Edward Bernays - Knowledge (XXG)

1189:"If you can influence the leaders, either with or without their conscious cooperation, you automatically influence the group which they sway", he said. In order to promote sales of bacon, for example, he conducted research and found that the American public ate very light breakfast of coffee, maybe a roll and orange juice. He went to his physician and found that a heavy breakfast was sounder from the standpoint of health than a light breakfast because the body loses energy during the night and needs it during the day. He asked the physician if he would be willing, at no cost, to write to 5,000 physicians and ask them whether their judgment was the same as his—confirming his judgment. About 4,500 answered back, all concurring that a more significant breakfast was better for the health of the American people than a light breakfast. He arranged for this finding to be published in newspapers throughout the country with headlines like '4,500 physicians urge bigger breakfast' while other articles stated that bacon and eggs should be a central part of breakfast and, as a result of these actions, the sale of bacon went up. 1249:

the twin of millions of others, so that when these millions are exposed to the same stimuli, all receive identical imprints. The amazing readiness with which large masses accept this process is probably accounted for by the fact that no attempt is made to convince them that black is white. Instead, their preconceived hazy ideas that a certain gray is almost black or almost white are brought into sharper focus. Their prejudices, notions, and convictions are used as a starting point, with the result that they are drawn by a thread into passionate adherence to a given mental picture.

1028:. The pretext for the ball and its unnamed underwriter was that proceeds would go to charity. Famous society women would attend wearing green dresses. Manufacturers and retailers of clothing and accessories were advised of the excitement growing around the color green. Intellectuals were enlisted to give highbrow talks on the theme of green. Before the ball had taken place, newspapers and magazines (encouraged in various ways by Bernays's office) had latched on to the idea that green was all the rage. 3743: 2139:, which reprinted parts of speeches and articles on public relations, sorted through new ideas in the field, and promoted the activities of the Bernays office. And she ghost-wrote scores of speeches and strategy papers that were delivered under her husband's name. It's easy to pick out her writings from among the many papers that Eddie Bernays left behind: they're the ones with rich vocabulary and poetic flourish, free from the more formal style that was his trademark." 3327:

of its soldiers.' In addition, there was a plethora of independent testimony such as that of the utility executive who told the F. T. C. that without the industry's propaganda 'state, municipal, and Government ownership would have been 100% ahead of what it is today; and Adolf Hitler's widely quoted comment that 'by sagacious and persistent use of propaganda heaven itself may be presented to a people as hell and, inversely, the most wretched existence as paradise.'"

960: 294: 3177:—only 'rubber stamping' by one propagandist or another, then one more duping does no harm to individual souls. And if Hitler had hit upon the techniques and used them for evil purposes, then that would be all the more reason—given the inevitability of these techniques being put into use and the inability of men to resist them—for those hoping to avoid the chaos to rush the techniques into use before evil could turn them into a triumph of fire." 3515: 3376: 1351: 1335: 2032: 3284:

answer to financial problems is 'to acquire an entire new set of outstanding human living symbols that will hold public confidence...Publicists, economists, leaders in research, the heads of great educational institutions can and should be made the human symbols to bring new faith and strength.' Journalists compared statements of that sort by Bernays to the thoughts of Goebbels or, alternately, Stalin."

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wrote, 'that the slender woman who, combining suppleness and grace with slenderness, who instead of overeating sweets and desserts, lights a cigarette, as the advertisements say, has created a new standard of female loveliness. . . I am interested in knowing if my own judgment concurs with that of others, and should be most happy to have your opinion on the subject.'"

2647:"'It is perfectly normal for women to want to smoke cigarettes', Brill advised. 'The emancipation of women has suppressed many of their feminine desires. More women now do the same work as men do. Many women bear no children; those who do bear have fewer children. Feminine traits are masked. Cigarettes, which are equated with men, become torches of freedom.' 2744:

retelling the tale got more colorful and his claims more sweeping. In his 1965 memoirs, for instance, he discussed the slow process of breaking down conventions like the taboo against women smoking. But by 1971 he was telling an oral historian at Columbia University that 'overnight the taboo was broken by one overt act,' the 1929 Easter Sunday march."

1062:) hired Bernays in the early 1940s for the purpose of promoting banana sales within the United States, which he did by linking bananas to good health and to American interests and by placing them strategically in the hands of celebrities, in hotels, and other conspicuous places. Bernays also argued that United Fruit needed to put a 1111:(a) a change in present U.S. ambassadorial and consular representation, (b) the imposition of congressional sanctions in this country against government aid to pro-Communist regimes, (c) U.S. government subsidizing of research by disinterested groups like the Brookings Institution into various phases of the problem. 672:(CPI) hired Bernays to work for its Bureau of Latin-American Affairs, based in an office in New York. Bernays, along with Lieutenant F. E. Ackerman, focused on building support for war, domestically and abroad, focusing especially on businesses operating in Latin America. Bernays referred to this work as " 3233:

noted that Bernays had written a preface to a book on public opinion and commented, 'Now that the art of Ivy Lee and Edward Bernays has been reduced to a science, and is receiving the attention of the Universities, we may soon look to a new crop of manipulators of the public will. Who knows, but that

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Tye (1998), pp. 1–3, 123–124. "Once she resolved to enter her husband's world of public relations, Doris did play a central role in building the Bernays empire, and when the press dubbed him the prince of publicity she could rightfully claim to be the princess. She made her mark first as a wordsmith,

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in the U.S., sending royalty money to his uncle in Vienna. Freud turned down further offers at promotion, such as a possible lecture tour and an invitation to write 3,000-word newspaper columns, for $ 1,000 each, on topics such as "The Wife's Mental Place in the Home" and "What a Child Thinks About."

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There was one basic lesson I learned in the CPI—that efforts comparable to those applied by the CPI to affect the attitudes of the enemy, of neutrals, and people of this country could be applied with equal facility to peacetime pursuits. In other words, what could be done for a nation at war could be

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Olasky (1984), p. 8. "Bernays' own public relations also tended to suffer when comparisons were made between his techniques and those of the Nazis. One book in 1934, for instance, criticized the techniques of propaganda 'carried into perfection by the Lord Northcliffes in wartime England, the Edward

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Tye (1998), p. 18. "Finally given his chance to serve, Eddie recruited Ford, International Harvester, and scores of other American firms to distribute literature on U.S. war aims to foreign contacts and post U.S. propaganda on the windows of 650 American offices overseas. He distributed postcards to

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Rather than retreating from the spotlight, Bernays continued to play up his ideas—for example, stating in a 1935 speech to the Financial Advertisers Association that strong men (including publicists) should become human symbols to lead the masses. On other occasions he tempered this message with the

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Marks (1957), p. 99. "And Bernays' word was respected. Said the Committee on Propaganda of the National Education Association, citing Bernays and, incidentally using another conventional metaphor, 'This continual and universal activity is regimenting the public mind as an army regiments the bodies

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That individual or organization may then propagandize it through its own channels because it is interested in it. In such a case, the point of origin then becomes that individual or organization. The public relations counsel, having made the link between the interest of his client and the interest

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Tye (1998), pp. 160–164. Tye notes: "The bureau even renamed the region, explaining that 'Middle America' was 'a rational and timely expansion of the phrase 'Central America,' which by long usage includes only the republics of Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama, and the

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Tye (1998), pp. 31–32. "One way he found citizens and specialists was by offering money. Sometimes it came as an honorarium, like the $ 100 he proposed paying 'a dietician talks on diet as the best means to produce moderate curves' and a 'physiologist induced to comment on benefits of modern trend

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Tye (1998), p. 39. "Vogelman signed up and invited fashion editors to the Waldorf for a Green Fashions Fall Luncheon with, of course, green menus featuring green beans, asparagus-tip salad, broiled French lamb chops with haricots verts and olivette potatoes, pistachio mousse glacé, green mints, and

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Ewen (1996), pp. 162–163. "During the war years, Bernays joined the army of publicists rallied under the banner of the CPI and concentrated on propaganda efforts aimed at Latin American business interests. Within this vast campaign of "psychological warfare", as he described it, Bernays—like others

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In 1934, Bernays was asked to deal with women's apparent reluctance to buy Lucky Strikes because their green and red package clashed with standard female fashions. When Bernays suggested changing the package to a neutral color, Hill refused, saying that he had already spent millions advertising the

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Because it should appear as news with no division of the publicity, actresses should be definitely out. On the other hand, if young women who stand for feminism—someone from the Women's Party, say—could be secured, the fact that the movement would be advertised too, would not be bad. . . While they

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Olasky (1984), pp. 8–9. "Bernays himself added some gasoline to this fire when he argued, as did Goebbels, for the necessity of strong men, human gods, to emerge as influencers of public opinion; for instance, in a speech to the Financial Advertisers Association in 1935, Bernays said that the main

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Tye (1998), pp. 23–26. "Bernays launched the campaign against sweets with his tried-and-true tactic of enlisting 'experts', in this case convincing Nickolas Muray, a photographer friend, to ask other photographers and artists to sing praises of the thin. 'I have come to the conclusion', Muray

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Sociological Fund Committee, then attracted members with an artful appeal that played on Bennett's reputation as an artist as well as the worthiness of battling prudishness. Among those who signed up were John D. Rockefeller, Jr., Mrs. William K. Vanderbilt Sr., Mr. and Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt,

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Tye (1998), pp. 6–7. "Bennett quickly accepted the offer, pumping up the young editor with visions of a crusade against Victorian mores, promising to recruit actors who would work without pay and prodding him to raise money for the production. Eddie was so excited that he volunteered to underwrite

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It is impossible to fundamentally grasp the social, political, economic and cultural developments of the past 100 years without some understanding of Bernays and his professional heirs in the public relations industry. PR is a 20th-century phenomenon, and Bernays—widely eulogized as the "father of

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Bernays touted the idea that the "masses" are driven by factors outside their conscious understanding, and therefore that their minds can and should be manipulated by the capable few. "Intelligent men must realize that propaganda is the modern instrument by which they can fight for productive ends

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But instead of a mind, universal literacy has given a rubber stamp, a rubber stamp inked with advertising slogans, with editorials, with published scientific data, with the trivialities of tabloids and the profundities of history, but quite innocent of original thought. Each man's rubber stamp is

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He recommended a campaign in which universities, lawyers, and the U.S. government would all condemn expropriation as immoral and illegal; the company should use media pressure "to induce the President and State Department to issue a policy pronouncement comparable to the Monroe Doctrine concerning

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Olasky (1984), p. 12. "Bernays, however, anticipated greater centralization in government and media, and the consequent growth of a new bureaucracy. He advocated governmental licensing of public relations counselors, or at the least a set pattern of formal, university training befitting those who

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Marks (1957), p. 82. "Bernays once spoke directly to the question of the ethics of a propagandist's speaking through a 'front.' There is no evidence that, at the time, he convinced anyone; but his position is worth considering as contrast to the prevailing judgment. While he readily admitted

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Tye (1998), pp. 33–34. "If he began by disguising his role in the battle to get women smoking, Bernays more than made up for that in later years. The parade story in particular became part of his repertoire on the speaking circuit and in scores of interviews until his death in 1995, and with each

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which is the true ruling power of our country. ...We are governed, our minds are molded, our tastes formed, our ideas suggested, largely by men we have never heard of. This is a logical result of the way in which our democratic society is organized. Vast numbers of human beings must cooperate in

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Marks (1957), p. 200 "By that time he had developed a keen sense of the threat from fascism and frequently urged that the democracies use propaganda in their own defense. It was in this context that Bernays began treating propaganda as synonymous with free speech and debate, as an unexceptional

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22(2), May 1942, p. 276. "Another section of the New York office, however, was especially concerned with publicity channels and publicity for the nations south of us. This was the division known as the Bureau of Latin-American Affairs, with Edward L. Bernays and Lieutenant F. E. Ackerman playing

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When he started working for American Tobacco Company, Bernays was given the objective of increasing Lucky Strike sales among women, who, for the most part, had formerly avoided smoking. The first strategy was to persuade women to smoke cigarettes instead of eating. Bernays began by promoting the

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Olasky (1984), pp. 13–14. "What Potter did not understand, though, is that the contradictions apparent to a classically-trained political scientist formed a seamless web in the new world of public relations that Bernays was proposing. If the 'individual common man' has no real individuality, as

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Throughout the job, Bernays concealed the fact that he was working for the American Tobacco Company, and succeeded in keeping his own name out of the affair as well. Staff were instructed never to mention his name. Third parties were used, and various notable people received payments to promote

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Tye (1998), p. 179. "And in 1956 Bernays came up with the idea of widely disseminating a comparison of the teachings of the Communists with those of the church. 'Hate is the driving force of communism,' the report concluded, whereas 'charity is the impelling motive of Christianity.' And under

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Tye (1998), p. 176. "His Library of Congress files show he remained a key source of information for the press, especially the liberal press, right through the takeover. In fact, as the invasion was commencing on June 18, his papers indicate hew as giving the 'first news anyone received on the

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Cutlip (1994), p. 165. "Bernays' release announced that the Official Press Mission to the Peace Conference was leaving the next day for Paris and instead of the narrow technical press support mission Creel had defined for the group, Bernays inserted this sentence: 'The announced object of the

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One way Bernays reconciled manipulation with liberalism was his claim that the human masses would inevitably succumb to manipulation—and therefore the good propagandists could compete with the evil, without incurring any marginal moral cost. In his view, "the minority which uses this power is

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to reasonable figure.' Then there was the $ 5000 he offered to donate to the favorite charity of Mrs. Charles Dana Gibson, wife of the creator of the renowned Gibson Girl illustrations, if she would agree to sign a statement saying 'she smoked Luckies and that they were kind to her throat.'"

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Miss Hunt issued the following communiqué from the smoke-clouded battlefield: 'I hope that we have started something and that these torches of freedom, with no particular brand favored, will smash the discriminatory taboo on cigarettes for women and that our sex will go on breaking down all

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featuring freedom fighters from Poland, Czechoslovakia, and other states that were anxious to break free of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. And to counter German propaganda he had American propaganda printed in Spanish and Portuguese and inserted into export journals sent across Latin America.

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Tye (1998), pp. 27–28. "Bernays understood they were up against a social taboo that cast doubt on the character of women who smoked, but he wasn't sure of the basis of the inhibition or how it could be overcome. So he got Hill to agree to pay for a consultation with Dr. A. A. Brill, a

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Tye (1998), pp. 164–165. Tye's source for Bernays's $ 100,000 fee is probably Thomas McCann, whom he quotes on p. 178 as saying: "My estimate is we were spending in excess of $ 100,000 a year for Edward L. Bernays, just for his consulting services, which was an enormous amount of money in

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Not only psychology but sociology played an important role for the public relations counsel, according to Bernays. The individual is "a cell organized into the social unit. Touch a nerve at a sensitive spot and you get an automatic response from certain specific members of the organism."

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possibly the leading roles. That organization appealed especially to American firms doing business in Latin America, and secured their cooperation. In addition to means already cited, this section utilized various kinds of educators, especially as a medium of distributing pamphlets."

440:(1945), which outlines the science of managing information released to the public by an organization, in a manner most advantageous to the organization. He does this by first providing an overview of the history of public relations, and then provides insight into its application. 1200:(1938) that Bernays had offered a solution to popular skepticism of business which arose in the depression: better "to implant an idea in a group leader's mind and let him spread it than to write up an idea and send it to the papers as a release, in the old-fashioned way...". 3706: 976:

itself, using photographers, artists, newspapers, and magazines to promote the special beauty of thin women. Medical authorities were found to promote the choice of cigarettes over sweets. Home-makers were cautioned that keeping cigarettes on hand was a social necessity.

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Much of Bernays' reputation today stems from his persistent public relations campaign to build his own reputation as "America's No. 1 Publicist". During his active years, many of his peers in the industry were offended by Bernays' continuous self-promotion. According to

1073:. Bernays resented this change but stayed on with the company, for a reported annual fee of more than $ 100,000 (equivalent to nearly $ 1.27 million in 2023). Bernays worked on the national press and successfully drummed up coverage of Guatemala's 'Communist menace'. 3162:

Olasky (1985), p. 19; Olasky (1984), p. 19, f. 40. "Bernays emphasized that in a large scale society there were only two choices: manipulation or social chaos. He saw history moving in a certain direction and public relations practitioners obliged to climb on the

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The Bernays family moved from Vienna to the United States in the 1890s. After Ely Bernays started working as a grain exporter at the Manhattan Produce Exchange, he sent for his wife and children. In 1892, his family moved to New York City, where Bernays attended

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linked American and German-style public relations in 1935 when it noted that 'Hitler, by making what Bernays calls "Devils" for the German masses to look down upon, has aroused the acclaim of the more easily swayed masses.' A 1934 article by Abraham H. Cohen in

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Later, however, she changed her mind and her name, becoming Doris Bernays. By all accounts, Fleischman played a major though quiet role in the Bernays public relations business—including ghost-writing numerous memos and speeches, and publishing a newsletter.

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Propaganda is the voice of the people in the democracy of today because it gives everyone an opportunity to present his point of view. Fascist or Communist societies have no alternate propagandas; they must accept the official propagandas of those in power.

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to argue against women wearing corsets with stays and to encourage shower baths; they published expert opinions on health controversies, a relatively novel approach; and they distributed free copies to most of the 137,000 licensed physicians in the United

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crème de menthe. The head of the Hunter College art department gave a talk entitled "Green in the Work of Great Artists," and a noted psychologist enlightened guests on the psychological implications of the color green. The press took note, with the

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While opinions ranged negative to positive, there was widespread agreement that propaganda had a powerful effect on the public mind. According to John Stauber and Sheldon Rampton, in a published review of Larry Tye's biography of Bernays:

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The first campaign succeeded; women smoked more cigarettes; American Tobacco Company brought in more revenue; and Lucky Strike led the market in growth. But a taboo remained on women smoking in public. Bernays consulted with psychoanalyst

2649:"That rang a bell for Bernays. Why not organize a parade of prominent women lighting their 'torches of freedom'? And do it on Easter Sunday, a holiday symbolizing freedom of spirit, on Fifth Avenue, America's most prestigious promenade?" 2561:... at han vilde engagere den kendte Public Relations Ekspert Edward L. Bernays til at være Raadgiver. ... Resultatet blev Dannelsen af "American Friends of Danish Freedom and Democracy", et Navn foreslaaet af Mr. Bernays, som mente, ... 1222:

to design its public persuasion campaigns: "If we understand the mechanism and motives of the group mind, is it not possible to control and regiment the masses according to our will without their knowing about it? The recent practice of

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should be goodlooking, they should not be too 'model-y.' Three for each church covered should be sufficient. Of course they are not to smoke simply as they come down the church steps. They are to join in the Easter parade, puffing away.

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the cooperation of a third party, he argued that it is perfectly legitimate for him to enlist the aid of a third party and conceal the relationship. The third party becomes a new advocate, not a subsidiary of the first. He continued:

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communism 'there is no moral law' and 'no personal liberty,' whereas in Christianity 'the moral law is the way which man is created to follow' and 'free will means liberty is possible, the liberty of the sons of God to do the right.'"

1131:. In January 1952 he brought a cohort of journalists from various notable newspapers on a tour of Guatemala, sponsored by the company. This technique proved highly effective and was repeated four more times. In June, 1954, the U.S. 5245: 3680: 2330:

headlined the story: 'TO INTERPRET AMERICAN IDEALS.' George Creel was furious; already in a battle with Congress, Creel knew that this would add fat to the fire. He disavowed the story. Nonetheless, it hastened the demise of the

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did. A pivotal figure in the orchestration of elaborate corporate advertising campaigns and multi-media consumer spectacles, he is among those listed in the acknowledgments section of the seminal government social science study

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Tye (1998), pp. 30–31. "The actual march went off more smoothly than even its scriptwriters imagined. Ten young women turned out, marching down Fifth Avenue with their lighted 'torches of freedom,' and the newspapers loved it.

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as a basis for his destructive campaign against the Jews of Germany. This shocked me. ...Obviously the attack on the Jews of Germany was no emotional outburst of the Nazis, but a deliberate, planned campaign.

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Olasky (1985), p. 17. "...his belief that behind-the-scenes controllers should exercise 'social responsibility' by devising clever public relations campaigns to direct 'human herds' into appropriate corals."

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thinking, we are dominated by the relatively small number of persons... who understand the mental processes and social patterns of the masses. It is they who pull the wires which control the public mind.

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Bernays, who pursued his calling in New York City from 1919 to 1963, styled himself a "public relations counsel". He had very pronounced views on the differences between what he did and what people in

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Describing the response to his campaign for Ivory Soap, Bernays wrote: "As if actuated by the pressure of a button, people began working for the client instead of the client begging people to buy."

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had all published articles describing the threat of Communism in Guatemala. A Bernays memo in July 1951 recommended that this wave of media attention should be translated into action by promoting:

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on the banana-growing countries themselves, and for this purpose created a front group called the Middle America Information Bureau, which supplied information to journalists and academics.

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Edward and his wife, Doris Fleischman, were nonpracticing, highly assimilated, wealthy German-American Jews, and Anne grew up a self-professed hothouse flower on New York's Upper East Side.

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examined profit figures in 1935 and then called Bernays 'the outstanding counsel on public relations in the United States today, a profession he was largely instrumental in creating.'"

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in 1933 noted that '...at 1 Wall St., there is Edw. L. Bernays, nephew of Sigmund Freud, who has probably made more money out of applied psycho-analysis than all Vienna ever saw.' The

850:. He was chairman of the National Advisory Committee of the Third U.S. War Loan, co-chairman of the Victory Book campaign, and part of the New York State Defense Council. During the 687:, the "announced object of the expedition is 'to interpret the work of the Peace Conference by keeping up a worldwide propaganda to disseminate American accomplishments and ideals.'" 2686: 359:, and referred to in his obituary as "the father of public relations". His best-known campaigns include a 1929 effort to promote female smoking by branding cigarettes as feminist " 1397:

In the 1930s, his critics became more harsh. As the leading figure in public relations and a notorious advocate of "propaganda", Bernays was compared to European fascists such as

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and his propaganda plans to consolidate Nazi power. Goebbels had shown Wiegand his propaganda library, the best Wiegand had ever seen. Goebbels, said Wiegand, was using my book

3673: 5215: 1787:, a middle initial that was not on his birth record in Vienna. It apparently stood for Louis, although even his daughters aren't sure, since he didn't like to talk about it. 2774:

colony of British Honduras.' Middle America would include those countries, along with Mexico and the Caribbean island republics of Cuba, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic."

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The "Father of Public Relations and Spin" and nephew of Sigmund Freud Edward L. Bernays (1890–1995), was also hired by the Friends of Danish Freedom and Democracy as a ...

816:, in his candidacy for mayor of New York City, on how to appear in front of different demographics. For example, he should tell Irish voters about his actions against the 2673:

Go on they did. During the following days women were reported to be taking to the streets, lighted cigarettes in hand, in Boston and Detroit, Wheeling and San Francisco."

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expedition is to interpret the work of the Peace Conference by keeping up a worldwide propaganda to disseminate American accomplishments and ideals.' Two days later, the

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Tye (1998), p. 147. "Feeling he was too short, at 5 feet 4 inches, Eddie seemed determined to make everything else larger than life. He even inflated his name with an

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predicted a "Green Autumn," and one of the wire services wrote about "fall fashions stalking the forests for their color note, picking green as the modish fall wear."

1169:, giving advice for his public appearances both in Guatemala and in the U.S. In 1956, Bernays produced a pamphlet comparing the Communist way and the Christian way. 1763: 3103:

Any person or organization depends ultimately on public approval, and is therefore faced with the problem of engineering the public's consent to a program or goal.

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What the British Think of Us: A Study of British Hostility to America and Americans and Its Motivation, with Recommendations for Improving Anglo-American Relations

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idea that, while propaganda is inevitable, the democratic system allows a pluralism of propaganda, while fascist systems offer only a single official propaganda.

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Italian soldiers at the front so they could boost morale at home, and he planted propaganda behind the German lines to sow dissent. He organized rallies at

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has proved that it is possible, at least up to a certain point and within certain limits." He later called this scientific technique of opinion-molding the

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campaign to portray military defeat as a foregone conclusion. During the coup itself, Bernays was the primary supplier of information for the international

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in 1912. They took editorial positions in favor of showers and against corsets, and distributed free copies to thousands of physicians across the country.

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for various performers and performances. Already, he was using a variety of techniques that would become hallmarks of his later practice. He promoted the

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would form a latter-day mandarin class. Bernays also tried to enlist proponents of greater economic centralization in his public-relations planning.

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and sent it to 250 journalists, some of whom used it as a source for their reporting. Bernays formed close relationships with journalists including

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Aux origines du coup d'État de 1954 au Guatemala : le rôle de la United Fruit Company dans la préparation du soulèvement contre Jacobo Arbenz

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this manner if they are to live together as a smoothly functioning society. ...In almost every act of our daily lives, whether in the sphere of

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Bernays attracted positive and negative attention for his grand statements about the role of public relations in society. Reviewers praised

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At the same time, Bernays was praised for his apparent success, wisdom, foresight, and influence as an originator of public relations.

398:(1928) gained special attention as early efforts to define and theorize the field of public relations. Citing works of writers such as 5305: 5300: 5200: 4398: 3449:". Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, 6 August 1984; (ERIC). 1986: 542:

journal. Then he worked at the New York City Produce Exchange, where his father was a grain exporter. He went to Paris and worked for

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Bernays argued that the covert use of third parties was morally legitimate because those parties were morally autonomous actors.

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Olasky (1984), p. 9. "Bernays was able to overcome criticism partly because there was, for many, little arguing with success.

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I offered to help organize the Friends of Danish Freedom and Democracy, made up for the most part of Americans of Danish ...

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feature of democracy itself rather than as its antithesis. As a participant on 'Town Meeting of the Air' in 1937 he said,

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public relations" at the time of his death in 1995—played a major role in defining the industry's philosophy and methods.

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The conscious and intelligent manipulation of the organized habits and opinions of the masses is an important element in

5310: 5280: 5250: 4037: 3965: 3770: 1585: 1449: 1380: 906: 898: 889:

Bernays also worked on behalf of many nonprofit institutions and organizations. These included, to name just a few, the

680: 388: 127: 3777: 3452:

Olasky, Marvin. "Bringing 'Order Out of Chaos": Edward Bernays and the Salvation of Society Through Public Relations".

3439:

Marks, Barry Alan. "The Idea of Propaganda in America." PhD dissertation accepted at the University of Minnesota, 1957.

1375:, "Bernays was a brilliant person who had a spectacular career, but, to use an old-fashioned word, he was a braggart." 1008:

The march went as planned, as did the ensuing publicity, with ripples of women smoking prominently across the country.

5164: 4585: 4284: 3919: 1132: 4355: 1914: 4371: 3631: 3518: 3468: 2009: 1580: 1228: 1159: 1155: 821: 508: 151: 2246: 894: 5255: 4835: 4454: 4080: 4045: 2877: 1753: 1605: 839: 785: 762: 623: 611: 4301: 4171: 4149: 3872: 2132: 1689: 953: 941: 347: 80: 3692:

are located in the Northeastern University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections Department, Boston, MA.

2229:"In short, he helped win America over to an unpopular war using precisely the techniques he'd used to promote 487:'s sister, and his father Eli (1860–1921) was the brother of Freud's wife, Martha Bernays; their grandfather, 1339:

Discussion with Edward Bernays (age 97) at the American University School of Communications, January 23, 1989

1338: 948:, which involved mocking the endorsements of opera singers who said Lucky Strikes were "kind to your voice". 5240: 5045: 4994: 4855: 4850: 4494: 1730: 1630: 1553: 1085: 1063: 640: 607: 580: 467: 436: 143: 1519:

Careers for Men: A Practical Guide to Opportunity in Business, Written by Thirty-Eight Successful Americans

587:

support your praiseworthy intention to fight sex-pruriency in the United States by producing Brieux's play

5235: 4706: 4578: 4383: 3912: 3830: 2900: 1025: 949: 731:

to help convince the public, among other things, that bacon and eggs was the true all-American breakfast.

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churning out press releases and polished stories on clients ranging from the U.S. War Department to the

1977: 1618: 1359:

with Anne Bernays (daughter of Edward Bernays) and NYU professor Mark Crispin Miller, September 29, 2004

1166: 1144: 1140: 1037:

smoking publicly as if on their own initiative. Decades later, however, Bernays boasted about his role.

673: 543: 1309:

Unlike some other early public relations practitioners, Bernays advocated centralization and planning.

1306:

increasingly intelligent, and works more and more on behalf of ideas that are socially constructive."

679:

After fighting ended, Bernays was part of a sixteen-person publicity group working for the CPI at the

656:, wearing a tight-fitting dress, at the Bronx Zoo, posed with a large snake. He built up opera singer 5190: 5185: 5004: 4264: 4241: 4061: 1672: 1273: 1055: 567: 434:

to control them in desired ways. Bernays later synthesized many of these ideas in his postwar book,

379:, and for government agencies, politicians, and nonprofit organizations. His uncle was psychoanalyst 364: 3379: 1827: 742:

were sanitary, by linking the imagery of an overflowing cup with subliminal images of genitalia and

5139: 4951: 4825: 4739: 4470: 4210: 3958: 1136: 1070: 1040:

Bernays did not smoke cigarettes himself, and persistently tried to induce his wife Doris to quit.

519: 372: 660:

as an idol whose voice was so sensitive that comically extreme measures were taken to protect it.

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United Fruit shut down the Middle America Information Bureau in 1948 under the new presidency of

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Bernays later described a realization that his work for the CPI could also be used in peacetime:

619: 512: 360: 254: 92: 3695: 3585: 2375: 967:, a photographer enlisted by Bernays to help popularize feminine thinness and cigarette smoking 813: 579:. After publishing a positive review of the play, Bernays and Robinson wrote to its lead actor, 3087: 5098: 4916: 4891: 4804: 4711: 4691: 4655: 4635: 4620: 4486: 4350: 4221: 4189: 3738: 3701:

Edward L. Bernays tells the story of "Torches of Freedom" in his own words – video clip – 1999

3614: 3490: 3473: 3430: 3413: 3248: 3140: 3071: 3025: 2831: 2823: 2580: 2525: 2406: 2285: 2279: 1893: 1868: 1589: 1496: 1487: 1458: 1442: 1390: 1291: 792:

performed on the White House lawn. The event was widely reported by American newspapers, with

615: 523: 394: 293: 135: 2754: 2400: 1525:

Speak Up for Democracy: What You Can Do—A Practical Plan of Action for Every American Citizen

606:

Sociological Fund Committee" and successfully solicited the support of such elite figures as

554:

Following a meeting in New York with school friend Fred Robinson, Bernays became coeditor of

5144: 5113: 5066: 5009: 4974: 4946: 4921: 4865: 4799: 4759: 4645: 4630: 4233: 4164: 3747: 3261: 3063: 2361: 1573: 1528: 1492: 1196:

Businesses found these covert methods irresistible. Strother Walker and Paul Sklar wrote in

1151: 1119:

to every member of Congress and to national "opinion molders". They also published a weekly

1103: 874: 743: 645: 595: 576: 427: 376: 352: 308: 168: 106: 2190:

Dr. William Jay Schieffelin, whose company had recently brought to America a treatment for

959: 5154: 5019: 4989: 4941: 4718: 4425: 4333: 3997: 3846: 3660: 3643: 3638: 3610: 3607:

Political Commentators in the United States in the 20th Century: A Bio-Critical Sourcebook

3538: 3459: 3344: 3265: 3255: 2904: 2884: 2838: 2761: 2690: 2464: 2444: 2386: 2382: 2268:

of his generation—began to develop an expanded sense of publicity and its practical uses."

2250: 1942: 1612: 1398: 1237: 1219: 1215: 1128: 1091: 1021: 773: 683:. A scandal arose from his reference to propaganda in a press release. As reported by the 444: 407: 403: 62: 3683:

as part of "Prosperity and Thrift: The Coolidge Era and the Consumer Economy, 1921–1929".

2351: 1475:

An Outline of Careers: A Practical Guide to Achievement by Thirty-Eight Eminent Americans

3337: 2437: 2107: 1828:"Edward Bernays, 'Father of Public Relations' And Leader in Opinion Making, Dies at 103" 1798:"Edward Bernays, 'Father of Public Relations' And Leader in Opinion Making, Dies at 103" 443:

Bernays was named one of the 100 most influential Americans of the twentieth century by

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stage play by tying it in with the cause of charity for orphans. To create interest in

500: 492: 431: 399: 234: 30: 3469:

Trust Us, We're Experts! How Industry Manipulates Science and Gambles With Your Future

2921:

situation' to the Associated Press, United Press, the International News Service, and

2579:. Institute for International Studies, Department for Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 5179: 5050: 5029: 4625: 4601: 4529: 4410: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4197: 4119: 3935: 3796: 3627: 3442: 3083: 2976:"Edward L. Bernays tells the story of making bacon & eggs all-American Breakfast" 2963:

of the third party, no longer need figure in the resulting expression to the public.

2518: 2223: 1436: 1310: 1115:

Per Bernays's strategy, United Fruit distributed favorable articles and an anonymous

993: 937: 878: 870: 817: 789: 728: 657: 599: 488: 484: 423: 411: 380: 249: 244: 239: 3656: 1562:

Your Place at the Peace Table. What You Can Do to Win a Lasting United Nations Peace

1354: 415: 5159: 5149: 4931: 4840: 4830: 4696: 4670: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4506: 4393: 4296: 4274: 4202: 3534: 3463: 3406: 1405:. (Bernays wrote in his 1965 autobiography that Goebbels read and used his books.) 1402: 1372: 945: 835: 652:, he educated Americans about the subtleties of ballet—and publicized a picture of 419: 204: 3757:

LETTER TO MR. EDWARD L. BERNAYS FROM <Sanitized> RDP80B01676R003800020084-9

3753:

LETTER TO MR. EDWARD L. BERNAYS FROM <Sanitized> RDP80B01676R003800020083-0

3114:

Bernays, "The Minority Rules" (1927), pp. 150, 151; cited in Marks (1957), p. 116.

2574: 2543: 5024: 4845: 4782: 4754: 4675: 4549: 3820: 3561: 3422: 2194:, and the Reverent John Haynes Holmes of New York's Unitarian Community Church." 1999: 1607:

Survey of the World's Greatest Square Mile: Manhattan Island Below Fulton Street

705: 635: 496: 462: 116: 3734: 3544:

Toxic Sludge Is Good For You: Lies, Damn Lies and the Public Relations Industry

3067: 2447:", address by Bernays to the Merchant's Association of New York, April 7, 1937. 1972: 956:, which made Lucky Strike, promptly hired Bernays away from Liggett and Myers. 5103: 4936: 4787: 4660: 4640: 4519: 4311: 4306: 3950: 3867: 3815: 3700: 3565: 3125: 2975: 1241: 1224: 1172:

In 1959, United Fruit dispensed with all external advisors including Bernays.

369:

CIA-orchestrated overthrow of the democratically elected Guatemalan government

356: 272: 3186:

Bernays, "The Minority Rules" (1927), p. 155; quoted in Marks (1957), p. 182.

3075: 1272:

society. Those who manipulate this unseen mechanism of society constitute an

351:; November 22, 1891 − March 9, 1995) was an American pioneer in the field of 5083: 4792: 4665: 4650: 4279: 3482: 3446: 2887:", Paper presented at AEJMC National Convention, Washington DC; August 2007. 1269: 1165:

Following the coup, Bernays built up the image of Guatemala's new president

866: 781: 735: 450: 276: 3543: 3401:

Biography of an Idea: Memoirs of Public Relations Counsel Edward L. Bernays

1632:

The Case for Reappraisal of U.S. Overseas Information Policies and Programs

1244:, arguing that predictable elements could be manipulated for mass effects: 1922: 1727:"Emergence of the Public Relations Counsel: Principles and Recollections." 1462: 831:, suggesting this name as preferable to the "Committee for Unemployment". 4999: 3224:

Bernays in industrial America, and the Dr. Goebbels in fascist Germany.'

2191: 2135:. She also conceived of, wrote, and edited a four-page newsletter called 1278: 1148: 1097: 1020:

The centerpiece of his efforts was the Green Ball, a social event at the

851: 3711:(Library of Congress reproduction from The Forum Magazine, March, 1929)" 634:

After his foray into the world of theater, Bernays worked as a creative

515:

with a degree in agriculture, but chose journalism as his first career.

371:

in 1954. He worked for dozens of major American corporations, including

5108: 5014: 4969: 4228: 4215: 3810: 3689: 3487:

The Father of Spin: Edward L. Bernays and the Birth of Public Relations

2980: 2548:(in Danish). Udgivet af Dansk samvirke hos E. Munksgaard. p. 143. 2243: 1739: 1726: 1720: 1707: 1681: 1668: 1593: 1282: 546:, reading grain cables. By December 1912, he had returned to New York. 3762: 3725: 598:

and prostitution—Bernays called it "a propaganda play that fought for

4269: 3729: 3522: 3447:

Reception of Edward Bernays' Doctrine of 'Manipulating Public Opinion

3390: 1362: 1342: 526:, a group which encouraged women to keep their names after marriage. 58: 1384:(1923) as a pioneering study of the importance of something called 5246:

Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences alumni

3793: 2645:

psychoanalyst and disciple of Bernays's uncle, Dr. Sigmund Freud.

1394:(1928) drew more criticism for its advocacy of mass manipulation. 958: 2076:"Doris Fleischman Bernays Dead; Pioneer Public Relations Counsel" 824:. To Jews he should appear as a committed opponent of the Nazis. 4570: 4559: 3904: 3531:

American National Biography v. 2, Oxford University Press, 1999.

1669:"The Marketing of National Policies: A Study of War Propaganda." 1017:

package. Bernays then worked to make green a fashionable color.

862: 798:

running the story under the headline "President Nearly Laughs".

480: 4574: 3908: 3766: 2897: 738:

campaign was designed to convince American consumers that only

3055:

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

1701:

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

458: 772:

In 1924 Bernays set up a vaudeville "pancake breakfast" for

314: 3551:

Biography of an Idea: Memoirs of a Public Relations Counsel

2684:

Group of Girls Puff at Cigarettes as a Gesture of 'Freedom'

1302:

Propaganda was portrayed as the only alternative to chaos.

944:

cigarettes. He pulled a stunt against the competing brand,

457:(1999) and later an award-winning 2002 documentary for the 323: 3234:

a new American Goebbels...is now pouring over this book."

2925:, with contacts intensifying over the next several days." 2878:

Covering a Coup: The American Press and Guatemala in 1954

2520:

Biography of an idea: memoirs of public relations counsel

1620:

Biography of an Idea: Memoirs of Public Relations Counsel

1317:"a clear appeal for a form of mild corporate socialism." 1214:

Bernays pioneered the public relations industry's use of

622:, and Anne Harriman Sands Rutherford Vanderbilt, wife of 2820:

The CIA in Guatemala: The Foreign Policy of Intervention

2350:

President's Research Committee on Social Trends (1933).

2281:

Selling the Great War: The Making of American Propaganda

3652:– 4th impression, with postscript. New York, MacMillan. 2822:; University of Texas Press, 1982; 9th printing, 2004; 695:

done for organizations and people in a nation at peace.

2720:

headline reading, "It looks like a Green Winter." The

1139:. The CIA backed a minimal military force, fronted by 963:"Girl in Red" advertisement for Lucky Strike; shot by 921:

In 1920, Bernays organized the publication of Freud's

4135:

Some Character-Types Met with in Psycho-Analytic Work

3338:

Father of Spin: Edward L. Bernays and the Birth of PR

3243:

Bernays (1965), p. 652. Quoted in Dennis W. Johnson,

2573:

Jensen, Mette Bastholm; Jensen, Steven L. B. (2003).

2033:"A Birthday Salute to the Father of Public Relations" 538:

After graduating from Cornell, Bernays wrote for the

426:—and he outlined how skilled practitioners could use 335: 326: 320: 3690:

Edward L. Bernays papers, 1982–1998 (bulk 1993–1995)

3586:"Freud's Nephew and the Origins of Public Relations" 2376:"Freud's Nephew and the Origins of Public Relations" 1938:"A literary couple's muted memoir of 1950s New York" 1547:

Psychological Blueprint for the Peace—Canada, U.S.A.

311: 5231:

Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to the United States

5132: 5076: 5038: 4960: 4909: 4874: 4818: 4775: 4768: 4732: 4684: 4608: 4505: 4444: 4364: 4250: 4182: 4072: 3942: 3881: 3860: 3839: 3803: 3507: 3368: 1658:"Manipulating Public Opinion: The Why and the How." 1327: 449:. He was the subject of a full-length biography by 317: 286: 268: 230: 213: 194: 162: 99: 88: 69: 40: 21: 2517: 1860: 1535:Future of Private Enterprise in the Post-War World 820:—and Italian voters about his plans to reform the 3315:Bulletin of the Financial Advertisers Association 2438:The New York world's fair, a symbol for democracy 2039:(Nassau ed.). Part II p. 78. Archived from 3295: 3259: 2960: 2005:Sigmund Freud and the Jewish Mystical Tradition 1418: 1266: 1246: 1187: 1109: 1001: 692: 3410:The Unseen Power: Public Relations. A History. 3144:(1928), p. 159. Quoted in Olasky (1984), p. 3. 3129:(1928), p. 28; quoted in Olasky (1985), p. 20. 2795:"CPI Inflation Calculator – $ 100,000 in 1948" 2284:. St. Martin's Publishing Group. p. 200. 829:President's Emergency Committee for Employment 4586: 3920: 3778: 3657:Karl Rove & the Spectre of Freud's Nephew 891:Committee on Publicity Methods in Social Work 16:American public relations pioneer (1891–1995) 8: 4112:Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood 4022:Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego 3707:"Everett Dean Martin and Edward L. Bernays, 3472:. New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Putnam, 2001. 1764:Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes 1634:(Incorporating Congressman Fascell's Report) 723:Public relations campaigns of Edward Bernays 3990:Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious 2814: 2812: 2630: 2628: 2542:Hasselriis, Caspar Henrik Wolffsen (1959). 565:Two months later they took up the cause of 5216:American people of Austrian-Jewish descent 4772: 4593: 4579: 4571: 4128:The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement 4014:The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement 3927: 3913: 3905: 3785: 3771: 3763: 3245:Routledge Handbook of Political Management 2997: 2995: 1513:Universities—Pathfinders in Public Opinion 1281:or business, in our social conduct or our 805:consulted with Bernays a month before the 483:family. His mother, Anna (1858–1955), was 29: 18: 3566:"Century Of Self. 1-1 Happiness Machines" 2849: 2847: 2353:Recent Social Trends in the United States 2060: 2058: 1077:expropriation." In the following months, 903:New York Infirmary for Women and Children 711:Recent Social Trends in the United States 3630:column on his interview with Bernays at 3605:Nimmo, Dan D.; Chevelle Newsome (1997). 2872: 2870: 2868: 2493: 2491: 1973:"Psychoanalysis shapes consumer culture" 776:to change his stuffy image prior to the 522:in 1922. Fleischman was a member of the 4142:Thoughts for the Times on War and Death 4088:Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality 3429:New York: Basic Books (Perseus), 1996. 2467:" typescript, prepared 8 February 1962. 2402:Silent Film Comedy and American Culture 2255:The Hispanic American Historical Review 1776: 1481:Verdict of Public Opinion on Propaganda 1263:and help to bring order out of chaos." 924:Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis 911:Friends of Danish Freedom and Democracy 479:Edward Bernays was born in Vienna to a 4096:Delusion and Dream in Jensen's Gradiva 3649:Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War 3504: 3365: 3354::2, Second Quarter, 1999 (p. 11). 3024:. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Ig Pub. p. 47. 2954:that a propagandist may not ethically 1687:"Attitude Polls—Servants or Masters?" 1324: 1210:Social engineering (political science) 499:of Hamburg and a relative of the poet 3759:", 1958, Central Intelligence Agency, 3676:at Library of Congress (finding aid) 2031:Colford, Paul D. (December 5, 1991). 1840:from the original on January 24, 2018 1808:from the original on 12 November 2020 1712:Industrial and Labor Relations Review 346: 184: 7: 3982:The Psychopathology of Everyday Life 3336:Stauber, John and Sheldon Rampton. " 2244:The Creel Committee in Latin America 2172:Rampton & Stauber (2001), p. 44. 2148:Tye (1998), pp. 5–6. "They used the 1708:"An Educational Program for Unions." 1127:reporter Will Lissner and columnist 936:In 1927, Bernays worked briefly for 594:The play controversially dealt with 5271:Jewish American non-fiction writers 3403:New York: Simon and Schuster, 1965. 3894:Remington Rand strike of 1936–1937 3412:Hove, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1994. 3247:, (New York: Routledge, 2009), p. 2405:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 16. 2088:from the original on July 23, 2018 1987:American Psychological Association 1566:New York: The Gerent Press (1945). 1541:Democratic Leadership in Total War 1315:Take Your Place at the Peace Table 1135:effected a coup d'état code-named 907:Committee for Consumer Legislation 899:Book Publishers Research Institute 861:Bernays reported turning down the 749:He was publicity director for the 668:After the US entered the war, the 14: 5261:DeWitt Clinton High School alumni 5211:American male non-fiction writers 4104:Creative Writers and Day-Dreaming 3258:n. 3; and in Tye (1998), p. 111. 3045:Bernays, Edward L. (March 1947). 367:in the 1950s, connected with the 5226:American public relations people 5089:Concentration of media ownership 4054:Civilization and Its Discontents 3744:Works by or about Edward Bernays 3513: 3374: 2988:from the original on 2021-11-18. 2298:from the original on May 8, 2020 2181:Tye (1998), p. 8. "The key with 1640:, eds. New York: Praeger (1970). 1349: 1333: 856:United States Information Agency 727:Bernays used ideas of his uncle 307: 292: 5206:American foreign policy writers 3679:Some Bernays papers at LOC are 3572:from the original on 2021-11-18 3010:Quoted in Olasky (1984), p. 10. 2593:from the original on 2016-04-24 2552:from the original on 2016-05-24 2419:from the original on 2020-05-07 1950:from the original on 2018-09-11 1734:, vol. 45, no.3 (Autumn 1971). 1600:Your Future in Public Relations 670:Committee on Public Information 180: 4006:Introduction to Psychoanalysis 2524:. Simon and Schuster. p. 1693:, vol. 9, no. 3 (Autumn 1945). 1654:(Apr. 1927), pp. 150–155. 756: 591:. You can count on our help." 183: 1922; died 1: 4158:Beyond the Pleasure Principle 3709:Are We Victims of Propaganda? 3696:Torches of Freedom Video Clip 3427:PR! A Social History of Spin. 2853:Tye (1998), pp. 167–170. 2084:. Metropolitan Report p. 22. 1936:Lavin, Maud (July 21, 2002). 1921:. Basic Books. Archived from 1715:, vol. 1, no. 1 (Oct. 1947). 1697:"The Engineering of Consent." 1676:, vol. 6, no. 3 (Jan. 1942). 1662:American Journal of Sociology 1060:Chiquita Brands International 717:Notable clients and campaigns 560:Dietetic and Hygienic Gazette 422:as irrational and subject to 223:Anna (Freud) Bernays (mother) 4038:The Question of Lay Analysis 3967:The Interpretation of Dreams 3383:interview with Larry Tye on 3270:Crystallizing Public Opinion 3047:"The Engineering of Consent" 2074:Cook, Joan (July 12, 1980). 1971:Held, Lisa (December 2009). 1919:PR! A Social History Of Spin 1863:Crystallizing Public Opinion 1665:, vol. 33, no. 6 (May 1928). 1586:University of Oklahoma Press 1450:Crystallizing Public Opinion 1381:Crystallizing Public Opinion 895:Jewish Mental Health Society 571:, an English translation of 511:. In 1912 he graduated from 389:Crystallizing Public Opinion 128:Crystallizing Public Opinion 2516:Bernays, Edward L. (1965). 2497:Tye (1998), pp. 84–85. 2456:Tye (1998), pp 77–79. See " 1507:This Business of Propaganda 1133:Central Intelligence Agency 1050:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 700:Counsel on public relations 5327: 5296:Public relations theorists 5221:American political writers 3068:10.1177/000271624725000116 2797:. CPI Inflation Calculator 2010:Princeton University Press 1584:(as contributor). Norman: 1581:The Engineering of Consent 1469:A Public Relations Counsel 1207: 1160:International News Service 1156:United Press International 1047: 1044:United Fruit and Guatemala 984: 807:1932 presidential election 760: 751:1939 New York World's Fair 720: 509:DeWitt Clinton High School 152:The Engineering of Consent 5306:Public relations scholars 5301:Public relations pioneers 5201:American men centenarians 4455:Freud: The Secret Passion 4081:The Aetiology of Hysteria 4046:The Future of an Illusion 3512: 3489:. New York: Crown, 1998. 3373: 3020:Bernays, Edward (2005) . 2909:L'Ordinaire des Amériques 2576:Denmark and the Holocaust 2187:Medical Review of Reviews 1915:"Visiting Edward Bernays" 1754:The Culture of Narcissism 1348: 1332: 840:Office of War Information 780:. Entertainers including 624:William Kissam Vanderbilt 612:Franklin Delano Roosevelt 604:Medical Review of Reviews 585:Medical Review of Reviews 556:Medical Review of Reviews 544:Louis Dreyfus and Company 291: 282: 261: 28: 5165:Society of the Spectacle 4530:Clement Freud (grandson) 4302:Psychosexual development 4172:Dostoevsky and Parricide 4150:Mourning and Melancholia 3873:Federal Radio Commission 3674:Edward L. Bernays papers 2911:210 (2010), pp. 175–192. 2693:" (part of a headline), 2613:Tye (1998), pp. 185–190. 2358:McGraw-Hill Book Company 2133:American Tobacco Company 1888:Bernays, Edward (1928). 1859:Bernays, Edward (1923). 1690:Public Opinion Quarterly 1198:Business Finds Its Voice 954:American Tobacco Company 363:", and his work for the 81:Cambridge, Massachusetts 5046:Influence of mass media 4851:Narcotizing dysfunction 4540:Walter Freud (grandson) 4535:Lucian Freud (grandson) 3735:Works by Edward Bernays 3592:. National Public Radio 3214:Olasky (1984), pp. 4–6. 3062:(1): 113–20 at p. 114. 2476:Tye (1988), pp. 79– 80. 2458:Breakfast With Coolidge 1731:Business History Review 1704:, vol. 250 (Mar. 1947). 1086:New York Herald Tribune 608:John D. Rockefeller Jr. 468:The Century of the Self 5276:Jewish anti-communists 4707:Freedom of information 4555:Edward Bernay (nephew) 4431:Views on homosexuality 4394:London home and museum 4389:Vienna home and museum 3831:Cosmetics in the 1920s 3300: 3274: 3205:Cutlip (1994), p. 160. 2965: 2545:Helligdag: erindringer 2485:Tye (1998), pp. 81–83. 2340:Cutlip (1994), p. 168. 2278:Axelrod, Alan (2009). 2233:and the Ballet Russe." 2212:Tye (1998), pp. 9–16. 2203:Cutlip (1994), p. 162. 2112:Jewish Women's Archive 1650:"The Minority Rules." 1438:The Broadway Anthology 1423: 1321:Recognition and legacy 1288: 1251: 1230:engineering of consent 1191: 1113: 1026:Narcissa Cox Vanderlip 1006: 968: 950:George Washington Hill 838:, Bernays advised the 827:He helped to name the 763:Light's Golden Jubilee 757:Light's Golden Jubilee 697: 681:Paris Peace Conference 583:: "The editors of the 491:(through their father 5196:Advertising theorists 5094:Exploitation of women 4545:Amalia Freud (mother) 4520:Anna Freud (daughter) 4515:Martha Bernays (wife) 3889:Mohawk Valley formula 3564:(November 26, 2008). 3456:, 12(1), Spring 1985. 2984:. 12 September 2014. 2818:Richard H. Immerman, 1978:Monitor on Psychology 1925:on September 5, 2008. 1913:Ewen, Stuart (1996). 1167:Carlos Castillo Armas 1145:psychological warfare 1141:Carlos Castillo Armas 962: 721:Further information: 674:psychological warfare 5291:Propaganda theorists 5286:Mass media theorists 4550:Jacob Freud (father) 4525:Ernst L. Freud (son) 4495:Freud's Last Session 4265:Id, ego and superego 4242:Daniel Paul Schreber 4062:Moses and Monotheism 3804:Collective imaginary 3387:, September 20, 1998 3001:Marks (1957), p. 73. 2753:Tye (1998), pp. 27, 2399:Alan Bilton (2013). 1673:Journal of Marketing 1313:calls his 1945 book 1274:invisible government 1236:Bernays expanded on 1121:Guatemala Newsletter 1056:United Fruit Company 475:Family and education 373:Procter & Gamble 365:United Fruit Company 303:Edward Louis Bernays 220:Ely Bernays (father) 5311:Jewish centenarians 5281:Marketing theorists 5251:Crowd psychologists 5140:Advanced capitalism 4826:Cult of personality 4740:Advanced capitalism 4471:Mahler on the Couch 3959:Studies on Hysteria 3609:. Westport, Conn.: 2944:Tye (1998), p. 180. 2862:Tye (1998), p. 175. 2021:Tye (1998), p. 115. 1204:Scientific approach 1137:Operation PBSuccess 1117:Report on Guatemala 1071:Thomas Dudley Cabot 602:." He created the " 540:National Nurseryman 520:Doris E. Fleischman 386:Of his many books, 247:(great-grandfather) 5061:Semiotic democracy 4985:Civil disobedience 4897:Media manipulation 4887:Crowd manipulation 4810:Tabloid journalism 4724:Media transparency 4702:Media independence 4616:24-hour news cycle 4479:A Dangerous Method 4346:Deferred obedience 4030:The Ego and the Id 3826:Torches of Freedom 3637:2008-12-07 at the 3454:Journalism History 3385:The Father of Spin 3343:2013-01-16 at the 3254:2017-04-06 at the 3173:Bernays argued in 3093:on August 13, 2012 2923:The New York Times 2903:2017-04-06 at the 2883:2012-06-23 at the 2837:2017-04-06 at the 2760:2020-05-07 at the 2706:Tye (1998), p. 38. 2695:The New York Times 2689:2017-09-16 at the 2658:Tye (1998), p. 29. 2622:Tye (1998), 35–36. 2506:Tye (1998), p. 89. 2463:2021-02-24 at the 2443:2017-04-06 at the 2381:2018-04-21 at the 2316:Tye (1998), p. 19. 2249:2020-05-02 at the 2108:"Doris Fleischman" 2081:The New York Times 1836:. March 10, 1995. 1833:The New York Times 1802:The New York Times 1625:Simon and Schuster 1455:Boni and Liveright 1443:Duffield & Co. 1125:The New York Times 1080:The New York Times 987:Torches of Freedom 981:Torches of Freedom 969: 795:The New York Times 734:In the 1930s, his 620:John Haynes Holmes 513:Cornell University 455:The Father of Spin 361:Torches of Freedom 348:[bɛʁˈnaɪs] 255:Nicolae Steinhardt 93:Cornell University 5173: 5172: 5099:Freedom of speech 4917:Theodor W. Adorno 4905: 4904: 4892:Managing the news 4712:Freedom of speech 4692:Media development 4656:News broadcasting 4636:Independent media 4621:Alternative media 4568: 4567: 4351:Reality principle 4234:Sergei Pankejeff 4222:Bertha Pappenheim 3902: 3901: 3739:Project Gutenberg 3528: 3527: 3399:Bernays, Edward. 3396: 3395: 3347:" (book review). 3126:Propaganda (book) 2671:discriminations.' 2586:978-87-989305-1-8 2412:978-1-137-02025-3 2291:978-0-230-61959-3 1892:. Ig Publishing. 1867:. Ig Publishing. 1804:. 10 March 1995. 1645:Selected articles 1501:978-0-8046-1511-2 1368: 1367: 974:ideal of thinness 938:Liggett and Myers 901:(1930–1931), the 893:(1926–1927), the 885:Nonprofit clients 842:, as well as the 822:police department 786:Raymond Hitchcock 768:Political clients 616:Eleanor Roosevelt 524:Lucy Stone League 300: 299: 263:Scientific career 55:November 22, 1891 23:Edward L. Bernays 5318: 5256:Crowd psychology 5145:Culture industry 5114:Social influence 5067:The Lonely Crowd 5010:Political satire 4975:Call-out culture 4952:Jacques Rancière 4947:Marshall McLuhan 4922:Jean Baudrillard 4866:Viral phenomenon 4800:Public relations 4773: 4646:Mainstream media 4631:Electronic media 4595: 4588: 4581: 4572: 4490:(2020 TV series) 4356:Seduction theory 4292:Free association 4237: 4225: 4211:Irma's injection 4206: 4193: 3975: 3929: 3922: 3915: 3906: 3787: 3780: 3773: 3764: 3748:Internet Archive 3722: 3720: 3718: 3713:. Memory.loc.gov 3655:Stephen Bender. 3624: 3613:. pp. 1–9. 3601: 3599: 3597: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3549:Edward Bernays, 3517: 3516: 3505: 3460:Rampton, Sheldon 3407:Cutlip, Scott M. 3378: 3377: 3366: 3355: 3334: 3328: 3324: 3318: 3307: 3301: 3291: 3285: 3281: 3275: 3262:Karl von Wiegand 3241: 3235: 3221: 3215: 3212: 3206: 3203: 3197: 3193: 3187: 3184: 3178: 3170: 3164: 3160: 3154: 3151: 3145: 3136: 3130: 3121: 3115: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3100: 3098: 3092: 3086:. 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Mock, " 2240: 2234: 2219: 2213: 2210: 2204: 2201: 2195: 2179: 2173: 2170: 2164: 2163:the production." 2160: 2154: 2146: 2140: 2128: 2122: 2121: 2119: 2118: 2104: 2098: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2071: 2065: 2064:Tye (1998), 4–5. 2062: 2053: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2043:on July 20, 2013 2028: 2022: 2019: 2013: 1997: 1991: 1990: 1968: 1962: 1961: 1956: 1955: 1933: 1927: 1926: 1910: 1904: 1903: 1885: 1879: 1878: 1866: 1856: 1850: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1824: 1818: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1794: 1788: 1781: 1759: 1574:Doris Fleischman 1554:Public Relations 1529:The Viking Press 1493:Horace Liveright 1353: 1352: 1337: 1336: 1325: 1298: 1152:Associated Press 1104:Atlantic Monthly 909:(1934), and the 875:Francisco Franco 812:Bernays advised 744:venereal disease 646:Sergei Diaghilev 596:venereal disease 437:Public Relations 428:crowd psychology 418:), he described 377:General Electric 353:public relations 350: 345: 339: 333: 332: 329: 328: 325: 322: 319: 316: 313: 296: 188: 186: 182: 169:Doris Fleischman 144:Public Relations 107:Public relations 76: 54: 52: 33: 19: 5326: 5325: 5321: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5316: 5315: 5176: 5175: 5174: 5169: 5155:Media franchise 5128: 5072: 5034: 4990:Culture jamming 4956: 4942:Walter Lippmann 4901: 4870: 4814: 4764: 4728: 4719:Media pluralism 4680: 4604: 4599: 4569: 4564: 4501: 4446: 4440: 4436:Religious views 4426:Neo-Freudianism 4360: 4334:Oedipus complex 4252: 4246: 4235: 4219: 4205:("Little Hans") 4204: 4191: 4178: 4068: 3998:Totem and Taboo 3969: 3938: 3933: 3903: 3898: 3877: 3856: 3847:Walter Lippmann 3835: 3799: 3791: 3716: 3714: 3705: 3670: 3661:LewRockwell.com 3644:Wilfred Trotter 3639:Wayback Machine 3621: 3611:Greenwood Press 3604: 3595: 3593: 3584: 3575: 3573: 3560: 3539:Sheldon Rampton 3514: 3508:External videos 3503: 3501:Further reading 3375: 3369:External videos 3364: 3359: 3358: 3345:Wayback Machine 3335: 3331: 3325: 3321: 3308: 3304: 3292: 3288: 3282: 3278: 3256:Wayback Machine 3242: 3238: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3200: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3181: 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Legs 632: 581:Richard Bennett 552: 536: 477: 408:Walter Lippmann 404:Wilfred Trotter 343: 337: 310: 306: 253: 248: 243: 238: 226: 209: 190: 178: 174: 171: 158: 84: 78: 77:(aged 103) 74: 65: 63:Austria-Hungary 56: 50: 48: 47: 46: 36: 35:Bernays in 1917 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5324: 5322: 5314: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5241:Bernays family 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5178: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5136: 5134: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5080: 5078: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5070: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5042: 5040: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4980:Cancel culture 4977: 4972: 4966: 4964: 4962:Counterculture 4958: 4957: 4955: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4927:Edward Bernays 4924: 4919: 4913: 4911: 4907: 4906: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4882:Catch and kill 4878: 4876: 4872: 4871: 4869: 4868: 4863: 4861:Sensationalism 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4822: 4820: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4796: 4795: 4785: 4779: 4777: 4770: 4766: 4765: 4763: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4750:Bipartisanship 4747: 4745:American Dream 4742: 4736: 4734: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4715: 4714: 4709: 4699: 4694: 4688: 4686: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4612: 4610: 4606: 4605: 4600: 4598: 4597: 4590: 4583: 4575: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4511: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4499: 4491: 4483: 4475: 4467: 4459: 4450: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4402: 4401: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4380: 4379: 4377:complete works 4368: 4366: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4342: 4341: 4339:Father complex 4331: 4330: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4288: 4287: 4277: 4272: 4267: 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Retrieved 3708: 3663:, 2005-02-04 3647: 3632:Townhall.com 3606: 3596:February 12, 3594:. Retrieved 3589: 3576:February 12, 3574:. Retrieved 3562:Curtis, Adam 3550: 3542: 3535:John Stauber 3486: 3467: 3464:John Stauber 3453: 3426: 3423:Ewen, Stuart 3409: 3400: 3384: 3380: 3351: 3348: 3332: 3322: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3296: 3289: 3279: 3269: 3260: 3244: 3239: 3230: 3225: 3219: 3210: 3201: 3191: 3182: 3174: 3168: 3163:locomotive". 3158: 3149: 3139: 3134: 3124: 3119: 3110: 3102: 3097:February 24, 3095:. Retrieved 3088:the original 3059: 3053: 3040: 3021: 3015: 3006: 2979: 2970: 2961: 2955: 2949: 2940: 2930: 2922: 2916: 2908: 2892: 2858: 2819: 2799:. Retrieved 2789: 2779: 2769: 2749: 2739: 2729: 2721: 2718:New York Sun 2717: 2711: 2702: 2694: 2678: 2663: 2654: 2640: 2618: 2609: 2601: 2595:. Retrieved 2575: 2568: 2560: 2554:. Retrieved 2544: 2537: 2529: 2519: 2511: 2502: 2481: 2472: 2452: 2432: 2421:. Retrieved 2401: 2394: 2370: 2360:– via 2352: 2345: 2336: 2327: 2321: 2312: 2300:. 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