 196: 1681:

redistribution of land among settlers. By 1962, 4,486 houses had been built and 656 were still in construction. By 1959, the government had already finished the towns of San Rafael de Olivenza, San Francisco de Olivenza, Gévora del Caudillo, Sagrajas, Novelda del Guadiana, Pueblonuevo del Guadiana, Valdecalzada, Barbaño, Guadajira, Balboa, Villafranco del Guadiana, Valuengo, La Bazana, Entrerríos and Valdivia; and was still building Botoa, Alcazaba, Ruecas, Torviscal, Zurbarán, Vegas Altas, Guadalperales and Gargaligas.

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Products, Wine, Beer and Beverages, Fur, Paper and Graphic Arts, Fishing, Insurance, Spectacles, Construction and Public Works, Glass and Ceramics, Hotels and Tourism Activities, Wood and Cork, Livestock, and Transport and Communications were approved in that period. The Fuels' was created in 1945, and those of Banking, Stocks and Savings; Water, Gas and Electricity; Diverse Activities; Cereals; Sugar, and Food and Colonial Products were approved the following decade. Four other institutions would be created after 1959.

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on the exaltation of Franco's achievements and of the Spanish nation. This initial phase was marked by a propagandistic effort to promote Spanish patriotism and nationalist fervor rather than to foster economic development. Tourism played an important role in the development of Francoist ideology and propaganda, what has been described as a process of "political instrumentalization" of the sector, and was also key for the improvement of the international image of the country. Franco would later create the

1496:, and started their "agrarian counter-reformation" in August aimed at returning collectivized land estates to their previous owners. This process revalued land cultivation and transformed the production methods, favoring landowners over small farmers. However, the involvement of openly revolutionary movements like the Spanish Falange in the coup, which explicitly asked for a land reform on its program, led to a relative embrace of reformist positions by the future government, at least theoretically. 3510: 518: 1914: 183:

the taxable economic agents were eradicated. Banks stopped paying interests and were expropriated, rents were not collected anymore, collectivized factories distributed their earnings among their workers and were therefore permanently decapitalized, and public limited companies stopped paying dividends. The only money in circulation at that time were the salaries of public servants, which the government refused to tax as it would imply "extracting

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radical change in Francoist agricultural policy. The most important change in land reform policies, however, was implemented in April 1949. The government passed a law that allowed the state to carry out irrigation and conditioning in land owned by private agents, who would later pay by handing over part of their properties. Franco would develop an aggressive water management policy, and build 221 dams between 1940 and 1959.

4980: 4940: 4210: 4960: 1635: 400:'s political beliefs and defined the state as "national, inasmuch as a totalitarian instrument at service of the unity of the fatherland, and syndicalist, inasmuch as a reaction against liberal capitalism and marxist materialism". The law was also influenced by Falangist thought in other definitions and concepts. Still, most of the national syndicalist core doctrine was never embraced by Francoism. The 332:, one of the revolutionary paramilitary groups which had supported the nationalist uprising. Falangist official historiography understood workers' unions as being developed in three phases with specific goals: a defensive one initially, a political one later, and finally that of being a part of the state. The last one, which Francoism was to put into operation, was akin to the recently implemented 563:

preferred to income redistribution. The government trusted in its ability to develop an autonomous industrialization project, considering the large amount of coal and energy produced by the country, its important exports of iron and other metals, and its consolidated primary sector. The regime prioritized the creation of labour positions, and tried to achieve industrial self-sufficiency through

4920: 1968: 1752: 5613: 4233: 1954: 4970: 4950: 1739:.The government promoted the visit of historical areas, particularly the medieval and roman, in which the Spanish people had its "shared historical past" and attempted to foster the country's cultural unity. The dictatorship sought to project the image of a harmonious and peaceful society, following its ideological rejection of cultural and class conflicts. 1907:

same period. The 1950s saw industrial production grow at record rates, exceeding 7% annually. The country had been experiencing a steady decline in industrial productivity since 1900, a trend that reversed during that decade with the largest leap forward to date since 1850. Between 1940 and 1960, average life expectancy at birth increased by 19.8 years.

1810:. The plan had five main objectives: the recovery of war expenses and the increase in the income of officials and soldiers, the improvement of the country's military equipment, the stabilization of the regime (justice, order, security, etc.) and the support of the clergy, the reconstruction of areas and railways destroyed by the war, and the promotion of 571: 1865:

peseta kept its inflationary problems. As probably the most noted example of the previous arbitrary policy, in 1947 the government refused to devalue the exchange rate, as most of Europe was doing, as a matter of "national pride", what eventually led to an 18% fall in exports and a 53% increase in imports with a subsequent trade deficit.

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projects. Most of these projects were undertaken by Suanzes, who directed the Institute from 1941 to 1963. By the end of the 1950s decade, most housing works had been finished and the Institute's architectural development focused mainly on colonization. Most of the INI small-scale housing estates were built nearby water management works.

340:. According to national syndicalism, workers' unions are to become the foundation of society by dividing it into corporate groups, through which workers would participate in the direction of the state and the defense of their interests. Spanish national syndicalism was particularly influenced by the corporatist dictatorship of general 1478: 1831:" until 1957, as the government was deeply concerned with the rearmament of the nation. After WWII, however, most of the military spending was focused on "internal enemies" and not in international competition. Despite debt was significantly lower than in the republican years, its growing trend was not reversed until 1958. 291:

isolation, stated that Spain had "the right to buy on international markets", and criticized the international community for sabotaging the country's "right to live according to its spiritual values", Francoists embraced the autarchic economic ideas of the Axis powers and made them a core characteristic of their regime.

471:, the SSO was an organ of state through which the government would develop and control its economic policy from a totalitarian point of view, and would therefore be the only union allowed. According to the December 1940 Bases of the Syndical Organization Law, the vertical syndicates were to be led by members of 2060:

The deorganization of the national Treasury was so profound that, when independent communities at Aragón presented their taxes that year, the government rejected them. The state argued that the money could not be accepted as the central administration was the only competent authority to collect taxes

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The Colonization Institute did not only take part in settlement project, but was also tasked with sanitation works and with the construction of houses, irrigated lands, slaughterhouses, roads and markets. These less ambitious projects were probably the most successful ventures of the Institute, which

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Franco promised a more coordinate and assertive agricultural policy in 1945, and the government started expropriations the following year considering the unconvincing results previously achieved. Nevertheless, the Institute was to indemnize immediately the owners of the estate. This decision marked a

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The international isolation had long-lasting consequences on the Spanish economy. The impossibility of collecting income through customs, for example, forced the State to carry out a tax reform aimed at maximizing indirect collection at the domestic level. Despite the government protested against the

287:. In February of the following year, France closed its border with Spain, leaving the country completely isolated. The UN asked all its members in December 1946 to retire their ambassadors from Spanish territory, and did not revoke its condemnatory declaration until 1950. Spain joined the UN in 1955. 191:

procedures in order to take any saved money from the population. By 1938, the Republican Treasury had lost all its collection power and the country was left in a year of absolute fiscal anarchy, with rampant inflation and deficit. Civil servants gradually started going away and the Treasury directive

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The Nationalists' approach to tourism was a controversial topic after the Civil War. Those closer to fascism were reluctant towards its promotion, as they associated it to the ideas of modernity and international openness. Nevertheless, the government soon started the draft of a tourism policy based

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through large-scale irrigation projects, which would consequently allow settlers to be located in uninhabited areas. The state was to declare specific areas as "of high national interest" and launch "Colonization Societies" in which private economic agents would collaborate with the state, which was

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The early Francoist monetary policy was markedly indisciplined. The exchange rate became fixed at an unreal rate and inflation was a key problem of the regime, aggravated by the international isolation. After the end of the autarchy, the government fixed the exchange rate at a closer value, but the

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and traditionalist factions. Affiliates of the SSO held a syndical ID and were actively involved in the institution. Most of the working class, however, grew gradually apathetic to syndical action: between 1940 and 1945 affiliation was doubled and peaked at 4,000,000 affiliates, but after that year

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The Spanish international reputation would begin to improve gradually in the latter 1940s and early 1950s, after the consolidation of the Cold War, due to the explicit interest of the United States in promoting anti-communist governments in Western Europe. The diplomatic displays of approval by the

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able to solve the deep unemployment crisis in the countryside. A reduction of the rural population was also seen as important for economic development, in order to keep agrarian income stable. Industrialization policies, therefore, were prioritized over agricultural ones, and the growth of GDP was

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Republicans were soon faced to a devastating inflation rate, aggravated by their inability to collect taxes correctly. The process of collectivizations and nationalizations, aimed at developing a socialist economy for the post-war period, has been pointed as the cause for this situation as most of

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project, which was included in a larger economic transformation process that included strategic nationalizations. Most taxes passed were not collected effectively and most projects were not carried out, while the Francoist side developed a more pragmatic approach that proved more successful in the

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Between 1945 and 1959, Spanish GDP grew on average at a rate of 4.4% annually. The economic landscape was profoundly transformed: the agricultural sector, which previously represented 30% of GDP, came to represent 24% in 1960, while the industrial sector of the economy grew from 26% to 36% in the

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The success of the early Francoist colonization policies has been disputed. The regime claimed in 1947 to have settled nearly 20,000 families, while other modern investigations point to no more than 26,000 individuals, of which 23,000 occupied wastelands and only 1,759 were actual owners of their

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after 1971 or a national delegate before that year. Its statutes and regulations were drafted by its junta and eventually approved by the government. Most syndicates were established between 1940 and 1942. Those of Olive, Chemical industries, Metal, Textiles and Clothing, Fruits and Horticultural

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Nevertheless, the situation of the Spanish economy by the turn of the decade was fragile. The Spanish economy proved not competitive internationally and the relative liberalization at the beginning of the decade had led to shortage of foreign currency. The government put an end to the autarchic

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at the agricultural sector. Social welfare was expanded with the creation of the Compulsory Regime of Family Allowances in 1938 and of the Compulsory Health Insurances in 1944. The state reduced its social investment by forcing employers to pay for them. Arbitrary dismissal was forbidden by law:

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was not a problem as "landowners who are head to an estate that employs a large number of workers in just conditions and decent life, and cause with their effort the progress of a land holding, whatever its size, are worthy of owning their lands and of increasing them". The minister promoted an

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The Institute also took part in the construction of housing complexes for the workers of its factories. These projects were mainly carried out during the autarchic period, as a way to provide a living place for workers close to recently created factories. The INI was also involved in settlement

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The Francoist regime focused on industrialization as the nucleus and archetype of its developmentalist policies, following other contemporary examples. The government pursued a "process of rationalization of the Spanish economy" based on transferring the manpower surplus from the countryside to

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had had widespread and long-lasting effects on the Spanish economy, not only because of the normal consequences of an armed conflict, but also due to the conflicting and discordant economic policies carried out by the different armed factions. The country had simultaneously issued two different

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zone, and had the support of the National Institute of Industry. The project spanned more than 100,000 hectares, and involved the construction of five new dams. Due to the six-fold increase in labor requirements, the government carried out a large-scale housing program, which also included the

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in 1944. The network was particularly active during the autarchic period, and kept being developed after the democratization process. By 1985, the year of its abolishment, 2.6 million tons of grain were stored in the 663 silos and 275 barns the state had built. The buildings were nicknamed the

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In 1942 a new law was passed that allowed the Institute to purchase land without the participation of a Society. The law promoted the creation of "colonization nuclei" by the state that would attract investments from private agents, considering the reluctance of investors towards Colonization

1507:, which would buy land estates, prepare and condition them, and hand them over to farmers and colonizers. The Institute was created following the ambitious "vast plans" the state claimed to have for the countryside, and was mainly oriented by the 1939 Law for the Colonization of Large Areas. 351:

and the family. The movement believes in a "syndicalist state" in which democratic political participation would be replaced by the organization of society in advocacy groups of compulsory adherence through which the state may conduct its economic policy, and in which class struggle would be

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The Badajoz Plan was approved in 1952, and projected the investment of 5,000 million pesetas until 1965. The project included the construction of dams and hidroelectric power stations, the creation of a network of canals and ditches, settlement and irrigation plans, industrial installation,

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economic reform based on modernizing the countryside and developing rural capitalism, what would prepare the country for a future industrialization. His ideas have been described as paradoxically "innovative", as he challenged the official reformist narrative by rejecting it as a whole.

1876:) or IEME as a regulatory body of the exchange rate, as well as a controller of foreign currency circulation. In order to advance the autarchic policies aimed at "economic independence", the IEME was commissioned with the regulation of insurance services and later tasked with preventing 2070:

Rationing in post-war Europe was suppressed in the following years: 1948 at Hungary and Switzerland, 1949 at France, Italy and Belgium, 1950 at West Germany, 1951 at Ireland and Sweden, 1952 at the Netherlands and Spain, 1954 at the United Kingdom, 1955 at Finland and 1958 at East

467:, and would not be decriminalized until 1965. On January 26, 1940, the SSO was declared as the only allowed trade union. In October 1942, it was established by Law that labor relations were a matter of exclusive and general jurisdiction of the state. According to the 1938 404:

protected capitalist property instead of the collectivist "syndical property" in which Primo de Rivera believed, and diminished greatly the role of the syndicates, which instead of the base of society were to become only an economic agent in collaboration with the state.

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By 1940, public spending in Spain was shorter than in other European nations, but the external debt and deficit of the country were notably lower. The public spending policies started in the first budget continued during all the First Francoism. The

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Franco's accelerated industrialization policies led to a relative neglection of agriculture, what caused scarcity of wheat. The autarchic policies discouraged the imports of fertilizers or agricultural production machinery, what created a thriving

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Due to ideological and practical aspects, the regime promoted a state-backed industrialization program. Issues such as company financing, the strategical localization of factories or the correct administration of labour excedents gave birth to the

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and Aragon was working under an anarchist system. The central government asked Aragon to send it its tax records, what was impossible as all of them had been done away with in order to destroy all vestige of the existence of private property.

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to foster economic growth and fight unemployment. The project provided for the allocation of "extraordinary expenses" that would be financed through "issuances of market-assimilable debt". The Larraz reform also featured progressive

187:" from workers. The state forced those in the Republican zone to hand over any jewellery or precious metals to the Bank of Spain and set the maximum number of coins people were allowed to hold. The government would also carry out 1599:

200,000 hectares were colonized between 1951 and 1960, what makes a big difference with the 10,000 some estimate for the 1940-1950 period. More than 400,000 hectares were irrigated between 1950 and 1960, a third of such land in

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After the 1949 law was passed, the regime's agricultural policy entered a new phase, specially after the 1951 government change and the slow opening of the country to foreign trade and relations. The new Minister of Agriculture

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Republican collectivizations had also a lasting effect on the tourism sector, as the socialization of hotels, cafés, restaurants and spectacle venues led to a complete paralysis of the activity. The country would make use of

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The National or Vertical Syndicates, which constituted the organization and were based on productive branches, were created by government decree after a request of the syndical congress presented by its president, the

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Societies. However, as the Institute only bought offered land and did not carry out expropriations, most of the territories owned by the Institute were of low quality and too scattered to effectively host a project.

179:' ineffectiveness has been described as a consequence of their financial approach, aimed at created a "Revolutionary Treasury" which would keep functioning after the war and not at winning the conflict efficiently. 1742:

457,000 tourists arrived to Spain in 1950, a number that rose to 2,800,000 by 1959. Arrivals would grow exponentially after that year, making tourism one of the most thriving sectors of the late Francoist period.

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Franco sought to favor fiscally those who had supported his uprising. In March 1939, all temples, residences and annexed plots belonging to Catholic clergy were exempt from taxes. The regions that had joined the

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currencies and was struck by high inflation rates, aggravated by its lack of gold reserves. The Civil War was financed by both sides through currency issue, what would lead to high inflation in later years.

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industrial complexes, as a way to defeat the productivity problems faced by the country. As industrial income per capita was demonstrably higher than the rural one, the government expected to trigger a

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ordered the American ambassador in Madrid to inform Franco that any "political or economic aid" from the United States would be "impossible" as long as the dictator remained in power. On June 19, the

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The original fascist aversion to tourism was such that, during the Spanish Civil War, a newspaper at Navarre had stated that "Falange shall strictly ban tourism under the most severe of punishments".

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reforestation and improvement in communications, particularly through rail transport. A similar venture was launched at Jaén the following year, to which 4,000 million pesetas were allocated.

1631:"cathedrals of the countryside" and ranged in height from 4 to 25 meters. Most of them were abandoned after the project was discontinued, but a few were auctioned and used for other purposes. 505:

The early Francoist economic policies have been described as "alien to any economically rational criteria". The government established minimum workforce laws and enforced mandatory rates of

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and not to the Ministries of Industry or Finance, supposedly because of its relevance in military strategy. This would lead to conflict with both ministers as well as with the syndicates.

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was sharply risen, peaking at almost 40% between 1940 and 1945. It has been argued that Franco's priorization of military spending during the autarchic period kept the country in a "

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In the 1950s decade, 34% of the public investment was made by the INI, peaking at 42% in 1955. During the 1939-1959 period, the INI would create the following state-owned companies:

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The syndicates created by the Francoist regime following the falangist model were of compulsory membership, but actual affiliation remained voluntary due to pressures from the

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The tax reform carried out at war proved highly successful: by 1940, the 1935 tax collection had already risen by 50% even considering the devastation caused by the conflict.

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Franco organized the economy under corporatist and authoritarian principles. Businessmen and workers were forcibly incorporated according to their particular trades into the

1503:, minister of Agriculture, announced in 1939 the future development of a "profound land reform". Onwards from that year, the falangist land reform was commissioned to the 4527: 3941: 1883:

State banks were regulated for the first time in Spanish history in 1946, despite state credit legislation was mainly developed after the 1958 Law of Credit Entities.

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respectively. The projects addressed the whole province and included not only settlement and irrigation, but also the creation of regional industrialization ventures.

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American government helped to strengthen the regime and stabilize its economy, what would eventually lead to the liberalization policies that marked the 1960s decade.

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The Institute also counted on private contributions by settlers. In that period, the NCI carried out public works for a total cost of 468.9 million pesetas.

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The dictatorship's policy making regarding tourism started during the Civil War. The Nationalists created the National Tourism Service in 1938, directed by

4263: 4019: 1861:, which had been a key problem of the autarchic period, so he declared a fiscal amnesty for evaders on previous years and tried to promote regularization. 3371:

Layuno, Ángeles (2022). "Cambiar el paisaje: la obra del Instituto Nacional de Industria (1941-1975)". In Hernández, Juan Miguel; Calatrava, Juan (eds.).

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of fascist Italy. The dictatorship banned all political, unionist and employers' organizations by decree on September 13, 1936. Striking was penalized as

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The state officially abandoned national syndicalism in 1958, when employers and employees were formally recognized as separate interest groups.

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and fiscal exemptions according to the number of children a family had. Sumptuary consumption was heavily taxed due to the scarcity context.

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by the Syndical Action and Organization one, fitter for carrying out the "national syndicalist revolution". However, the ministry was led by

478: 4165: 4087: 3725: 3705: 3260: 367:, rejected the totalitarian economic system of Falangism and was not interested in implementing the syndicalist state. The opposition of 5673: 4062: 1735:

During the autarchy, Spanish tourism was mainly focused towards the reaffirmation of the Spanish common heritage and the development of

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to give "technical, financial and legal support" to the project, for the modernization and conditioning of productive areas.

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lands. Nevertheless, the government always presented the reform project as an outstanding achievement of the New State.

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Shortly after the 1936 military uprising, the Nationalists made clear their will of reversing the attempted republican

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put into practice a series of economic measures aimed at relaxing the state control over agriculture and promoting

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arriving in Spain, 1947. Argentina continued their trade relations with Spain despite the international sanctions.

5463: 5406: 5392: 5365: 5297: 5173: 5008: 4943: 4470: 4445: 4097: 3975: 3690: 3670: 3457: 3405: 3359: 1765: 85: 5578: 5573: 3239:. XI Encuentro de Economía Pública: los retos de la descentralización fiscal ante la globalización (in Spanish). 1798: 1450: 591:. The INI would become the main instrument through which the regime carried out its industrialization policies. 5633: 5208: 5203: 4213: 4047: 4030: 2001: 1477: 264: 3169: 1802:

Map of Spain in July 1936, soon after the military uprising, showing areas under nationalist control in blue.

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During the autarchic period, the Francoist dictatorship undertook two ambitious development projects at the

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Buildings at Pegaso City, a planned neighbourhood created by the INI for the settlement of the workers of

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Short after the end of the Civil War, the government created the Spanish Institute of Foreign Currency (

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National syndicalism advocates for a society based on its "natural entities", namely the syndicate, the

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law, which established the bases of the future labor policies of the regime, claimed inspiration from

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the number became stagnant and kept a negligible growth rate, some years reaching even less than 1%.

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was asserted. The Ministry of Syndical Action and Organization took again the name of Labor in 1939.

325: 304: 134: 93: 3458:"La política regional en el primer franquismo: Planes Provinciales de ordenación económica y social" 5558: 5341: 5329: 5267: 5114: 5078: 4748: 4733: 4556: 4541: 4512: 4225: 3985: 3946: 3836: 3803: 3798: 3637: 3592: 3556: 3540: 3343: 3280:"El sindicalismo vertical en la España franquista: principios doctrinales, estructura y desarrollo" 1996: 1991: 1981: 1791:. Their policies were influenced by those in the Republican zone, and were particularly focused in 1736: 1654: 553:

in 1948. The stage where he stands displays the official logo of the Spanish Syndical Organization.

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of the Falangist manifesto, and was explicitly defended by important falangist figures, including

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From 1945 to 1950, in which the regime was subjected to almost complete international isolation.

3344:"El control de divisas durante el primer franquismo: la intervención del reaseguro (1940-1952)" 3309:"El fracaso de la autarquía: la política económica española y la posguerra mundial (1945-1959)" 3245: 1666: 5543: 5503: 5488: 5478: 5447: 5346: 5302: 5292: 5272: 5183: 5161: 5146: 5124: 5098: 5073: 5068: 4798: 4758: 4561: 4546: 4517: 4421: 4398: 4375: 4345: 4333: 4319: 4292: 4135: 4092: 3925: 3675: 3563: 3488: 3390: 3295: 3264: 3216: 3187: 2036: 1642: 1576: 1563: 1522: 472: 452: 382: 207: 158: 152: 35: 1638: 5568: 5548: 5473: 5426: 5421: 5282: 5043: 4973: 4933: 4923: 4877: 4788: 4753: 4592: 4507: 3831: 3808: 3768: 3509: 3478: 3421: 3287: 3231: 1895: 1869: 1603: 1572: 769: 517: 444: 199: 77: 65: 51: 17: 1614:, built by the Francoist dictatorship as part of the "National Network of Silos and Barns". 344:, who had ruled the country from 1923 to the establishment of the Second Spanish Republic. 5533: 5262: 5257: 5220: 5188: 5093: 5038: 4963: 4929: 4897: 4818: 4502: 4145: 4000: 3753: 3715: 3700: 3526: 3163:"La contrarreforma agraria y la política de colonización del primer franquismo, 1936-1959" 1824: 1816: 1792: 1550: 1472: 352:

abolished through the collaboration between workers and owners on each productive branch.

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on the opening day of the National Institute for Agronomic Investigation facilities at

1877: 1756: 1611: 486: 414: 284: 258: 126: 4959: 1784:

The Nationalists started their tax reform during the Civil War under the direction of

5627: 5370: 5083: 5058: 5053: 5048: 4833: 4828: 4130: 3856: 3846: 3793: 3763: 3720: 1724: 1702: 595: 550: 406: 276: 254: 242: 184: 3471:"El sindicato vertical como instrumento político y económico del régimen franquista" 1880:. These policies were opposed by insurance companies and finally abolished in 1952. 219:, a common practice in post-war Europe started in Spain during the civil war by the 5617: 5553: 5468: 5063: 4887: 4803: 4783: 4602: 4237: 3851: 3758: 3413:

Anuario del Centro de la Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia en Calatayud

2041: 1959: 1811: 1634: 1620: 1485: 559: 348: 238: 216: 4641: 268: 4289:

Autarchy and black market: the economic failure of the First Francoism, 1939-1959

3133:"El Estado vende a saldo los últimos silos, las 'catedrales del campo' de Franco" 3095: 1547:

saw its budget raise from 3 to 51 million Spanish pesetas between 1941 and 1950.

455:

institution in which the State intervened following the established norms at the

5523: 5024: 4862: 4607: 4571: 4487: 4285:

Autarquía y mercado negro: el fracaso económico del primer franquismo, 1939-1959

3931: 3246:"Vivienda y Colonización por el Instituto Nacional de Industria de España (INI)" 1931: 1858: 1828: 1806:

In 1940, the first consistent budget of Francoist Spain was drafted by minister

1588: 1580: 1515: 1511: 1493: 333: 116: 2080:

The Institute was originally called "National Institute of Autarchy" (Spanish:

5585: 4919: 4551: 4441: 3783: 3778: 1949: 171: 4372:

Franco and the economy: Military influence on the First Francoism (1939-1945)

3492: 3483: 3379:

Architecture and landscape: historical transferences, contemporary challenges

3299: 223:. Stamps were not abolished until 1952, due to the context of deep scarcity. 5380: 5287: 4907: 4852: 4368:

Franco y la economía: Influencia militar en el primer franquismo (1939-1959)

4338:

Guerra, dinero, dictadura: ayuda fascista y autarquía en la España de Franco

3773: 1751: 385: 203: 97: 31: 4081: 3470: 1967: 5528: 5351: 4857: 3952: 1939: 1778: 1677: 1124: 668: 464: 130: 4969: 4949: 5387: 5307: 4882: 4580: 4449: 3374:

Arquitectura y paisaje: transferencias históricas, retos contemporáneos

1774: 1694: 1626:

In order to give state support to grain production, Franco started the

112: 5334: 4342:

War, money, dictatorship: fascist help and autarchy in Franco's Spain

1899: 1484:, founder of the Spanish Falange and land reform advocate, doing the 1455: 1227: 815: 605:

Full list of enterprises created or acquired by the INI (1941-1958)

570: 2377: 2375: 275:

The decision was ratified in August 1945 by a joint declaration of

233:

Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with Francoist Spain

111:

From 1939 to 1945, in which the regime was closely linked with the

4414:

Franco socialista: El franquismo social o la revolución silenciada

4308:

De mitos y milagros: el Instituto Nacional de Autarquía, 1941-1963

3980: 3215:(in Spanish). Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Bilbao: Fundación BBVA. 2161: 2159: 2157: 1912: 1890: 1833: 1797: 1750: 1715: 1688: 1633: 1602: 1549: 1521: 1514:

and focused primarily on increasing the country's food supply and

1476: 1449: 1065: 940: 927: 544: 516: 477: 377: 308: 263: 194: 26: 4420:] (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Madrid: Sierra Norte Digital. 4418:

Franco the socialist: Social francoism or the silenced revolution

4312:

On myths and miracles: the National Autarchy Institute, 1941-1963

3233:

La hacienda de la guerra civil y el primer franquismo (1936-1957)

1770:

enjoyed a benevolent fiscal policy, particularly the notoriously

4107: 1607: 1176:

National Company of Industrialization of Agricultural Residuals

1078: 4997: 4459: 1566:), one of the towns created by Francoist colonization projects. 4993: 4455: 3327:

Política laboral y represión del primer franquismo (1939-1959)

953: 4391:

Los números de Franco: Sociedad, economía, cultura y religión

371:, some Catholic groups and bankers pressed Franco to adopt a 3360:"Los fondos históricos del Instituto Nacional de Industria" 2857: 2855: 2278: 2276: 2239: 2237: 107:

The Spanish autarchy is commonly divided in three phases:

38:, reading "By force of arms/Fatherland, Bread and Justice". 2734: 2732: 2671: 2669: 2572: 2570: 911:

Ordering Council of Special Minerals of Military Interest

627:

Calvo Sotelo National Company of Liquid and Gaseous Fuels

2224: 2222: 4395:

Franco's numbers: Society, economy, culture and religion

3168:. In García Sanz, Ángel; Sanz Fernández, Jesús (eds.). 3067:"Las cartillas de racionamiento las trajo la izquierda" 3171:

Reformas y políticas agrarias en la historia de España

1027:

National Company of Forestry-Chemical Industries S.A.

676:

National Company of Military Naval Constructions S.A.

663:

National Company of Acquisitions and Suministers S.A.

5601: 3257:

Art and territory in the lusophone and hispanic world

3176:

Agrarian reforms and policies in the history of Spain

948:

National Hydroelectrical Company of Ribagorzana S.A.

641:

Adaro National Company of Mining Investigations S.A.

388:

propaganda reading "It dawns in Spain/Arise, Spain".

5456: 5435: 5107: 5031: 4846: 4742: 4666:

Confederation of Revolutionary Anarcho-Syndicalists

4627: 4579: 4535: 4495: 3475:

Pasado y Memoria: Revista de Historia Contemporánea

1925:

in which Spain officially opened its economy, 1959.

788:Spanish Manufacturing of Artificial Textile Fibers 687:Elcano National Company of the Merchant Fleet S.A. 3209:Historical statistics of Spain: XIX-XXth centuries 2945: 2165: 2148: 166:also made use of international money lending. The 2465: 2453: 2441: 1165:National Hydroelectric Company of Moncabril S.A. 1073:Centre of Technical Studies of Special Materials 889:Spanish Manufacturing of Activated Charcoal S.A. 3204:Estadísticas históricas de España: Siglos XIX-XX 3092:Sociedad Estatal de Participaciones Industriales 3005: 2993: 2981: 2957: 2921: 2501: 2489: 2477: 2429: 2405: 2381: 2366: 2354: 2342: 2330: 2318: 413:were preserved, despite a relative influence of 3429:TST-Transportes, Servicios y Telecomunicaciones 3253:Arte e território no mundo lusófono e hispánico 1378:National Celluloses Company of Pontevedra S.A. 3406:"El Contubernio: Franco y las Naciones Unidas" 3351:Estudios de historia económica-Banco de España 3096:https://archivo.sepi.es/ficheros/division3.pdf 363:, a corporatist who, having taken part in the 5009: 4471: 4257: 3324:González Hernández, Julián (September 2020). 3278:Giménez Martínez, Miguel Ángel (2015-01-01). 3041: 3029: 2969: 2933: 2774: 2537: 2525: 2513: 2417: 2393: 2294: 1422:National Electricity Company of Córdoba S.A. 1323:Small Steel Industries Management Commission 983:National Company of Aircraft Propellers S.A. 8: 4155: 2267: 2255: 1587:, as well as promoting the modernization of 1345:Centre of Technical Studies on Construction 3201:Carreras, Albert; Tafunell, Xavier (2005). 2822: 2810: 2798: 2786: 2243: 1676:The Badajoz Plan was mainly focused on the 1367:National Celluloses Company of Motril S.A. 1356:National Celluloses Company of Huelva S.A. 1334:Centre of Technical Studies on Electricity 1257:Extremaduran Refrigeration Industries S.A. 5016: 5002: 4994: 4716:Irish Transport and General Workers' Union 4478: 4464: 4456: 4374:] (in Spanish). Sierra Norte Digital. 4264: 4250: 3504: 3230:Comín, Francisco; López, Santiago (2004). 3065:Barbadillo, Pedro Fernández (2017-03-05). 2909: 2897: 2885: 2873: 2861: 2846: 2834: 2282: 2228: 2213: 2201: 2189: 2177: 1921:in Madrid, soon after the approval of the 1108:Destilations and Chemical Industries S.A. 845:National Company of Aviation Engines S.A. 698:Centre of Technical Studies of Automotion 603: 147:Civil War economic devastation (1936-1939) 4442:Short documentary on the Spanish autarchy 4058:1947 Spanish law of succession referendum 4042:Ley de Sucesión en la Jefatura del Estado 3482: 3456:Sánchez Domínguez, María Ángeles (1999). 3358:Laruelo, Elena; San Román, Elena (1998). 1510:The Francoist land reform was explicitly 541:Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale 4344:] (in Spanish). Barcelona: Crítica. 4291:] (in Spanish). Barcelona: Crítica. 3284:Revista Mexicana de Historia del Derecho 3017: 2762: 2738: 2723: 2711: 2699: 2687: 2675: 2660: 2648: 2636: 2624: 2612: 2600: 2588: 2576: 2561: 2549: 2306: 1747:State budget, fiscal and monetary policy 1433:Coal of the South National Company S.A. 799:Spanish Manufacturing and Projects S.A. 569: 521:Cover of a health insurance stamp, 1944. 328:economic doctrine, espoused in Spain by 5608: 3525: 3057: 2750: 2141: 2053: 1389:Textile Industries of Guadalhorce S.A. 1154:Galician Industrial Refrigeration S.A. 4734:Sveriges Arbetares Centralorganisation 4648:Argentine Regional Workers' Federation 4636:International Workingmen's Association 1874:Instituto Español de Moneda Extranjera 935:National Company of Motor Trucks S.A. 44:economy of Spain between 1939 and 1959 4031:Army Conscription and Replacement Law 1086:Spanish Society of Tourism Cars S.A. 1038:Asturian Steel National Company S.A. 1016:Maritime Radio National Company S.A. 823:National Company of Electricity S.A. 565:import substitution industrialization 125:From 1951 to 1959, after joining the 7: 4088:Francisco Franco National Foundation 3726:Assassination of Luis Carrero Blanco 3335:Miguel Hernández University of Elche 3292:10.22201/iij.24487880e.2015.31.10213 3261:Federal University of Rio de Janeiro 3259:] (in Spanish). Rio de Janeiro: 3090:Full list of INI enterprises at the 1444:National Sahara Mining Company S.A. 1312:Valdebro Petrol Investigations S.A. 1097:Cádiz Refrigeration Industries S.A. 92:and the attempted implementation of 4063:1966 Spanish organic law referendum 3420:Palou Rubio, Saida (January 2020). 1711:Ministry of Information and Tourism 1628:National Network of Silos and Barns 709:National Company of Aluminium S.A. 192:board stopped holding its meetings. 4660:Confederación Nacional del Trabajo 3919:Art and culture in Francoist Spain 3617:Instituto Nacional de Colonización 3342:Gutiérrez González, Pablo (2014). 3251:. In Gazzaneo, Luis Manoel (ed.). 1579:. Cavestany gave state support to 1119:Auxiliar Company to Industry S.A. 922:National Company of Bearings S.A. 731:Iberian Society of Nitrogen S. A. 528:minister for Trade Union Relations 459:, a legal document similar to the 25: 5443:List of nationalist organizations 4412:Torres García, Francisco (2018). 4026:Law of Political Responsibilities 3094:official website, retrieved from 1411:Corchero Vegetal Industries S.A. 1400:Maritime and Land Machining S.A. 1279:National Company of Tourism S.A. 1246:Spanish General Electricity S.A. 1049:Spanish Touristic Transport S.A. 594:The INI reported directly to the 409:was not abolished and capitalist 5611: 4979: 4978: 4968: 4958: 4948: 4939: 4938: 4928: 4918: 4526: 4231: 4219: 4209: 4208: 3575:National Council of the Movement 3533: 3508: 3469:Sánchez Recio, Glicerio (2002). 3404:Morales Ruiz, Juan José (2019). 3131:lainformacion.com (2019-05-29). 3108:"Evolución del Número de Presas" 1966: 1952: 1290:Cellulose Management Commission 972:African Fishing Industries S.A. 900:Agricultural Constructions S.A. 764:Pyrenaic Industrial Mining S.A. 720:Aeronautical Constructions S.A. 613:Year of creation or acquisition 324:Francoism claimed to follow the 4722:Fagoppositionens Sammenslutning 4698:Industrial Workers of the World 4692:General Confederation of Labour 4654:Brazilian Workers Confederation 4397:] (in Spanish). San Román. 4366:Arcas González, Javier (2022). 4314:] (in Spanish). Barcelona: 4306:Gómez Mendoza, Antonio (2000). 3966:Gender roles in Francoist Spain 3731:Spanish transition to democracy 3645:Sindicato Español Universitario 3624:Instituto Nacional de Industria 3307:Gómez Mendoza, Antonio (1997). 3184:Ministry of Agriculture (Spain) 2093:The land reform was one of the 2082:Instituto Nacional de Autarquía 1759:coin, displaying Franco's face. 1593:concentration of land ownership 1505:National Colonization Institute 424:State policies and organization 365:dictatorship of Primo de Rivera 241:and the later beginning of the 5514:Historiography and nationalism 4171:Latin Bloc (proposed alliance) 3462:Revista de Historia Industrial 3364:Revista de Historia Industrial 3244:García García, Rafael (2014). 1060:Escombreras Oil Refinery S.A. 585:National Institute of Industry 576:National Institute of Industry 449:Organización Sindical Española 429:The national-syndicalist state 299:National syndicalist influence 257:to ban Spain from joining the 1: 5214:Palingenetic ultranationalism 4036:Fundamental Laws of the Realm 3971:Motherhood in Francoist Spain 3937:Censorship in Francoist Spain 3686:Francoist concentration camps 3580:Spanish Syndical Organization 1301:Pyrite Management Commission 1143:National Optics Company S.A. 1005:Auxiliary Works Company S.A. 441:Spanish Syndical Organization 435:Spanish Syndical Organization 355:In 1938, Franco replaced the 4678:Norsk Syndikalistisk Forbund 3885:Economy of Spain (1939-1959) 3652:Servicio Exterior de Falange 3006:Carreras & Tafunell 2005 2994:Carreras & Tafunell 2005 2982:Carreras & Tafunell 2005 2958:Carreras & Tafunell 2005 2922:Carreras & Tafunell 2005 2502:Laruelo & San Román 1998 2382:Carreras & Tafunell 2005 2099:José Antonio Primo de Rivera 2022:José Antonio Primo de Rivera 1849:In 1957, shortly before the 1222:Industrial Aeronautics S.A. 1209:Galician Hydroelectric S.A. 1132:National Steel Company S.A. 994:Industrial Experiences S.A. 878:Exterior Bank of Spain S.A. 753:Boetticher and Navarro S.A. 398:José Antonio Primo de Rivera 314:José Antonio Primo de Rivera 18:Economy of Spain (1939-1959) 4166:Francoist language policies 3366:(in Spanish) (14): 221–237. 2027:Military-industrial complex 1645:created in 1956 during the 1235:Aviation and Commerce S.A. 834:The Hispanic Aviation S.A. 5690: 5674:Right-wing anti-capitalism 5574:Principle of nationalities 4141:Lost children of Francoism 4020:Francoist electoral regime 3986:Revisionist historiography 3862:Torcuato Fernández-Miranda 3706:First Francoist government 3464:(in Spanish) (16): 91–112. 3431:(in Spanish) (41): 77–102. 3071:Libertad Digital - Cultura 1470: 538: 535:Industrialization policies 432: 373:paternalistic conservative 320:, giving a speech in 1935. 302: 237:Shortly before the end of 230: 150: 5639:Economic history of Spain 5464:Anarchism and nationalism 5393:List of fascist movements 5174:Constitutional patriotism 4915: 4524: 4283:Barciela, Carlos (2003). 4098:National Alliance July 18 3867:Raimundo Fernández-Cuesta 3691:Spain during World War II 3671:Spanish coup of July 1936 3631:Fuerzas Armadas de España 3610:Tribunal de Orden Público 3477:(in Spanish) (1): 19–32. 3415:(in Spanish) (25): 47–80. 3161:Barciela, Carlos (1996). 1528:Raimundo Fernández-Cuesta 1501:Raimundo Fernández-Cuesta 1198:Gas and Electricity S.A. 652:Northern Coalfields S.A. 227:Autarchy and isolationism 96:economic policies by the 86:economic history of Spain 4613:Workers' self-management 4389:Paredes, Javier (2020). 4048:Organic Law of the State 3484:10.14198/PASADO2002.1.01 3436:Quijada, Mónica (1991). 2002:Economy of fascist Italy 856:Mines of Almagrera S.A. 777:Air Lines of Spain S.A. 137:influence was prevalent. 4868:Criticism of capitalism 4728:National Workers' Union 4316:University of Barcelona 4226:Conservatism portal 4186:Second Spanish Republic 3895:Second Development Plan 3696:Spain and the Holocaust 3333:(Thesis) (in Spanish). 3313:Espacio, Tiempo y Forma 3286:(in Spanish): 223–257. 2946:Gutiérrez González 2014 2166:Gutiérrez González 2014 2149:González Hernández 2020 2007:Economy of Nazi Germany 1987:Convergence (economics) 411:relations of production 369:Spanish traditionalists 90:international isolation 5509:Gender and nationalism 4873:Criticism of copyright 4588:Co-operative economics 4156: 4103:National Union (Spain) 3991:Sociological Francoism 3900:Third Development Plan 3890:First Development Plan 3385:(in Spanish). Madrid: 3182:(in Spanish). Madrid: 2910:Comín & López 2004 2898:Comín & López 2004 2886:Comín & López 2004 2874:Comín & López 2004 2862:Comín & López 2004 2847:Comín & López 2004 2835:Comín & López 2004 2466:Sánchez Domínguez 1999 2454:Sánchez Domínguez 1999 2442:Sánchez Domínguez 1999 2283:Comín & López 2004 2229:Comín & López 2004 2214:Comín & López 2004 2202:Comín & López 2004 2190:Comín & López 2004 2178:Comín & López 2004 2017:Estado Novo (Portugal) 1926: 1903: 1853:was drafted, Minister 1846: 1803: 1760: 1732: 1698: 1650: 1615: 1567: 1531: 1489: 1459: 1317:PEQUEÑAS SIDERÚRGICAS 1268:Velázquez Fields S.A. 579: 554: 522: 494: 491:Santiago de Compostela 389: 342:Miguel Primo de Rivera 321: 272: 211: 84:) was a period of the 39: 5539:National indifference 4893:Libertarian socialism 4684:Solidarity Federation 4158:Euskadi Ta Askatasuna 3387:University of Granada 2430:Giménez Martínez 2015 2406:Giménez Martínez 2015 2367:Giménez Martínez 2015 2355:Giménez Martínez 2015 2343:Giménez Martínez 2015 2331:Giménez Martínez 2015 2319:Giménez Martínez 2015 2032:Military Keynesianism 1916: 1894: 1855:Mariano Navarro Rubio 1839:Mariano Navarro Rubio 1837: 1801: 1754: 1737:its national identity 1719: 1692: 1637: 1606: 1560:Guadiana del Caudillo 1553: 1525: 1480: 1467:Agricultural policies 1453: 1187:Cádiz Shipyards S.A. 742:Spanish Marconi S.A. 573: 548: 520: 499:Christian corporatist 481: 381: 312: 267: 198: 46:, usually called the 30: 5669:Economic nationalism 5659:Economics of fascism 5649:National syndicalism 5484:Cultural nationalism 5376:National syndicalist 4196:Valley of the Fallen 4151:Diplomatic relations 4053:Political Reform Act 4013:Laws and referendums 3996:Symbols of Francoism 3842:Carlos Arias Navarro 3789:National Catholicism 3604:General Police Corps 3586:Frente de Juventudes 3570:Council of the Realm 3389:. pp. 869–885. 3263:. pp. 126–141. 3186:. pp. 351–398. 2103:Ramiro Ledesma Ramos 2012:Estado Novo (Brazil) 1919:Dwight D. Eisenhower 1887:Economic performance 1817:inheritance taxation 1793:consumption taxation 1721:Commemorative plaque 1556:commemorative plaque 810:Torres Quevedo S.A. 589:Juan Antonio Suanzes 507:permanent employment 489:built by the SSO at 483:Commemorative plaque 361:Pedro González Bueno 326:national syndicalist 305:National syndicalism 94:national syndicalist 34:propaganda from the 5559:Nationalism studies 4672:Free Workers' Union 4608:Labour unionisation 4513:Revolutions of 1848 3947:Eagle of Saint John 3837:Luis Carrero Blanco 3804:Spanish nationalism 3799:Spanish irredentism 3557:Movimiento Nacional 3541:Eagle of Saint John 3044:, pp. 310–311. 3020:, pp. 388–389. 2996:, pp. 361–362. 2972:, pp. 299–300. 2936:, pp. 303–304. 2777:, pp. 136–137. 2765:, pp. 387–388. 2702:, pp. 380–381. 2639:, pp. 366–367. 2615:, pp. 363–364. 2552:, pp. 352–353. 2490:Laruelo et al. 1998 2478:Laruelo et al. 1998 2408:, pp. 230–231. 1997:Economic militarism 1992:Developmental state 1982:Christian socialism 1843:minister of Finance 1786:minister of Finance 1767:Alzamiento Nacional 1655:province of Badajoz 606: 415:social Christianity 269:Eva Duarte de Perón 206:leaders during the 4176:Pact of Forgetting 4113:Spanish Solidarity 3711:Stabilization Plan 3599:Armed Police Corps 3353:(in Spanish) (68). 3042:Gómez Mendoza 1997 3030:Gómez Mendoza 1997 2970:Gómez Mendoza 1997 2934:Gómez Mendoza 1997 2775:García García 2014 2538:García García 2014 2526:García García 2014 2514:García García 2014 2418:Sánchez Recio 2002 2394:Sánchez Recio 2002 2295:Gómez Mendoza 1997 1936:political Catholic 1927: 1923:Stabilization Plan 1904: 1851:Stabilization Plan 1847: 1804: 1761: 1733: 1725:Luis Antonio Bolín 1703:Luís Antonio Bolín 1699: 1651: 1616: 1585:land consolidation 1568: 1532: 1490: 1460: 961:SKF Bearings S.A. 604: 580: 555: 523: 495: 390: 322: 273: 221:republican faction 212: 202:at a meeting with 189:search and seizure 170:had failed at its 40: 5644:Economic planning 5599: 5598: 5544:National question 5504:Gastronationalism 5489:Diaspora politics 5479:Banal nationalism 5448:Nationalist Clubs 4991: 4990: 4686:(SF–IWA, Britain) 4680:(NSF–IAA, Norway) 4547:Council communism 4518:Utopian socialism 4274: 4273: 4136:Hispanic eugenics 3926:Cantos nacionales 3676:Spanish Civil War 3564:FET y de las JONS 3396:978-84-19008-07-7 3270:978-85-61556-70-9 3112:sig.mapama.gob.es 2948:, pp. 11–12. 2789:, pp. 79–80. 2268:Morales Ruiz 2019 2256:Morales Ruiz 2019 2095:Twenty-Six Points 2037:Orthodox Peronism 1685:Tourism promotion 1577:rural development 1448: 1447: 512:ministry of Labor 473:FET y de las JONS 469:Fuero del Trabajo 457:Fuero del Trabajo 453:state corporatist 394:Fuero del Trabajo 357:ministry of Labor 316:, founder of the 208:Spanish Civil War 159:Spanish Civil War 153:Spanish Civil War 135:National Catholic 70:Primer Franquismo 36:Spanish Civil War 16:(Redirected from 5681: 5616: 5615: 5614: 5607: 5582: 5569:Plurinationalism 5549:National revival 5519:Internationalism 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1962: 1957: 1956: 1955: 1896:Francisco Franco 1659:province of Jaén 1573:Rafael Cavestany 867:Felgueroso S.A. 607: 336:organization of 175:short term. The 102:Francoist regime 72:) or simply the 21: 5689: 5688: 5684: 5683: 5682: 5680: 5679: 5678: 5634:Francoist Spain 5624: 5623: 5622: 5612: 5610: 5602: 5600: 5595: 5576: 5534:Nation-building 5452: 5431: 5103: 5027: 5022: 4992: 4987: 4964:Politics portal 4911: 4898:Post-capitalism 4842: 4738: 4730:(UON, Portugal) 4644:and affiliates 4623: 4575: 4531: 4522: 4503:Guild socialism 4491: 4486: 4484: 4446:DMAX TV channel 4438: 4428: 4411: 4405: 4388: 4382: 4365: 4362: 4352: 4332: 4326: 4305: 4299: 4282: 4279: 4270: 4232: 4230: 4220: 4218: 4201: 4200: 4146:Carlo-francoism 4126: 4118: 4117: 4076: 4068: 4067: 4014: 4006: 4005: 4001:Yoke and arrows 3960:El Generalísimo 3913: 3905: 3904: 3880: 3872: 3871: 3827: 3819: 3818: 3754:Anti-liberalism 3744: 3736: 3735: 3716:Spanish miracle 3701:First Francoism 3666: 3658: 3657: 3551: 3538: 3503: 3501:Further reading 3468: 3455: 3440: 3435: 3424: 3419: 3408: 3403: 3397: 3382: 3370: 3357: 3346: 3341: 3330: 3323: 3306: 3277: 3271: 3248: 3243: 3236: 3229: 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2212: 2208: 2200: 2196: 2188: 2184: 2176: 2172: 2164: 2155: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2127: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2109: 2092: 2088: 2079: 2075: 2069: 2065: 2059: 2055: 2050: 1972: 1965: 1958: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1938:group close to 1889: 1749: 1697:, 1940s decade. 1693:Beach hotel at 1687: 1475: 1473:Battle for Land 1469: 804:TORRES QUEVEDO 635:ADARO-ENADIMSA 543: 537: 487:housing complex 437: 431: 426: 318:Spanish Falange 307: 301: 235: 229: 210:, unknown date. 155: 149: 144: 100:faction of the 61:First Francoism 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5687: 5685: 5677: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5626: 5625: 5621: 5620: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5593: 5591:State-building 5588: 5583: 5571: 5566: 5564:Natural border 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5499:Exceptionalism 5496: 5494:Eliminationism 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5460: 5458: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5450: 5445: 5439: 5437: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5398: 5397: 5396: 5395: 5385: 5384: 5383: 5373: 5363: 5358: 5357: 5356: 5355: 5354: 5344: 5339: 5338: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5312: 5311: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5239: 5238: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5217: 5216: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5165: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5144: 5143: 5142: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5111: 5109: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5035: 5033: 5029: 5028: 5023: 5021: 5020: 5013: 5006: 4998: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4976: 4966: 4956: 4946: 4936: 4926: 4916: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4848: 4847:Related topics 4844: 4843: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4744: 4740: 4739: 4737: 4736:(SAC, Sweden) 4731: 4725: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4711: 4706: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4687: 4681: 4675: 4674:(FAU, Germany) 4669: 4668:(CRAS, Russia) 4663: 4657: 4651: 4639: 4633: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4617: 4616: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4598:General strike 4590: 4585: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4532: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4499: 4497: 4493: 4492: 4485: 4483: 4482: 4475: 4468: 4460: 4454: 4453: 4437: 4436:External links 4434: 4433: 4432: 4427:978-8494684395 4426: 4409: 4404:978-8417463168 4403: 4386: 4381:978-8418816895 4380: 4361: 4358: 4357: 4356: 4350: 4330: 4324: 4303: 4297: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4268: 4261: 4254: 4246: 4243: 4242: 4241: 4240: 4228: 4216: 4203: 4202: 4199: 4198: 4193: 4191:Spanish Maquis 4188: 4183: 4181:Project Islero 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4127: 4125:Related topics 4124: 4123: 4120: 4119: 4116: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4077: 4074: 4073: 4070: 4069: 4066: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4015: 4012: 4011: 4008: 4007: 4004: 4003: 3998: 3993: 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299. 3022: 3010: 2998: 2986: 2984:, p. 360. 2974: 2962: 2960:, p. 652. 2950: 2938: 2926: 2924:, p. 647. 2914: 2902: 2890: 2878: 2866: 2851: 2839: 2827: 2815: 2803: 2791: 2779: 2767: 2755: 2743: 2741:, p. 386. 2728: 2726:, p. 383. 2716: 2714:, p. 382. 2704: 2692: 2690:, p. 372. 2680: 2678:, p. 373. 2665: 2663:, p. 371. 2653: 2651:, p. 368. 2641: 2629: 2627:, p. 365. 2617: 2605: 2603:, p. 363. 2593: 2591:, p. 361. 2581: 2579:, p. 355. 2566: 2564:, p. 362. 2554: 2542: 2540:, p. 134. 2530: 2528:, p. 128. 2518: 2516:, p. 126. 2506: 2504:, p. 221. 2494: 2492:, p. 225. 2482: 2480:, p. 223. 2470: 2458: 2446: 2434: 2432:, p. 239. 2422: 2410: 2398: 2386: 2371: 2369:, p. 231. 2359: 2357:, p. 228. 2347: 2345:, p. 227. 2335: 2333:, p. 226. 2323: 2321:, p. 225. 2311: 2309:, p. 381. 2299: 2297:, p. 298. 2287: 2272: 2260: 2248: 2233: 2218: 2206: 2194: 2182: 2170: 2153: 2140: 2139: 2137: 2136:Academic texts 2134: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2125: 2116: 2107: 2086: 2073: 2063: 2052: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2045: 2044: 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303:Main article: 300: 297: 259:United Nations 228: 225: 151:Main article: 148: 145: 143: 140: 139: 138: 127:anti-communist 123: 120: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5686: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5619: 5609: 5605: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5580: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5459: 5455: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5436:Organizations 5434: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5407:Technological 5405: 5403: 5400: 5394: 5391: 5390: 5389: 5386: 5382: 5379: 5378: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5371:Ethnocacerism 5369: 5368: 5367: 5366:Revolutionary 5364: 5362: 5359: 5353: 5350: 5349: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5322: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5316: 5313: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5237: 5234: 5233: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5148: 5145: 5141: 5138: 5137: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5106: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5019: 5014: 5012: 5007: 5005: 5000: 4999: 4996: 4985: 4977: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4945: 4937: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4914: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 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4392: 4387: 4383: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4353: 4351:84-7423-232-5 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4325:84-8338-225-3 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4304: 4300: 4298:84-8432-471-0 4294: 4290: 4286: 4281: 4280: 4276: 4267: 4262: 4260: 4255: 4253: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4244: 4239: 4229: 4227: 4217: 4215: 4207: 4206: 4205: 4204: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4160: 4159: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4131:Blue Division 4129: 4128: 4122: 4121: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4083: 4079: 4078: 4075:Neo-Francoism 4072: 4071: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4043: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4021: 4017: 4016: 4010: 4009: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3955: 3954: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3927: 3923: 3921: 3920: 3916: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3794:Pan-Hispanism 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3764:Anti-semitism 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3721:Burgos trials 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3654: 3653: 3649: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3640: 3639: 3635: 3633: 3632: 3628: 3626: 3625: 3621: 3619: 3618: 3614: 3612: 3611: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3594: 3590: 3588: 3587: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3565: 3561: 3559: 3558: 3554: 3553: 3550:Organizations 3547: 3546: 3543: 3542: 3536: 3532: 3531: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3506: 3500: 3494: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3439: 3434: 3430: 3423: 3418: 3414: 3407: 3402: 3398: 3392: 3388: 3380: 3376: 3375: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3352: 3345: 3340: 3336: 3329: 3328: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3276: 3272: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3247: 3242: 3235: 3234: 3228: 3224: 3222:84-96515-00-1 3218: 3210: 3206: 3205: 3199: 3195: 3193:84-491-0174-3 3189: 3185: 3177: 3173: 3172: 3164: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3138: 3134: 3127: 3124: 3113: 3109: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3093: 3087: 3084: 3072: 3068: 3061: 3058: 3051: 3043: 3038: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3023: 3019: 3018:Barciela 1996 3014: 3011: 3008:, p. 86. 3007: 3002: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2939: 2935: 2930: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2915: 2912:, p. 23. 2911: 2906: 2903: 2900:, p. 22. 2899: 2894: 2891: 2888:, p. 17. 2887: 2882: 2879: 2876:, p. 20. 2875: 2870: 2867: 2864:, p. 16. 2863: 2858: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2828: 2825:, p. 78. 2824: 2819: 2816: 2813:, p. 81. 2812: 2807: 2804: 2801:, p. 80. 2800: 2795: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2768: 2764: 2763:Barciela 1996 2759: 2756: 2752: 2747: 2744: 2740: 2739:Barciela 1996 2735: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2724:Barciela 1996 2720: 2717: 2713: 2712:Barciela 1996 2708: 2705: 2701: 2700:Barciela 1996 2696: 2693: 2689: 2688:Barciela 1996 2684: 2681: 2677: 2676:Barciela 1996 2672: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2661:Barciela 1996 2657: 2654: 2650: 2649:Barciela 1996 2645: 2642: 2638: 2637:Barciela 1996 2633: 2630: 2626: 2625:Barciela 1996 2621: 2618: 2614: 2613:Barciela 1996 2609: 2606: 2602: 2601:Barciela 1996 2597: 2594: 2590: 2589:Barciela 1996 2585: 2582: 2578: 2577:Barciela 1996 2573: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2562:Barciela 1996 2558: 2555: 2551: 2550:Barciela 1996 2546: 2543: 2539: 2534: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2471: 2468:, p. 97. 2467: 2462: 2459: 2456:, p. 96. 2455: 2450: 2447: 2444:, p. 95. 2443: 2438: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2399: 2396:, p. 10. 2395: 2390: 2387: 2383: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2324: 2320: 2315: 2312: 2308: 2307:Barciela 1996 2303: 2300: 2296: 2291: 2288: 2285:, p. 21. 2284: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2270:, p. 51. 2269: 2264: 2261: 2258:, p. 50. 2257: 2252: 2249: 2246:, p. 82. 2245: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2207: 2203: 2198: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2183: 2179: 2174: 2171: 2168:, p. 27. 2167: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2142: 2135: 2130: 2120: 2117: 2111: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2090: 2087: 2083: 2077: 2074: 2067: 2064: 2057: 2054: 2047: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1979: 1975: 1969: 1964: 1961: 1950: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1924: 1920: 1915: 1911: 1908: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1866: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1820: 1818: 1813: 1809: 1800: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1787: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1773: 1769: 1768: 1758: 1753: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1738: 1730: 1726: 1723:dedicated to 1722: 1718: 1714: 1712: 1706: 1704: 1696: 1691: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1674: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1661:, called the 1660: 1656: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1629: 1624: 1622: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1529: 1524: 1520: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1495: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1466: 1464: 1457: 1452: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1381: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1370: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1315: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1260: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1208: 1205: 1203:HIDROGALICIA 1202: 1201: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1076: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1004: 1001: 998: 997: 993: 990: 987: 986: 982: 979: 976: 975: 971: 968: 965: 964: 960: 957: 955: 952: 951: 947: 944: 942: 939: 938: 934: 931: 929: 926: 925: 921: 918: 915: 914: 910: 907: 904: 903: 899: 896: 893: 892: 888: 885: 882: 881: 877: 874: 871: 870: 866: 863: 860: 859: 855: 852: 849: 848: 844: 841: 838: 837: 833: 830: 827: 826: 822: 819: 817: 814: 813: 809: 806: 803: 802: 798: 795: 792: 791: 787: 784: 781: 780: 776: 773: 771: 768: 767: 763: 760: 757: 756: 752: 749: 746: 745: 741: 738: 735: 734: 730: 727: 724: 723: 719: 716: 713: 712: 708: 705: 702: 701: 697: 694: 691: 690: 686: 683: 680: 679: 675: 672: 670: 667: 666: 662: 659: 656: 655: 651: 648: 645: 644: 640: 637: 634: 633: 630: 626: 623: 620: 619: 615: 612: 609: 608: 602: 599: 597: 596:head of state 592: 590: 586: 577: 572: 568: 566: 561: 552: 547: 542: 534: 532: 529: 519: 515: 513: 508: 503: 500: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 474: 470: 466: 462: 461:Labor Charter 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 436: 428: 423: 421: 418: 416: 412: 408: 407:Surplus value 403: 399: 395: 387: 384: 380: 376: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 353: 350: 345: 343: 339: 338:fascist Italy 335: 331: 327: 319: 315: 311: 306: 298: 296: 292: 288: 286: 282: 278: 270: 266: 262: 260: 256: 255:San Francisco 252: 248: 244: 243:Marshall Plan 240: 234: 226: 224: 222: 218: 217:ration stamps 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 190: 186: 185:surplus value 180: 178: 173: 169: 165: 160: 154: 146: 141: 136: 133:and in which 132: 128: 124: 121: 118: 115:ideology and 114: 110: 109: 108: 105: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 62: 57: 53: 49: 45: 37: 33: 29: 19: 5554:Nation state 5469:Anationalism 5209:Expansionist 4888:Labour power 4694:(CGT, Spain) 4417: 4413: 4394: 4390: 4371: 4367: 4341: 4337: 4334:Viñas, Ángel 4311: 4307: 4288: 4284: 4080: 4040: 4018: 3958: 3951: 3924: 3917: 3852:Manuel Fraga 3759:Anti-Masonry 3681:White Terror 3650: 3643: 3636: 3629: 3622: 3615: 3608: 3591: 3584: 3562: 3555: 3539: 3474: 3461: 3448: 3444: 3428: 3412: 3378: 3373: 3363: 3350: 3326: 3316: 3312: 3283: 3256: 3252: 3232: 3208: 3203: 3175: 3170: 3155:Bibliography 3141:. Retrieved 3139:(in Spanish) 3136: 3126: 3115:. Retrieved 3111: 3102: 3091: 3086: 3075:. Retrieved 3073:(in Spanish) 3070: 3060: 3037: 3025: 3013: 3001: 2989: 2977: 2965: 2953: 2941: 2929: 2917: 2905: 2893: 2881: 2869: 2849:, p. 8. 2842: 2837:, p. 7. 2830: 2818: 2806: 2794: 2782: 2770: 2758: 2753:, p. 8. 2751:Quijada 1991 2746: 2719: 2707: 2695: 2683: 2656: 2644: 2632: 2620: 2608: 2596: 2584: 2557: 2545: 2533: 2521: 2509: 2497: 2485: 2473: 2461: 2449: 2437: 2425: 2420:, p. 9. 2413: 2401: 2389: 2362: 2350: 2338: 2326: 2314: 2302: 2290: 2263: 2251: 2231:, p. 6. 2216:, p. 5. 2209: 2204:, p. 4. 2197: 2192:, p. 3. 2185: 2180:, p. 2. 2173: 2151:, p. 3. 2144: 2119: 2110: 2089: 2081: 2076: 2066: 2056: 2042:Pariah state 1960:Spain portal 1928: 1909: 1905: 1882: 1873: 1867: 1863: 1848: 1821: 1812:public works 1805: 1789:Andrés Amado 1783: 1766: 1762: 1741: 1734: 1707: 1700: 1675: 1671: 1663:Badajoz Plan 1652: 1647:Badajoz Plan 1643:planned town 1625: 1621:black market 1617: 1598: 1581:family farms 1569: 1559: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1509: 1498: 1491: 1486:roman salute 1461: 600: 593: 581: 574:Logo of the 560:rural exodus 556: 524: 504: 496: 468: 456: 448: 438: 419: 401: 393: 391: 354: 349:municipality 346: 323: 293: 289: 274: 245:, President 239:World War II 236: 213: 181: 164:Nationalists 156: 129:bloc of the 106: 81: 73: 69: 59: 55: 47: 43: 41: 5654:Corporatism 5577: [ 5524:Irredentism 5412:Territorial 5032:Development 5025:Nationalism 4984:Syndicalism 4903:Revisionism 4863:Corporatism 4779:Griffuelhes 4638:(1864–1876) 4572:Sorelianism 4567:Nationalist 4488:Syndicalism 4360:Revisionist 3953:El Caudillo 3932:Cara al Sol 1932:Technocrats 1917:Franco and 1859:tax evasion 1829:war economy 1808:José Larraz 1608:Grain silos 1516:arable land 1512:producerist 1494:land reform 1383:INTELHORCE 861:FELGUEROSO 681:ELCANO-ENE 334:corporatist 177:Republicans 5628:Categories 5586:Revanchism 5243:Linguistic 5189:Ecological 4824:Pelloutier 4799:Lagardelle 4774:Fitzgerald 4620:Mutual aid 4552:De Leonism 4496:Precursors 3857:Blas Piñar 3847:Juan Yagüe 3784:Monarchism 3779:Militarism 3451:(1): 5–40. 3319:: 297–313. 3143:2023-12-29 3117:2024-01-04 3077:2023-12-29 2131:References 1755:1949 five 1623:of grain. 1589:latifundia 1562:(now just 1499:Falangist 1471:See also: 1372:CELUPONTE 1361:CELMOTRIL 1350:CELULOSAS 1284:CELULOSAS 1159:MONCABRIL 616:Full name 549:Franco at 539:See also: 231:See also: 172:tax reform 142:Background 88:marked by 5664:Falangism 5417:Terrorism 5381:Falangism 5320:Christian 5315:Religious 5236:Communist 5231:Left-wing 5179:Corporate 5169:Communist 5130:Bourgeois 5120:Anarchist 4908:Socialism 4853:Communism 4769:Delesalle 4759:De Ambris 4704:IWW-Chile 4581:Economics 4542:Anarchist 4093:New Force 3774:Falangism 3527:Francoism 3493:1579-3311 3300:2448-7880 1713:in 1951. 1667:Jaén Plan 1526:Minister 1405:INVECOSA 1306:VALDEBRO 1021:HYLURGIA 1010:RADIOMAR 872:EXTEBANK 392:The 1938 386:falangist 383:Civil War 253:voted in 247:Roosevelt 204:falangist 98:Falangist 82:Posguerra 56:Autarquía 32:Falangist 5529:Jingoism 5402:Romantic 5361:Resource 5352:Hindutva 5330:Clerico- 5325:Catholic 5268:Populist 5226:Integral 5204:European 5194:Economic 5152:American 5135:Business 5099:Treasure 5074:Language 5069:Identity 4858:Copyleft 4819:Panunzio 4536:Variants 4336:(1984). 4277:Orthodox 4214:Category 3743:Ideology 3519:a series 3517:Part of 2071:Germany. 1946:See also 1940:Opus Dei 1665:and the 1657:and the 1564:Guadiana 1438:ENMINSA 1427:ENCASUR 1295:PIRITAS 1273:ENTURSA 1125:ENSIDESA 736:MARCONI 610:Company 465:sedition 168:Republic 131:Cold War 74:post-war 48:Autarchy 5388:Fascism 5342:Islamic 5308:Zionism 5140:Welfare 5115:African 5108:By type 5044:Colours 4883:Fascism 4809:Monatte 4794:Jouhaux 4789:Janvion 4784:Haywood 4764:De Leon 4718:(ITGWU) 4642:IWA–AIT 4557:Fascist 4450:Youtube 4444:by the 3912:Culture 3879:Economy 3665:History 1902:(1954). 1870:Spanish 1845:, 1957. 1775:Navarre 1757:pesetas 1695:Zarautz 1639:Barbaño 1530:, 1940. 1262:CAVESA 1181:ASCASA 1148:FRIGSA 1113:AUXINI 1091:IGFISA 1054:REPESA 977:ENHASA 905:COMEIM 883:FECASA 839:ENMASA 793:FYPESA 782:FEFASA 703:ENDASA 646:HUNOSA 621:ENCASO 493:, 1955. 445:Spanish 375:policy. 113:fascist 78:Spanish 66:Spanish 58:), the 52:Spanish 5604:Portal 5427:Ultra- 5422:Trans- 5335:Mormon 5298:Korean 5288:Berber 5278:Racial 5248:Mystic 5199:Ethnic 5184:Cyber- 5157:French 5094:Symbol 5054:Flower 5039:Anthem 4839:Valois 4829:Rocker 4814:García 4804:Larkin 4743:People 4700:(IWW) 4650:(FORA) 4424: 4401: 4378: 4348: 4322: 4295: 4082:Búnker 3826:People 3491: 3445:Ciclos 3393: 3381:] 3298: 3267: 3219: 3211:] 3190: 3178:] 1900:Madrid 1729:Doñana 1600:Spain. 1456:Pegaso 1416:ENECO 1251:IFESA 1228:AVIACO 1170:ENIRA 1137:ENOSA 1102:DEYKA 1043:ATESA 1032:SIASA 999:ETASA 966:IPASA 916:ENARO 816:ENDESA 770:IBERIA 758:MIPSA 747:BYNSA 551:Tolosa 285:Attlee 281:Truman 277:Stalin 200:Franco 117:powers 5618:Spain 5581:] 5347:Hindu 5303:White 5293:Black 5273:Queer 5221:Homo- 5162:Irish 5147:Civic 5125:Blind 5089:Sport 5079:Music 4834:Sorel 4754:Berth 4656:(COB) 4562:Green 4448:, on 4416:[ 4393:[ 4370:[ 4340:[ 4310:[ 4287:[ 4162:(ETA) 3981:No-Do 3441:(PDF) 3425:(PDF) 3409:(PDF) 3383:(PDF) 3377:[ 3347:(PDF) 3331:(PDF) 3255:[ 3249:(PDF) 3237:(PDF) 3213:(PDF) 3207:[ 3180:(PDF) 3174:[ 3166:(PDF) 2048:Notes 1934:", a 1779:Álava 1554:1951 1441:1945 1430:1957 1419:1957 1408:1957 1397:1955 1386:1957 1375:1957 1364:1957 1353:1957 1342:1957 1339:CETO 1331:1956 1328:CETE 1320:1956 1309:1956 1298:1956 1287:1956 1276:1956 1265:1955 1254:1954 1243:1954 1232:1954 1219:1952 1206:1950 1195:1942 1192:GESA 1184:1951 1173:1952 1162:1950 1151:1949 1140:1949 1129:1943 1116:1950 1105:1949 1094:1948 1083:1942 1070:1949 1066:CETME 1057:1948 1046:1948 1035:1947 1024:1945 1013:1947 1002:1948 991:1945 988:EISA 980:1946 969:1945 958:1947 945:1943 941:ENHER 932:1946 928:ENASA 919:1946 908:1941 897:1943 894:SACA 886:1944 875:1943 864:1942 853:1943 850:MASA 842:1943 831:1944 828:HASA 820:1943 807:1942 796:1943 785:1943 774:1943 761:1942 750:1942 739:1941 728:1942 717:1943 714:CASA 706:1943 695:1942 692:CETA 684:1942 673:1942 669:BAZAN 660:1942 657:ENAS 649:1941 638:1942 624:1941 485:at a 451:), a 402:Fuero 251:UNCIO 5283:Arab 5263:Neo- 5258:Pan- 5084:Myth 5059:Epic 5049:Flag 4749:Bain 4422:ISBN 4399:ISBN 4376:ISBN 4346:ISBN 4320:ISBN 4293:ISBN 4108:23-F 3942:DGCT 3489:ISSN 3391:ISBN 3296:ISSN 3265:ISBN 3217:ISBN 3188:ISBN 2101:and 1777:and 1641:, a 1583:and 1394:MTM 1240:GEE 1215:AISA 1079:SEAT 725:SIN 283:and 157:The 42:The 5253:New 5064:God 3479:doi 3288:doi 1727:at 1610:at 1558:at 954:SKF 629:S.A 514:. 104:. 5630:: 5579:fr 4318:. 3521:on 3487:. 3473:. 3460:. 3443:. 3427:. 3411:. 3362:. 3349:. 3317:10 3311:. 3294:. 3282:. 3135:. 3110:. 3069:. 2854:^ 2731:^ 2668:^ 2569:^ 2374:^ 2275:^ 2236:^ 2221:^ 2156:^ 2084:). 1942:. 1872:: 1841:, 1795:. 1781:. 567:. 447:: 279:, 80:: 68:: 54:: 5606:: 5017:e 5010:t 5003:v 4479:e 4472:t 4465:v 4452:. 4430:. 4407:. 4384:. 4354:. 4328:. 4301:. 4265:e 4258:t 4251:v 3495:. 3481:: 3449:1 3399:. 3337:. 3302:. 3290:: 3273:. 3225:. 3196:. 3146:. 3120:. 3080:. 2105:. 1731:. 1649:. 1488:. 1458:. 578:. 475:. 443:( 261:. 119:. 76:( 64:( 50:( 20:)

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Knowledge

Economy of Spain (1939–1959)

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