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360:. Visually it is shown as a high frequency sine wave growing and decaying within the longer-lived envelope of the double-exponential curve. A damped sinewave typically has much lower energy and a narrower frequency spread than the original pulse, due to the transfer characteristic of the coupling mode. In practice, EMP test equipment often injects these damped sinewaves directly rather than attempting to recreate the high-energy threat pulses.
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within the weapon, while nuclear weapons generate EMP as a secondary effect. These facts limit the range of NNEMP weapons, but allow finer target discrimination. The effect of small e-bombs has proven to be sufficient for certain terrorist or military operations. Examples of such operations include the destruction of electronic control systems critical to the operation of many ground vehicles and aircraft.
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Electronic devices such as vacuum tubes or valves, transistors, and diodes can also switch on and off very quickly, causing similar issues. One-off pulses may be caused by solid-state switches and other devices used only occasionally. However, the many millions of transistors in a modern computer may
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At the top end of the scale, large outdoor test facilities incorporating high-energy EMP simulators have been built by several countries. The largest facilities are able to test whole vehicles including ships and aircraft for their susceptibility to EMP. Nearly all of these large EMP simulators used
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Simple electrical sources include inductive loads such as relays, solenoids, and brush contacts in electric motors. These typically send a pulse down any electrical connections present, as well as radiating a pulse of energy. The amplitude is usually small and the signal may be treated as "noise" or
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but not a nationwide grid failure and that recovery times would be similar to those of other large-scale outages. It is not known how long these electrical blackouts would last, or what extent of damage would occur across the country. It is possible that neighboring countries of the U.S. could also
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The range of NNEMP weapons is much less than nuclear EMP. Nearly all NNEMP devices used as weapons require chemical explosives as their initial energy source, producing only one millionth the energy of nuclear explosives of similar weight. The electromagnetic pulse from NNEMP weapons must come from
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Most electromagnetic pulses have a very sharp leading edge, building up quickly to their maximum level. The classic model is a double-exponential curve which climbs steeply, quickly reaches a peak and then decays more slowly. However, pulses from a controlled switching circuit often approximate the
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An ESD event can damage electronic circuitry by injecting a high-voltage pulse, besides giving people an unpleasant shock. Such an ESD event can also create sparks, which may in turn ignite fires or fuel-vapour explosions. For this reason, before refueling an aircraft or exposing any fuel vapor to
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A very large EMP event, such as a lightning strike or an air bursted nuclear weapon, is also capable of damaging objects such as trees, buildings and aircraft directly, either through heating effects or the disruptive effects of the very large magnetic field generated by the current. An indirect
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Minor EMP events, and especially pulse trains, cause low levels of electrical noise or interference which can affect the operation of susceptible devices. For example, a common problem in the mid-twentieth century was interference emitted by the ignition systems of gasoline engines, which caused
522:"interference". The switching off or "opening" of a circuit causes an abrupt change in the current flowing. This can in turn cause a large pulse in the electric field across the open contacts, causing arcing and damage. It is often necessary to incorporate design features to limit such effects.
842:. EMP has been subsequently used in a wide variety of fiction and other aspects of popular culture. Popular media often depict EMP effects incorrectly, causing misunderstandings among the public and even professionals. Official efforts have been made in the U.S. to remedy these misconceptions.
775:, along with more general information about electromagnetic pulses, are now in the care of the SUMMA Foundation, which is hosted at the University of New Mexico. The US Navy also has a large facility called the Electro Magnetic Pulse Radiation Environmental Simulator for Ships I (EMPRESS I).
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ESD events are characterized by high voltages of many kV, but small currents sometimes cause visible sparks. ESD is treated as a small, localized phenomenon, although technically a lightning flash is a very large ESD event. ESD can also be man-made, as in the shock received from a
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The waveform of a pulse describes how its instantaneous amplitude (field strength or current) changes over time. Real pulses tend to be quite complicated, so simplified models are often used. Such a model is typically described either in a diagram or as a mathematical equation.
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Sometimes the threat pulse itself is simulated in a repeatable way. The pulse may be reproduced at low energy in order to characterise the subject's response prior to damped sinewave injection, or at high energy to recreate the actual threat conditions. A small-scale
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effect can be electrical fires caused by heating. Most engineered structures and systems require some form of protection against lightning to be designed in. A good means of protection is a
Faraday shield designed to protect certain items from being destroyed.
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A pulse of electromagnetic energy typically comprises many frequencies from very low to some upper limit depending on the source. The range defined as EMP, sometimes referred to as "DC to daylight", excludes the highest frequencies comprising the optical
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According to an article from
Naureen Malik, with North Korea's increasingly successful missile and warhead tests in mind, Congress moved to renew funding for the Commission to Assess the Threat to the U.S. from Electromagnetic Pulse Attack as part of the
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At a high voltage level an EMP can induce a spark, for example from an electrostatic discharge when fuelling a gasoline-engined vehicle. Such sparks have been known to cause fuel-air explosions and precautions must be taken to prevent them.
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In modern warfare, weapons delivering a high energy EMP are designed to disrupt communications equipment, the computers needed to operate modern warplanes, or even put the entire electrical network of a target country out of commission.
572:, which ionizes as a secondary effect and the resultant energetic free electrons interact with the Earth's magnetic field to produce a much stronger EMP than is normally produced in the denser air at lower altitudes.
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portrait the story of a fictional character named John
Matherson and his community in Black Mountain, North Carolina that after the US loses a war and an EMP attack "sends our nation back to the Dark Ages".
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in reverse, to inject a range of damped sine wave signals into a cable connected to the equipment under test. The damped sine wave generator is able to reproduce the range of induced signals likely to occur.
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Very high electric field strengths can cause breakdown of the air and a potentially lethal arc current similar to lightning to flow, but electric field strengths of up to 200 kV/m are regarded as safe.
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or other highly charged object, care must be taken to release the object and then discharge the body through a high resistance, in order to avoid the risk of a harmful shock pulse when stepping away.
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EMP events usually induce a corresponding signal in the surrounding environment or material. Coupling usually occurs most strongly over a relatively narrow frequency band, leading to a characteristic
260:, a pulse of electric energy will always be accompanied by a pulse of magnetic energy. In a typical pulse, either the electric or the magnetic form will dominate. It can be shown that the non-linear
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In a pulse train, such as from a digital clock circuit, the waveform is repeated at regular intervals. A single complete pulse cycle is sufficient to characterise such a regular, repetitive train.
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Lightning is unusual in that it typically has a preliminary "leader" discharge of low energy building up to the main pulse, which in turn may be followed at intervals by several smaller bursts.
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Non-nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NNEMP) is a weapon-generated electromagnetic pulse without use of nuclear technology. Devices that can achieve this objective include a large low-inductance
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High-level EMP signals can pose a threat to human safety. In such circumstances, direct contact with a live electrical conductor should be avoided. Where this occurs, such as when touching a
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An electromagnetic pulse is a short surge of electromagnetic energy. Its short duration means that it will be spread over a range of frequencies. Pulses are typically characterized by:
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A high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) weapon is a NEMP warhead designed to be detonated far above the Earth's surface. The explosion releases a blast of gamma rays into the mid-
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Some types of EMP events can leave an optical trail, such as lightning and sparks, but these are side effects of the current flow through the air and are not part of the EMP itself.
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465:(NEMP), as a result of a nuclear explosion. A variant of this is the high altitude nuclear EMP (HEMP), which produces a secondary pulse due to particle interactions with the
771:, New Mexico, which was at one time the world's largest EMP simulator. Papers on this and other large EMP simulators used by the United States during the latter part of the
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weapons are designed to maximize such EMP effects as the primary damage mechanism, and some are capable of destroying susceptible electronic equipment over a wide area.
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Induced pulses are of much lower energy than threat pulses and so are more practicable to create, but they are less predictable. A common test technique is to use a
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An EMP arises where the source emits a short-duration pulse of energy. The energy is usually broadband by nature, although it often excites a relatively narrow-band
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In general, only radiation acts over long distances, with the magnetic and electric fields acting over short distances. There are a few exceptions, such as a
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or protecting it from harm. Man-made sources, other than weapons, are also subject to control measures in order to limit the amount of pulse energy emitted.
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A large and energetic EMP can induce high currents and voltages in the victim unit, temporarily disrupting its function or even permanently damaging it.
818:-based nonprofit organization Center for Information and Security Trade Control, Onizuka warned that a high-altitude EMP attack would damage or destroy
1975:
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The concept of the explosively pumped flux compression generator for generating a non-nuclear electromagnetic pulse was conceived as early as 1951 by
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The discipline of ensuring correct equipment operation in the presence of EMP and other RF threats is known as electromagnetic compatibility (EMC).
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radio sets to crackle and TV sets to show stripes on the screen. Laws were introduced to make vehicle manufacturers fit interference suppressors.
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emitted can also ionize the surrounding air, creating a secondary EMP as the atoms of air first lose their electrons and then regain them.
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may be hand-held. Bench- or room-sized simulators come in a range of designs, depending on the type and level of threat to be generated.
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The switching action of an electrical circuit creates a sharp change in the flow of electricity. This sharp change is a form of EMP.
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168:. The electromagnetic interference caused by an EMP can disrupt communications and damage electronic equipment. An EMP such as a
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in the Soviet Union, but nations kept work on non-nuclear EMP classified until similar ideas emerged in other nations.
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surges. These can be up to several kilovolts, enough to damage electronic equipment that is insufficiently protected.
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can create a train of pulses as the internal electrical contacts make and break connections as the armature rotates.
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electromagnetic shock wave solutions where the electric and the magnetic field components have a discontinuity.
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1379:"Scientific Collaborations Between Los Alamos and Arzamas-16 Using Explosive-Driven Flux Compression Generators"
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711:, the threat from EMP is subject to control measures. This is true whether the threat is natural or man-made.
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1784:", January 2010. Written by Metatech Corporation for Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Appendix: E1 HEMP Myths.
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can physically damage objects such as buildings and aircraft. The management of EMP effects is a branch of
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Protecting
Electrical Equipment: Good Practices for Preventing High Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse Impacts
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The first recorded damage from an electromagnetic pulse came with the solar storm of August 1859, or the
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1985:
1605:"SUMMA Foundation – Carl Baum, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of New Mexico"
1587:"SUMMA Foundation – Carl Baum, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of New Mexico"
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A powerful EMP can also directly affect magnetic materials and corrupt the data stored on media such as
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switch repeatedly at frequencies above 1 GHz, causing interference that appears to be continuous.
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Gasoline engine ignition systems can create a train of pulses as the spark plugs are energized or fired.
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electromagnetic pulse (LEMP). The discharge is typically an initial current flow of perhaps millions of
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Burnham, David. 28 June 1983. "U.S. Fears One Bomb Could
Cripple the Nation." New York Times, p. C1.
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The Early-Time (E1) High-Altitude
Electromagnetic Pulse (HEMP) and Its Impact on the U.S. Power Grid
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798:, which is funded by utility companies, found that a large EMP attack would probably cause regional
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1980:
1434:"Fundamentals of Electrostatic Discharge", Compliance Magazine, 1 May 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2015.
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and magnetic fields may couple with electrical/electronic systems to produce damaging current and
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A nuclear electromagnetic pulse is the abrupt pulse of electromagnetic radiation resulting from a
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with a spacecraft or the explosive breakup of a meteoroid passing through the Earth's atmosphere.
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are vacuum tubes that are particularly suitable for microwave conversion of high-energy pulses.
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Raloff, Janet. 9 May 1981. "EMP: A Sleeping
Electronic Dragon." Science News. Vol. 119, p. 300.
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To test the effects of EMP on engineered systems and equipment, an EMP simulator may be used.
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Therefore, most control measures focus on the susceptibility of equipment to EMP effects, and
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Royal Air Force Common Core and
Deployment Skills Aide-Memoire AP 3242B VOL 5, ABBREVIATIONS
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the air, the fuel nozzle is first connected to the aircraft to safely discharge any static.
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Switching action of electrical circuitry, whether isolated or repetitive (as a pulse train).
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Meteoric EMP. The discharge of electromagnetic energy resulting from either the impact of a
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response in the surrounding environment. Some types are generated as repetitive and regular
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service providers and computer recyclers use a controlled EMP to wipe such magnetic media.
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Raloff, Janet. 16 May 1981. "EMP: Defensive
Strategies." Science News. Vol. 119, p. 314.
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822:'s power, communications and transport systems as well as disable banks, hospitals and
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596:-shaping circuits or microwave generators are added between the pulse source and the
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and accompanying magnetic field, ejected from the solar corona and released into the
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which describes how component waveforms may sum to the observed frequency spectrum.
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1410:"What is EMI & RFI? And How Can You Stop Electric & Ignition Interference?"
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Broad, William J. 1983 January/February. "The Chaos Factor" Science 83, pp. 41–49.
1640:"US Air Force is guarding against electromagnetic pulse attacks. Should we worry?"
1195:
Howard, J.; Uman, M. A.; Biagi, C.; Hill, D.; Rakov, V. A.; Jordan, D. M. (2011).
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407:(ESD), as a result of two charged objects coming into proximity or even contact.
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energy. The origin of an EMP can be natural or artificial, and can occur as an
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This article is about the phenomenon in general. For nuclear EMP weapons, see
1799:, Manitou Motion Picture Company, 2009 (not available to the general public).
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2002:
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811:. At the moment, the United States lacks preparation against an EMP attack.
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588:. To achieve the frequency characteristics of the pulse needed for optimal
1197:"Measured close lightning leader step electric field derivative waveforms"
803:
be affected by such an attack, depending on the targeted area and people.
584:
bank discharged into a single-loop antenna, a microwave generator, and an
387:
Different types of EMP arise from natural, man-made, and weapons effects.
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1970:
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The mode of energy transfer (radiated, electric, magnetic or conducted).
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The frequency spectrum and the pulse waveform are interrelated via the
1604:
1586:
1058:"Self-similar shock wave solutions of the nonlinear Maxwell equations"
915:
that describes how to test equipment for electromagnetic compatibility
3271:
3197:
1557:
1107:"Electromagnetic pulses generated by meteoroid impacts on spacecraft"
398:
1303:"The Electromagnetic Bomb - A Weapon of Electrical Mass Destruction"
814:
According to research from
Yoshida Reiji, in a 2016 article for the
1628:, US Department of Defense Instruction No. 6055.11, 19 August 2009.
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819:
815:
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1816:
Iliffe Books Ltd. Dorset House, Stanford Street, London, England
657:. Hard drives are usually shielded by heavy metal casings. Some
1877:
1531:"From the Electromagnetic Pulse to High-Power Electromagnetics"
1105:
Close, S.; Colestock, P.; Cox, L.; Kelley, M.; Lee, N. (2010).
1272:"America's utilities prepare for a nuclear threat to the grid"
834:
By 1981, a number of articles on electromagnetic pulse in the
29:
1692:"Can America's Power Grid Survive an Electromagnetic Attack?"
448:
Continual switching actions of digital electronic circuitry.
1719:"Threat of North Korean EMP attack leaves Japan vulnerable"
1870:, a short documentary film on the SUMMA Foundation website
990:"DHS Combats Potential Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) Attack"
794:
According to research from Edd Gent, a 2019 report by the
420:(CME), sometimes referred to as a solar EMP. A burst of
607:
NNEMP generators can be carried as a payload of bombs,
2105:
Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal
1017:"An Assessment of Threats to the American Power Grid"
401:, followed by a train of pulses of decreasing energy.
2031:
Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments
1240:"A Basic Primer in Lightning Effects and Protection"
231:
EMP energy may be transferred in any of four forms:
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2413:
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1936:
1638:Edd Gent-Live Science Contributor 11 (March 2021).
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1626:"Protecting Personnel from Electromagnetic Fields"
472:Non-nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NNEMP) weapons.
1358:"Aircraft could be brought down by DIY 'E-bombs'"
3159:List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
1573:"The Atlas-I Trestle at Kirtland Air Force Base"
838:spread knowledge of the EMP phenomenon into the
3057:List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events
1842:Energy Research and Development Administration
1482:"Reminiscences of High-Power Electromagnetics"
1343:
1331:
763:. Examples include the huge wooden-structured
432:Types of (civil) man-made EMP events include:
209:Pulse waveform: shape, duration and amplitude.
2062:Existential risk from artificial intelligence
1889:
1015:Weiss, Matthew; Weiss, Martin (29 May 2019).
586:explosively pumped flux compression generator
8:
2110:Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal
2410:
2213:Climate change and civilizational collapse
2173:
1896:
1882:
1874:
695:EMPRESS I (antennas along shoreline) with
23:. For Earth magnetosphere pulsations, see
1223:
1130:
1073:
1032:
576:Non-nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NNEMP)
353:form of a rectangular or "square" pulse.
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
3216:Centre for the Study of Existential Risk
3154:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
1676:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1521:
1519:
1472:
1470:
1148:"Meteoric Airbursts: General Principles"
946:
1666:
1656:
1377:Younger, Stephen; et al. (1996).
1245:. weighing-systems.com. Archived from
767:simulator (also known as TRESTLE) at
703:moored in the foreground for testing.
390:Types of natural EMP events include:
142:transient electromagnetic disturbance
7:
2233:Tipping points in the climate system
530:Nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NEMP)
58:adding citations to reliable sources
2228:Extinction risk from climate change
2127:New World Order (conspiracy theory)
1838:United States Department of Defense
1717:Yoshida, Reiji (8 September 2017).
1451:. Newtech Recycling. Archived from
1313:from the original on 5 October 2013
965:"Electromagnetic pulses in history"
3188:List of fictional doomsday devices
1170:"EMPACT America, Inc. – Solar EMP"
1021:Energy, Sustainability and Society
809:National Defense Authorization Act
14:
2208:Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis
1867:TRESTLE: Landmark of the Cold War
1176:from the original on 26 July 2011
963:Gutteridge, Nick (30 July 2020).
796:Electric Power Research Institute
544:. The resulting rapidly changing
3324:
3323:
3311:
2469:Decline in amphibian populations
1490:IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat.
683:EMP simulator HAGII-C testing a
340:
331:
322:
318:
34:
2820:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
2317:Land surface effects on climate
2290:Human impact on the environment
1921:Future of an expanding universe
1575:. The University of New Mexico.
1204:Journal of Geophysical Research
1111:Journal of Geophysical Research
994:Department of Homeland Security
913:United States Military Standard
458:Types of military EMP include:
45:needs additional citations for
16:Burst of electromagnetic energy
1833:The Effects of Nuclear Weapons
1607:. Ece.unm.edu. 17 January 2013
1:
3375:Electromagnetic compatibility
2766:Interpretations of Revelation
2568:Cosmological phase transition
2474:Decline in insect populations
1926:Ultimate fate of the universe
1092:10.1088/1054-660X/24/8/086002
884:Electromagnetic compatibility
675:Electromagnetic compatibility
536:Nuclear electromagnetic pulse
491:Electrostatic discharge (ESD)
463:Nuclear electromagnetic pulse
174:electromagnetic compatibility
21:Nuclear electromagnetic pulse
3221:Future of Humanity Institute
2618:Potentially hazardous object
2518:Interplanetary contamination
1356:Marks, Paul (1 April 2009).
1346:, Chapter 11, section 11.73.
709:electromagnetic interference
3101:Nemesis (hypothetical star)
2250:Global terrestrial stilling
1849:Gurevich, Vladimir (2019).
1814:Electromagnetic Shock Waves
889:Electromagnetic environment
759:a specialized version of a
3421:
2613:Asteroid impact prediction
2588:Heat death of the universe
1998:Mutual assured destruction
1344:Glasstone & Dolan 1977
1332:Glasstone & Dolan 1977
899:Faraday's law of induction
672:
533:
494:
480:
224:
18:
3380:Electromagnetic radiation
3305:
3231:Nuclear Threat Initiative
3164:List of apocalyptic films
3007:2011 end times prediction
2739:Prophecy of Seventy Weeks
2734:Abomination of desolation
2608:Asteroid impact avoidance
2438:List of extinction events
2280:Environmental degradation
2067:Technological singularity
1911:
1905:Global catastrophic risks
1793:Air Force Space Command,
1307:USAF CADRE Air Chronicles
1034:10.1186/s13705-019-0199-y
337:Double exponential pulse
246:Electromagnetic radiation
140:), also referred to as a
3226:Future of Life Institute
3128:Resurrection of the dead
3121:Post-tribulation rapture
2503:Colony collapse disorder
1502:10.1109/temc.2007.897147
855:and the following books
733:Induced pulse simulation
264:can have time-dependent
2052:Artificial intelligence
1538:Proceedings of the IEEE
924:Transient (oscillation)
785:Van de Graaff generator
746:Threat pulse simulation
504:Van de Graaff generator
497:Electrostatic discharge
405:Electrostatic discharge
206:of frequencies present.
191:General characteristics
148:), is a brief burst of
69:"Electromagnetic pulse"
3181:List of disaster films
3022:Apocalyptic literature
2122:Malthusian catastrophe
2048:Synthetic intelligence
1812:Katayev, I.G. (1966).
879:Directed-energy weapon
704:
688:
346:Damped sinewave pulse
2563:Coronal mass ejection
2025:Electromagnetic pulse
1986:Kinetic energy weapon
1853:. Berlin: De Gruyter.
1056:Barna, I. F. (2014).
694:
682:
418:Coronal mass ejection
251:Electrical conduction
154:electromagnetic field
134:electromagnetic pulse
2965:War of Gog and Magog
2642:Near-Earth supernova
2392:Human overpopulation
2196:Mass mortality event
2090:Anthropogenic hazard
1780:Report Meta-R-320: "
1591:ece-research.unm.edu
1449:newtechrecycling.com
1225:10.1029/2010JD015249
1132:10.1029/2010JA015921
853:William R. Forstchen
824:nuclear power plants
769:Sandia National Labs
273:solar magnetic flare
164:, or as a conducted
54:improve this article
3037:Blood moon prophecy
2830:Number of the Beast
2428:Holocene extinction
2374:Earth Overshoot Day
2322:Ocean acidification
2285:Habitat destruction
2275:Ecological collapse
1981:Kinetic bombardment
1916:Future of the Earth
1550:1992IEEEP..80..789B
1252:on 15 November 2015
1216:2011JGRD..116.8201H
1146:Chandler, Charles.
1123:2010JGRA..11512328C
1084:2014LaPhy..24h6002B
469:and magnetic field.
262:Maxwell's equations
258:Maxwell's equations
176:(EMC) engineering.
25:Magnetic pulsations
3385:Electronic warfare
3352:Doomsday scenarios
2918:Beast of the Earth
2810:Book of Revelation
2598:Virtual black hole
2578:False vacuum decay
2528:Pollinator decline
2491:Biological warfare
2481:Biotechnology risk
2332:Resource depletion
1698:. 22 December 2017
1669:has generic name (
1387:Los Alamos Science
1309:. DTIC:ADA332511.
996:. 3 September 2020
894:Electronic warfare
830:In popular culture
705:
689:
467:Earth's atmosphere
328:Rectangular pulse
3362:
3361:
3193:Zombie apocalypse
3094:Postmillennialism
2889:Great Tribulation
2662:Stellar collision
2623:Near-Earth object
2573:Geomagnetic storm
2541:
2540:
2464:Biodiversity loss
2448:Genetic pollution
2402:
2401:
2191:Biodiversity loss
2154:Societal collapse
2132:Nuclear holocaust
2117:Economic collapse
2100:Doomsday argument
2018:Antimatter weapon
1824:Glasstone, Samuel
1796:Hollywood vs. EMP
1571:Reuben, Charles.
1366:. pp. 16–17.
904:Geomagnetic storm
659:IT asset disposal
592:into the target,
542:nuclear explosion
350:
349:
215:Fourier transform
130:
129:
122:
104:
3412:
3327:
3326:
3318:World portal
3316:
3315:
3277:Financial crisis
3106:Nibiru cataclysm
3084:Premillennialism
2928:Dhul-Suwayqatayn
2896:Son of perdition
2884:Olivet Discourse
2860:Whore of Babylon
2486:Biological agent
2433:Human extinction
2423:Extinction event
2411:
2382:Overexploitation
2312:Land consumption
2307:Land degradation
2174:
2036:Micro black hole
1944:Chemical warfare
1898:
1891:
1884:
1875:
1854:
1845:
1828:Dolan, Philip J.
1800:
1791:
1785:
1778:
1772:
1767:
1761:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1674:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1558:10.1109/5.149443
1535:
1523:
1514:
1513:
1486:
1474:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1383:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1301:(October 1996).
1295:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1251:
1244:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1201:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1172:. 26 July 2011.
1166:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1077:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1036:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1001:
986:
980:
979:
977:
975:
960:
954:
951:
929:Ultrashort pulse
865:Five Years After
848:One Second After
514:Switching pulses
374:damped sine wave
358:damped sine wave
344:
335:
326:
319:
296:) and ionizing (
279:Frequency ranges
227:Electromagnetism
181:Carrington Event
170:lightning strike
166:electric current
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3405:Nuclear warfare
3395:Nuclear weapons
3365:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3337:Future problems
3310:
3301:
3235:
3204:
3171:Climate fiction
3137:
3012:2012 phenomenon
2995:
2901:Sheep and Goats
2788:2 Thessalonians
2666:
2583:Gamma-ray burst
2537:
2452:
2443:Genetic erosion
2398:
2368:
2359:Water pollution
2327:Ozone depletion
2223:Desertification
2163:
2078:
2013:Doomsday device
1993:Nuclear warfare
1932:
1907:
1902:
1862:
1857:
1848:
1822:
1809:
1804:
1803:
1792:
1788:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1725:
1723:The Japan Times
1716:
1715:
1711:
1701:
1699:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1675:
1665:
1655:
1648:
1646:
1644:livescience.com
1637:
1636:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1610:
1608:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1533:
1525:
1524:
1517:
1484:
1476:
1475:
1468:
1458:
1456:
1455:on 12 June 2018
1445:"EMP Data Wipe"
1443:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1419:
1417:
1416:. 14 April 2022
1408:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1391:
1381:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1316:
1314:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1282:
1280:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1199:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1179:
1177:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1153:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1117:(A12): A12328.
1104:
1103:
1099:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1014:
1013:
1009:
999:
997:
988:
987:
983:
973:
971:
962:
961:
957:
952:
948:
943:
938:
933:
874:
840:popular culture
832:
781:
748:
735:
727:
725:Test simulation
677:
671:
636:
628:Andrei Sakharov
609:cruise missiles
578:
557:gamma radiation
546:electric fields
538:
532:
516:
499:
493:
485:
479:
440:Electric motors
369:
345:
336:
327:
313:
311:Pulse waveforms
281:
229:
223:
221:Types of energy
193:
150:electromagnetic
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3418:
3416:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3390:Energy weapons
3387:
3382:
3377:
3367:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3332:Apocalypticism
3321:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3190:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3176:Disaster films
3173:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3151:
3149:Alien invasion
3145:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3089:Amillennialism
3086:
3076:
3074:Millenarianism
3071:
3070:
3069:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3027:Apocalypticism
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2981:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2923:Dhu al-Qarnayn
2920:
2915:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2869:Great Apostasy
2866:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2807:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2758:
2748:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2726:
2716:
2714:Last Judgement
2711:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2676:
2674:
2672:Eschatological
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2615:
2610:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2419:
2417:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2387:Overpopulation
2384:
2378:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2364:Water scarcity
2361:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2339:
2337:Sea level rise
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2300:on marine life
2297:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2255:Global warming
2252:
2247:
2245:Global dimming
2242:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2203:Cascade effect
2200:
2199:
2198:
2188:
2182:
2180:
2178:Climate change
2171:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2097:
2092:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2008:Doomsday Clock
2005:
2000:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1959:Cyberterrorism
1956:
1946:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1861:
1860:External links
1858:
1856:
1855:
1846:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1786:
1773:
1762:
1753:
1744:
1735:
1709:
1696:BloombergQuint
1683:
1630:
1618:
1596:
1578:
1563:
1544:(6): 789–817.
1515:
1466:
1436:
1427:
1414:OnAllCylinders
1401:
1369:
1348:
1336:
1324:
1290:
1263:
1231:
1210:(D8): D08201.
1187:
1161:
1138:
1097:
1048:
1007:
981:
955:
945:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
931:
926:
921:
916:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
875:
873:
870:
857:One Year After
831:
828:
780:
777:
761:Marx generator
747:
744:
734:
731:
726:
723:
701: (FFG-15)
673:Main article:
670:
667:
635:
632:
577:
574:
550:voltage surges
534:Main article:
531:
528:
515:
512:
495:Main article:
492:
489:
481:Main article:
478:
475:
474:
473:
470:
456:
455:
449:
446:
443:
437:
430:
429:
415:
408:
402:
368:
365:
348:
347:
338:
329:
312:
309:
280:
277:
254:
253:
248:
243:
241:Magnetic field
238:
236:Electric field
225:Main article:
222:
219:
211:
210:
207:
200:
192:
189:
162:magnetic field
158:electric field
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3417:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3347:Risk analysis
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3292:Social crisis
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:Organizations
3207:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3133:World to come
3131:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3079:Millennialism
3077:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3067:Messianic Age
3065:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3052:Gog and Magog
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3042:Earth Changes
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2879:New Jerusalem
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2855:War in Heaven
2853:
2851:
2850:Two witnesses
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2719:Second Coming
2717:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2461:
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1062:Laser Physics
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71: –
70:
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65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
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43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
26:
22:
3400:Pulsed power
3309:
3252:Cyberwarfare
2970:Third Temple
2825:Lake of fire
2635:Rogue planet
2603:Impact event
2593:Proton decay
2546:Astronomical
2496:Bioterrorism
2342:Supervolcano
2240:Flood basalt
2186:Anoxic event
2095:Collapsology
2083:Sociological
2024:
1954:Cyberwarfare
1866:
1850:
1832:
1813:
1795:
1789:
1776:
1765:
1756:
1747:
1738:
1726:. Retrieved
1722:
1712:
1700:. Retrieved
1695:
1686:
1647:. Retrieved
1643:
1633:
1621:
1609:. Retrieved
1599:
1590:
1581:
1566:
1541:
1537:
1496:(2): 211–8.
1493:
1488:
1480:(May 2007).
1457:. Retrieved
1453:the original
1448:
1439:
1430:
1418:. Retrieved
1413:
1404:
1392:. Retrieved
1385:
1372:
1361:
1351:
1339:
1334:, Chapter 1.
1327:
1315:. Retrieved
1306:
1293:
1283:21 September
1281:. Retrieved
1275:
1266:
1254:. Retrieved
1247:the original
1234:
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1203:
1190:
1178:. Retrieved
1164:
1152:. Retrieved
1141:
1114:
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1065:
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1024:
1020:
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998:. Retrieved
993:
984:
972:. Retrieved
968:
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949:
919:Pulsed power
864:
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570:stratosphere
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555:The intense
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64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3328:Categories
3297:Survivalism
2984:Zoroastrian
2840:Seven seals
2835:Seven bowls
2761:Historicism
2657:Solar flare
2533:Overfishing
2508:Defaunation
2295:coral reefs
2057:AI takeover
1976:Nanoweapons
1964:Cybergeddon
1949:Cyberattack
1390:(24): 48–71
1299:Kopp, Carlo
1256:8 September
1180:23 November
1154:30 December
974:12 February
909:MIL-STD-461
655:hard drives
294:ultraviolet
3369:Categories
3257:Depression
3247:Ransomware
3062:Messianism
3032:Armageddon
3017:Apocalypse
2805:Antichrist
2793:Man of sin
2690:Three Ages
2553:Big Crunch
2415:Extinction
2407:Biological
2169:Ecological
2041:Strangelet
1394:24 October
1317:12 January
1150:. QDL blog
936:References
845:The novel
685:Boeing E-4
452:Power line
426:solar wind
304:) ranges.
302:gamma rays
80:newspapers
3142:Fictional
2989:Saoshyant
2874:New Earth
2845:The Beast
2778:Preterism
2751:Christian
2707:Kali Yuga
2652:Micronova
2647:Hypernova
2513:Dysgenics
2354:Verneshot
2260:Hypercane
2003:Dead Hand
1075:1303.7084
1043:2192-0567
1027:(1): 18.
941:Citations
800:blackouts
716:hardening
707:Like any
697:USS
687:aircraft.
602:Vircators
582:capacitor
483:Lightning
477:Lightning
412:meteoroid
395:Lightning
110:July 2023
3282:Pandemic
3267:Epidemic
3262:Droughts
3116:Prewrath
3047:End time
2913:Al-Qa'im
2798:Katechon
2783:2 Esdras
2773:Idealism
2756:Futurism
2685:Maitreya
2680:Buddhist
2523:Pandemic
1971:Gray goo
1840:and the
1830:(1977).
1659:cite web
1510:22495327
1420:9 August
1311:Archived
1174:Archived
872:See also
773:Cold War
590:coupling
286:infrared
204:spectrum
156:, as an
3342:Hazards
3240:General
3111:Rapture
2960:Messiah
2948:Sufyani
2938:Israfil
2908:Islamic
2746:Messiah
2724:1 Enoch
2558:Big Rip
2270:Ecocide
2265:Ice age
1807:Sources
1611:18 June
1546:Bibcode
1459:12 June
1212:Bibcode
1119:Bibcode
1080:Bibcode
765:ATLAS-I
699:Estocin
669:Control
634:Effects
598:antenna
290:visible
160:, as a
94:scholar
3272:Famine
3198:Zombie
3000:Others
2955:Jewish
2933:Dajjal
2815:Events
2729:Daniel
2630:winter
2457:Others
2347:winter
2147:winter
2142:famine
2137:cobalt
1508:
1041:
779:Safety
617:drones
422:plasma
382:trains
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3287:Riots
2979:Norse
2943:Mahdi
2702:Kalki
2697:Hindu
2027:(EMP)
1728:3 May
1702:3 May
1649:2 May
1534:(PDF)
1506:S2CID
1485:(PDF)
1382:(PDF)
1250:(PDF)
1243:(PDF)
1200:(PDF)
1070:arXiv
1000:3 May
820:Japan
816:Tokyo
613:CHAMP
380:pulse
367:Types
101:JSTOR
87:books
1730:2021
1704:2021
1678:link
1671:help
1651:2021
1613:2013
1461:2018
1422:2024
1396:2009
1319:2012
1285:2017
1258:2015
1182:2015
1156:2014
1039:ISSN
1002:2021
976:2023
911:, a
863:and
594:wave
563:NEMP
399:amps
300:and
73:news
1554:doi
1498:doi
1220:doi
1208:116
1127:doi
1115:115
1088:doi
1029:doi
851:by
146:TED
138:EMP
132:An
56:by
3371::
2050:/
1836:.
1826:;
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1694:.
1663::
1661:}}
1657:{{
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1518:^
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1487:.
1469:^
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298:X
284:(
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117:(
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108:(
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91:·
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50:.
27:.
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