52:
72:
110:
509:
63:
43:
2652:
terrestrial species nested within
Hydrophiinae. This led to removing the Australasian terrestrial species and placing them in the Hydrophiinae. This has been support in subsequent recent genomic analyses, though these same studies also found the subfamily Elapinae to be paraphyletic in respect to the Hydrophiinae. These studies have found
721:
The venom of spitting cobras is more cytotoxic rather than neurotoxic. It damages local cells, especially those in eyes, which are deliberately targeted by the snakes. The venom may cause intense pain on contact with the eye and may lead to blindness. It is not lethal on skin if no wound provides any
734:
The table below lists out all of the elapid genera and no subfamilies. In the past, many subfamilies were recognized, or have been suggested for the
Elapidae, including the Elapinae, Hydrophiinae (sea snakes), Micrurinae (coral snakes), Acanthophiinae (Australian elapids), and the Laticaudinae (sea
658:
Terrestrial elapids are found worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions, mostly in the
Southern Hemisphere. Most prefer humid tropical environments, though there are many that can still be found in arid environments. Sea snakes occur mainly in the Indian Ocean and the south-west Pacific. They
735:
kraits). Currently, none are universally recognized. Molecular evidence via techniques like karyotyping, protein electrophoretic analyses, immunological distance and DNA sequencing, suggests reciprocal monophyly of two groups: African, Asian, and New World
Elapinae versus Australasian and marine
2621:
This however does not touch the number of elapidae that are under threat, for instance 9% of elapid sea snakes are threatened with another 6% near-threatened. A rather large road block that stands in the way of more species being put under protection is lack of knowledge of the taxa; many known
717:
is promptly required to be administered if bitten by any elapids. Specific antivenoms are the only cure to treat elapidae bites. There are commercial monovalent and polyvalent antivenoms for cobras, mambas, and some other important elapids. Recently, experimental antivenoms based on recombinant
2651:
The elapids in the past were considered to have two subfamilies–the
Elapinae made of terrestrial species and Hydrophiinae made of the marine species. In 1997, Slowinski, Knight and Rooney found in their phylogenetic analysis using amino acid sequences from venom proteins, that the Australasian
650:) are the sea snakes least adapted to aquatic life. Their bodies are less compressed laterally, and they have thicker bodies and ventral scaling. Because of this, they are capable of some land movement. They spend much of their time on land, where they lay their eggs and digest prey.
430:; almost all have long, slender bodies with smooth scales, a head covered with large shields (and not always distinct from the neck), and eyes with rounded pupils. Also like colubrids, their behavior is usually quite active and fast, with most of the females being
463:), sometimes considered to be a separate family, have adapted to a marine way of life in different ways and to various degrees. All have evolved paddle-like tails for swimming and the ability to excrete salt. Most also have laterally compressed bodies, their
2525:
With the dangers the taxa presents given their venomous nature it is very difficult for activists and conservationists alike to get species on protection lists such as the IUCN red-list and CITES Apenndix lists. Some of the protected species are:
3365:
554:, taipan, mamba, and king cobra) have long fangs on quite mobile maxillae and can make fast strikes. A few species are capable of spraying their venom from forward-facing holes in their fangs for defense, as exemplified by
2672:
forming successive outgroups to
Hydrophiinae. Since there are available clade names for these groups (with the exception of Elapsoidea), it is ideal to bring back the subfamilies Calliophiinae, Micrurinae, Najinae, and
2622:
species have little research done on their behaviors or actual population as they live in very remote areas or live in habitats that are so vast its nearly impossible to conduct population studies, like the sea snakes.
1419:
The coasts of Timor (Indonesian Sea), New
Caledonia, Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia), and in the Southeast Asian Sea along the coasts of China, Taiwan, Japan, and the Ryukyu Islands
3363:
Scanlon J,Lee M, Archer M, 2002, Mid-Tertiary elapid snakes (Squamata, Colubroidea) from
Riversleigh, northern Australia: early steps in a continent-wide adaptive radiation, Geobios 36 (2003) 573–601
622:), but many taxa have narrow prey preferences (stenophagy) and correlated morphological specializations, for example feeding almost exclusively on other serpents (especially the king cobra and
3362:
745:
and the 'true sea snakes' evolved separately from
Australasian land snakes. Asian cobras, coral snakes, and American coral snakes also appear to be monophyletic, while African cobras do not.
2219:
Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Central
African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, Uganda, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Togo, Nigeria
1186:
India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Indonesia, Cambodia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Burma, Brunei, the Philippines, Vietnam, Laos, southern China, Japan (Ryukyu Islands), Taiwan
2731:; Rooney, Alejandro P. (1997). "Inferring species trees from gene trees: a phylogenetic analysis of the Elapidae (Serpentes) based on the amino acid sequences of venom proteins".
3046:
3889:
1621:
3915:
1659:
3217:
695:
that clot or solidify blood. Most members are venomous to varying extents, and some are considered among the world's most venomous snakes based upon their
705:
values, such as the taipans. Large species, mambas and cobras included, are dangerous for their ability to inject large quantities of venom upon a single
2998:
3863:
3498:
448:(internal hatchings with live births). Furthermore, they can also be sluggish, ambush predators with partially fragmented head shields, similar to
3902:
3312:
4012:
643:, have shown that this species can satisfy about 20% of its oxygen requirements in this manner, allowing for prolonged dives. The sea kraits (
4007:
3156:
2711:
538:
bone. Usually only one fang is in place on each side at any time. The maxilla is intermediate in both length and mobility between typical
407:
venom that is channeled by their hollow fangs, and some may contain other toxic components in varying proportions. The family includes 55
500:
is the world's longest venomous snake with a maximum length of 5.85 m (19.2 ft) and an average mass of 6 kg (13 lb).
634:
lift their inferior body parts, expand hoods, and hiss if threatened; kraits often curl up before hiding their heads down their bodies.
1459:
3465:
2055:
Bangladesh, Myanmar, Cambodia, China, India, Andaman Islands, Indonesia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, western Malaysia, the Philippines
3100:"Horse immunization with short-chain consensus α-neurotoxin generates antibodies against broad spectrum of elapid venomous species"
1380:
856:
3964:
874:, South China Sea, Gulf of Thailand, and coasts of Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia), New Caledonia,
3277:
739:. The Australian terrestrial elapids are technically 'hydrophiines', although they are not sea snakes. It is believed that the
3019:
Chanhome L, Cox MJ, Vasaruchapong T, Chaiyabutr N, Sitprija V (June 2011). "Characterization of venomous snakes of Thailand".
3907:
3308:
3080:
534:
diet, making them the only non-venomous elapids). The fangs, which are enlarged and hollow, are the first two teeth on each
3335:
3247:"The good, the bad and the ugly: Australian snake taxonomists and a history of the taxonomy of Australia's venomous snakes"
1701:
3491:
3811:
3798:
387:
regions around the world, with terrestrial forms in Asia, Australia, Africa, and the Americas and marine forms in the
530:, in which fangs are present as a vestigial feature but without venom production, as they have specialized toward a
3510:
3062:
1674:
3920:
3186:
1615:
1486:
109:
89:
348:
3997:
2776:
212:
3346:
2255:
1392:
African or venomous garter snakes (not related to North American garter snakes, which are harmless to humans)
821:
637:
In general, sea snakes are able to respire through their skin. Experiments with the yellow-bellied sea snake,
3447:
2094:
901:
484:
species are small serpents typically 50 cm (20 in) and down to 18 cm (7.1 in) in length.
475:). The reduction in ventral scaling has greatly diminished their terrestrial mobility, but aids in swimming.
4002:
3484:
2994:
1353:
217:
2920:
71:
3738:
3182:
2740:
2724:
2333:
1886:
330:
336:
3941:
3816:
3040:
51:
2853:
2156:
3969:
3837:
3785:
3451:
3443:
3111:
2948:
2932:
2924:
2869:
2800:
2784:
2780:
2631:
2611:
1764:
1432:
2745:
2937:"A Species-Level Phylogeny of Extant Snakes with Description of a New Colubrid Subfamily and Genus"
2849:
2542:
1564:
1128:
2789:"A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes"
3648:
2928:
2603:
2582:
2534:
2391:
2067:
953:
699:
680:
639:
567:
423:
396:
104:
3242:
1966:
3946:
2728:
2697:
2152:
2148:
1740:
narrow-headed sea snake, graceful small-headed slender seasnake, common small-headed sea snake
619:
546:(very short, highly mobile). When the mouth is closed, the fangs fit into grooved slots in the
3992:
3928:
3824:
3461:
3269:
3209:
3137:
2976:
2895:
2828:
2758:
2707:
2558:
1808:
1044:
930:
691:, which cause heart dysfunctions and cellular damage, respectively. Cobra venom also contains
468:
3956:
3894:
2916:
1317:
Southern Australia (Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, Tasmania, New South Wales)
718:
toxins have shown that it is feasible to create antivenoms with a wide spectrum of coverage.
444:
family, such as shorter, stout bodies, rough/keeled scales, broad heads, cat-like pupils and
3711:
3633:
3261:
3201:
3127:
3119:
3028:
2966:
2956:
2885:
2877:
2818:
2808:
2750:
2550:
2249:
2115:
1848:
1722:
1251:
1213:
1171:
897:
841:
596:
496:
are mid- to large sized snakes which can reach 2 m (6 ft 7 in) or above. The
358:
297:
259:
3933:
2341:
365:
characterized by their permanently erect fangs at the front of the mouth. Most elapids are
3721:
3573:
3369:
3350:
3339:
2574:
2494:
2142:
1084:
875:
779:
626:). Elapids may display a series of warning signs if provoked, either obviously or subtly.
550:
floor and usually below the front edge of the eye and are angled backwards; some elapids (
508:
2337:
659:
occupy coastal waters and shallows, and are common in coral reefs. However, the range of
3406:
3115:
2952:
2873:
2804:
3776:
3701:
3658:
3643:
3550:
3160:
3132:
3099:
2971:
2936:
2890:
2857:
2823:
2788:
2016:
1962:
1728:
1537:
555:
517:
464:
376:
196:
434:(egg-layers). Exceptions to these generalizations occur; for example, certain adders (
395:. Members of the family have a wide range of sizes, from the 18 cm (7.1 in)
3986:
3706:
3693:
3683:
3638:
3613:
3568:
3558:
2488:
2412:
2406:
South Chinese Sea (Malaysia, Gulf of Thailand), Indian Ocean (Sumatra, Java, Borneo)
2088:
1695:
1642:
1558:
1401:
1278:
1112:
1038:
981:
949:
891:
608:
584:
526:
445:
388:
371:
93:
3246:
3678:
3673:
3623:
3608:
3598:
3593:
3187:"Phylogenetic relationships of elapid snakes based on cytochrome b mtDNA sequences"
2385:
2361:
2327:
2276:
1756:
1744:
1531:
1347:
1341:
Southern Australia (Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales)
1013:
945:
837:
766:
736:
706:
684:
460:
453:
449:
392:
243:
3265:
3098:
de la Rosa G, Olvera F, Archundia IG, Lomonte B, Alagón A, Corzo G (August 2019).
618:) in either humid or arid environments. Some species have very generalised diets (
3829:
3790:
3084:
2961:
3876:
3803:
3770:
3716:
3663:
3628:
3618:
3583:
3332:
2653:
2509:
Egypt, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Turkey
2436:
2306:
2037:
1880:
1856:
1828:
1245:
1096:
815:
578:
436:
404:
97:
3123:
3032:
756:, but the group was moved to another family. In contrast to what is typical of
3653:
3588:
3157:"Guidelines for the Prevention and Clinical Management of Snakebite in Africa"
2858:"Diversification rates and phenotypic evolution in venomous snakes (Elapidae)"
2669:
2590:
2460:
2300:
2225:
2201:
2177:
1844:
1792:
1480:
1426:
1374:
1192:
1165:
1104:
1007:
999:
973:
924:
749:
688:
672:
614:
602:
572:
539:
497:
472:
427:
400:
384:
237:
85:
3761:
3850:
3563:
2813:
2566:
2121:
2061:
1836:
1816:
1804:
1788:
1668:
1609:
1585:
1552:
Philippines (Luzon, Panay, Negros, Cebu, Mindoro, Catanduanes, Polillo is.)
1507:
1323:
1299:
1272:
1209:
1132:
916:
871:
850:
741:
714:
692:
644:
543:
524:
from glands located towards the rear of the upper jaw (except for the genus
480:
441:
431:
181:
121:
62:
3273:
3213:
3205:
3141:
2980:
2899:
2832:
2754:
1901:
United States (Arizona, southwestern New Mexico), Mexico (Sonora, Sinaloa)
379:
of rearing upwards while spreading out a neck flap. Elapids are endemic to
2762:
3755:
3540:
3528:
2665:
1986:
1907:
1820:
1812:
1800:
1780:
1221:
1141:
1124:
1108:
1100:
1065:
1029:
969:
965:
879:
531:
366:
230:
161:
141:
20:
3066:
2881:
3534:
2010:
1955:
1824:
1796:
1748:
1116:
1088:
957:
883:
663:
extends across the Pacific to the coasts of Central and South America.
590:
535:
412:
380:
151:
42:
3881:
3578:
3522:
1840:
1776:
1453:
961:
757:
696:
623:
493:
485:
408:
352:
341:
131:
3868:
3732:
1743:
on the coasts of the Indian Ocean and West Pacific, from around the
3855:
3343:
1293:
Central Queensland and central northern New South Wales, Australia
3668:
3507:
2661:
2657:
1832:
1784:
1752:
1092:
723:
710:
631:
627:
547:
521:
507:
489:
467:
are much reduced in size, their nostrils are located dorsally (no
362:
171:
3476:
1931:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1120:
676:
675:
for immobilizing prey and defense. The main group of toxins are
223:
3736:
3480:
3155:
Regional Office for Africa, World Health Organization (2010).
283:
3842:
588:). Many species are more or less specialized burrowers (e.g.
709:
and/or striking at a high position proximal to the victim's
315:
309:
303:
277:
262:
3413:
Lataste, 1887 (Ophidia: Elapidae: Bungarinae) in Turkey".
271:
760:, the family Elapidae was not renamed. In the meantime,
683:(3FTx). Other toxic components in some species comprise
1028:
Australia (South Australia, New South Wales, Victoria,
512:
The lateral view of a king cobra's skull showing fangs
1474:
Mainland Australia, southern New Guinea, Aru Islands
321:
3385:
Lataste, 1887 (Ophidia: Elapidae) and the status of
2704:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
2004:
Southern Australia, including many offshore islands
318:
312:
306:
280:
274:
268:
3745:
3692:
3549:
478:Members of this family have a wide range of sizes.
300:
265:
3045:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
1579:Eastern Australia (New South Wales, Queensland)
1525:Eastern Australia (New South Wales, Queensland)
2692:
2690:
770:and moved back to the Elapidae. However, Nagy
3492:
2844:
2842:
671:Venoms of species in the Elapidae are mainly
8:
2911:
2909:
570:, while some are strongly arboreal (African
2634:, overview of all snake families and genera
1689:Southeast Asian and Indo-Australian waters
1636:Indoaustralian and Southeast Asian waters.
3733:
3499:
3485:
3477:
3458:. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Company.
3456:Introduction to Herpetology, Third Edition
1501:South Africa, Zimbabwe, Lesotho, Eswatini
878:, southern New Guinea, Indonesia, western
784:
399:to the 5.85 m (19 ft 2 in)
27:
3131:
2970:
2960:
2889:
2822:
2812:
2744:
778:, which should have been assigned to the
2109:Northern Australia, southern New Guinea
1603:Northern Australia, southern New Guinea
1159:Australia (New South Wales, Queensland)
713:, which is vulnerable to neurotoxicity.
375:. Many members of this family exhibit a
3313:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
3303:
3301:
3299:
3297:
2686:
2644:
2516:* Not including the nominate subspecies
3381:Nilson G, Rastegar-Pouyani N (2007). "
3058:
3056:
3038:
1925:Southern North America, South America
774:(2005) regard it as a sister taxon to
471:), and they give birth to live young (
3194:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2733:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
7:
2240:venomous brown snakes (and dugites)
1498:rinkhals/ring-necked spitting cobra
1444:Grey's mudsnake/ mangrove sea snake
3429:Eifes, C.T. & Livingstone 2013.
722:chance for the toxins to enter the
1239:New Guinea, continental Australia
836:Australia, New Guinea, Indonesia (
369:, with the exception of the genus
14:
3468:. (Family Elapidae, pp. 329–333).
3079:Thomas S, Griessel E (Dec 1999).
3081:"LD50 Scores for various snakes"
2430:New Guinea (and nearby islands)
752:for the Elapidae was originally
296:
258:
108:
70:
61:
50:
41:
3283:from the original on 2012-10-10
3223:from the original on 2019-03-14
3001:from the original on 2015-04-02
2376:hooded snakes (and curl snake)
3415:Russian Journal of Herpetology
3391:Russian Journal of Herpetology
2702:The New Encyclopedia of Snakes
2192:black snakes (and king brown)
2136:Bougainville Island, Solomons
440:) have commonalities with the
1:
4013:Endemic fauna of Saudi Arabia
3266:10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.07.016
3067:Reptarium.cz Reptile Database
84:From the top left clockwise:
4008:Taxa named by Friedrich Boie
2962:10.1371/journal.pone.0161070
2599:Lower Risk/Near threatened:
2502:
2499:
2475:
2472:
2447:
2444:
2423:
2420:
2399:
2396:
2372:
2369:
2349:
2346:
2314:
2311:
2287:
2284:
2263:
2260:
2236:
2233:
2212:
2209:
2188:
2185:
2164:
2161:
2129:
2126:
2106:Northern mangrove sea snake
2102:
2099:
2075:
2072:
2048:
2045:
2024:
2021:
1997:
1994:
1974:
1971:
1942:
1939:
1918:
1915:
1894:
1891:
1871:New Guinea small-eyed snake
1867:
1864:
1736:
1733:
1709:
1706:
1682:
1679:
1653:
1650:
1629:
1626:
1596:
1593:
1572:
1569:
1545:
1542:
1518:
1515:
1494:
1491:
1467:
1464:
1440:
1437:
1412:
1409:
1388:
1385:
1361:
1358:
1334:
1331:
1310:
1307:
1286:
1283:
1259:
1256:
1232:
1229:
1203:
1200:
1179:
1176:
1152:
1149:
1076:
1073:
1052:
1049:
1021:
1018:
992:
989:
938:
935:
909:
906:
864:
861:
829:
826:
426:elapids look similar to the
353:
342:
3069:. Accessed 3 November 2008.
1843:, as well as in Australia (
1811:/West Pacific in Thailand,
516:All elapids have a pair of
4029:
3405:Ugurtas IH, Papenfuss TJ,
3245:, Fry BG (December 2006).
3124:10.1038/s41467-019-11639-2
3033:10.5372/1905-7415.0503.043
2862:Royal Society Open Science
2856:, King B, Palci A (2016).
1713:Solomons small-eyed snake
1365:southwestern grass snakes
1314:southeastern grass snakes
1156:rainforest crowned snakes
347:
335:
334:
18:
3517:
3185:, Keogh JS (April 2000).
2583:Hoplocephalus bungaroides
2427:New Guinea forest snakes
415:and over 170 subspecies.
209:
204:
105:Scientific classification
103:
83:
35:
30:
16:Family of venomous snakes
3344:Cyberlizard's home pages
2995:"Definition of 'elapid'"
2793:BMC Evolutionary Biology
2318:Australian coral snakes
542:(long, less mobile) and
19:Not to be confused with
3409:(2001). "New record of
2814:10.1186/1471-2148-13-93
1447:Northwestern Australia
1025:Australian copperheads
205:Subfamilies and genera
3411:Walterinnesia aegyptia
3383:Walterinnesia aegyptia
3206:10.1006/mpev.1999.0725
3035:(inactive 2024-09-12).
2755:10.1006/mpev.1997.0434
2082:Australia, New Guinea
1624:& Latreille, 1801
1416:turtlehead sea snakes
1183:Oriental coral snakes
513:
3942:Paleobiology Database
3104:Nature Communications
2615:(Black-striped snake)
2291:Solomons coral snake
1898:Western coral snakes
1600:Port Darwin mudsnake
511:
2725:Slowinski, Joseph B.
2670:African gartersnakes
2632:List of snake genera
2612:Simoselaps calonotus
2586:(Broad-headed snake)
2403:anomalous sea snake
2097:& Natsuno, 1974
1765:United Arab Emirates
1576:broad-headed snakes
1549:Barred coral snakes
1056:shovel-nosed snakes
403:. Most species have
291:, commonly known as
90:oriental coral snake
3116:2019NatCo..10.3642D
3087:on 1 February 2012.
2953:2016PLoSO..1161070F
2882:10.1098/rsos.150277
2874:2016RSOS....350277L
2805:2013BMCEE..13...93P
2607:(Short-nosed snake)
2562:(Lake Cronin snake)
2543:Austrelaps labialis
2506:black desert cobra
2451:rough-scaled snake
2321:Mainland Australia
1395:Sub-Saharan Africa
1266:Sub-Saharan Africa
1135:, Taiwan, Thailand
1129:Peninsular Malaysia
681:three-finger toxins
3649:Pseudoxyrhophiidae
3368:2019-03-12 at the
3349:2007-11-24 at the
3338:2007-07-02 at the
2997:. dictionary.com.
2604:Elapognathus minor
2559:Echiopsis atriceps
2554:(Ornamental snake)
2551:Denisonia maculate
2546:(Pygmy copperhead)
2535:Ophiophagus hannah
2454:Eastern Australia
2270:Western Australia
2171:Western Australia
2168:Lake Cronin snake
1471:pale-naped snakes
1368:Western Australia
1290:ornamental snakes
942:shieldnose cobras
661:Hydrophis platurus
640:Hydrophis platurus
514:
397:white-lipped snake
3980:
3979:
3929:Open Tree of Life
3739:Taxon identifiers
3730:
3729:
3389:Mocquard, 1905".
3163:on March 25, 2016
3021:Asian Biomedicine
2712:978-0-691-13295-2
2639:Explanatory notes
2578:(Dunmall's snake)
2513:
2512:
1961:(A.M.C. Duméril,
1809:Malay Archipelago
913:burrowing snakes
868:olive sea snakes
566:Most elapids are
469:internasal scales
357:"sea-fish") is a
251:
250:
200:
4020:
3973:
3972:
3960:
3959:
3950:
3949:
3937:
3936:
3924:
3923:
3911:
3910:
3898:
3897:
3885:
3884:
3872:
3871:
3859:
3858:
3846:
3845:
3833:
3832:
3820:
3819:
3807:
3806:
3794:
3793:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3734:
3712:Leptotyphlopidae
3634:Psammodynastidae
3501:
3494:
3487:
3478:
3459:
3430:
3427:
3421:
3403:
3397:
3379:
3373:
3360:
3354:
3333:The Hydrophiidae
3330:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3305:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3282:
3251:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3222:
3191:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3159:. Archived from
3152:
3146:
3145:
3135:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3083:. Archived from
3076:
3070:
3060:
3051:
3050:
3044:
3036:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2974:
2964:
2913:
2904:
2903:
2893:
2846:
2837:
2836:
2826:
2816:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2748:
2721:
2715:
2705:
2694:
2674:
2649:
2591:Ogmodon vitianus
2418:Boulenger, 1896
2294:Solomon Islands
2250:Rhinoplocephalus
2133:Hediger's snake
2116:Parapistocalamus
1992:Boulenger, 1896
1862:Boulenger, 1896
1849:Papua New Guinea
1723:Microcephalophis
1716:Solomon Islands
1591:Boulenger, 1896
1513:Fitzinger, 1861
1329:Fitzinger, 1843
1214:Papua New Guinea
996:collared adders
987:Fitzinger, 1843
785:
597:Parapistocalamus
520:fangs to inject
459:Sea snakes (the
411:with around 360
356:
351:
345:
340:
339:
328:
327:
324:
323:
320:
317:
314:
311:
308:
305:
302:
290:
289:
286:
285:
282:
279:
276:
273:
270:
267:
264:
195:
113:
112:
74:
65:
54:
45:
28:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4017:
3998:Venomous snakes
3983:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3968:
3963:
3955:
3953:
3945:
3940:
3932:
3927:
3919:
3914:
3906:
3901:
3893:
3888:
3880:
3875:
3867:
3862:
3854:
3849:
3841:
3836:
3828:
3823:
3815:
3810:
3802:
3797:
3789:
3784:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3741:
3731:
3726:
3722:Xenotyphlopidae
3688:
3599:Cylindrophiidae
3574:Atractaspididae
3545:
3513:
3505:
3475:
3442:
3439:
3437:Further reading
3434:
3433:
3428:
3424:
3404:
3400:
3380:
3376:
3370:Wayback Machine
3361:
3357:
3351:Wayback Machine
3340:Wayback Machine
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3327:
3317:
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3176:
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3164:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3061:
3054:
3037:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3004:
3002:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2947:(9): e0161070.
2915:
2914:
2907:
2848:
2847:
2840:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2746:10.1.1.324.3013
2723:
2722:
2718:
2696:
2695:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2677:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2628:
2575:Furina dunmalli
2523:
2282:McDowell, 1970
2267:Müller's snake
2143:Paroplocephalus
1937:Laurenti, 1768
1807:, and into the
1085:Andaman Islands
876:Loyalty Islands
808:
803:
792:
780:Atractaspididae
732:
703:
669:
656:
564:
556:spitting cobras
518:proteroglyphous
506:
421:
299:
295:
261:
257:
194:
107:
79:
78:
77:
76:
75:
67:
66:
57:
56:
55:
47:
46:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4026:
4024:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4003:Snake families
4000:
3995:
3985:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3961:
3951:
3938:
3925:
3912:
3899:
3886:
3873:
3860:
3847:
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3821:
3808:
3795:
3782:
3767:
3751:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3702:Anomalepididae
3698:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3659:Tropidophiidae
3656:
3651:
3646:
3644:Pseudaspididae
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3555:
3553:
3551:Alethinophidia
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3537:
3531:
3525:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3496:
3489:
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3474:
3473:External links
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2479:bandy-bandies
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2470:Günther, 1858
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2442:Günther, 1863
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2367:Worrell, 1961
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2231:Günther, 1858
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2207:Günther, 1858
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2043:Günther, 1864
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2014:
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1967:A.H.A. Duméril
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1514:
1511:
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1484:
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1469:
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1463:
1460:A.M.C. Duméril
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1339:
1336:
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1327:
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1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1305:Worrell, 1961
1303:
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1294:
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1285:
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1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
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1241:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1217:
1216:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1198:Worrell, 1961
1196:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1169:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1147:Günther, 1863
1145:
1137:
1136:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1042:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1011:
1003:
1002:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
977:
976:
943:
940:
937:
934:
928:
920:
919:
914:
911:
908:
905:
895:
887:
886:
869:
866:
863:
860:
854:
846:
845:
834:
831:
828:
825:
819:
811:
810:
805:
800:
797:
794:
789:
731:
728:
701:
668:
665:
655:
652:
563:
560:
505:
502:
465:ventral scales
420:
417:
377:threat display
249:
248:
247:
246:
241:
234:
227:
220:
215:
207:
206:
202:
201:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
101:
100:
81:
80:
69:
68:
60:
59:
58:
49:
48:
40:
39:
38:
37:
36:
33:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4025:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3971:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3952:
3948:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3787:
3783:
3778:
3772:
3768:
3763:
3757:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3735:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3707:Gerrhopilidae
3705:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3694:Scolecophidia
3691:
3685:
3684:Xenophidiidae
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3639:Psammophiidae
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3614:Lamprophiidae
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3569:Anomochilidae
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3559:Acrochordidae
3557:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3542:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3512:
3509:
3502:
3497:
3495:
3490:
3488:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3472:
3467:
3466:0-7167-0020-4
3463:
3460:xi + 378 pp.
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3426:
3423:
3420:(3): 239-245.
3419:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3359:
3356:
3353:. Accessed .
3352:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3329:
3326:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3260:(7): 919–30.
3259:
3255:
3248:
3244:
3237:
3234:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3200:(1): 157–64.
3199:
3195:
3188:
3184:
3178:
3175:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3094:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3042:
3034:
3030:
3027:(3): 311–28.
3026:
3022:
3015:
3012:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2868:(1): 150277.
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2739:(3): 349–62.
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2645:
2638:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2623:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2508:
2505:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2489:Walterinnesia
2486:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2469:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2413:Toxicocalamus
2410:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2352:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2183:Wagler, 1830
2182:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2089:Parahydrophis
2086:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1977:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1949:Africa, Asia
1948:
1945:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1922:coral snakes
1921:
1913:Wagler, 1824
1912:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1696:Loveridgelaps
1693:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1643:Incongruelaps
1640:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1559:Hoplocephalus
1556:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1522:swamp snakes
1521:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1415:
1407:Krefft, 1869
1406:
1404:
1403:
1402:Emydocephalus
1399:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1111:, Indonesia (
1110:
1106:
1103:, Sri Lanka,
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1083:India (incl.
1082:
1079:
1071:Daudin, 1803
1070:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1039:Brachyurophis
1036:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
986:
984:
983:
982:Aspidomorphus
979:
978:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
950:Cape Province
947:
944:
941:
932:
929:
927:
926:
922:
921:
918:
915:
912:
903:
899:
896:
894:
893:
892:Antaioserpens
889:
888:
885:
881:
877:
873:
870:
867:
858:
855:
853:
852:
848:
847:
843:
839:
835:
833:death adders
832:
823:
820:
818:
817:
813:
812:
806:
801:
798:
795:
790:
787:
786:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
768:
763:
759:
755:
751:
746:
744:
743:
738:
729:
727:
725:
719:
716:
712:
708:
704:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
666:
664:
662:
653:
651:
649:
647:
642:
641:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
616:
611:
610:
609:Toxicocalamus
605:
604:
599:
598:
593:
592:
587:
586:
585:Hoplocephalus
582:, Australian
581:
580:
575:
574:
569:
561:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
528:
527:Emydocephalus
523:
519:
510:
503:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
482:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
457:
455:
454:Gaboon vipers
451:
447:
446:ovoviviparous
443:
439:
438:
433:
429:
425:
418:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
393:Indian Oceans
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
373:
372:Emydocephalus
368:
364:
360:
355:
350:
346:, variant of
344:
338:
332:
331:Ancient Greek
326:
294:
288:
255:
245:
242:
240:
239:
235:
233:
232:
228:
226:
225:
221:
219:
216:
214:
213:Calliophiinae
211:
210:
208:
203:
198:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
178:Superfamily:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
153:
150:
147:
146:
143:
140:
137:
136:
133:
130:
127:
126:
123:
120:
117:
116:
111:
106:
102:
99:
95:
94:inland taipan
91:
87:
82:
73:
64:
53:
44:
34:
29:
26:
22:
3746:
3679:Xenopeltidae
3674:Xenodermidae
3624:Micrelapidae
3609:Homalopsidae
3603:
3594:Cyclocoridae
3455:
3425:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3401:
3393:
3390:
3387:Naja morgani
3386:
3382:
3377:
3358:
3328:
3316:. Retrieved
3285:. Retrieved
3257:
3253:
3241:Williams D,
3236:
3225:. Retrieved
3197:
3193:
3183:Slowinski JB
3177:
3165:. Retrieved
3161:the original
3150:
3107:
3103:
3093:
3085:the original
3074:
3041:cite journal
3024:
3020:
3014:
3003:. Retrieved
2989:
2944:
2940:
2865:
2861:
2796:
2792:
2771:
2736:
2732:
2729:Knight, Alec
2719:
2701:
2654:coral snakes
2647:
2620:
2610:
2602:
2594:(Fiji snake)
2589:
2581:
2573:
2565:
2557:
2549:
2541:
2538:(King cobra)
2533:
2530:Vulnerable:
2524:
2521:Conservation
2515:
2514:
2487:
2467:
2459:
2435:
2411:
2386:Thalassophis
2384:
2360:
2328:Sinomicrurus
2326:
2299:
2277:Salomonelaps
2275:
2248:
2224:
2216:tree cobras
2200:
2176:
2141:
2114:
2087:
2060:
2036:
2009:
2001:tiger snake
1985:
1954:
1930:
1906:
1887:K.P. Schmidt
1879:
1855:
1757:Saudi Arabia
1745:Persian Gulf
1721:
1694:
1667:
1662:, Australia
1641:
1618:
1608:
1584:
1557:
1532:Hemibungarus
1530:
1506:
1479:
1452:
1425:
1400:
1373:
1348:Elapognathus
1346:
1322:
1298:
1271:
1244:
1220:
1191:
1164:
1140:
1064:
1037:
1006:
980:
946:South Africa
923:
890:
849:
838:Seram Island
814:
799:Subspecies*
775:
771:
767:Homoroselaps
765:
764:was renamed
761:
753:
747:
740:
737:Hydrophiinae
733:
720:
707:envenomation
685:cardiotoxins
670:
660:
657:
654:Distribution
645:
638:
636:
613:
607:
601:
595:
589:
583:
577:
571:
565:
551:
525:
515:
479:
477:
461:Hydrophiinae
458:
450:rattlesnakes
435:
422:
370:
292:
253:
252:
244:Hydrophiinae
236:
229:
222:
191:
25:
3877:iNaturalist
3771:Wikispecies
3717:Typhlopidae
3664:Uropeltidae
3629:Prosymnidae
3619:Loxocemidae
3584:Bolyeriidae
3318:27 November
3110:(1): 3642.
2933:Lailvaux SP
2781:Burbrink FT
2673:Bungarinae.
2437:Tropidechis
2052:King cobra
2038:Ophiophagus
1881:Micruroides
1874:New Guinea
1857:Micropechis
1831:, southern
1829:Philippines
1686:sea kraits
1660:Riversleigh
1633:sea snakes
1246:Dendroaspis
1236:whipsnakes
1227:Gray, 1842
1097:Afghanistan
1095:, Vietnam,
960:, southern
816:Acanthophis
776:Atractaspis
724:bloodstream
579:Dendroaspis
568:terrestrial
552:Acanthophis
437:Acanthophis
424:Terrestrial
419:Description
385:subtropical
98:black mamba
3987:Categories
3654:Pythonidae
3589:Colubridae
3309:"Elapidae"
3287:2010-09-18
3227:2019-10-14
3005:2009-07-13
2925:Grismer LL
2921:McKelvy AD
2917:Figueroa A
2854:Sanders KL
2698:Mattison C
2681:References
2482:Australia
2461:Vermicella
2392:P. Schmidt
2379:Australia
2301:Simoselaps
2243:Australia
2226:Pseudonaja
2202:Pseudohaje
2195:Australia
2178:Pseudechis
1980:Australia
1845:Queensland
1793:Bangladesh
1481:Hemachatus
1433:M.A. Smith
1427:Ephalophis
1375:Elapsoidea
1193:Cryptophis
1166:Calliophis
1105:Bangladesh
1059:Australia
1008:Austrelaps
1000:New Guinea
974:Mozambique
925:Aspidelaps
902:Wellington
807:Geographic
750:type genus
693:hemotoxins
689:cytotoxins
673:neurotoxic
615:Vermicella
603:Simoselaps
573:Pseudohaje
498:king cobra
473:viviparity
428:Colubridae
405:neurotoxic
401:king cobra
238:Elapsoidea
218:Micrurinae
168:Suborder:
86:king cobra
3669:Viperidae
3564:Aniliidae
3521:Kingdom:
2799:(1): 93.
2741:CiteSeerX
2570:(Bardick)
2334:Slowinski
2256:F. Müller
2062:Oxyuranus
2017:W. Peters
1837:Hong Kong
1817:Singapore
1805:Indonesia
1789:Sri Lanka
1669:Laticauda
1616:Latreille
1610:Hydrophis
1586:Hydrelaps
1538:W. Peters
1508:Hemiaspis
1354:Boulenger
1324:Echiopsis
1300:Drysdalia
1273:Denisonia
1210:Australia
1133:Singapore
954:Transvaal
931:Fitzinger
917:Australia
872:Timor Sea
851:Aipysurus
742:Laticauda
715:Antivenom
646:Laticauda
620:euryphagy
540:colubrids
536:maxillary
504:Dentition
481:Drysdalia
442:Viperidae
432:oviparous
182:Elapoidea
172:Serpentes
128:Kingdom:
122:Eukaryota
31:Elapidae
3993:Elapidae
3804:Elapidae
3791:Elapidae
3777:Elapidae
3756:Wikidata
3747:Elapidae
3604:Elapidae
3541:Squamata
3535:Reptilia
3529:Chordata
3527:Phylum:
3523:Animalia
3511:families
3454:(1978).
3407:Orlov NL
3366:Archived
3347:Archived
3336:Archived
3278:Archived
3274:16999982
3243:Wüster W
3218:Archived
3214:10764543
3142:31409779
3063:Elapidae
2999:Archived
2981:27603205
2941:PLOS ONE
2935:(2016).
2900:26909162
2833:23627680
2787:(2013).
2785:Wiens JJ
2777:Pyron RA
2706:272 pp.
2700:(2007).
2626:See also
2567:E. curta
2079:taipans
2068:Kinghorn
1987:Notechis
1969:, 1854)
1908:Micrurus
1821:Cambodia
1813:Malaysia
1801:Thailand
1781:Pakistan
1702:McDowell
1675:Laurenti
1338:bardick
1252:Schlegel
1222:Demansia
1142:Cacophis
1125:Sulawesi
1109:Cambodia
1101:Pakistan
1066:Bungarus
1030:Tasmania
970:Zimbabwe
966:Botswana
880:Malaysia
857:Lacépède
842:Tanimbar
796:Species
730:Taxonomy
562:Behavior
544:viperids
532:fish egg
381:tropical
367:venomous
254:Elapidae
231:Bungarus
192:Elapidae
188:Family:
162:Squamata
152:Reptilia
142:Chordata
138:Phylum:
132:Animalia
118:Domain:
21:Elopidae
3957:7166075
3762:Q186554
3539:Order:
3533:Class:
3448:Goin OB
3444:Goin CJ
3396:: 7-14.
3254:Toxicon
3167:July 9,
3133:6692343
3112:Bibcode
3065:at the
2972:5014348
2949:Bibcode
2929:Bell CD
2891:4736917
2870:Bibcode
2824:3682911
2801:Bibcode
2763:9417893
2497:, 1887
2495:Lataste
2394:, 1852
2344:, 2001
2309:, 1859
2258:, 1885
2159:, 2000
2157:Scanlon
2124:, 1934
2070:, 1923
2019:, 1864
2011:Ogmodon
1956:Neelaps
1946:cobras
1889:, 1928
1825:Vietnam
1797:Myanmar
1767:(UAE),
1749:Bahrain
1731:, 1832
1704:, 1970
1677:, 1768
1622:Sonnini
1567:, 1830
1540:, 1862
1489:, 1822
1487:Fleming
1462:, 1853
1435:, 1931
1383:, 1866
1356:, 1896
1281:, 1869
1263:mambas
1254:, 1848
1174:, 1834
1117:Sumatra
1089:Myanmar
1080:kraits
1047:, 1863
1045:Günther
1016:, 1963
1014:Worrell
958:Namibia
933:, 1843
904:, 1985
884:Vietnam
859:, 1804
824:, 1803
793:author
591:Ogmodon
494:taipans
413:species
389:Pacific
329:, from
293:elapids
197:F. Boie
158:Order:
148:Class:
3970:342638
3954:uBio:
3908:174348
3895:115519
3856:1ELPAF
3579:Boidae
3464:
3452:Zug GR
3272:
3212:
3140:
3130:
2979:
2969:
2898:
2888:
2850:Lee MS
2831:
2821:
2761:
2743:
2710:
2668:, and
2666:kraits
2662:mambas
2658:cobras
2342:Lawson
2340:&
2338:Boundy
2155:&
2095:Burger
1965:&
1963:Bibron
1847:) and
1841:Taiwan
1839:, and
1827:, the
1803:, and
1777:Kuwait
1729:Lesson
1565:Wagler
1454:Furina
1381:Bocage
1279:Krefft
962:Angola
900:&
822:Daudin
809:range
802:Common
788:Genus
772:et al.
758:botany
697:murine
632:mambas
628:Cobras
624:kraits
612:, and
548:buccal
492:, and
490:mambas
486:Cobras
409:genera
363:snakes
359:family
354:éllops
199:, 1827
3965:WoRMS
3947:38153
3934:57862
3890:IRMNG
3882:30403
3817:34453
3508:Snake
3281:(PDF)
3250:(PDF)
3221:(PDF)
3190:(PDF)
2466:Gray
2355:Asia
2153:Scott
2149:Keogh
2031:Fiji
2028:bola
1833:China
1785:India
1779:) to
1753:Qatar
1093:Nepal
898:Wells
804:name
791:Taxon
762:Elaps
754:Elaps
711:brain
667:Venom
522:venom
349:ἔλλοψ
343:élaps
3921:8602
3916:NCBI
3903:ITIS
3869:9455
3864:GBIF
3851:EPPO
3843:1716
3812:BOLD
3462:ISBN
3320:2006
3270:PMID
3210:PMID
3169:2021
3138:PMID
3047:link
2977:PMID
2896:PMID
2829:PMID
2759:PMID
2708:ISBN
2660:and
2362:Suta
2122:Roux
1932:Naja
1775:and
1773:Iraq
1769:Iran
1761:Oman
1212:and
1172:Gray
1121:Bali
1113:Java
882:and
840:and
748:The
687:and
679:and
677:PLA2
648:spp.
630:and
576:and
391:and
383:and
337:ἔλαψ
224:Naja
96:and
3838:EoL
3830:9LQ
3825:CoL
3799:AFD
3786:ADW
3342:at
3262:doi
3202:doi
3128:PMC
3120:doi
3029:doi
2967:PMC
2957:doi
2886:PMC
2878:doi
2819:PMC
2809:doi
2751:doi
2421:11
2370:11
2312:13
2307:Jan
1940:39
1919:51
1916:83
1627:34
1386:10
1180:11
1177:15
1127:),
1087:),
1074:12
956:),
452:or
361:of
3989::
3967::
3944::
3931::
3918::
3905::
3892::
3879::
3866::
3853::
3840::
3827::
3814::
3801::
3788::
3773::
3758::
3450:,
3446:,
3394:14
3311:.
3296:^
3276:.
3268:.
3258:48
3256:.
3252:.
3216:.
3208:.
3198:15
3196:.
3192:.
3136:.
3126:.
3118:.
3108:10
3106:.
3102:.
3055:^
3043:}}
3039:{{
3023:.
2975:.
2965:.
2955:.
2945:11
2943:.
2939:.
2931:,
2927:,
2923:,
2919:,
2908:^
2894:.
2884:.
2876:.
2864:.
2860:.
2852:,
2841:^
2827:.
2817:.
2807:.
2797:13
2795:.
2791:.
2783:,
2779:,
2757:.
2749:.
2735:.
2727:;
2689:^
2664:,
2656:,
2503:0
2500:2
2476:0
2473:6
2468:in
2448:0
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2424:0
2400:0
2397:1
2373:0
2350:6
2347:8
2336:,
2315:3
2288:0
2285:1
2264:0
2261:1
2237:2
2234:8
2213:0
2210:2
2189:0
2186:7
2165:0
2162:1
2151:,
2130:0
2127:1
2103:0
2100:1
2076:2
2073:3
2049:0
2046:1
2025:0
2022:1
1998:0
1995:1
1975:0
1972:2
1943:3
1895:2
1892:1
1868:0
1865:1
1835:,
1823:,
1819:,
1815:,
1799:,
1795:,
1791:,
1787:,
1783:,
1771:,
1763:,
1759:,
1755:,
1751:,
1737:0
1734:1
1710:0
1707:1
1683:0
1680:5
1654:0
1651:1
1646:†
1630:3
1619:In
1597:0
1594:1
1573:0
1570:3
1546:0
1543:3
1519:0
1516:2
1495:0
1492:1
1468:0
1465:5
1441:0
1438:1
1413:0
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