1200:"If you can influence the leaders, either with or without their conscious cooperation, you automatically influence the group which they sway", he said. In order to promote sales of bacon, for example, he conducted research and found that the American public ate very light breakfast of coffee, maybe a roll and orange juice. He went to his physician and found that a heavy breakfast was sounder from the standpoint of health than a light breakfast because the body loses energy during the night and needs it during the day. He asked the physician if he would be willing, at no cost, to write to 5,000 physicians and ask them whether their judgment was the same as his—confirming his judgment. About 4,500 answered back, all concurring that a more significant breakfast was better for the health of the American people than a light breakfast. He arranged for this finding to be published in newspapers throughout the country with headlines like '4,500 physicians urge bigger breakfast' while other articles stated that bacon and eggs should be a central part of breakfast and, as a result of these actions, the sale of bacon went up.
1260:
the twin of millions of others, so that when these millions are exposed to the same stimuli, all receive identical imprints. The amazing readiness with which large masses accept this process is probably accounted for by the fact that no attempt is made to convince them that black is white. Instead, their preconceived hazy ideas that a certain gray is almost black or almost white are brought into sharper focus. Their prejudices, notions, and convictions are used as a starting point, with the result that they are drawn by a thread into passionate adherence to a given mental picture.
1039:. The pretext for the ball and its unnamed underwriter was that proceeds would go to charity. Famous society women would attend wearing green dresses. Manufacturers and retailers of clothing and accessories were advised of the excitement growing around the color green. Intellectuals were enlisted to give highbrow talks on the theme of green. Before the ball had taken place, newspapers and magazines (encouraged in various ways by Bernays's office) had latched on to the idea that green was all the rage.
3754:
2150:, which reprinted parts of speeches and articles on public relations, sorted through new ideas in the field, and promoted the activities of the Bernays office. And she ghost-wrote scores of speeches and strategy papers that were delivered under her husband's name. It's easy to pick out her writings from among the many papers that Eddie Bernays left behind: they're the ones with rich vocabulary and poetic flourish, free from the more formal style that was his trademark."
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of its soldiers.' In addition, there was a plethora of independent testimony such as that of the utility executive who told the F. T. C. that without the industry's propaganda 'state, municipal, and
Government ownership would have been 100% ahead of what it is today; and Adolf Hitler's widely quoted comment that 'by sagacious and persistent use of propaganda heaven itself may be presented to a people as hell and, inversely, the most wretched existence as paradise.'"
971:
305:
3188:—only 'rubber stamping' by one propagandist or another, then one more duping does no harm to individual souls. And if Hitler had hit upon the techniques and used them for evil purposes, then that would be all the more reason—given the inevitability of these techniques being put into use and the inability of men to resist them—for those hoping to avoid the chaos to rush the techniques into use before evil could turn them into a triumph of fire."
3526:
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answer to financial problems is 'to acquire an entire new set of outstanding human living symbols that will hold public confidence...Publicists, economists, leaders in research, the heads of great educational institutions can and should be made the human symbols to bring new faith and strength.' Journalists compared statements of that sort by
Bernays to the thoughts of Goebbels or, alternately, Stalin."
2051:
42:
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wrote, 'that the slender woman who, combining suppleness and grace with slenderness, who instead of overeating sweets and desserts, lights a cigarette, as the advertisements say, has created a new standard of female loveliness. . . I am interested in knowing if my own judgment concurs with that of others, and should be most happy to have your opinion on the subject.'"
2658:"'It is perfectly normal for women to want to smoke cigarettes', Brill advised. 'The emancipation of women has suppressed many of their feminine desires. More women now do the same work as men do. Many women bear no children; those who do bear have fewer children. Feminine traits are masked. Cigarettes, which are equated with men, become torches of freedom.'
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retelling the tale got more colorful and his claims more sweeping. In his 1965 memoirs, for instance, he discussed the slow process of breaking down conventions like the taboo against women smoking. But by 1971 he was telling an oral historian at
Columbia University that 'overnight the taboo was broken by one overt act,' the 1929 Easter Sunday march."
1073:) hired Bernays in the early 1940s for the purpose of promoting banana sales within the United States, which he did by linking bananas to good health and to American interests and by placing them strategically in the hands of celebrities, in hotels, and other conspicuous places. Bernays also argued that United Fruit needed to put a
1122:(a) a change in present U.S. ambassadorial and consular representation, (b) the imposition of congressional sanctions in this country against government aid to pro-Communist regimes, (c) U.S. government subsidizing of research by disinterested groups like the Brookings Institution into various phases of the problem.
683:(CPI) hired Bernays to work for its Bureau of Latin-American Affairs, based in an office in New York. Bernays, along with Lieutenant F. E. Ackerman, focused on building support for war, domestically and abroad, focusing especially on businesses operating in Latin America. Bernays referred to this work as "
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noted that
Bernays had written a preface to a book on public opinion and commented, 'Now that the art of Ivy Lee and Edward Bernays has been reduced to a science, and is receiving the attention of the Universities, we may soon look to a new crop of manipulators of the public will. Who knows, but that
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Tye (1998), pp. 1–3, 123–124. "Once she resolved to enter her husband's world of public relations, Doris did play a central role in building the
Bernays empire, and when the press dubbed him the prince of publicity she could rightfully claim to be the princess. She made her mark first as a wordsmith,
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in the U.S., sending royalty money to his uncle in Vienna. Freud turned down further offers at promotion, such as a possible lecture tour and an invitation to write 3,000-word newspaper columns, for $ 1,000 each, on topics such as "The Wife's Mental Place in the Home" and "What a Child Thinks About."
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There was one basic lesson I learned in the CPI—that efforts comparable to those applied by the CPI to affect the attitudes of the enemy, of neutrals, and people of this country could be applied with equal facility to peacetime pursuits. In other words, what could be done for a nation at war could be
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Olasky (1984), p. 8. "Bernays' own public relations also tended to suffer when comparisons were made between his techniques and those of the Nazis. One book in 1934, for instance, criticized the techniques of propaganda 'carried into perfection by the Lord
Northcliffes in wartime England, the Edward
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Tye (1998), p. 18. "Finally given his chance to serve, Eddie recruited Ford, International
Harvester, and scores of other American firms to distribute literature on U.S. war aims to foreign contacts and post U.S. propaganda on the windows of 650 American offices overseas. He distributed postcards to
1419:
Rather than retreating from the spotlight, Bernays continued to play up his ideas—for example, stating in a 1935 speech to the
Financial Advertisers Association that strong men (including publicists) should become human symbols to lead the masses. On other occasions he tempered this message with the
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Marks (1957), p. 99. "And
Bernays' word was respected. Said the Committee on Propaganda of the National Education Association, citing Bernays and, incidentally using another conventional metaphor, 'This continual and universal activity is regimenting the public mind as an army regiments the bodies
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That individual or organization may then propagandize it through its own channels because it is interested in it. In such a case, the point of origin then becomes that individual or organization. The public relations counsel, having made the link between the interest of his client and the interest
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Tye (1998), pp. 160–164. Tye notes: "The bureau even renamed the region, explaining that 'Middle
America' was 'a rational and timely expansion of the phrase 'Central America,' which by long usage includes only the republics of Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama, and the
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Tye (1998), pp. 31–32. "One way he found citizens and specialists was by offering money. Sometimes it came as an honorarium, like the $ 100 he proposed paying 'a dietician talks on diet as the best means to produce moderate curves' and a 'physiologist induced to comment on benefits of modern trend
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Tye (1998), p. 39. "Vogelman signed up and invited fashion editors to the Waldorf for a Green Fashions Fall Luncheon with, of course, green menus featuring green beans, asparagus-tip salad, broiled French lamb chops with haricots verts and olivette potatoes, pistachio mousse glacé, green mints, and
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Ewen (1996), pp. 162–163. "During the war years, Bernays joined the army of publicists rallied under the banner of the CPI and concentrated on propaganda efforts aimed at Latin American business interests. Within this vast campaign of "psychological warfare", as he described it, Bernays—like others
1027:
In 1934, Bernays was asked to deal with women's apparent reluctance to buy Lucky Strikes because their green and red package clashed with standard female fashions. When Bernays suggested changing the package to a neutral color, Hill refused, saying that he had already spent millions advertising the
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Because it should appear as news with no division of the publicity, actresses should be definitely out. On the other hand, if young women who stand for feminism—someone from the Women's Party, say—could be secured, the fact that the movement would be advertised too, would not be bad. . . While they
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Olasky (1984), pp. 8–9. "Bernays himself added some gasoline to this fire when he argued, as did Goebbels, for the necessity of strong men, human gods, to emerge as influencers of public opinion; for instance, in a speech to the Financial Advertisers Association in 1935, Bernays said that the main
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Tye (1998), pp. 23–26. "Bernays launched the campaign against sweets with his tried-and-true tactic of enlisting 'experts', in this case convincing Nickolas Muray, a photographer friend, to ask other photographers and artists to sing praises of the thin. 'I have come to the conclusion', Muray
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Sociological Fund Committee, then attracted members with an artful appeal that played on Bennett's reputation as an artist as well as the worthiness of battling prudishness. Among those who signed up were John D. Rockefeller, Jr., Mrs. William K. Vanderbilt Sr., Mr. and Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt,
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Tye (1998), pp. 6–7. "Bennett quickly accepted the offer, pumping up the young editor with visions of a crusade against Victorian mores, promising to recruit actors who would work without pay and prodding him to raise money for the production. Eddie was so excited that he volunteered to underwrite
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It is impossible to fundamentally grasp the social, political, economic and cultural developments of the past 100 years without some understanding of Bernays and his professional heirs in the public relations industry. PR is a 20th-century phenomenon, and Bernays—widely eulogized as the "father of
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Bernays touted the idea that the "masses" are driven by factors outside their conscious understanding, and therefore that their minds can and should be manipulated by the capable few. "Intelligent men must realize that propaganda is the modern instrument by which they can fight for productive ends
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But instead of a mind, universal literacy has given a rubber stamp, a rubber stamp inked with advertising slogans, with editorials, with published scientific data, with the trivialities of tabloids and the profundities of history, but quite innocent of original thought. Each man's rubber stamp is
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He recommended a campaign in which universities, lawyers, and the U.S. government would all condemn expropriation as immoral and illegal; the company should use media pressure "to induce the President and State Department to issue a policy pronouncement comparable to the Monroe Doctrine concerning
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Olasky (1984), p. 12. "Bernays, however, anticipated greater centralization in government and media, and the consequent growth of a new bureaucracy. He advocated governmental licensing of public relations counselors, or at the least a set pattern of formal, university training befitting those who
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Marks (1957), p. 82. "Bernays once spoke directly to the question of the ethics of a propagandist's speaking through a 'front.' There is no evidence that, at the time, he convinced anyone; but his position is worth considering as contrast to the prevailing judgment. While he readily admitted
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Tye (1998), pp. 33–34. "If he began by disguising his role in the battle to get women smoking, Bernays more than made up for that in later years. The parade story in particular became part of his repertoire on the speaking circuit and in scores of interviews until his death in 1995, and with each
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which is the true ruling power of our country. ...We are governed, our minds are molded, our tastes formed, our ideas suggested, largely by men we have never heard of. This is a logical result of the way in which our democratic society is organized. Vast numbers of human beings must cooperate in
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Marks (1957), p. 200 "By that time he had developed a keen sense of the threat from fascism and frequently urged that the democracies use propaganda in their own defense. It was in this context that Bernays began treating propaganda as synonymous with free speech and debate, as an unexceptional
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22(2), May 1942, p. 276. "Another section of the New York office, however, was especially concerned with publicity channels and publicity for the nations south of us. This was the division known as the Bureau of Latin-American Affairs, with Edward L. Bernays and Lieutenant F. E. Ackerman playing
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When he started working for American Tobacco Company, Bernays was given the objective of increasing Lucky Strike sales among women, who, for the most part, had formerly avoided smoking. The first strategy was to persuade women to smoke cigarettes instead of eating. Bernays began by promoting the
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Olasky (1984), pp. 13–14. "What Potter did not understand, though, is that the contradictions apparent to a classically-trained political scientist formed a seamless web in the new world of public relations that Bernays was proposing. If the 'individual common man' has no real individuality, as
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Throughout the job, Bernays concealed the fact that he was working for the American Tobacco Company, and succeeded in keeping his own name out of the affair as well. Staff were instructed never to mention his name. Third parties were used, and various notable people received payments to promote
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Tye (1998), p. 179. "And in 1956 Bernays came up with the idea of widely disseminating a comparison of the teachings of the Communists with those of the church. 'Hate is the driving force of communism,' the report concluded, whereas 'charity is the impelling motive of Christianity.' And under
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Tye (1998), p. 176. "His Library of Congress files show he remained a key source of information for the press, especially the liberal press, right through the takeover. In fact, as the invasion was commencing on June 18, his papers indicate hew as giving the 'first news anyone received on the
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Cutlip (1994), p. 165. "Bernays' release announced that the Official Press Mission to the Peace Conference was leaving the next day for Paris and instead of the narrow technical press support mission Creel had defined for the group, Bernays inserted this sentence: 'The announced object of the
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One way Bernays reconciled manipulation with liberalism was his claim that the human masses would inevitably succumb to manipulation—and therefore the good propagandists could compete with the evil, without incurring any marginal moral cost. In his view, "the minority which uses this power is
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to reasonable figure.' Then there was the $ 5000 he offered to donate to the favorite charity of Mrs. Charles Dana Gibson, wife of the creator of the renowned Gibson Girl illustrations, if she would agree to sign a statement saying 'she smoked Luckies and that they were kind to her throat.'"
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Miss Hunt issued the following communiqué from the smoke-clouded battlefield: 'I hope that we have started something and that these torches of freedom, with no particular brand favored, will smash the discriminatory taboo on cigarettes for women and that our sex will go on breaking down all
2237:
featuring freedom fighters from Poland, Czechoslovakia, and other states that were anxious to break free of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. And to counter German propaganda he had American propaganda printed in Spanish and Portuguese and inserted into export journals sent across Latin America.
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Tye (1998), pp. 27–28. "Bernays understood they were up against a social taboo that cast doubt on the character of women who smoked, but he wasn't sure of the basis of the inhibition or how it could be overcome. So he got Hill to agree to pay for a consultation with Dr. A. A. Brill, a
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Tye (1998), pp. 164–165. Tye's source for Bernays's $ 100,000 fee is probably Thomas McCann, whom he quotes on p. 178 as saying: "My estimate is we were spending in excess of $ 100,000 a year for Edward L. Bernays, just for his consulting services, which was an enormous amount of money in
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Not only psychology but sociology played an important role for the public relations counsel, according to Bernays. The individual is "a cell organized into the social unit. Touch a nerve at a sensitive spot and you get an automatic response from certain specific members of the organism."
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possibly the leading roles. That organization appealed especially to American firms doing business in Latin America, and secured their cooperation. In addition to means already cited, this section utilized various kinds of educators, especially as a medium of distributing pamphlets."
451:(1945), which outlines the science of managing information released to the public by an organization, in a manner most advantageous to the organization. He does this by first providing an overview of the history of public relations, and then provides insight into its application.
1211:(1938) that Bernays had offered a solution to popular skepticism of business which arose in the depression: better "to implant an idea in a group leader's mind and let him spread it than to write up an idea and send it to the papers as a release, in the old-fashioned way...".
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itself, using photographers, artists, newspapers, and magazines to promote the special beauty of thin women. Medical authorities were found to promote the choice of cigarettes over sweets. Home-makers were cautioned that keeping cigarettes on hand was a social necessity.
1381:
Much of Bernays' reputation today stems from his persistent public relations campaign to build his own reputation as "America's No. 1 Publicist". During his active years, many of his peers in the industry were offended by Bernays' continuous self-promotion. According to
1084:. Bernays resented this change but stayed on with the company, for a reported annual fee of more than $ 100,000 (equivalent to nearly $ 1.27 million in 2023). Bernays worked on the national press and successfully drummed up coverage of Guatemala's 'Communist menace'.
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Olasky (1985), p. 19; Olasky (1984), p. 19, f. 40. "Bernays emphasized that in a large scale society there were only two choices: manipulation or social chaos. He saw history moving in a certain direction and public relations practitioners obliged to climb on the
517:
The Bernays family moved from Vienna to the United States in the 1890s. After Ely Bernays started working as a grain exporter at the Manhattan Produce Exchange, he sent for his wife and children. In 1892, his family moved to New York City, where Bernays attended
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linked American and German-style public relations in 1935 when it noted that 'Hitler, by making what Bernays calls "Devils" for the German masses to look down upon, has aroused the acclaim of the more easily swayed masses.' A 1934 article by Abraham H. Cohen in
540:
Later, however, she changed her mind and her name, becoming Doris Bernays. By all accounts, Fleischman played a major though quiet role in the Bernays public relations business—including ghost-writing numerous memos and speeches, and publishing a newsletter.
3308:
Propaganda is the voice of the people in the democracy of today because it gives everyone an opportunity to present his point of view. Fascist or Communist societies have no alternate propagandas; they must accept the official propagandas of those in power.
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to argue against women wearing corsets with stays and to encourage shower baths; they published expert opinions on health controversies, a relatively novel approach; and they distributed free copies to most of the 137,000 licensed physicians in the United
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crème de menthe. The head of the Hunter College art department gave a talk entitled "Green in the Work of Great Artists," and a noted psychologist enlightened guests on the psychological implications of the color green. The press took note, with the
1426:
While opinions ranged negative to positive, there was widespread agreement that propaganda had a powerful effect on the public mind. According to John Stauber and Sheldon Rampton, in a published review of Larry Tye's biography of Bernays:
1002:
The first campaign succeeded; women smoked more cigarettes; American Tobacco Company brought in more revenue; and Lucky Strike led the market in growth. But a taboo remained on women smoking in public. Bernays consulted with psychoanalyst
2660:"That rang a bell for Bernays. Why not organize a parade of prominent women lighting their 'torches of freedom'? And do it on Easter Sunday, a holiday symbolizing freedom of spirit, on Fifth Avenue, America's most prestigious promenade?"
2572:... at han vilde engagere den kendte Public Relations Ekspert Edward L. Bernays til at være Raadgiver. ... Resultatet blev Dannelsen af "American Friends of Danish Freedom and Democracy", et Navn foreslaaet af Mr. Bernays, som mente, ...
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to design its public persuasion campaigns: "If we understand the mechanism and motives of the group mind, is it not possible to control and regiment the masses according to our will without their knowing about it? The recent practice of
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should be goodlooking, they should not be too 'model-y.' Three for each church covered should be sufficient. Of course they are not to smoke simply as they come down the church steps. They are to join in the Easter parade, puffing away.
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the cooperation of a third party, he argued that it is perfectly legitimate for him to enlist the aid of a third party and conceal the relationship. The third party becomes a new advocate, not a subsidiary of the first. He continued:
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communism 'there is no moral law' and 'no personal liberty,' whereas in Christianity 'the moral law is the way which man is created to follow' and 'free will means liberty is possible, the liberty of the sons of God to do the right.'"
1142:. In January 1952 he brought a cohort of journalists from various notable newspapers on a tour of Guatemala, sponsored by the company. This technique proved highly effective and was repeated four more times. In June, 1954, the U.S.
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headlined the story: 'TO INTERPRET AMERICAN IDEALS.' George Creel was furious; already in a battle with Congress, Creel knew that this would add fat to the fire. He disavowed the story. Nonetheless, it hastened the demise of the
719:
did. A pivotal figure in the orchestration of elaborate corporate advertising campaigns and multi-media consumer spectacles, he is among those listed in the acknowledgments section of the seminal government social science study
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Tye (1998), pp. 30–31. "The actual march went off more smoothly than even its scriptwriters imagined. Ten young women turned out, marching down Fifth Avenue with their lighted 'torches of freedom,' and the newspapers loved it.
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as a basis for his destructive campaign against the Jews of Germany. This shocked me. ...Obviously the attack on the Jews of Germany was no emotional outburst of the Nazis, but a deliberate, planned campaign.
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Olasky (1985), p. 17. "...his belief that behind-the-scenes controllers should exercise 'social responsibility' by devising clever public relations campaigns to direct 'human herds' into appropriate corals."
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thinking, we are dominated by the relatively small number of persons... who understand the mental processes and social patterns of the masses. It is they who pull the wires which control the public mind.
715:
Bernays, who pursued his calling in New York City from 1919 to 1963, styled himself a "public relations counsel". He had very pronounced views on the differences between what he did and what people in
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2014:
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Describing the response to his campaign for Ivory Soap, Bernays wrote: "As if actuated by the pressure of a button, people began working for the client instead of the client begging people to buy."
1958:
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had all published articles describing the threat of Communism in Guatemala. A Bernays memo in July 1951 recommended that this wave of media attention should be translated into action by promoting:
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on the banana-growing countries themselves, and for this purpose created a front group called the Middle America Information Bureau, which supplied information to journalists and academics.
1007:, a student of Freud's, who reported to him that cigarettes represented "torches of freedom" for women whose feminine desires were increasingly suppressed by their role in the modern world.
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1970:
Edward and his wife, Doris Fleischman, were nonpracticing, highly assimilated, wealthy German-American Jews, and Anne grew up a self-professed hothouse flower on New York's Upper East Side.
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examined profit figures in 1935 and then called Bernays 'the outstanding counsel on public relations in the United States today, a profession he was largely instrumental in creating.'"
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in 1933 noted that '...at 1 Wall St., there is Edw. L. Bernays, nephew of Sigmund Freud, who has probably made more money out of applied psycho-analysis than all Vienna ever saw.' The
861:. He was chairman of the National Advisory Committee of the Third U.S. War Loan, co-chairman of the Victory Book campaign, and part of the New York State Defense Council. During the
698:, the "announced object of the expedition is 'to interpret the work of the Peace Conference by keeping up a worldwide propaganda to disseminate American accomplishments and ideals.'"
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370:, and referred to in his obituary as "the father of public relations". His best-known campaigns include a 1929 effort to promote female smoking by branding cigarettes as feminist "
1408:
In the 1930s, his critics became more harsh. As the leading figure in public relations and a notorious advocate of "propaganda", Bernays was compared to European fascists such as
4145:
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and his propaganda plans to consolidate Nazi power. Goebbels had shown Wiegand his propaganda library, the best Wiegand had ever seen. Goebbels, said Wiegand, was using my book
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1798:, a middle initial that was not on his birth record in Vienna. It apparently stood for Louis, although even his daughters aren't sure, since he didn't like to talk about it.
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colony of British Honduras.' Middle America would include those countries, along with Mexico and the Caribbean island republics of Cuba, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic."
2613:
The "Father of Public Relations and Spin" and nephew of Sigmund Freud Edward L. Bernays (1890–1995), was also hired by the Friends of Danish Freedom and Democracy as a ...
827:, in his candidacy for mayor of New York City, on how to appear in front of different demographics. For example, he should tell Irish voters about his actions against the
2684:
Go on they did. During the following days women were reported to be taking to the streets, lighted cigarettes in hand, in Boston and Detroit, Wheeling and San Francisco."
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expedition is to interpret the work of the Peace Conference by keeping up a worldwide propaganda to disseminate American accomplishments and ideals.' Two days later, the
839:
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Tye (1998), p. 147. "Feeling he was too short, at 5 feet 4 inches, Eddie seemed determined to make everything else larger than life. He even inflated his name with an
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predicted a "Green Autumn," and one of the wire services wrote about "fall fashions stalking the forests for their color note, picking green as the modish fall wear."
1180:, giving advice for his public appearances both in Guatemala and in the U.S. In 1956, Bernays produced a pamphlet comparing the Communist way and the Christian way.
1774:
3114:
Any person or organization depends ultimately on public approval, and is therefore faced with the problem of engineering the public's consent to a program or goal.
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What the British Think of Us: A Study of British Hostility to America and Americans and Its Motivation, with Recommendations for Improving Anglo-American Relations
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idea that, while propaganda is inevitable, the democratic system allows a pluralism of propaganda, while fascist systems offer only a single official propaganda.
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2196:, he realized, was to transform the controversy into a cause and recruit backers who already were public role models. The twenty-one-year-old editor formed a
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Italian soldiers at the front so they could boost morale at home, and he planted propaganda behind the German lines to sow dissent. He organized rallies at
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has proved that it is possible, at least up to a certain point and within certain limits." He later called this scientific technique of opinion-molding the
1158:
campaign to portray military defeat as a foregone conclusion. During the coup itself, Bernays was the primary supplier of information for the international
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in 1912. They took editorial positions in favor of showers and against corsets, and distributed free copies to thousands of physicians across the country.
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for various performers and performances. Already, he was using a variety of techniques that would become hallmarks of his later practice. He promoted the
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would form a latter-day mandarin class. Bernays also tried to enlist proponents of greater economic centralization in his public-relations planning.
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and sent it to 250 journalists, some of whom used it as a source for their reporting. Bernays formed close relationships with journalists including
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Aux origines du coup d'État de 1954 au Guatemala : le rôle de la United Fruit Company dans la préparation du soulèvement contre Jacobo Arbenz
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this manner if they are to live together as a smoothly functioning society. ...In almost every act of our daily lives, whether in the sphere of
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Bernays attracted positive and negative attention for his grand statements about the role of public relations in society. Reviewers praised
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3275:, foreign correspondent of the Hearst newspapers, an old hand at interpreting Europe and just returned from Germany, was telling us about
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At the same time, Bernays was praised for his apparent success, wisdom, foresight, and influence as an originator of public relations.
409:(1928) gained special attention as early efforts to define and theorize the field of public relations. Citing works of writers such as
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3460:". Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, 6 August 1984; (ERIC).
1997:
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journal. Then he worked at the New York City Produce Exchange, where his father was a grain exporter. He went to Paris and worked for
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3530:"Edward Bernays and Corporate Public Relations" – Presentation by University of Michigan professor David Hancock, December 5, 2013
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Bernays argued that the covert use of third parties was morally legitimate because those parties were morally autonomous actors.
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Olasky (1984), p. 9. "Bernays was able to overcome criticism partly because there was, for many, little arguing with success.
2775:. "Whatever his attitude in public, at home he did all he could to persuade his wife, Doris, to give up her pack-a-day habit."
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I offered to help organize the Friends of Danish Freedom and Democracy, made up for the most part of Americans of Danish ...
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feature of democracy itself rather than as its antithesis. As a participant on 'Town Meeting of the Air' in 1937 he said,
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820:. Bernays advised Hoover to create disunity within his opposition and to present an image of him as an invincible leader.
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public relations" at the time of his death in 1995—played a major role in defining the industry's philosophy and methods.
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The conscious and intelligent manipulation of the organized habits and opinions of the masses is an important element in
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Bernays also worked on behalf of many nonprofit institutions and organizations. These included, to name just a few, the
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Olasky, Marvin. "Bringing 'Order Out of Chaos": Edward Bernays and the Salvation of Society Through Public Relations".
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Marks, Barry Alan. "The Idea of Propaganda in America." PhD dissertation accepted at the University of Minnesota, 1957.
1386:, "Bernays was a brilliant person who had a spectacular career, but, to use an old-fashioned word, he was a braggart."
1019:
The march went as planned, as did the ensuing publicity, with ripples of women smoking prominently across the country.
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are located in the Northeastern University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections Department, Boston, MA.
2240:"In short, he helped win America over to an unpopular war using precisely the techniques he'd used to promote
498:'s sister, and his father Eli (1860–1921) was the brother of Freud's wife, Martha Bernays; their grandfather,
1350:
Discussion with Edward Bernays (age 97) at the American University School of Communications, January 23, 1989
1349:
959:, which involved mocking the endorsements of opera singers who said Lucky Strikes were "kind to your voice".
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Careers for Men: A Practical Guide to Opportunity in Business, Written by Thirty-Eight Successful Americans
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support your praiseworthy intention to fight sex-pruriency in the United States by producing Brieux's play
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to help convince the public, among other things, that bacon and eggs was the true all-American breakfast.
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churning out press releases and polished stories on clients ranging from the U.S. War Department to the
1988:
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with Anne Bernays (daughter of Edward Bernays) and NYU professor Mark Crispin Miller, September 29, 2004
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smoking publicly as if on their own initiative. Decades later, however, Bernays boasted about his role.
684:
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1320:
Unlike some other early public relations practitioners, Bernays advocated centralization and planning.
1317:
increasingly intelligent, and works more and more on behalf of ideas that are socially constructive."
690:
After fighting ended, Bernays was part of a sixteen-person publicity group working for the CPI at the
667:, wearing a tight-fitting dress, at the Bronx Zoo, posed with a large snake. He built up opera singer
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to control them in desired ways. Bernays later synthesized many of these ideas in his postwar book,
390:, and for government agencies, politicians, and nonprofit organizations. His uncle was psychoanalyst
375:
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were sanitary, by linking the imagery of an overflowing cup with subliminal images of genitalia and
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Bernays did not smoke cigarettes himself, and persistently tried to induce his wife Doris to quit.
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as an idol whose voice was so sensitive that comically extreme measures were taken to protect it.
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United Fruit shut down the Middle America Information Bureau in 1948 under the new presidency of
997:
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Bernays later described a realization that his work for the CPI could also be used in peacetime:
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103:
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2386:
978:, a photographer enlisted by Bernays to help popularize feminine thinness and cigarette smoking
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590:. After publishing a positive review of the play, Bernays and Robinson wrote to its lead actor,
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3712:
Edward L. Bernays tells the story of "Torches of Freedom" in his own words – video clip – 1999
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performed on the White House lawn. The event was widely reported by American newspapers, with
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1536:
Speak Up for Democracy: What You Can Do—A Practical Plan of Action for Every American Citizen
617:
Sociological Fund Committee" and successfully solicited the support of such elite figures as
565:
Following a meeting in New York with school friend Fred Robinson, Bernays became coeditor of
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Businesses found these covert methods irresistible. Strother Walker and Paul Sklar wrote in
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to every member of Congress and to national "opinion molders". They also published a weekly
1114:
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Dr. William Jay Schieffelin, whose company had recently brought to America a treatment for
970:
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3649:
3621:
3618:
Political Commentators in the United States in the 20th Century: A Bio-Critical Sourcebook
3549:
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of his generation—began to develop an expanded sense of publicity and its practical uses."
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1953:
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1032:
784:
694:. A scandal arose from his reference to propaganda in a press release. As reported by the
455:
418:
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73:
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as part of "Prosperity and Thrift: The Coolidge Era and the Consumer Economy, 1921–1929".
2362:
1486:
An Outline of Careers: A Practical Guide to Achievement by Thirty-Eight Eminent Americans
3348:
2448:
2118:
1839:"Edward Bernays, 'Father of Public Relations' And Leader in Opinion Making, Dies at 103"
1809:"Edward Bernays, 'Father of Public Relations' And Leader in Opinion Making, Dies at 103"
454:
Bernays was named one of the 100 most influential Americans of the twentieth century by
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stage play by tying it in with the cause of charity for orphans. To create interest in
511:
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245:
41:
3480:
Trust Us, We're Experts! How Industry Manipulates Science and Gambles With Your Future
2932:
situation' to the Associated Press, United Press, the International News Service, and
2590:. Institute for International Studies, Department for Holocaust and Genocide Studies.
5190:
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3094:
2987:"Edward L. Bernays tells the story of making bacon & eggs all-American Breakfast"
2974:
of the third party, no longer need figure in the resulting expression to the public.
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Per Bernays's strategy, United Fruit distributed favorable articles and an anonymous
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260:
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1573:
Your Place at the Peace Table. What You Can Do to Win a Lasting United Nations Peace
1365:
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4213:
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3474:
3417:
1416:. (Bernays wrote in his 1965 autobiography that Goebbels read and used his books.)
1413:
1383:
956:
846:
663:, he educated Americans about the subtleties of ballet—and publicized a picture of
430:
215:
3768:
LETTER TO MR. EDWARD L. BERNAYS FROM <Sanitized> RDP80B01676R003800020084-9
3764:
LETTER TO MR. EDWARD L. BERNAYS FROM <Sanitized> RDP80B01676R003800020083-0
3125:
Bernays, "The Minority Rules" (1927), pp. 150, 151; cited in Marks (1957), p. 116.
2585:
2554:
17:
5035:
4856:
4793:
4765:
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4560:
3831:
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3433:
2205:, and the Reverent John Haynes Holmes of New York's Unitarian Community Church."
2010:
1618:
Survey of the World's Greatest Square Mile: Manhattan Island Below Fulton Street
716:
646:
507:
473:
127:
3745:
3555:
Toxic Sludge Is Good For You: Lies, Damn Lies and the Public Relations Industry
3078:
2458:", address by Bernays to the Merchant's Association of New York, April 7, 1937.
1983:
967:, which made Lucky Strike, promptly hired Bernays away from Liggett and Myers.
5114:
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1252:
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1183:
In 1959, United Fruit dispensed with all external advisors including Bernays.
380:
CIA-orchestrated overthrow of the democratically elected Guatemalan government
367:
283:
3197:
Bernays, "The Minority Rules" (1927), p. 155; quoted in Marks (1957), p. 182.
3086:
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society. Those who manipulate this unseen mechanism of society constitute an
362:; November 22, 1891 − March 9, 1995) was an American pioneer in the field of
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4661:
4290:
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3457:
2898:", Paper presented at AEJMC National Convention, Washington DC; August 2007.
1280:
1176:
Following the coup, Bernays built up the image of Guatemala's new president
877:
792:
746:
461:
287:
3554:
3412:
Biography of an Idea: Memoirs of Public Relations Counsel Edward L. Bernays
1643:
The Case for Reappraisal of U.S. Overseas Information Policies and Programs
1255:, arguing that predictable elements could be manipulated for mass effects:
1933:
1738:"Emergence of the Public Relations Counsel: Principles and Recollections."
1473:
842:, suggesting this name as preferable to the "Committee for Unemployment".
5010:
3235:
Bernays in industrial America, and the Dr. Goebbels in fascist Germany.'
2202:
2146:. She also conceived of, wrote, and edited a four-page newsletter called
1289:
1159:
1108:
1031:
The centerpiece of his efforts was the Green Ball, a social event at the
862:
3722:(Library of Congress reproduction from The Forum Magazine, March, 1929)"
645:
After his foray into the world of theater, Bernays worked as a creative
526:
with a degree in agriculture, but chose journalism as his first career.
382:
in 1954. He worked for dozens of major American corporations, including
5119:
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4239:
4226:
3821:
3700:
3498:
The Father of Spin: Edward L. Bernays and the Birth of Public Relations
2991:
2559:(in Danish). Udgivet af Dansk samvirke hos E. Munksgaard. p. 143.
2254:
1750:
1737:
1731:
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1692:
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557:, reading grain cables. By December 1912, he had returned to New York.
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and prostitution—Bernays called it "a propaganda play that fought for
4280:
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3533:
3458:
Reception of Edward Bernays' Doctrine of 'Manipulating Public Opinion
3401:
1373:
1353:
537:, a group which encouraged women to keep their names after marriage.
69:
1395:(1923) as a pioneering study of the importance of something called
5257:
Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences alumni
3804:
2656:
psychoanalyst and disciple of Bernays's uncle, Dr. Sigmund Freud.
1405:(1928) drew more criticism for its advocacy of mass manipulation.
969:
2087:"Doris Fleischman Bernays Dead; Pioneer Public Relations Counsel"
835:. To Jews he should appear as a committed opponent of the Nazis.
4581:
4570:
3915:
3542:
American National Biography v. 2, Oxford University Press, 1999.
1680:"The Marketing of National Policies: A Study of War Propaganda."
1028:
package. Bernays then worked to make green a fashionable color.
873:
809:
running the story under the headline "President Nearly Laughs".
491:
4585:
3919:
3777:
2908:
749:
campaign was designed to convince American consumers that only
3066:
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
1712:
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
469:
783:
In 1924 Bernays set up a vaudeville "pancake breakfast" for
325:
3562:
Biography of an Idea: Memoirs of a Public Relations Counsel
2695:
Group of Girls Puff at Cigarettes as a Gesture of 'Freedom'
1313:
Propaganda was portrayed as the only alternative to chaos.
955:
cigarettes. He pulled a stunt against the competing brand,
468:(1999) and later an award-winning 2002 documentary for the
334:
3245:
a new American Goebbels...is now pouring over this book."
2936:, with contacts intensifying over the next several days."
2889:
Covering a Coup: The American Press and Guatemala in 1954
2531:
Biography of an idea: memoirs of public relations counsel
1631:
Biography of an Idea: Memoirs of Public Relations Counsel
1328:"a clear appeal for a form of mild corporate socialism."
1225:
Bernays pioneered the public relations industry's use of
633:, and Anne Harriman Sands Rutherford Vanderbilt, wife of
2831:
The CIA in Guatemala: The Foreign Policy of Intervention
2361:
President's Research Committee on Social Trends (1933).
2292:
Selling the Great War: The Making of American Propaganda
3663:– 4th impression, with postscript. New York, MacMillan.
2833:; University of Texas Press, 1982; 9th printing, 2004;
706:
done for organizations and people in a nation at peace.
2731:
headline reading, "It looks like a Green Winter." The
1150:. The CIA backed a minimal military force, fronted by
974:"Girl in Red" advertisement for Lucky Strike; shot by
932:
In 1920, Bernays organized the publication of Freud's
4146:
Some Character-Types Met with in Psycho-Analytic Work
3349:
Father of Spin: Edward L. Bernays and the Birth of PR
3254:
Bernays (1965), p. 652. Quoted in Dennis W. Johnson,
2584:
Jensen, Mette Bastholm; Jensen, Steven L. B. (2003).
2044:"A Birthday Salute to the Father of Public Relations"
549:
After graduating from Cornell, Bernays wrote for the
437:—and he outlined how skilled practitioners could use
346:
337:
331:
3701:
Edward L. Bernays papers, 1982–1998 (bulk 1993–1995)
3597:"Freud's Nephew and the Origins of Public Relations"
2387:"Freud's Nephew and the Origins of Public Relations"
1949:"A literary couple's muted memoir of 1950s New York"
1558:
Psychological Blueprint for the Peace—Canada, U.S.A.
322:
5242:
Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to the United States
5143:
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3953:
3892:
3871:
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3814:
3518:
3379:
1669:"Manipulating Public Opinion: The Why and the How."
1338:
460:. He was the subject of a full-length biography by
328:
297:
279:
241:
224:
205:
173:
110:
99:
80:
51:
32:
2528:
1871:
1546:Future of Private Enterprise in the Post-War World
831:—and Italian voters about his plans to reform the
3326:Bulletin of the Financial Advertisers Association
2449:The New York world's fair, a symbol for democracy
2050:(Nassau ed.). Part II p. 78. Archived from
3306:
3270:
2971:
2016:Sigmund Freud and the Jewish Mystical Tradition
1429:
1277:
1257:
1198:
1120:
1012:
703:
3421:The Unseen Power: Public Relations. A History.
3155:(1928), p. 159. Quoted in Olasky (1984), p. 3.
3140:(1928), p. 28; quoted in Olasky (1985), p. 20.
2806:"CPI Inflation Calculator – $ 100,000 in 1948"
2295:. St. Martin's Publishing Group. p. 200.
840:President's Emergency Committee for Employment
4597:
3931:
3789:
3668:Karl Rove & the Spectre of Freud's Nephew
902:Committee on Publicity Methods in Social Work
27:American public relations pioneer (1891–1995)
8:
4123:Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood
4033:Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego
3718:"Everett Dean Martin and Edward L. Bernays,
3483:. New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Putnam, 2001.
1775:Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes
1645:(Incorporating Congressman Fascell's Report)
734:Public relations campaigns of Edward Bernays
4001:Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious
2825:
2823:
2641:
2639:
2553:Hasselriis, Caspar Henrik Wolffsen (1959).
576:Two months later they took up the cause of
5227:American people of Austrian-Jewish descent
4783:
4604:
4590:
4582:
4139:The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement
4025:The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement
3938:
3924:
3916:
3796:
3782:
3774:
3256:Routledge Handbook of Political Management
3008:
3006:
1524:Universities—Pathfinders in Public Opinion
1292:or business, in our social conduct or our
816:consulted with Bernays a month before the
494:family. His mother, Anna (1858–1955), was
40:
29:
3577:"Century Of Self. 1-1 Happiness Machines"
2860:
2858:
2364:Recent Social Trends in the United States
2071:
2069:
1088:expropriation." In the following months,
914:New York Infirmary for Women and Children
722:Recent Social Trends in the United States
3641:column on his interview with Bernays at
3616:Nimmo, Dan D.; Chevelle Newsome (1997).
2883:
2881:
2879:
2504:
2502:
1984:"Psychoanalysis shapes consumer culture"
787:to change his stuffy image prior to the
533:in 1922. Fleischman was a member of the
4153:Thoughts for the Times on War and Death
4099:Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality
3440:New York: Basic Books (Perseus), 1996.
2478:" typescript, prepared 8 February 1962.
2413:Silent Film Comedy and American Culture
2266:The Hispanic American Historical Review
1787:
1492:Verdict of Public Opinion on Propaganda
1274:and help to bring order out of chaos."
935:Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis
922:Friends of Danish Freedom and Democracy
490:Edward Bernays was born in Vienna to a
4107:Delusion and Dream in Jensen's Gradiva
3660:Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War
3515:
3376:
3365::2, Second Quarter, 1999 (p. 11).
3035:. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Ig Pub. p. 47.
2965:that a propagandist may not ethically
1698:"Attitude Polls—Servants or Masters?"
1335:
1221:Social engineering (political science)
510:of Hamburg and a relative of the poet
3770:", 1958, Central Intelligence Agency,
3687:at Library of Congress (finding aid)
2042:Colford, Paul D. (December 5, 1991).
1851:from the original on January 24, 2018
1819:from the original on 12 November 2020
1723:Industrial and Labor Relations Review
357:
195:
7:
3993:The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
3347:Stauber, John and Sheldon Rampton. "
2255:The Creel Committee in Latin America
2183:Rampton & Stauber (2001), p. 44.
2159:Tye (1998), pp. 5–6. "They used the
1719:"An Educational Program for Unions."
1138:reporter Will Lissner and columnist
947:In 1927, Bernays worked briefly for
605:The play controversially dealt with
5282:Jewish American non-fiction writers
3414:New York: Simon and Schuster, 1965.
3905:Remington Rand strike of 1936–1937
3423:Hove, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1994.
3258:, (New York: Routledge, 2009), p.
2416:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 16.
2099:from the original on July 23, 2018
1998:American Psychological Association
1577:New York: The Gerent Press (1945).
1552:Democratic Leadership in Total War
1326:Take Your Place at the Peace Table
1146:effected a coup d'état code-named
918:Committee for Consumer Legislation
910:Book Publishers Research Institute
872:Bernays reported turning down the
760:He was publicity director for the
679:After the US entered the war, the
25:
5272:DeWitt Clinton High School alumni
5222:American male non-fiction writers
4115:Creative Writers and Day-Dreaming
3269:n. 3; and in Tye (1998), p. 111.
3056:Bernays, Edward L. (March 1947).
378:in the 1950s, connected with the
5237:American public relations people
5100:Concentration of media ownership
4065:Civilization and Its Discontents
3755:Works by or about Edward Bernays
3524:
3385:
2999:from the original on 2021-11-18.
2309:from the original on May 8, 2020
2192:Tye (1998), p. 8. "The key with
1651:, eds. New York: Praeger (1970).
1360:
1344:
867:United States Information Agency
738:Bernays used ideas of his uncle
318:
303:
5217:American foreign policy writers
3690:Some Bernays papers at LOC are
3583:from the original on 2021-11-18
3021:Quoted in Olasky (1984), p. 10.
2604:from the original on 2016-04-24
2563:from the original on 2016-05-24
2430:from the original on 2020-05-07
1961:from the original on 2018-09-11
1745:, vol. 45, no.3 (Autumn 1971).
1611:Your Future in Public Relations
681:Committee on Public Information
191:
4017:Introduction to Psychoanalysis
2535:. Simon and Schuster. p.
1704:, vol. 9, no. 3 (Autumn 1945).
1665:(Apr. 1927), pp. 150–155.
767:
602:. You can count on our help."
194: 1922; died
1:
4169:Beyond the Pleasure Principle
3720:Are We Victims of Propaganda?
3707:Torches of Freedom Video Clip
3438:PR! A Social History of Spin.
2864:Tye (1998), pp. 167–170.
2095:. Metropolitan Report p. 22.
1947:Lavin, Maud (July 21, 2002).
1932:. Basic Books. Archived from
1726:, vol. 1, no. 1 (Oct. 1947).
1708:"The Engineering of Consent."
1687:, vol. 6, no. 3 (Jan. 1942).
1673:American Journal of Sociology
1071:Chiquita Brands International
728:Notable clients and campaigns
571:Dietetic and Hygienic Gazette
433:as irrational and subject to
234:Anna (Freud) Bernays (mother)
4049:The Question of Lay Analysis
3978:The Interpretation of Dreams
3394:interview with Larry Tye on
3281:Crystallizing Public Opinion
3058:"The Engineering of Consent"
2085:Cook, Joan (July 12, 1980).
1982:Held, Lisa (December 2009).
1930:PR! A Social History Of Spin
1874:Crystallizing Public Opinion
1676:, vol. 33, no. 6 (May 1928).
1597:University of Oklahoma Press
1461:Crystallizing Public Opinion
1392:Crystallizing Public Opinion
906:Jewish Mental Health Society
582:, an English translation of
522:. In 1912 he graduated from
400:Crystallizing Public Opinion
139:Crystallizing Public Opinion
2527:Bernays, Edward L. (1965).
2508:Tye (1998), pp. 84–85.
2467:Tye (1998), pp 77–79. See "
1518:This Business of Propaganda
1144:Central Intelligence Agency
1061:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
711:Counsel on public relations
5338:
5307:Public relations theorists
5232:American political writers
3079:10.1177/000271624725000116
2808:. CPI Inflation Calculator
2021:Princeton University Press
1595:(as contributor). Norman:
1592:The Engineering of Consent
1480:A Public Relations Counsel
1218:
1171:International News Service
1167:United Press International
1058:
1055:United Fruit and Guatemala
995:
818:1932 presidential election
771:
762:1939 New York World's Fair
731:
520:DeWitt Clinton High School
163:The Engineering of Consent
5317:Public relations scholars
5312:Public relations pioneers
5212:American men centenarians
4466:Freud: The Secret Passion
4092:The Aetiology of Hysteria
4057:The Future of an Illusion
3523:
3500:. New York: Crown, 1998.
3384:
3031:Bernays, Edward (2005) .
2920:L'Ordinaire des Amériques
2587:Denmark and the Holocaust
2198:Medical Review of Reviews
1926:"Visiting Edward Bernays"
1765:The Culture of Narcissism
1359:
1343:
851:Office of War Information
791:. Entertainers including
635:William Kissam Vanderbilt
623:Franklin Delano Roosevelt
615:Medical Review of Reviews
596:Medical Review of Reviews
567:Medical Review of Reviews
555:Louis Dreyfus and Company
302:
293:
272:
39:
5176:Society of the Spectacle
4541:Clement Freud (grandson)
4313:Psychosexual development
4183:Dostoevsky and Parricide
4161:Mourning and Melancholia
3884:Federal Radio Commission
3685:Edward L. Bernays papers
2922:210 (2010), pp. 175–192.
2704:" (part of a headline),
2624:Tye (1998), pp. 185–190.
2369:McGraw-Hill Book Company
2144:American Tobacco Company
1899:Bernays, Edward (1928).
1870:Bernays, Edward (1923).
1701:Public Opinion Quarterly
1209:Business Finds Its Voice
965:American Tobacco Company
374:", and his work for the
92:Cambridge, Massachusetts
5057:Influence of mass media
4862:Narcotizing dysfunction
4551:Walter Freud (grandson)
4546:Lucian Freud (grandson)
3746:Works by Edward Bernays
3603:. National Public Radio
3225:Olasky (1984), pp. 4–6.
3073:(1): 113–20 at p. 114.
2487:Tye (1988), pp. 79– 80.
2469:Breakfast With Coolidge
1742:Business History Review
1715:, vol. 250 (Mar. 1947).
1097:New York Herald Tribune
619:John D. Rockefeller Jr.
479:The Century of the Self
5287:Jewish anti-communists
4718:Freedom of information
4566:Edward Bernay (nephew)
4442:Views on homosexuality
4405:London home and museum
4400:Vienna home and museum
3842:Cosmetics in the 1920s
3311:
3285:
3216:Cutlip (1994), p. 160.
2976:
2556:Helligdag: erindringer
2496:Tye (1998), pp. 81–83.
2351:Cutlip (1994), p. 168.
2289:Axelrod, Alan (2009).
2244:and the Ballet Russe."
2223:Tye (1998), pp. 9–16.
2214:Cutlip (1994), p. 162.
2123:Jewish Women's Archive
1661:"The Minority Rules."
1449:The Broadway Anthology
1434:
1332:Recognition and legacy
1299:
1262:
1241:engineering of consent
1202:
1124:
1037:Narcissa Cox Vanderlip
1017:
979:
961:George Washington Hill
849:, Bernays advised the
838:He helped to name the
774:Light's Golden Jubilee
768:Light's Golden Jubilee
708:
692:Paris Peace Conference
594:: "The editors of the
502:(through their father
5207:Advertising theorists
5105:Exploitation of women
4556:Amalia Freud (mother)
4531:Anna Freud (daughter)
4526:Martha Bernays (wife)
3900:Mohawk Valley formula
3575:(November 26, 2008).
3467:, 12(1), Spring 1985.
2995:. 12 September 2014.
2829:Richard H. Immerman,
1989:Monitor on Psychology
1936:on September 5, 2008.
1924:Ewen, Stuart (1996).
1178:Carlos Castillo Armas
1156:psychological warfare
1152:Carlos Castillo Armas
973:
732:Further information:
685:psychological warfare
5302:Propaganda theorists
5297:Mass media theorists
4561:Jacob Freud (father)
4536:Ernst L. Freud (son)
4506:Freud's Last Session
4276:Id, ego and superego
4253:Daniel Paul Schreber
4073:Moses and Monotheism
3815:Collective imaginary
3398:, September 20, 1998
3012:Marks (1957), p. 73.
2764:Tye (1998), pp. 27,
2410:Alan Bilton (2013).
1684:Journal of Marketing
1324:calls his 1945 book
1285:invisible government
1247:Bernays expanded on
1132:Guatemala Newsletter
1067:United Fruit Company
486:Family and education
384:Procter & Gamble
376:United Fruit Company
314:Edward Louis Bernays
231:Ely Bernays (father)
5322:Jewish centenarians
5292:Marketing theorists
5262:Crowd psychologists
5151:Advanced capitalism
4837:Cult of personality
4751:Advanced capitalism
4482:Mahler on the Couch
3970:Studies on Hysteria
3620:. Westport, Conn.:
2955:Tye (1998), p. 180.
2873:Tye (1998), p. 175.
2032:Tye (1998), p. 115.
1215:Scientific approach
1148:Operation PBSuccess
1128:Report on Guatemala
1082:Thomas Dudley Cabot
613:." He created the "
551:National Nurseryman
531:Doris E. Fleischman
397:Of his many books,
258:(great-grandfather)
5072:Semiotic democracy
4996:Civil disobedience
4908:Media manipulation
4898:Crowd manipulation
4821:Tabloid journalism
4735:Media transparency
4713:Media independence
4627:24-hour news cycle
4490:A Dangerous Method
4357:Deferred obedience
4041:The Ego and the Id
3837:Torches of Freedom
3648:2008-12-07 at the
3465:Journalism History
3396:The Father of Spin
3354:2013-01-16 at the
3265:2017-04-06 at the
3184:Bernays argued in
3104:on August 13, 2012
2934:The New York Times
2914:2017-04-06 at the
2894:2012-06-23 at the
2848:2017-04-06 at the
2771:2020-05-07 at the
2717:Tye (1998), p. 38.
2706:The New York Times
2700:2017-09-16 at the
2669:Tye (1998), p. 29.
2633:Tye (1998), 35–36.
2517:Tye (1998), p. 89.
2474:2021-02-24 at the
2454:2017-04-06 at the
2392:2018-04-21 at the
2327:Tye (1998), p. 19.
2260:2020-05-02 at the
2119:"Doris Fleischman"
2092:The New York Times
1847:. March 10, 1995.
1844:The New York Times
1813:The New York Times
1636:Simon and Schuster
1466:Boni and Liveright
1454:Duffield & Co.
1136:The New York Times
1091:The New York Times
998:Torches of Freedom
992:Torches of Freedom
980:
806:The New York Times
745:In the 1930s, his
631:John Haynes Holmes
524:Cornell University
466:The Father of Spin
372:Torches of Freedom
359:[bɛʁˈnaɪs]
266:Nicolae Steinhardt
104:Cornell University
5184:
5183:
5110:Freedom of speech
4928:Theodor W. Adorno
4916:
4915:
4903:Managing the news
4723:Freedom of speech
4703:Media development
4667:News broadcasting
4647:Independent media
4632:Alternative media
4579:
4578:
4362:Reality principle
4245:Sergei Pankejeff
4233:Bertha Pappenheim
3913:
3912:
3750:Project Gutenberg
3539:
3538:
3410:Bernays, Edward.
3407:
3406:
3358:" (book review).
3137:Propaganda (book)
2682:discriminations.'
2597:978-87-989305-1-8
2423:978-1-137-02025-3
2302:978-0-230-61959-3
1903:. Ig Publishing.
1878:. Ig Publishing.
1815:. 10 March 1995.
1656:Selected articles
1512:978-0-8046-1511-2
1379:
1378:
985:ideal of thinness
949:Liggett and Myers
912:(1930–1931), the
904:(1926–1927), the
896:Nonprofit clients
853:, as well as the
833:police department
797:Raymond Hitchcock
779:Political clients
627:Eleanor Roosevelt
535:Lucy Stone League
311:
310:
274:Scientific career
66:November 22, 1891
34:Edward L. Bernays
18:Edward L. Bernays
16:(Redirected from
5329:
5267:Crowd psychology
5156:Culture industry
5125:Social influence
5078:The Lonely Crowd
5021:Political satire
4986:Call-out culture
4963:Jacques Rancière
4958:Marshall McLuhan
4933:Jean Baudrillard
4877:Viral phenomenon
4811:Public relations
4784:
4657:Mainstream media
4642:Electronic media
4606:
4599:
4592:
4583:
4501:(2020 TV series)
4367:Seduction theory
4303:Free association
4248:
4236:
4222:Irma's injection
4217:
4204:
3986:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3917:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3775:
3759:Internet Archive
3733:
3731:
3729:
3724:. Memory.loc.gov
3666:Stephen Bender.
3635:
3624:. pp. 1–9.
3612:
3610:
3608:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3560:Edward Bernays,
3528:
3527:
3516:
3471:Rampton, Sheldon
3418:Cutlip, Scott M.
3389:
3388:
3377:
3366:
3345:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3318:
3312:
3302:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3273:Karl von Wiegand
3252:
3246:
3232:
3226:
3223:
3217:
3214:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3195:
3189:
3181:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3156:
3147:
3141:
3132:
3126:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3109:
3103:
3097:. Archived from
3062:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3028:
3022:
3019:
3013:
3010:
3001:
3000:
2983:
2977:
2962:
2956:
2953:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2929:
2923:
2907:Étienne Dasso, "
2905:
2899:
2885:
2874:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2853:
2827:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2802:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2762:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2709:
2691:
2685:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2661:
2653:
2647:
2643:
2634:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2609:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2568:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2534:
2524:
2518:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2497:
2494:
2488:
2485:
2479:
2465:
2459:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2407:
2401:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2373:Internet Archive
2358:
2352:
2349:
2343:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2286:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2253:James R. Mock, "
2251:
2245:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2206:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2175:
2174:the production."
2171:
2165:
2157:
2151:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2082:
2076:
2075:Tye (1998), 4–5.
2073:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2054:on July 20, 2013
2039:
2033:
2030:
2024:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1877:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1805:
1799:
1792:
1770:
1585:Doris Fleischman
1565:Public Relations
1540:The Viking Press
1504:Horace Liveright
1364:
1363:
1348:
1347:
1336:
1309:
1163:Associated Press
1115:Atlantic Monthly
920:(1934), and the
886:Francisco Franco
823:Bernays advised
755:venereal disease
657:Sergei Diaghilev
607:venereal disease
448:Public Relations
439:crowd psychology
429:), he described
388:General Electric
364:public relations
361:
356:
350:
344:
343:
340:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
307:
199:
197:
193:
180:Doris Fleischman
155:Public Relations
118:Public relations
87:
65:
63:
44:
30:
21:
5337:
5336:
5332:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5327:
5326:
5187:
5186:
5185:
5180:
5166:Media franchise
5139:
5083:
5045:
5001:Culture jamming
4967:
4953:Walter Lippmann
4912:
4881:
4825:
4775:
4739:
4730:Media pluralism
4691:
4615:
4610:
4580:
4575:
4512:
4457:
4451:
4447:Religious views
4437:Neo-Freudianism
4371:
4345:Oedipus complex
4263:
4257:
4246:
4230:
4216:("Little Hans")
4215:
4202:
4189:
4079:
4009:Totem and Taboo
3980:
3949:
3944:
3914:
3909:
3888:
3867:
3858:Walter Lippmann
3846:
3810:
3802:
3727:
3725:
3716:
3681:
3672:LewRockwell.com
3655:Wilfred Trotter
3650:Wayback Machine
3632:
3622:Greenwood Press
3615:
3606:
3604:
3595:
3586:
3584:
3571:
3550:Sheldon Rampton
3525:
3519:External videos
3514:
3512:Further reading
3386:
3380:External videos
3375:
3370:
3369:
3356:Wayback Machine
3346:
3342:
3336:
3332:
3319:
3315:
3303:
3299:
3293:
3289:
3267:Wayback Machine
3253:
3249:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3182:
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3172:
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3159:
3148:
3144:
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3101:
3060:
3055:
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3050:
3043:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3004:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2940:
2930:
2926:
2916:Wayback Machine
2906:
2902:
2896:Wayback Machine
2886:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2856:
2850:Wayback Machine
2828:
2821:
2811:
2809:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2779:
2773:Wayback Machine
2763:
2759:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2739:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2708:, 1 April 1929.
2702:Wayback Machine
2692:
2688:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2657:
2654:
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2628:
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2583:
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2578:
2566:
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2552:
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2526:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2476:Wayback Machine
2466:
2462:
2456:Wayback Machine
2446:
2442:
2433:
2431:
2424:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2398:Morning Edition
2394:Wayback Machine
2384:
2380:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2312:
2310:
2303:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2273:
2262:Wayback Machine
2252:
2248:
2242:Daddy Long Legs
2239:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2168:
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2154:
2140:
2136:
2127:
2125:
2117:
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2100:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2067:
2057:
2055:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2009:
2005:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1964:
1962:
1954:Chicago Tribune
1946:
1945:
1941:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1869:
1868:
1864:
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1822:
1820:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1768:
1760:
1658:
1624:One Wall Street
1444:
1439:
1410:Joseph Goebbels
1361:
1345:
1339:External videos
1334:
1311:
1308:(1928) pp. 9–10
1301:
1271:
1249:Walter Lippmann
1231:social sciences
1227:mass psychology
1223:
1217:
1194:
1189:
1140:Walter Winchell
1063:
1057:
1045:
1033:Waldorf Astoria
1025:
1010:Bernays wrote:
1000:
994:
945:
930:
898:
865:he advised the
825:William O'Dwyer
785:Calvin Coolidge
781:
776:
770:
751:disposable cups
736:
730:
713:
677:
652:Daddy Long Legs
643:
592:Richard Bennett
563:
547:
488:
419:Walter Lippmann
415:Wilfred Trotter
354:
348:
321:
317:
264:
259:
254:
249:
237:
220:
201:
189:
185:
182:
169:
95:
89:
88:(aged 103)
85:
76:
74:Austria-Hungary
67:
61:
59:
58:
57:
47:
46:Bernays in 1917
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5335:
5333:
5325:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5252:Bernays family
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5189:
5188:
5182:
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5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4991:Cancel culture
4988:
4983:
4977:
4975:
4973:Counterculture
4969:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4938:Edward Bernays
4935:
4930:
4924:
4922:
4918:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4893:Catch and kill
4889:
4887:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4874:
4872:Sensationalism
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4833:
4831:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4823:
4818:
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4806:
4796:
4790:
4788:
4781:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4761:Bipartisanship
4758:
4756:American Dream
4753:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4726:
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4388:complete works
4379:
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4350:Father complex
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4271:Psychoanalysis
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3863:Edward Bernays
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3679:External links
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1043:Modus operandi
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996:Main article:
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976:Nickolas Muray
963:, head of the
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665:Flore Revalles
661:Ballets Russes
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411:Gustave Le Bon
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5006:Demonstration
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4771:Pensée unique
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4422:Freudian slip
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4338:Genital stage
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4333:Latency stage
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4328:Phallic stage
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4131:On Narcissism
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3851:Theoreticians
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3808:media culture
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3639:Marvin Olasky
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1323:
1322:Marvin Olasky
1318:
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1232:
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1214:
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1197:
1192:Third parties
1191:
1186:
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1110:
1105:
1104:
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1093:
1092:
1085:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1075:positive spin
1072:
1068:
1062:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1005:Abraham Brill
999:
991:
989:
986:
977:
972:
968:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
942:
940:
937:
936:
927:
925:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
895:
893:
891:
890:Richard Nixon
887:
883:
882:Somoza family
879:
875:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
843:
841:
836:
834:
830:
829:Italian mafia
826:
821:
819:
815:
810:
808:
807:
802:
801:Dolly Sisters
798:
794:
790:
789:1924 election
786:
778:
775:
765:
763:
758:
756:
752:
748:
743:
741:
740:Sigmund Freud
735:
727:
725:
723:
718:
710:
707:
702:
699:
697:
693:
688:
686:
682:
674:
672:
670:
669:Enrico Caruso
666:
662:
658:
654:
653:
648:
640:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
611:sex education
608:
603:
601:
600:Damaged Goods
597:
593:
589:
588:Eugène Brieux
585:
581:
580:
579:Damaged Goods
574:
572:
568:
560:
558:
556:
552:
544:
542:
538:
536:
532:
527:
525:
521:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
500:Isaac Bernays
497:
496:Sigmund Freud
493:
485:
483:
481:
480:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
458:
452:
450:
449:
444:
440:
436:
435:herd instinct
432:
428:
424:
423:Sigmund Freud
420:
416:
412:
408:
407:
402:
401:
395:
393:
392:Sigmund Freud
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
360:
352:
351:
342:
315:
306:
301:
296:
292:
289:
285:
282:
278:
275:
271:
267:
262:
261:Marc Randolph
257:
256:Isaac Bernays
252:
251:Sigmund Freud
247:
244:
240:
233:
230:
229:
227:
223:
217:
214:
211:
210:
208:
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181:
176:
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136:
134:
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129:
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116:
115:
113:
109:
105:
102:
98:
93:
84:March 9, 1995
83:
79:
75:
71:
54:
50:
43:
38:
31:
19:
5277:Freud family
5171:Post-Fordism
5161:Mass society
5130:Transparency
5076:
4943:Noam Chomsky
4937:
4921:Philosophers
4867:Recuperation
4852:Media circus
4842:Dumbing down
4708:Media policy
4682:Social media
4565:
4504:
4496:
4488:
4480:
4472:
4464:
4432:Inner circle
4383:Bibliography
4308:Transference
4286:Preconscious
4194:Case studies
4181:
4167:
4159:
4151:
4137:
4129:
4121:
4113:
4105:
4097:
4071:
4063:
4055:
4047:
4039:
4031:
4023:
4015:
4007:
3999:
3991:
3982:
3977:
3968:
3960:
3893:1930s topics
3872:Other topics
3862:
3728:February 12,
3726:. Retrieved
3719:
3674:, 2005-02-04
3658:
3643:Townhall.com
3617:
3607:February 12,
3605:. Retrieved
3600:
3587:February 12,
3585:. Retrieved
3573:Curtis, Adam
3561:
3553:
3546:John Stauber
3497:
3478:
3475:John Stauber
3464:
3437:
3434:Ewen, Stuart
3420:
3411:
3395:
3391:
3362:
3359:
3343:
3333:
3325:
3321:
3316:
3307:
3300:
3290:
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3255:
3250:
3241:
3236:
3230:
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3212:
3202:
3193:
3185:
3179:
3174:locomotive".
3169:
3160:
3150:
3145:
3135:
3130:
3121:
3113:
3108:February 24,
3106:. Retrieved
3099:the original
3070:
3064:
3051:
3032:
3026:
3017:
2990:
2981:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2951:
2941:
2933:
2927:
2919:
2903:
2869:
2830:
2810:. Retrieved
2800:
2790:
2780:
2760:
2750:
2740:
2732:
2729:New York Sun
2728:
2722:
2713:
2705:
2689:
2674:
2665:
2651:
2629:
2620:
2612:
2606:. Retrieved
2586:
2579:
2571:
2565:. Retrieved
2555:
2548:
2540:
2530:
2522:
2513:
2492:
2483:
2463:
2443:
2432:. Retrieved
2412:
2405:
2381:
2371:– via
2363:
2356:
2347:
2338:
2332:
2323:
2311:. Retrieved
2291:
2284:
2274:
2265:
2249:
2241:
2228:
2219:
2210:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2179:
2169:
2160:
2155:
2147:
2137:
2126:. Retrieved
2122:
2113:
2103:February 24,
2101:. Retrieved
2090:
2080:
2058:February 24,
2056:. Retrieved
2052:the original
2047:
2037:
2028:
2015:
2011:Bakan, David
2006:
1993:
1987:
1977:
1969:
1963:. Retrieved
1952:
1942:
1934:the original
1929:
1919:
1900:
1894:
1873:
1865:
1853:. Retrieved
1842:
1833:
1821:. Retrieved
1812:
1803:
1795:
1790:
1773:
1763:
1740:
1721:
1710:
1699:
1682:
1671:
1662:
1642:
1634:. New York:
1630:
1617:
1610:
1590:
1580:
1572:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1538:. New York:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1502:. New York:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1464:. New York:
1459:
1448:
1437:Publications
1430:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1414:Adolf Hitler
1407:
1400:
1390:
1388:
1384:Scott Cutlip
1380:
1367:
1325:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1304:
1300:
1278:
1272:
1263:
1258:
1246:
1240:
1224:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1182:
1175:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1079:
1064:
1050:
1046:
1035:, hosted by
1030:
1026:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1001:
981:
957:Lucky Strike
953:Chesterfield
951:, makers of
946:
933:
931:
916:(1933), the
908:(1928), the
899:
892:as clients.
871:
847:World War II
844:
837:
822:
812:A desperate
811:
804:
782:
759:
744:
737:
721:
714:
704:
700:
695:
689:
678:
650:
644:
614:
604:
599:
595:
583:
577:
575:
570:
566:
564:
550:
548:
539:
528:
516:
489:
477:
465:
456:
453:
446:
427:double uncle
404:
398:
396:
313:
312:
273:
216:Anne Bernays
161:
153:
145:
137:
132:
86:(1995-03-09)
5202:1995 deaths
5197:1891 births
5050:In academia
5036:Review bomb
4857:Media event
4794:Advertising
4766:Consumerism
4687:State media
4509:(2023 film)
4493:(2011 film)
4485:(2010 film)
4477:(1993 play)
4474:The Visitor
4469:(1962 film)
4410:1971 statue
4247:("Wolfman")
4203:(Ida Bauer)
3981:(including
3832:Modern girl
3737:Appearances
2812:4 September
1855:February 7,
1663:The Bookman
717:advertising
675:World War I
647:press agent
641:Press agent
629:, Reverend
584:Les Avariés
529:He married
508:chief rabbi
506:), was the
474:Adam Curtis
403:(1923) and
128:Advertising
5191:Categories
5115:Media bias
5016:Occupation
4948:Guy Debord
4830:Techniques
4799:Propaganda
4696:Principles
4672:News media
4652:Mass media
4571:Jofi (dog)
4458:depictions
4323:Anal stage
4318:Oral stage
4296:censorship
3962:On Aphasia
3879:Tad Dorgan
3827:Betty Boop
3494:Tye, Larry
3186:Propaganda
3152:Propaganda
3033:Propaganda
2608:2016-04-18
2567:2016-04-18
2434:2017-08-26
2128:2022-11-04
2000:(APA): 32.
1965:2018-09-10
1901:Propaganda
1823:January 9,
1782:References
1622:New York:
1499:Propaganda
1452:New York:
1402:Propaganda
1368:Propaganda
1305:Propaganda
1281:democratic
1269:Philosophy
1253:stereotype
1236:propaganda
1229:and other
1219:See also:
1187:Techniques
1169:, and the
1112:, and the
1059:See also:
1023:Green Ball
880:under the
799:, and the
431:the masses
406:Propaganda
368:propaganda
284:Psychology
212:Doris Held
147:Propaganda
62:1891-11-22
5095:Anonymity
4804:Fake news
4780:Deception
4677:Old media
4662:New media
4417:Interment
4291:Ego ideal
4240:"Rat Man"
4227:"Anna O."
4020:(1916–17)
3983:On Dreams
3392:Booknotes
3149:Bernays,
3134:Bernays,
3095:167534969
3087:0002-7162
2023:, p. 196.
1474:215243834
1468:(1923).
1160:newswires
1154:, with a
1069:(today's
878:Nicaragua
793:Al Jolson
747:Dixie Cup
476:entitled
464:entitled
462:Larry Tye
425:(his own
298:Signature
288:sociology
242:Relatives
122:campaigns
100:Education
5144:Synonyms
5135:Violence
5011:Graffiti
4744:Ideology
4456:Cultural
4395:Archives
4264:concepts
4262:Original
4094:" (1896)
3657:(1919).
3646:Archived
3581:Archived
3360:PR Watch
3352:Archived
3277:Goebbels
3263:Archived
2997:Archived
2912:Archived
2892:Archived
2846:Archived
2769:Archived
2698:Archived
2602:Archived
2561:Archived
2472:Archived
2452:Archived
2428:Archived
2390:Archived
2307:Archived
2258:Archived
2203:syphilis
2164:States."
2097:Archived
2013:(1958).
1959:Archived
1849:Archived
1817:Archived
1758:See also
1599:(1955).
1506:(1928).
1290:politics
1109:Newsweek
924:(1940).
863:Cold War
724:(1933).
268:(cousin)
206:Children
5120:Privacy
5026:Protest
4981:Boycott
4847:Framing
4376:Related
4201:"Dora"
3822:Flapper
3757:at the
3601:NPR.org
3579:. BBC.
3566:excerpt
3373:Sources
3242:Opinion
3237:Barrons
2992:YouTube
2313:May 21,
2148:Contact
2048:Newsday
1751:3113663
1732:2518569
1693:1245869
1647:, with
1638:(1965).
1626:(1964).
1613:(1961).
1587:(1950).
1583:, with
1568:(1945).
1560:(1944).
1554:(1943).
1548:(1942).
1542:(1940).
1532:(1939).
1526:(1937).
1520:(1928).
1494:(1927).
1488:(1927).
1482:(1927).
1456:(1917).
1294:ethical
943:Tobacco
845:During
355:German:
253:(uncle)
225:Parents
200:
188:
184:
5088:Issues
4886:Others
4518:Family
4281:Libido
4229:
4186:(1928)
4178:(1922)
4172:(1920)
4164:(1918)
4156:(1916)
4148:(1915)
4142:(1914)
4134:(1914)
4126:(1910)
4118:(1908)
4110:(1907)
4102:(1905)
4084:Essays
4076:(1939)
4068:(1930)
4060:(1927)
4052:(1926)
4044:(1923)
4036:(1921)
4028:(1917)
4012:(1913)
4004:(1905)
3996:(1901)
3988:(1899)
3973:(1895)
3965:(1891)
3741:C-SPAN
3692:online
3628:
3534:C-SPAN
3504:
3487:
3473:, and
3444:
3427:
3402:C-SPAN
3093:
3085:
3039:
2841:; pp.
2837:
2795:1952."
2594:
2420:
2299:
1996:(11).
1907:
1882:
1749:
1730:
1691:
1605:550584
1603:
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1472:
1374:C-SPAN
1354:C-SPAN
1094:, the
888:, and
545:Career
504:Berman
492:Jewish
421:, and
280:Fields
248:(aunt)
174:Spouse
166:(1955)
158:(1945)
150:(1928)
142:(1923)
94:, U.S.
70:Vienna
4787:Forms
4620:Media
4498:Freud
4427:Humor
3954:Books
3805:1920s
3102:(PDF)
3091:S2CID
3061:(PDF)
2852:–114.
2447:See "
2342:CPI."
1769:(1979
1747:JSTOR
1728:JSTOR
1689:JSTOR
1442:Books
928:Freud
874:Nazis
198:)
190:(
186:
133:Books
5031:Punk
4816:Spin
3730:2010
3699:The
3626:ISBN
3609:2010
3589:2010
3548:and
3502:ISBN
3485:ISBN
3442:ISBN
3425:ISBN
3322:Life
3110:2016
3083:ISSN
3037:ISBN
2835:ISBN
2814:2023
2733:Post
2592:ISBN
2418:ISBN
2315:2020
2297:ISBN
2105:2016
2060:2016
1905:ISBN
1880:ISBN
1857:2017
1825:2021
1601:OCLC
1508:ISBN
1470:OCLC
1412:and
1103:Time
1065:The
859:Navy
857:and
855:Army
625:and
569:and
457:Life
441:and
386:and
366:and
349:NAYZ
347:bur-
196:1980
106:(BS)
81:Died
52:Born
3766:; "
3748:at
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