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one primary parental figure to bond with, child development suffers from frequent moves between two households, and one should not disrupt the "status quo". When scientific research disproved these assumptions, a second wave of criticism argued that shared parenting increases parental conflict and is only suitable for parents who get along well as co-parents. After research again disproved this claim, a third wave of criticism acknowledged that while shared parenting may be the best solution for most children, there should be no presumptions in custody proceedings, so that each judge can decide what arrangement is in the best interest of a child.
331:, shared parenting is seen by women as an important women's rights issue, as sole paternal custody is the current norm. Kruk has concluded that "the characterization of parental alienation and shared parenting as 'fathers' rights' issues has rendered invisible the plight of many mothers, and negatively affected the global campaign to establish shared parenting as the foundation of family law as a fundamental right of women and their children."
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Kruk has studied the effect of mothers who have lost custody rights. He noted that when court systems are accused of favoring mothers in the United States and Canada, the courts responded with an increased ratio of legal determinations of paternal custody as opposed to shared parenting. This places a
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As part of his work on family mediation, Kruk determined that it was important for the children of divorced parents to have an active relationship with their grandparents. He concluded that grandparents "often play a vital role in helping grandchildren adjust to the consequences of parental divorce,
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Kruk has also evaluated reasons for push-back against shared parenting. According to Kruk, there have been three waves of criticism against shared parenting as a legal presumption and the default custody arrangement. In the first wave, shared parenting was considered outlandish because children need
323:, shared parenting is seen by women as an important gender equality issue. In contrast, many women's organizations in Canada and the US are against shared parenting, with some going so far as to characterize it as a "fathers' rights conspiracy". In other countries, such as
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as the foundation of family law, effective legal enforcement parenting orders, professional recognition of parental alienation as a form of child abuse, and the provision of effective treatment programs and reunification services for alienated parents and their children.
315:, particularly highlighting the importance of the father's involvement to the children's well-being. He has studied the impact of family separation on estranged fathers. Kruk also researched children's reactions to shared parenting and the family court system.
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providing a sanctuary for the emotional needs of their grandchildren at a time when parents, faced by the multiple losses and transitions attendant to divorce, maybe less emotionally available and responsive to their children."
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mother's relationship with their children at serious risk. Taking an international perspective, Kruk has noted that the gender aspect of the shared parenting discussion is very different across the world. In countries like
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is similar to the historical, social, and political denial or other forms of abuse in many parts of the world, such as child abuse a century ago. They have defined it as a form of
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Kruk, E. (2015). The Lived
Experiences of Non-custodial Parents in Canada: A Comparison of Mothers and Fathers. International Journal for Family Research and Policy, 1 (1), 80–95.
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Kruk, E. (2013). The Equal Parent
Presumption: Social Justice in the Legal Determination of Parenting After Divorce. Montreal/Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.
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Kruk E. Divorced
Fathers at Risk of Parental Alienation: Practice and Policy Guidelines for Enhancing Paternal Responsibility. New Male Studies. 2016 Mar 1;5(1).
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Kruk E. Psychological and structural factors contributing to the disengagement of noncustodial fathers after divorce. Family Court Review. 1992 Jan;30(1):81–101.
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Kruk E, Hall BL. The disengagement of paternal grandparents subsequent to divorce. Journal of
Divorce & Remarriage. 1995 Sep 7;23(1–2):131-48.
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Kruk E. The disengaged noncustodial father: Implications for social work practice with the divorced family. Social work. 1994 Jan 1;39(1):15–25.
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Edward Kruk, "Equal shared parenting — best for parents, best for children: The current adversarial system in family law is unsustainable",
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Kruk E, Collateral Damage: The Lived
Experiences of Divorced Mothers Without Custody. Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 2010:51,526-543.
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Edward Kruk, "Countering
Arguments Against Shared Parenting in Family Law: Have we reached a tipping point in the child custody debate?",
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Edward Kruk, "Understanding
Children's Best Interests in Divorce: Conclusions of the Third International Conference on Shared Parenting",
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Edward Kruk, "On Father's Day, Remember the
Alienated Father The forced estrangement of children is a form of collective abuse",
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Edward Kruk, "The Forced
Removal of Children from Parental Care: Parallels between two different forms of parental alienation",
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Edward Kruk, "Parental
Alienation as Child Abuse and Family Violence: A form of emotional aggression and intimate terrorism",
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Edward Kruk, "Father Absence, Father Deficit, Father Hunger: The Vital Importance of Paternal Presence in Children's Lives",
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Edward Kruk, "Parental Alienation: What Is the Solution? A call to action to combat and eliminate parental alienation",
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Kruk E. "Psychological and structural factors contributing to the disengagement of noncustodial fathers after divorce".
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Edward Kruk, "Coparenting as a Women's Rights Issue: The hidden problem of maternal alienation from children's lives",
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Edward Kruk, "The Voices of Children of Divorce: Listening to the real experts on the 'best interests of the child'",
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Edward Kruk, "Grandparents Affected by Adult Child Divorce: Responding to the trauma of grandparental alienation",
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Kruk E. The grief reaction of noncustodial fathers subsequent to divorce. Men's Studies Review. 1991;8(2):17–21.
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Kruk E. "The disengaged noncustodial father: Implications for social work practice with the divorced family".
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Father Absence, Father Deficit, Father Hunger: The Vital Importance of Paternal Presence in Children's Lives
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834:"Parental Alienation: What Is the Solution? A call to action to combat and eliminate parental alienation"
717:"Co parenting as a Women's Rights Issue: The hidden problem of maternal alienation from children's lives"
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Kruk E. "The lived experiences of non-custodial parents in Canada: A comparison of mothers and fathers".
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262:, and grandparent access to their grandchildren. Kruk is an associate professor of social work at the
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The Voices of Children of Divorce: Listening to the real experts on the "best interests of the child"
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The Equal Parent Presumption: Social Justice in the Legal Determination of Parenting After Divorce
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Kruk E. "Arguments for an equal parental responsibility presumption in contested child custody".
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Kruk E. "Grandparent visitation disputes: Multigenerational approaches to family mediation".
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Kruk was born in England. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in sociology and
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Kruk E. "Arguments Against a Presumption of Shared Physical Custody in Family Law".
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Divorce and Disengagement: Patterns of Fatherhood Within and Beyond Marriage
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and social worker. He has conducted internationally recognized research on
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Arguments Against a Presumption of Shared Physical Custody in Family Law.
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Parental alienating behaviors: An unacknowledged form of family violence
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Mediation and Conflict Resolution in Social Work and the Human Services
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Edward Kruk, "What Exactly Is 'The Best Interest of the Child'?",
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Kruk maintains a weblog on "Co-Parenting After Divorce" hosted by
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Divorced Fathers: Children's Needs and Parental Responsibilities
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Journal of Divorce & Remarriage. 2018 Jul 4;59(5):388–400.
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Kruk conducted research on shared parenting after divorce or
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Academic staff of the University of British Columbia
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120:Learn how and when to remove this message
207:Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal
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470:The American Journal of Family Therapy
463:The American Journal of Family Therapy
266:. He is the founding president of the
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688:, Psychology Today, 12 November 2013.
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352:Kruk and colleagues have argued that
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451:. 1995 Sep 7;23(1–2):131-48.
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486:. 2018 Jul 4;59(5):388–400.
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912:, Google Scholar Citations
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294:and social work at the
178:University of Edinburgh
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1488:Dysfunctional family
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1576:Parental alienation
1503:Narcissistic parent
1427:Positive discipline
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1120:Parental investment
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840:, 16 November 2017.
799:Mediation Quarterly
750:. Psychology Today.
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1632:David Elkind
1483:Codependency
1468:Child labour
1324:Latchkey kid
1314:Introjection
1100:Introjection
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1642:Haim Ginott
1617:John Bowlby
1463:Child abuse
1383:educational
1299:Habituation
1284:Co-sleeping
1070:Behaviorism
998:Foster care
988:Coparenting
910:Edward Kruk
904:@EDWARDKRUK
435:Social work
240:sociologist
236:Edward Kruk
154:Nationality
138:Edward Kruk
60:or harmful.
16:Sociologist
1804:Fatherhood
1753:Categories
1657:Truby King
1551:Disownment
1364:Television
1354:Role model
1279:Child care
1257:Techniques
1223:Soccer mom
1193:Enmeshment
1130:Pediatrics
604:References
313:separation
280:psychology
110:April 2020
80:newspapers
39:references
1591:Paternity
1522:Legal and
1422:Grounding
1319:Kommune 1
1294:Education
1269:Allowance
1178:Baby talk
1033:Surrogacy
947:Parenting
906:, Twitter
618:Biography
162:Education
1637:Jo Frost
1571:Marriage
1437:Time-out
1013:Orphaned
978:Adoptive
832:Kruk E,
791:Archived
732:Kruk E.
621:Archived
491:Hines DA
288:Scotland
195:Children
157:Canadian
58:libelous
1605:Experts
1381: (
1346: (
1274:Bedtime
1238:Theybie
860:28 June
801:, 1994.
321:Iceland
282:at the
148:England
94:scholar
1498:Incest
1417:Curfew
1155:Styles
973:Father
968:Mother
963:Parent
325:Turkey
203:Awards
96:
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1446:Abuse
1053:Areas
386:Books
101:JSTOR
87:books
32:This
1348:date
1344:Play
1105:Love
862:2019
329:Iran
327:and
144:Born
73:news
1379:Toy
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