448:, Urban Ecological Design integrates aesthetic, social, and ecological concerns into an urban design framework that seeks to increase ecological functioning, sustainably generate and consume resources, and create resilient built environments and the infrastructure to maintain them. Urban ecological design is inherently interdisciplinary: it integrates multiple academic and professional fields including environmental studies, sociology, justice studies, urban ecology, landscape ecology, urban planning, architecture, and landscape architecture. Urban ecological design aims to solve issues related to multiple large-scale trends including the growth of urban areas,
396:
be presented in the aspects of material, procedures, usage, end-of-life and transportation." LCA and LCC can be used to identify particular aspects of a product that is particularly environmentally damaging and reduce those impacts. For example, LCA might reveal that the fabrication stage of a product's life cycle is particularly harmful for the environment and switching to a different material can drive emissions down. However, switching material may increase environmental effects later in a products life time; LCA takes into account the whole life cycle of a product and can alert designers to the many impacts of a product, which is why LCA is important.
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436:. For example, legislation in the United States, such as the Cerrell Report, has encouraged these types of classist and racist processes for siting incinerators. Internationally, there has been a global 'race to the bottom' in which polluting industries move to areas with fewer restrictions and regulations on emissions, usually in developing countries, disproportionately exposing vulnerable and impoverished populations to environmental threats. These factors make LCA and sustainable waste sites important on a global scale.
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193:, among others. The term was first used by John Button in 1998. Ecological design was originally conceptualized as the “adding in “of environmental factor to the design process, but later turned to the details of eco-design practice, such as product system or individual product or industry as a whole. With the inclusion of life cycle modeling techniques, ecological design was related to the new
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green roofs, offices, where these are spaces that nature can interact with the man made environment but also where humans benefit from these design technologies. Another area is with landscape architecture in the creation of natural gardens, and natural landscapes, these allow for natural wildlife to thrive in urban centres.
304:", a term he coined himself to do "more with less" and increase technological efficiency. This concept is key in ecological design that works towards sustainability. In 1986, the design theorist Clive Dilnot argued that design must once again become a means of ordering the world rather than merely of shaping products.
475:, such as the use of local raw materials, are less costly and reduce the environmental costs of shipping, fuel consumption, and COâ‚‚ emissions generated from transportation. Certified green building materials, such as wood from sustainably managed forest plantations, with accreditations from companies such as the
632:, also known as water power, is the use of falling or fast-running water to produce electricity or to power machines. Hydropower is an attractive alternative to fossil fuels as it does not directly produce carbon dioxide or other atmospheric pollutants and it provides a relatively consistent source of power.
679:, popularized a system of analyzing the layers of a site in order to compile a complete understanding of the qualitative attributes of a place. McHarg gave every qualitative aspect of the site a layer, such as the history, hydrology, topography, vegetation, etc. This system became the foundation of today's
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Though
Western society has only recently espoused ecological design principles, indigenous peoples have long coexisted with the environment. Scholars have discussed the importance of acknowledging and learning from Indigenous peoples and cultures to move towards a more sustainable society. Indigenous
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is obtained by harnessing heat from the ground. This type of energy can be used to heat and cool homes. It eliminates dependence on external energy and generates minimum waste. It is also hidden from view as it is placed underground, making it more aesthetically pleasing and easier to incorporate in
423:
is a global issue, with trash found everywhere around the world from the ocean to within organisms. A framework was developed to assess sustainability of waste sites titled EcoSWaD, Ecological
Sustainability of Waste Disposal Sites. The model focuses on five major concerns: (1) location suitability,
395:
Life Cycle
Analysis (LCA) is a tool used to understand the how a product impacts the environment at each stage of its life cycle, from raw input to the end of the products' life cycle. Life Cycle Cost (LCC) is an economic metric that "identifies the minimum cost for each life cycle stage which would
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are a useful application for areas without immediate conventional power sources, e.g., rural areas with schools and hospitals that need more power. Wind turbines can provide up to 30% of the energy consumed by a household but they are subject to regulations and technical specifications, such as the
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As the whole product's life cycle should be regarded in an integrated perspective, representatives from advanced product design, production, marketing, purchasing, and project management should work together on the
Ecodesign of a further developed or new product. Together, they have the best chance
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necessity and wanting to get maximum use out of materials. The focus on self-regulation and personal lifestyle changes (including decorating as well as clothing and other consumer choices) has shifted questions of social responsibility away from government and corporations and onto the individual.
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only use clean electric power. They are completely separated and disconnected from the conventional electricity grid and receive their power supply by harnessing active or passive energy systems. Off-grid homes are also not served by other publicly or privately managed utilities, such as water and
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and recycled materials are commonly used in construction, but it is important that they don't generate any waste during manufacture or after their life cycle ends. Reclaimed materials such as timber at a construction site or junkyard can be given a second life by reusing them as support beams in a
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Another area of ecological design is through designing with urban ecology in mind, similar to conservation biology, but designers take the natural world into account when designing landscapes, buildings. or anything that impacts interactions with wildlife. A such example in architecture is that of
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is a widely known and used renewable energy source. An increase in technology has allowed solar power to be used in a wide variety of applications. Two types of solar panels generate heat into electricity. Thermal solar panels reduce or eliminate the consumption of gas and diesel, and reduce COâ‚‚
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and Stuart Cowan define it as "any form of design that minimizes environmentally destructive impacts by integrating itself with living processes." Ecological design can also be defined as the process of integrating environmental considerations into design and development with the aim of reducing
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that cannot be sustained. The report drew attention to individuals and groups around the world who have a set of principles to develop strategies for change among many aspects of society, including design. More broadly, the conference emphasized that designers must address human issues. These
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has murdered by creating new species of permanent garbage and by choosing materials and processes that pollute the air. Papanek states that the designer-planner shares responsibility for nearly all of our products and tools, and hence, nearly all of our environmental mistakes. To address these
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There is a huge demand in
Western countries to decorate homes in a "green" style. A lot of effort is placed into recycled product design and the creation of a natural look. This ideal is also a part of developing countries, although their use of recycled and natural products is often based in
239:
and other waste defined in environmental legislation) is only an intermediate step and the final emissions to the environment (e.g. methane and leaching from landfills) are inventoried. All consumables, materials and parts used in the life cycle phases are accounted for, and all indirect
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are roofs that are partially or completely covered with plants or other vegetation. Green roofs are passive systems in that they create insulation that helps regulate the building's temperature. They also retain water, providing a water recycling system, and can provide soundproofing.
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As the impact of design and the design process has evolved, designers have become more aware of their responsibilities. The design of a product unrelated to its sociological, psychological, or ecological surroundings is no longer possible or acceptable in modern society.
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The same principle can be used inside the home, where found objects are now displayed with pride and collecting certain objects and materials to furnish a home is now admired rather than looked down upon. Take for example the electric wire reel reused as a center table.
346:. This process is often the result of good intentions to clean up an area and provide green amenities, but without setting protections in place for existing residents to ensure they are not forced out by increased property values and influxes of new wealthier residents.
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There are some clothing companies that are using several ecological design methods to change the future of the textile industry into a more environmentally friendly one. Some approaches include recycling used clothing to minimize the use of raw resources, using
527:(1882–1963) created collages from newsprints, packaging and other found materials. Contemporary artists have also embraced sustainability, both in materials and artistic content. One modern artist who embraces the reuse of materials is Bob Johnson, creator of
456:. Urban ecological design has been described as a "process model" contrasted to a normative approach that outlines principles of design. Urban ecological design blends a multitude of frameworks and approaches to create solutions to these issues by improving
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involves the positioning and location of a building to allow for and make use of sunlight throughout the whole year. By using the sun's rays, thermal mass is stored in the building materials such as concrete and can generate enough heat for a room.
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Lindahl, M.: Designer's utilization of DfE methods. Proceedings of the 1st
International Workshop on "Sustainable Consumption", 2003. Tokyo, Japan, The Society of Non-Traditional Technology (SNTT) and Research Center for Life Cycle Assessment
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The environmental aspects of the phases of the life cycle are evaluated according to their environmental impact on the basis of a number of parameters, such as extent of environmental impact, potential for improvement, or potential of change.
428:, (4) socioeconomic sustainability, and (5) site capacity sustainability. This framework was developed in 2021, as such most established waste disposal sites do not take these factors into consideration. Waste facilities such as dumps and
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to predict the holistic effects of changes of the product and their environmental impact. Considerations of ecological design during product development is a proactive approach to eliminate environmental pollution due to product waste.
337:
These concepts of design tie into the concept of sustainable development. The three pillars addressed in sustainable development are: ecological integrity, social equity, and economic security. Gould and Lewis argue in their book
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problems included six items: quality of life, efficient use of natural resources, protecting the global commons, managing human settlements, the use of chemicals and the management of human industrial waste, and fostering
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new building or as furniture. Stones from an excavation can be used in a retaining wall. The reuse of these items means that less energy is consumed in making new products and a new natural aesthetic quality is achieved.
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emissions. Photovoltaic panels convert solar radiation into an electric current which can power any appliance. This is a more complex technology and is generally more expensive to manufacture than thermal panels.
531:. Johnson promotes "artful trash management" by creating sculptures from garbage and scraps found in rivers. Garbage is collected, then compressed into a cube that represents the place and people it came from.
311:
in the 20th century, unsustainable design practices continued. The 1992 conference "The Agenda 21: The Earth Summit
Strategy to Save Our Planet” put forward a proposition that the world is on a path of
577:
These systems use the principle of harnessing the power generated from renewable and inexhaustible sources of energy, for example; solar, wind, thermal, biomass, geothermal, and hydropower energy.
258:
platforms dealing in only
Ecodesign products are emerging, with the additional sustainable purpose of eliminating all unnecessary distribution steps between the designer and the final customer.
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is a concept used within the building industry to increase occupant connectivity to the natural environment through the use of direct nature, indirect nature, and space and place conditions.
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that urban redevelopment and projects have neglected the social equity pillar, resulting in development that focuses on profit and deepens social inequality. One result of this is green or
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Aryampa, Shamim; Maheshwari, Basant; Sabiiti, Elly N; Zamorano, Montserrat (1 May 2021). "A framework for assessing the
Ecological Sustainability of Waste Disposal Sites (EcoSWaD)".
931:
Iqbal, M. W., Kang, Y., & Jeon, H. W. (2019). Zero waste strategy for green supply chain management with minimization of energy consumption. Journal of
Cleaner Production, 245.
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Taieb, Amine Hadj et al. (2010). "Sensitising Children to Ecological Issues through Textile Eco-Design". International Journal of Art & Design Education, vol. 29, 3. p313-320
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Wimmer W., Züst R., Lee K.-M. (2004): Ecodesign Implementation – A Systematic Guidance on Integrating Environmental Considerations into Product Development, Dordrecht, Springer
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in urban parks. Park benches designed with metal arched bars to prevent a person from laying on the bench restricts who benefits from green space and ecological design.
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textile materials to reduce the lasting impact on the environment, and using plant dyes instead of poisonous chemicals to improve the appearance and impact of fabric.
1695:"Characterization of the State-of-the-art and Identification of Main Trends for Ecodesign Tools and Methods: Classifying Three Decades of Research and Implementation"
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Ecodesign research focuses primarily on barriers to implementation, ecodesign tools and methods, and the intersection of ecodesign with other research disciplines.
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1850:
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292:(1895–1983) demonstrated how design could play a central role in identifying and addressing major world problems. Fuller was concerned with the Earth's finite
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life cycle ensuring zero waste is created in the whole process. By mimicking life cycles in nature, eco-design can serve as a concept to achieve a truly
705:, compiled a series of essays on "ecological design intelligence" and its power to create healthy, durable, resilient, just, and prosperous communities.
1358:"The multiple people of color origins of the US environmental justice movement: social movement spillover and regional racial projects in California"
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are disproportionately placed in areas with low education and income levels, burdening these vulnerable populations with pollution and exposure to
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and David Holmgren coin the phrase for a system of designing regenerative human ecosystems. (Founded in the work of Fukuoka, Yeoman, Smith, etc..
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is an approach to designing products and services that gives special consideration to the environmental impacts of a product over its entire
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The Journal of Design History: Environmental conscious design and inverse manufacturing, 2005. Eco Design 2005, 4th International Symposium
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The European Commission's website on Ecodesign activities and related legislation including minimum requirements for energy using products
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maximum distance at which the facility is located from the place of consumption and the power required and permitted for each property.
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Emissions to air, water, and the ground (our Earth) as being relevant for the environment and human health, including noise emissions
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1120:"Traditional ecological knowledge in restoration ecology: a call to listen deeply, to engage with, and respect Indigenous voices"
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The Design Journal: Vol 13, Number 1, March 2010 - Design is the problem: The future of Design must be sustainable, N. Shedroff.
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Charter, M./ Tischner, U. (2001): Sustainable Solutions. Developing Products and Services for the Future. Sheffield: Greenleaf
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agendas related to green spaces may lead to the displacement and exclusion of unhoused individuals, under a guise of pro-
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1731:"Review of ecodesign methods and tools. Barriers and strategies for an effective implementation in industrial companies"
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Victor Papanek (1972), "Design for the Real World: Human Ecological and Social CHange", Chicago: Academy Edition, p185.
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Victor Papanek (1972), "Design for the Real World: Human Ecological and Social CHange", Chicago: Academy Edition, p65.
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Victor Papanek (1972), “Design for the Real World: Human Ecological and social change”, Chicago: Academy Edition, ix.
300:, and how to integrate machine tools into efficient systems of industrial production. He promoted the principle of "
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Robinson, Jake; Gellie, Nick; MacCarthy, Danielle; Mills, Jacob; O'Donnell, Kim; Redvers, Nicole (16 March 2021).
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is the energy source created from organic materials generated through a forced or spontaneous biological process.
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1405:"New toxics, race to the bottom and revised environmental Kuznets curve: The case of local and global pollutants"
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Unhoused persons are one particularly vulnerable affected population of environmental gentrification. Government
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1655:"Evolution of design for sustainability: From product design to design for system innovations and transitions"
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and considers the application of new thinking by life scientists to our understanding of social organization.
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Clive Dilnot (1982), “Design as a Society Significant Activity: An Introduction”, Design studies 3:2. pp.144
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knowledge is valuable in ecological design as well as other ecological realms such as restoration ecology.
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Rasli, Amran; Qureshi, Muhammad Imran; Isah-Chikaji, Aliyu; Zaman, Khalid; Ahmad, Mehboob (January 2018).
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Pataki, Diane E.; Santana, Carlos G.; Hinners, Sarah J.; Felson, Alexander J.; Engebretson, Jesse (2021).
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Several review articles provide an overview of the evolution and current state of ecodesign research:
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According to this ranking the recommended changes are carried out and reviewed after a certain time.
1444:"Urban Ecological Design: A Process for Regenerative Places by Danilo Palazzo and Frederick Steiner"
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279:, design fields have been criticized for employing unsustainable practices. The architect-designer
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Several other types of components and materials can be used in sustainable objects and buildings.
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2004 K. Ausebel compiled personal stories of the world's most innovative ecological designers in
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1081:"Transformative sustainability pedagogy: Learning from ecological systems and indigenous wisdom"
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Lacoste, R., Robiolle, M., Vital, X., (2011), "Ecodesign of electronic devices", DUNOD, France
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519:. Recycling has been used in art since the early part of the 20th century, when cubist artist
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1607:"Mapping the green product development field: engineering, policy and business perspectives"
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Victor Margolin (1988), “Design for a Sustainable World”, Design Issues, vol14,2. pp. 91
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Environmental aspects which ought to be analysed for every stage of the life cycle are:
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1533:"Transforming citizens? Green politics and ethical consumption on lifestyle television"
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The European Commission's Directory of LCA and Ecodesign services, tools and databases
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1867:"Small ECO Houses - Living Green in Style", C. Paredes Benitez, A. Sanchez Vidiella
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Evolution of a Movement: Four Decades of California Environmental Justice Activism
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systems such as rainwater tanks that harvest water for multiple purposes. Reusing
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644:) are heated using non-mechanical methods, thereby optimizing natural resources.
383:. The reuse of materials is a sustainable practice that is rapidly growing among
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Some of the factors that LCA takes into account are the costs and emissions of:
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The European Commission's ELCD core database with Ecoprofiles (free of charge)
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479:(FSC), or the Pan-European Forest Certification Council (PEFCC), can be used.
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683:(GIS), a ubiquitous tool used in the practice of ecological landscape design.
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Increased applications of ecological design have gone along with the rise of
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1194:"Ecological gentrification: A research agenda exploring justice in the city"
952:"Ethical considerations of urban ecological design and planning experiments"
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The idea helps connect scattered efforts to address environmental issues in
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Martin Charter(2019). "Designing for the Circular Economy". Abingdon, p.21
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EIME, the ecodesign methodology of the electrical and electronic industry
1029:(1997), “Design for a Sustainable World”, Design Issues, vol14, 2. pp. 85
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4E, IEA Implementing Agreement on Efficient Electrical End-Use Equipment
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generated by households are a useful way of not wasting drinking water.
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1880:. By Peder Anker, Published by Louisiana State University Press, 2010.
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1498:"Art as the Truth of Tomorrow: Expression and the Healing of the World"
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Demos, T.J. (2009). "The Politics of Sustainability: Art and Ecology".
1335:. Oakland, California: University of California Press. pp. 44–45.
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1225:"The Research on Eco-design and Eco-efficiency of Life Cycle Analysis"
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Stoltz Bluff Eco-Retreat: an off-grid home on Vancouver Island, Canada
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1995:
1894:. By Sim Van der Ryn, Stuart Cowan, Published by Island Press, 2007.
904:
Van der Ryn S, Cowan S(1996). “Ecological Design”. Island Press, p.18
388:
255:
151:
1171:. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 115–150.
4457:
4341:
3962:
2056:
922:
Anne-Marie Willis (1991), “An international Eco Design” conference
494:
368:
138:
464:, and integrating ecological processes into the urban landscape.
3096:
703:
Earth in Mind: On Education, Environment, and the Human Prospect
380:
228:
Consumption of resources (energy, materials, water or land area)
3864:
3549:
3252:
2697:
2024:
1968:
1949:
1906:
Ignorance and Surprise: Science, Society, and Ecological Design
1826:
Environmental improvement through product development - a guide
1950:
Environmental Effect Analysis (EEA) – Principles and structure
1769:
Thomé, A.M.T.; Scavarda, A.; Ceryno, P.S.; Remmen, A. (2016).
36:
3860:
1771:"Sustainable new product development: A longitudinal review"
174:
environmental impacts of products through their life cycle.
419:
End-of-life, or disposal, is an important aspect of LCA as
1964:
1959:
1878:
From Bauhaus to Ecohouse: A History of Ecological Design
736:
The Hidden Connections: A Science for Sustainable Living
30:"Ecodesign" redirects here. For European directive, see
1223:
Wang, Lizhe; Bai, Jianbo; Wang, Hejin (February 2020).
1954:
1729:
Rossi, M.; Germani, M.; Zamagni, A. (15 August 2016).
1229:
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
1693:
Pigosso, D.C.; McAloone, T.C.; Rozenfeld, H. (2015).
1198:
International Journal of Urban and Regional Research
373:
An electric wire reel reused as a center table in a
4400:
4219:
4131:
4085:
3995:
3898:
3486:
3445:
3388:
3278:
2530:
2449:
2365:
2273:
2155:
2035:
1930:
Sustainable Design & Development Resource Guide
271:
The rise and conceptualization of ecological design
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1605:Baumann, H.; Boons, F.; Bragd, A. (October 2002).
1537:Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies
266:Ecological design issues and the role of designers
240:environmental aspects linked to their production.
27:Design approach sensitive to environmental impacts
640:Buildings that integrate passive energy systems (
3876:
1980:
1653:Ceschin, F.; Gaziulusoy, I. (November 2016).
716:, describe the precepts of ecological design.
8:
1502:International Journal of the Arts in Society
1775:Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy
1570:Schäfer, M.; Löwer, M. (31 December 2020).
1167:Gould, Kenneth A.; Lewis, Tammy L. (2017).
727:, teaching designers to design with nature.
462:sustainable use and management of resources
3883:
3869:
3861:
3546:
3275:
3249:
2694:
2032:
2021:
1987:
1973:
1965:
1703:Journal of the Indian Institute of Science
1589:
1248:
1143:
977:
967:
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
3504:Good Design Award (Museum of Modern Art)
1409:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
357:. One example of this type of design is
897:
1824:McAloone, T. C. & Bey, N. (2009),
738:, wrote this primer on the science of
3509:Good Design Award (Chicago Athenaeum)
1526:
1524:
7:
4548:
1442:Wheeler, Stephen M. (October 2012).
424:(2) operational sustainability, (3)
65:adding citations to reliable sources
1468:10.1111/j.1467-9787.2012.00784_10.x
1085:Journal of Transformative Education
712:and Nancy Jack Todd, in their book
3453:American Institute of Graphic Arts
1829:, Danish EPA, Copenhagen Denmark,
1356:Perkins, Tracy (20 January 2021).
878:Sustainable landscape architecture
858:Principles of Intelligent Urbanism
714:From Eco-Cities to Living Machines
25:
3463:Design and Industries Association
822:Energy-efficient landscape design
213:An eco-design product may have a
4547:
4511:
4510:
4500:
4257:Extended producer responsibility
3986:
1912:, Published by MIT Press, 2010.
1210:10.1111/j.1468-2427.2009.00860.x
785:
771:
507:gas in addition to electricity.
254:With respect to these concepts,
41:
1572:"Ecodesign—A Review of Reviews"
747:Nature's Operating Instructions
52:needs additional citations for
3458:Chartered Society of Designers
1250:10.1088/1755-1315/440/4/042042
1051:, 1938, 1973, pp. 252–59.
681:Geographic Information Systems
333:Sustainable development issues
1:
4423:Container-deposit legislation
3529:Prince Philip Designers Prize
2172:Architectural lighting design
1749:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.04.051
1736:Journal of Cleaner Production
1625:10.1016/S0959-6526(02)00015-X
1612:Journal of Cleaner Production
1382:10.1080/23251042.2020.1848502
725:Ecological Design Certificate
4581:Environmental social science
3335:Electronic design automation
3318:Virtual home design software
2290:Automotive suspension design
1673:10.1016/j.destud.2016.09.002
1302:10.1016/j.wasman.2021.02.044
837:European Ecodesign Directive
832:Environmental graphic design
426:environmental sustainability
344:environmental gentrification
32:European Ecodesign Directive
4118:Materials recovery facility
2194:Environmental impact design
1531:Lewis, Tania (April 2008).
1496:Godway, Eleanor M. (2011).
1448:Journal of Regional Science
323:sustainable economic growth
283:(1923–1998) suggested that
4617:
3473:International Forum Design
2843:Engineering design process
1421:10.1016/j.rser.2017.08.092
1079:Burns, Heather L. (2015).
708:1994 Canadian biologists
538:
477:Forest Stewardship Council
29:
4591:Environmental terminology
4496:
3984:
3808:
3556:
3545:
3274:
3248:
2704:
2693:
2595:Integrated circuit design
2517:Stage/set lighting design
2406:Hardware interface design
2322:Hardware interface design
2031:
2020:
2002:
1795:10.1007/s10098-016-1166-3
1549:10.1080/10304310701864394
807:Circles of Sustainability
3430:Industrial design rights
3418:Fashion design copyright
3330:Design quality indicator
2779:Creative problem-solving
2570:Electrical system design
2426:Sonic interaction design
2337:Photographic lens design
2211:Healthy community design
1097:10.1177/1541344615584683
4448:Reverse vending machine
3626:New product development
3591:Enterprise architecture
3519:IF Product Design Award
3478:Design Research Society
3030:Reliability engineering
1362:Environmental Sociology
1331:Perkins, Tracy (2022).
1241:2020E&ES..440d2042W
1192:Dooling, Sarah (2009).
1044:Nine Chains to the Moon
868:Sustainable development
440:Urban Ecological Design
4601:Landscape architecture
4488:Water recycling shower
4332:Reuse of human excreta
4302:Recycling (ecological)
4287:Material flow analysis
3082:Top-down and bottom-up
2431:User experience design
2332:Packaging and labeling
2305:Electric guitar design
2243:Landscape architecture
956:Plants, People, Planet
812:Ecological restoration
500:
468:Applications in design
392:
351:environmental planning
191:ecological restoration
155:
4277:Interchangeable parts
4272:Industrial metabolism
3611:Innovation management
3494:European Design Award
3260:Intellectual property
3077:Theory of constraints
3040:Responsibility-driven
2880:For manufacturability
2784:Creativity techniques
2622:Nuclear weapon design
2436:User interface design
2300:Corrugated box design
2221:Interior architecture
1864:"Eco Deco", S. Walton
1039:R. Buckminster Fuller
642:bioclimatic buildings
539:Further information:
498:
372:
290:R. Buckminster Fuller
277:Industrial Revolution
142:
4576:Environmental design
4483:Water heat recycling
4473:Waste management law
3656:Unintelligent design
3636:Philosophy of design
3350:Design specification
3303:Comprehensive layout
2875:For behaviour change
2848:Probabilistic design
2610:Power network design
2147:Visual merchandising
2104:Instructional design
2082:Postage stamp design
1902:(2nd ed., 1st, 1996)
1169:Green Gentrification
892:Notes and references
827:Environmental design
359:hostile architecture
355:environmental ethics
340:Green Gentrification
309:ecological awareness
61:improve this article
4433:Ethical consumerism
4367:Urban lumberjacking
4297:Product stewardship
4247:Eco-industrial park
3576:Creative industries
3499:German Design Award
3408:Design infringement
3293:Architectural model
2632:Organization design
2627:Nucleic acid design
2575:Experimental design
2128:Traffic sign design
1787:2016CTEP...18.2195T
1460:2012JRegS..52..719W
1374:2021EnvSo...7..147P
1294:2021WaMan.126...11A
1136:2021ResEc..2913381R
1124:Restoration Ecology
723:begins offering an
649:Passive daylighting
541:Sustainable fashion
446:ecological urbanism
434:hazardous materials
365:Life Cycle Analysis
325:on a global scale.
76:"Ecological design"
4596:Sustainable design
4506:Environment portal
4377:Waste minimisation
4322:Reusable packaging
4267:Industrial ecology
3641:Process simulation
3616:Intelligent design
2940:Intelligence-based
2935:Integrated topside
2865:Framework-oriented
2550:Behavioural design
2421:Information design
2099:Information design
1591:10.3390/su13010315
969:10.1002/ppp3.10204
873:Sustainable design
779:Engineering portal
754:Ecodesign research
677:Design with Nature
501:
393:
199:industrial ecology
156:
4563:
4562:
4317:Resource recovery
4307:Refill (campaign)
4252:Ecological design
4232:Dematerialization
4042:Fluorescent lamps
3858:
3857:
3804:
3803:
3571:Conceptual design
3541:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3524:James Dyson Award
3380:Website wireframe
3370:Technical drawing
3244:
3243:
3092:Transgenerational
2833:Ecological design
2709:Activity-centered
2689:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2667:Spacecraft design
2461:Public art design
2399:Video game design
2377:Experience design
2347:Production design
2327:Motorcycle design
2285:Automotive design
2189:Ecological design
2067:Film title design
1900:978-1-59726-141-8
1892:Ecological Design
1835:978-87-7052-950-1
1145:10.1111/rec.13381
599:Geothermal energy
517:environmental art
454:biodiversity loss
314:energy production
298:natural resources
285:industrial design
195:interdisciplinary
159:Ecological design
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
4608:
4586:Environmentalism
4551:
4550:
4514:
4513:
4504:
4478:Waste management
4468:Waste collection
4327:Reuse of bottles
4227:Circular economy
4204:Northern Ireland
3990:
3885:
3878:
3871:
3862:
3850:
3843:
3836:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3547:
3424:Geschmacksmuster
3398:Community design
3276:
3250:
3010:Process-centered
2806:Design–bid–build
2774:Cradle-to-cradle
2754:Concept-oriented
2695:
2672:Strategic design
2642:Processor design
2617:Mechanism design
2585:Geometric design
2545:Algorithm design
2485:Jewellery design
2416:Immersive design
2310:Furniture design
2255:Landscape design
2033:
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1989:
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1781:(7): 2195–2208.
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1282:Waste Management
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905:
902:
802:Biophilic design
795:
793:Gardening portal
790:
789:
781:
776:
775:
567:Biophilic design
523:(1881–1973) and
458:Urban resilience
421:waste management
302:ephemeralization
294:energy resources
219:circular economy
215:cradle-to-cradle
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
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4463:Waste-to-energy
4428:Dumpster diving
4396:
4372:Waste hierarchy
4347:Right to repair
4215:
4184:The Netherlands
4139:Rate by country
4127:
4081:
3991:
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3894:
3889:
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3601:Futures studies
3552:
3533:
3482:
3441:
3390:
3384:
3270:
3269:
3240:
3146:Value sensitive
3136:User innovation
3015:Public interest
2980:Object-oriented
2700:
2681:
2662:Software design
2652:Research design
2605:Physical design
2560:Database design
2534:
2532:
2526:
2502:Property design
2497:Game art design
2451:
2445:
2368:
2361:
2276:
2269:
2226:Interior design
2177:Building design
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1872:Further reading
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721:Ecosa Institute
668:
638:
636:Passive systems
617:Water recycling
575:
556:
543:
537:
513:
493:
470:
442:
367:
335:
307:Despite rising
273:
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237:hazardous waste
207:
171:Sim Van der Ryn
144:Stainless steel
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4282:Land recycling
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3666:Wicked problem
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3551:Related topics
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3114:Usage-centered
3111:
3110:
3109:
3107:Design for All
3099:
3094:
3089:
3087:Transformation
3084:
3079:
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3052:
3047:
3042:
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3035:Research-based
3032:
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3000:Platform-based
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2950:KISS principle
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2860:Fault-tolerant
2857:
2855:Error-tolerant
2852:
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2838:Energy neutral
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2647:Protein design
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2637:Process design
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2613:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2600:Circuit design
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2541:
2539:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2522:Textile design
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2480:Costume design
2475:Fashion design
2472:
2463:
2457:
2455:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2373:
2371:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2357:Service design
2354:
2352:Sensory design
2349:
2344:
2342:Product design
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2281:
2279:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2260:Spatial design
2257:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2240:
2238:Keyline design
2235:
2234:
2233:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2204:Computer-aided
2196:
2191:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2130:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2072:Graphic design
2069:
2064:
2062:Exhibit design
2059:
2054:
2049:
2043:
2041:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1925:
1924:External links
1922:
1921:
1920:
1910:Matthias Gross
1903:
1889:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1851:ISO TC 207/WG3
1848:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1821:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1761:
1721:
1685:
1660:Design Studies
1645:
1619:(5): 409–425.
1597:
1577:Sustainability
1562:
1543:(2): 227–240.
1520:
1511:
1488:
1483:Radical Nature
1473:
1454:(4): 719–720.
1434:
1395:
1368:(2): 147–159.
1348:
1341:
1323:
1272:
1215:
1204:(3): 621–639.
1184:
1177:
1159:
1110:
1091:(3): 259–276.
1071:
1062:
1053:
1031:
1019:
1010:
1001:
962:(6): 737–746.
942:
933:
924:
915:
906:
896:
895:
893:
890:
888:
887:
882:
881:
880:
875:
870:
863:Sustainability
860:
855:
850:
845:
843:Green building
840:
834:
829:
824:
819:
817:Eco-innovation
814:
809:
804:
798:
797:
796:
782:
766:
763:
755:
752:
751:
750:
743:
740:living systems
734:, in his book
728:
717:
706:
701:, in his book
695:
684:
675:, in his book
667:
664:
637:
634:
574:
573:Active systems
571:
555:
552:
536:
533:
525:Georges Braque
512:
509:
504:Off-grid homes
492:
489:
469:
466:
450:climate change
441:
438:
417:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
403:Transportation
375:Rio de Janeiro
366:
363:
334:
331:
281:Victor Papanek
272:
269:
267:
264:
233:
232:
229:
206:
203:
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4613:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4556:
4555:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4537:
4536:organizations
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4509:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4453:Simple living
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4443:Pallet crafts
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4399:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4382:Waste picking
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4312:Repairability
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4262:Green economy
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4212:
4211:United States
4209:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4124:
4123:Waste sorting
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4084:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4052:Mobile phones
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3989:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3886:
3881:
3879:
3874:
3872:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3851:
3846:
3844:
3839:
3837:
3832:
3830:
3825:
3823:
3818:
3816:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3781:specification
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3694:architectural
3692:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3661:Visualization
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3581:Cultural icon
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3548:
3544:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3446:Organizations
3444:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3413:Design patent
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3403:Design around
3401:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3387:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3265:
3263:Organizations
3262:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3124:User-centered
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3072:Tableless web
3070:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2995:Participatory
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2885:For Six Sigma
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2828:Domain-driven
2826:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2816:architect-led
2814:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2759:Configuration
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2724:Brainstorming
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2696:
2692:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2657:Social design
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2580:Filter design
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2555:Boiler design
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2529:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2507:Scenic design
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2492:Floral design
2490:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2199:Garden design
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2182:Passive solar
2180:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2157:Environmental
2154:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2119:Retail design
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2037:Communication
2034:
2030:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1978:
1976:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1918:0-262-01348-7
1915:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1886:0-8071-3551-8
1883:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1762:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1725:
1722:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1696:
1689:
1686:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1649:
1646:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1601:
1598:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1489:
1484:
1477:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1415:: 3120–3130.
1414:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1349:
1344:
1342:9780520376984
1338:
1334:
1327:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1235:(4): 042042.
1234:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1185:
1180:
1178:9781138920163
1174:
1170:
1163:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1020:
1014:
1011:
1005:
1002:
997:
993:
989:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
961:
957:
953:
946:
943:
937:
934:
928:
925:
919:
916:
910:
907:
901:
898:
891:
886:
885:Terreform ONE
883:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
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72:Find sources:
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50:This article
48:
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38:
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19:
4552:
4413:Cogeneration
4251:
4242:Durable good
3651:STEAM fields
3621:Lean startup
3606:Indie design
3422:
3389:Intellectual
3141:Value-driven
3119:Use-centered
3025:Regenerative
3005:Policy-based
2965:Mind mapping
2870:For assembly
2832:
2811:Design–build
2729:By committee
2714:Adaptive web
2512:Sound design
2470:glass design
2468: /
2453:applied arts
2394:Level design
2265:Urban design
2216:Hotel design
2188:
2167:Architecture
2142:Video design
2135: /
2126: /
2094:Illustration
2087:Print design
2057:Brand design
1905:
1891:
1877:
1855:ISO TR 14062
1825:
1813:Bibliography
1798:. Retrieved
1778:
1774:
1764:
1752:. Retrieved
1740:
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1724:
1712:. Retrieved
1710:(4): 405–427
1707:
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1676:. Retrieved
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979:11343/275315
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59:Please help
54:verification
51:
4526:by material
4387:Wishcycling
4337:Repurposing
4237:Downcycling
4189:Switzerland
4025:PET bottles
3973:Cooking oil
3958:Refrigerant
3689:competition
3646:Slow design
3596:Form factor
3566:Concept art
3375:HTML editor
3055:Sustainable
2890:For testing
2734:By contract
2590:Work design
2565:Drug design
2537:engineering
2411:Icon design
2389:Game design
2367:Interaction
2315:Sustainable
2248:Sustainable
2137:Type design
2114:Photography
2109:News design
2052:Book design
2047:Advertising
2026:Disciplines
1837:, 46 pages
1743:: 361–373.
1667:: 118–163.
839:2009/125/EC
658:Green roofs
582:Solar power
529:River Cubes
444:Related to
415:End-of-life
318:consumption
197:subject of
187:engineering
183:agriculture
146:table with
117:August 2020
4570:Categories
4531:by product
4521:by country
4438:Freeganism
4418:Composting
4392:Zero waste
4292:Precycling
4113:Collection
4103:Blue boxes
4005:Appliances
3849:Wiktionary
3842:Wikisource
3796:technology
3766:principles
3365:Storyboard
3191:management
3186:leadership
3151:Privacy by
2990:Parametric
2960:Metadesign
2930:Integrated
2920:High-level
2905:Generative
2900:Functional
2769:Continuous
2764:Contextual
2739:C-K theory
2699:Approaches
2441:Web design
2295:CMF design
2275:Industrial
2133:Typography
1800:26 January
1754:26 January
1714:26 January
1678:26 January
1638:26 January
1584:(1): 315.
848:Green roof
673:Ian McHarg
629:Hydropower
622:grey water
603:a design.
554:Decorating
484:Recyclable
409:Production
378:decoration
275:Since the
87:newspapers
18:Eco-design
4362:Upcycling
4356:Green Dot
4144:Australia
4132:Countries
4098:Blue bags
4086:Apparatus
4032:Computers
4015:Batteries
3908:Aluminium
3900:Materials
3892:Recycling
3835:Wikiquote
3821:Wikibooks
3771:rationale
3736:knowledge
3711:education
3631:OODA loop
3355:Prototype
3340:Flowchart
3298:Blueprint
3166:computing
3102:Universal
3050:Safe-life
2955:Low-level
2945:Iterative
2925:Inclusive
2910:Geodesign
2801:Defensive
2749:Co-design
2719:Affective
1633:154313068
1557:144299069
1429:158417495
1390:233312021
1318:232299084
1288:: 11–20.
1267:216490866
1259:1755-1315
1154:233709809
1105:146837158
996:236267636
988:2572-2611
710:John Todd
699:David Orr
406:Materials
385:designers
167:lifecycle
163:ecodesign
154:ecodesign
4516:Category
4401:See also
4220:Concepts
4179:Mongolia
4174:Malaysia
4077:Vehicles
4067:Textiles
3997:Products
3918:Concrete
3828:Wikinews
3761:paradigm
3741:language
3721:engineer
3716:elements
3706:director
3391:property
3236:thinking
3226:strategy
3211:research
3171:controls
3129:Empathic
3060:Systemic
3020:Rational
2975:New Wave
2789:Critical
2012:Designer
1508:: 33–40.
1485:: 17–27.
1310:33730655
765:See also
535:Clothing
288:issues,
205:Overview
4554:Commons
4159:Ireland
4020:Bottles
3953:Plastic
3913:Asphalt
3814:Commons
3786:studies
3731:history
3699:student
3684:classic
3672:Design
3586:.design
3514:Graphex
3216:science
3206:pattern
3201:methods
3176:culture
3159:Design
2970:Modular
2823:Diffuse
2744:Closure
2466:Ceramic
2124:Signage
2007:Outline
1841:(AIST).
1783:Bibcode
1456:Bibcode
1370:Bibcode
1290:Bibcode
1237:Bibcode
1132:Bibcode
666:History
591:Biomass
235:Waste (
101:scholar
4352:Symbol
4194:Taiwan
4164:Israel
4154:Canada
4149:Brazil
4047:Lumber
3968:Timber
3943:Gypsum
3933:Energy
3928:Cotton
3923:Copper
3791:studio
3776:review
3756:museum
3679:change
3487:Awards
3360:Sketch
3345:Mockup
3325:CAutoD
3266:Awards
3231:theory
3221:sprint
3196:marker
3161:choice
2535:&
2533:design
2369:design
2277:design
2159:design
2077:Motion
2039:design
1996:Design
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697:1994
452:, and
389:Brazil
256:online
189:, and
152:Brazil
103:
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4543:Index
4458:Waste
4342:Reuse
4169:Japan
4108:Codes
4072:Tires
4062:Ships
4057:Paint
4037:Drugs
3978:Water
3963:Scrap
3948:Paper
3938:Glass
3674:brief
3561:Agile
3280:Tools
3257:Tools
2895:For X
2531:Other
2450:Other
1908:. By
1698:(PDF)
1629:S2CID
1553:S2CID
1425:S2CID
1386:S2CID
1314:S2CID
1263:S2CID
1150:S2CID
1130:(4).
1101:S2CID
992:S2CID
730:2004
719:2000
686:1978
671:1971
412:Usage
108:JSTOR
94:books
4093:Bins
3751:load
3746:life
3726:firm
3313:CAID
3181:flow
3097:TRIZ
2985:Open
1914:ISBN
1896:ISBN
1882:ISBN
1831:ISBN
1802:2024
1756:2024
1716:2024
1680:2024
1640:2024
1337:ISBN
1306:PMID
1255:ISSN
1173:ISBN
984:ISSN
381:fair
316:and
296:and
80:news
3308:CAD
3288:AAD
3065:SOD
3045:RWD
2915:HCD
2382:EED
2231:EID
1791:doi
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1669:doi
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