383:, sandwiched between two arrays of electrodes, the upper of which is transparent. The two arrays are aligned to divide the sheet into pixels, and each pixel corresponds to a pair of electrodes situated on either side of the sheet. The sheet is laminated with transparent plastic for protection, resulting in an overall thickness of 80 micrometers, or twice that of ordinary paper. The network of electrodes connects to display circuitry, which turns the electronic ink 'on' and 'off' at specific pixels by applying a voltage to specific electrode pairs. A negative charge to the surface electrode repels the particles to the bottom of local capsules, forcing the black dye to the surface and turning the pixel black. Reversing the voltage has the opposite effect. It forces the particles to the surface, turning the pixel white. A more recent implementation of this concept requires only one layer of electrodes beneath the microcapsules. These are commercially referred to as Active Matrix Electrophoretic Displays (AMEPD).
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different colors depending on the thickness of the insulator. The standard RGB color schema can be used as pixels for full-color displays. The second part is a polymer with optical absorption controllable by an electrochemical potential. After growing the polymer on the plasmonic metasurfaces, the reflection of the metasurfaces can be modulated by the applied voltage. This technology presents broad range colors, high polarization-independent reflection (>50 %), strong contrast (>30 %), the fast response time (hundreds of ms), and long-term stability. In addition, it has ultralow power consumption (< 0.5 mW/cm2) and potential for high resolution (>10000 dpi). Since the ultrathin metasurfaces are flexible and the polymer is soft, the whole system can be bent. Desired future improvements for this technology include bistability, cheaper materials and implementation with TFT arrays.
426:) is based on controlling the shape of a confined water/oil interface by an applied voltage. With no voltage applied, the (colored) oil forms a flat film between the water and a hydrophobic (water-repellent) insulating coating of an electrode, resulting in a colored pixel. When a voltage is applied between the electrode and the water, the interfacial tension between the water and the coating changes. As a result, the stacked state is no longer stable, causing the water to move the oil aside. This makes a partly transparent pixel, or, if a reflective white surface is under the switchable element, a white pixel. Because of the small pixel size, the user only experiences the average reflection, which provides a high-brightness, high-contrast switchable element.
337:"It has for many years been an ambition of researchers in display media to create a flexible low-cost system that is the electronic analog of paper. In this context, microparticle-based displays have long intrigued researchers. Switchable contrast in such displays is achieved by the electromigration of highly scattering or absorbing microparticles (in the size range 0.1–5 μm), quite distinct from the molecular-scale properties that govern the behavior of the more familiar liquid-crystal displays. Micro-particle-based displays possess intrinsic bistability, exhibit extremely low power d.c. field addressing and have demonstrated high contrast and reflectivity. These features, combined with a near-
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reflective display types and approach the visual qualities of paper. In addition, the technology offers a unique path toward high-brightness full-color displays, leading to displays that are four times brighter than reflective LCDs and twice as bright as other emerging technologies. Instead of using red, green, and blue (RGB) filters or alternating segments of the three primary colors, which effectively result in only one-third of the display reflecting light in the desired color, electrowetting allows for a system in which one sub-pixel can switch two different colors independently.
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159:). The spheres are embedded in a transparent silicone sheet, with each sphere suspended in a bubble of oil so that it can rotate freely. The polarity of the voltage applied to each pair of electrodes then determines whether the white or black side is face-up, thus giving the pixel a white or black appearance. At the FPD 2008 exhibition, Japanese company Soken demonstrated a wall with electronic wall-paper using this technology. In 2007, the Estonian company Visitret Displays was developing this kind of display using
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1031:. They are most commonly used as employees' ID cards or as production labels to track manufacturing changes and status. E-paper tags are also increasingly being used as shipping labels, especially in the case of reusable boxes. An interesting feature provided by some e-paper Tags manufacturers is batteryless design. This means that the power needed for a display's content update is provided wirelessly and the module itself doesn't contain any battery.
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marketed as a film that can be integrated into architectural design such as "wall, ceiling panel, or entire room instantly." The disadvantage of these current color displays is that they are considerably more expensive than standard E Ink displays. The jetBook Color costs roughly nine times more than other popular e-readers such as the Amazon Kindle. As of
January 2015, Prism had not been announced to be used in the plans for any e-reader devices.
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the reservoir and spread it as a film directly behind the viewing substrate. As a result, the display takes on color and brightness similar to that of conventional pigments printed on paper. When voltage is removed liquid surface tension causes the pigment dispersion to rapidly recoil into the reservoir. The technology can potentially provide greater than 85% white state reflectance for electronic paper.
223:(TFT) technology. TFTs are often used to form a high-density image in an EPD. A common application for TFT-based EPDs are e-readers. Electrophoretic displays are considered prime examples of the electronic paper category, because of their paper-like appearance and low power consumption. Examples of commercial electrophoretic displays include the high-resolution
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In 2020, Onyx released the first frontlit 13.3 inch electronic paper
Android tablet, the Boox Max Lumi. At the end of the same year, Bigme released the first 10.3 inch color electronic paper Android tablet, the Bigme B1 Pro. This was also the first large electronic paper tablet to support 4g cellular
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viewing characteristic, result in an 'ink on paper' look. But such displays have to date suffered from short lifetimes and difficulty in manufacture. Here we report the synthesis of an electrophoretic ink based on the microencapsulation of an electrophoretic dispersion. The use of a microencapsulated
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is a variation of an electrowetting display that place an aqueous pigment dispersion inside a tiny reservoir. The reservoir comprises less than 5-10% of the viewable pixel area and therefore the pigment is substantially hidden from view. Voltage is used to electromechanically pull the pigment out of
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E-paper based electronic shelf labels (ESL) are used to digitally display the prices of goods at retail stores. Electronic-paper-based labels are updated via two-way infrared or radio technology and powered by a rechargeable coin cell. Some variants use ZBD (zenithal bistable display) which is more
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nanostructures with conductive polymers have also been suggested as one kind of electronic paper. The material has two parts. The first part is a highly reflective metasurface made by metal-insulator-metal films tens of nanometers in thickness including nanoscale holes. The metasurfaces can reflect
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to the plate that bears the opposite charge from that on the particles. When the particles are located at the front (viewing) side of the display, it appears white, because the light is scattered back to the viewer by the high-index titania particles. When the particles are located at the rear side
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was announced. In July 2010 the third-generation Kindle was announced, with notable design changes. The fourth generation of Kindle, called Touch, was announced in
September 2011 that was the Kindle's first departure from keyboards and page turn buttons in favor of touchscreens. In September 2012,
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at Kyushu
University. Advantages of electronic paper include low power usage (power is only drawn when the display is updated), flexibility and better readability than most displays. Electronic ink can be printed on any surface, including walls, billboards, product labels and T-shirts. The ink's
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provide several attractive features. The switching between white and colored reflection is fast enough to display video content. It is a low-power, low-voltage technology, and displays based on the effect can be made flat and thin. The reflectivity and contrast are better than or equal to other
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was released in 2012 as the first colored electronic ink device, which used E Ink's Triton display technology. E Ink in early 2015 also announced another color electronic ink technology called Prism. This new technology is a color changing film that can be used for e-readers, but Prism is also
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Electronic ink can be applied to flexible or rigid materials. For flexible displays, the base requires a thin, flexible material tough enough to withstand considerable wear, such as extremely thin plastic. The method of how the inks are encapsulated and then applied to the substrate is what
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announced the official launch of an electronic version of the paper on a subscription basis in
September 2007. Two offers were available, combining a one-year subscription and a reading device. The offer included either a light (176g) reading device (adapted for Les Echos by Ganaxa) or the
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Several companies are simultaneously developing electronic paper and ink. While the technologies used by each company provide many of the same features, each has its own distinct technological advantages. All electronic paper technologies face the following general challenges:
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E-paper displays at bus or trams stops can be remotely updated. Compared to LED or liquid-crystal displays (LCDs), they consume lower energy and the text or graphics stays visible during a power failure. Compared to LCDs, it easily visible under full sunshine.
969:, have used electronic paper to display status information, such as available storage space. Once the image on the electronic paper has been set, it requires no power to maintain, so the readout can be seen even when the flash drive is not plugged in.
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controlled whether the white particles were at the top of the capsule (so it looked white to the viewer) or at the bottom of the capsule (so the viewer saw the color of the oil). This was essentially a reintroduction of the well-known
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This results in the availability of two-thirds of the display area to reflect light in any desired color. This is achieved by building up a pixel with a stack of two independently controllable colored oil films plus a color filter.
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display technology, but microcapsules meant the display could be made on flexible plastic sheets instead of glass. One early version of the electronic paper consists of a sheet of very small transparent capsules, each about 40
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Other proposed applications include clothes, digital photo frames, information boards, and keyboards. Keyboards with dynamically changeable keys are useful for less represented languages, non-standard keyboard layouts such as
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electrophoretic medium solves the lifetime issues and permits the fabrication of a bistable electronic display solely by means of printing. This system may satisfy the practical requirements of electronic paper."
560:, including attempts to build them into conventional paper. Simple color e-paper consists of a thin colored optical filter added to the monochrome technology described above. The array of pixels is divided into
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In the 1990s another type of electronic ink based on a microencapsulated electrophoretic display was conceived and prototyped by a team of undergraduates at MIT as described in their Nature paper. J.D. Albert,
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in electronic displays available as of 2008 approaches newspaper, and newly developed displays are slightly better. An ideal e-paper display can be read in direct sunlight without the image appearing to fade.
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On May and June 2020, Hisense released the
Hisense A5c and A5 pro cc, the first color electronic ink smartphones. With a single color display, with a togglable front light running android 9 and Android 10.
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e-book reader in the USA. On
October 2, 2007, Sony announced the PRS-505, an updated version of the Reader. In November 2008, Sony released the PRS-700BC, which incorporated a backlight and a touchscreen.
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announced the first "YotaPhone" prototype and was later released in
December 2013, a unique double-display smartphone. It has a 4.3-inch, HD LCD on the front and an electronic ink display on the back.
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distinguishes each company from others. These processes are complex and are carefully guarded industry secrets. Nevertheless, making electronic paper is less complex and costly than LCDs.
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There are many approaches to electronic paper, with many companies developing technology in this area. Other technologies being applied to electronic paper include modifications of
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launched a hybrid smartwatch called the Hybrid HR, integrating an always on electronic ink display with physical hands and dial to simulate the look of a traditional analog watch.
45:, devices meant to replace traditional books, utilize electronic paper for their displays in order to further resemble paper books; one such example is the Kindle series by Amazon.
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Rogers, John A; Bao, Zhenan; Baldwin, Kirk; Dodabalapur, Ananth; Crone, Brian; Raju, V R; Kuck, Valerie; Katz, Howard; Amundson, Karl; Ewing, Jay; Drzaic, Paul (24 April 2001).
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262:/Delta. SiPix is now part of E Ink Corporation. The SiPix design uses a flexible 0.15 mm Microcup architecture, instead of E Ink's 0.04 mm diameter microcapsules.
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which need additional energy to emit their own light. This may make them more comfortable to read, and provide a wider viewing angle than most light-emitting displays. The
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Huitema, H. E. A.; Gelinck, G. H.; van der Putten, J. B. P. H.; Kuijk, K. E.; Hart, C. M.; Cantatore, E.; Herwig, P. T.; van
Breemen, A. J. J. M.; de Leeuw, D. M. (2001).
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provide a control to dim backlight LCD brightness to 0% in internal monitors, while crystals keep working so that the display is lighted by ambient light as it was paper.
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and charging agents that cause the particles to take on an electric charge. This mixture is placed between two parallel, conductive plates separated by a gap of 10 to 100
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operating system. It differs from other e-readers in having a replaceable battery, and a separate touch-screen color LCD below the main electronic paper reading screen.
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mobile phone incorporates electronic ink from E Ink into the keypad, which allows the keypad to change character sets and orientation while in different display modes.
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panel is substituted by a reflective surface. A comparable technology is also obtainable in backlight LCDs by software or hardware deactivating the backlight control.
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Comiskey, Barrett; Albert, J. D.; Yoshizawa, Hidekazu; Jacobson, Joseph (1998-07-16). "An electrophoretic ink for all-printed reflective electronic displays".
921:. Two different processing platforms were used to deliver readable information of the daily, one based on the newly developed GPP electronic ink platform from
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of the display, it appears dark, because the light is absorbed by the colored dye. If the rear electrode is divided into a number of small picture elements (
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568:(although using subtractive primary colors as opposed to additive primary colors). The display is then controlled like any other electronic color display.
212:), then an image can be formed by applying the appropriate voltage to each region of the display to create a pattern of reflecting and absorbing regions.
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195:(titania) particles approximately one micrometer in diameter are dispersed in a hydrocarbon oil. A dark-colored dye is also added to the oil, along with
100:. Many electronic paper technologies hold static text and images indefinitely without electricity. Flexible electronic paper uses plastic substrates and
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electrophoretic display and in March 2010 Seiko released a second generation of this famous electronic ink watch with an active matrix display. The
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like Lenovo ThinkBook Plus use e-paper as a secondary screen. Other common laptops use reflective LCD panels with no backlight. Furthermore some
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Amazon announced the fifth generation of the Kindle called the
Paperwhite, which incorporates a LED frontlight and a higher contrast display.
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Corp.'s Advanced Materials Division cooperated with Delta Optoelectronics Inc. in developing Quick Response Liquid Powder Display technology.
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two years later to develop and market the technology. In 2005, Philips sold the electronic paper business as well as its related patents to
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Gelinck, G. H.; et al. (2004). "Flexible active-matrix displays and shift registers based on solution-processed organic transistors".
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Comiskey, B.; Albert, J. D.; Yoshizawa, H.; Jacobson, J. (1998). "An electrophoretic ink for all-printed reflective electronic displays".
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2194:"Ebook reader for education - ebook for schools, students, middle school. Educational ebook reader for learning - jetBook k-12 - ECTACO"
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with an embedded display was developed by Innovative Card Technologies and nCryptone in 2005. The cards were manufactured by Nagra ID.
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distributed an electronic version of the paper to select subscribers in a limited marketing study, using a pre-release version of the
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1718:"Paper-like electronic displays: Large-area rubber-stamped plastic sheets of electronics and microencapsulated electrophoretic inks"
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composed of negatively charged black plastic on one side and positively charged white plastic on the other (each bead is thus a
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Because of its energy-saving properties, electronic paper has proved a technology suited to digital signage applications.
163:(PVDF) as the material for the spheres, dramatically improving the video speed and decreasing the control voltage needed.
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Andersson, P.; Nilsson, D.; Svensson, P. O.; Chen, M.; Malmström, A.; Remonen, T.; Kugler, T.; Berggren, M. (2002).
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Fujitsu Develops World's First Film Substrate-based Bendable Color Electronic Paper featuring Image Memory Function
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across. Each capsule contains an oily solution containing black dye (the electronic ink), with numerous white
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Crowley, Joseph M.; Sheridon, Nicholas K.; Romano, Linda (2002). "Dipole moments of gyricon balls".
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released the first electronic ink based watch called the Spectrum SVRD001 wristwatch, which has a
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Heikenfeld (2011). "A critical review of the present and future prospects for electronic paper".
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e-readers. These displays are constructed from an electrophoretic imaging film manufactured by
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Typically, e-paper electronic tags integrate e-ink technology with wireless interfaces like
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SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers -- May 2007 -- Volume 38, Issue 1, pp. 1599-1602
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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2572:"LEXAR ADDS INNOVATIVE STORAGE CAPACITY METER WITH ELECTRONIC PAPER DISPLAY FROM E INK"
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and transaction fraud. Electronic paper offers a flat and thin alternative to existing
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Plasmonic Metasurfaces with Conjugated Polymers for Flexible Electronic Paper in Color
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in 1997 to commercialize the technology. E Ink subsequently formed a partnership with
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903:. This was the first recorded application of electronic ink to newspaper publishing.
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846:, an e-book reader with an e-paper display. In February 2009, Amazon released the
2543:"Sony and reMarkable's dueling e-paper tablets are strange but impressive beasts"
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USB flash drive with E Ink-implemented capacity meter of available flash memory
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of reflected light. The color is selected with an electrically switched light
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10.1002/1521-4095(20021016)14:20<1460::aid-adma1460>3.0.co;2-s
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Flexible display cards enable financial payment cardholders to generate a
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The core technology was invented at the Novel Devices Laboratory at the
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Electrophoretic Display technology has also been developed by SiPix and
187:) forms images by rearranging charged pigment particles with an applied
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like the 13.3 inch Dasung Paperlike 3 HD and 25.3 inch Paperlike 253.
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e-book reader equipped with an e-paper display visible in the sunlight
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Electronic paper was first developed in the 1970s by Nick Sheridon at
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Introduction to Thin Film Transistors: Physics and Technology of TFTs
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This used tiny microcapsules filled with electrically charged white
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particles suspended within. The particles are slightly negatively
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Macro photograph of Kindle 3 screen; microcapsules are evident at
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that reflects ambient light, mimicking the appearance of ordinary
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2355:""Fossil's new always-on smartwatch looks like a smarter Pebble""
2309:"Baselworld 2010 - Seiko Press Conference - Future Now, EPD Watch
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and there are working prototypes developed by collaboration with
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1360:"Parametric analysis of amorphous silicon thin film transistors"
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PVDF as material for active element of twisting-ball displays
2290:"The first watch that uses flexible e-paper hits the stores"
1970:"Make Brighter, Full-Color Electronic Readers? — Brilliant!"
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1434:"E-Paper (E Ink) introduction and basic e-paper information"
996:
Tram timetables on e-paper. Prague, prototype from May 2019.
1849:. October 2, 2003. Archived from the original on 2011-03-09
984:
similar to LCD but does not need power to retain an image.
759:
in Japan, the first e-book reader with an electronic paper
321:, Joseph Jacobson, Jeremy Rubin and Russ Wilcox co-founded
104:
for the display backplane. Applications of e-paper include
2715:
Wired article on E Ink-Philips partnership, and background
945:
tokens for data security. The world's first ISO compliant
281:
manufacturing plants to create flexible plastic displays.
1847:"The Hindu: Technology for reflective full-color display"
639:
An e-paper display on a watch refreshes to remove ghosts.
120:
able to display digital versions of books and magazines.
3359:
2240:"Color-Changing E Ink Is Here, But Not In eBook Readers"
2210:
552:
Other research efforts into e-paper have involved using
301:
Scheme of an electrophoretic display using color filters
1552:"A New Printing Technology Sets Off a High-Stakes Race"
1550:
Journal, Alec Klein Staff Reporter of The Wall Street.
925:, and the other one developed internally by Les Echos.
842:
In late 2007, Amazon began producing and marketing the
269:
Electrophoretic displays can be manufactured using the
763:
display. In September 2006, Sony released the PRS-500
4105:
4050:
3962:
3919:
3878:
3523:
3493:
3463:
3437:
3414:
3296:
3258:
3217:
3162:
3066:
3047:
Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent technology
2965:
2860:
2807:
2798:
675:flexibility would also make it possible to develop
651:
An ink or active material to fill the encapsulation
873:offered e-books tailored for writing with a smart
579:of E Ink Holdings Inc. released the first colored
112:, bus station time tables, electronic billboards,
3340:Comparison of CRT, LCD, plasma, and OLED displays
2188:
2186:
1048:is a writer tablet for reading and taking notes.
614:may be compromised due to out-of-date information
475:It has a wide margin in critical aspects such as
251:. A mobile phone that used the technology is the
1292:
1290:
858:In November 2009, Barnes and Noble launched the
2020:"Plastic transistors in active-matrix displays"
1826:LiquaVista electrowetting display technologies
1586:
1584:
583:displays to be used in a marketed product. The
271:Electronics on Plastic by Laser Release (EPLaR)
2699:Roll-up digital displays move closer to market
2233:
2231:
670:displays, and the electronic equivalent of an
3375:
2776:
1986:Xiong, Kunli; Emilsson, Gustav; Maziz, Ali. "
8:
191:. In the simplest implementation of an EPD,
2994:Surface-conduction electron-emitter display
2689:Most flexible electronic paper yet revealed
2205:
2203:
711:smart watch (2013) uses a low-power memory
3490:
3460:
3434:
3382:
3368:
3360:
2905:Active-Matrix Organic light-emitting diode
2804:
2783:
2769:
2761:
690:uses an e-paper display instead of an LCD.
2151:
2043:
1924:
1743:
1733:
285:Microencapsulated electrophoretic display
170:
1527:"53.4: Ultra-Thin Flexible OLED Device"
1477:"製品情報（タイヤ/化工品/スポーツ用品/自転車） - 株式会社ブリヂストン"
1118:
2574:. Eink - Press Release. Archived from
2335:from the original on 17 September 2016
2246:from the original on 30 September 2017
1859:
1778:from the original on February 25, 2021
776:Motorola's low-cost mobile phone, the
2495:from the original on 29 November 2012
1385:Springer Science & Business Media
397:This technology is similar to common
147:. The first electronic paper, called
7:
4181:
3041:Ferroelectric liquid crystal display
2413:from the original on 24 October 2020
2238:Liszewski, Andrew (6 January 2015).
1909:"May 2009 issue of Nature Photonics"
1809:from the original on 15 October 2015
354:. In early versions, the underlying
293:Scheme of an electrophoretic display
3115:Light-emitting electrochemical cell
2464:"Amazon Media Room: Press Releases"
2167:Duncan Graham-Rowe (June 6, 2001).
1997:"Advanced Materials: sid. n/a–n/a.
509:that can create various colors via
495:Interferometric modulator (Mirasol)
215:EPDs are typically addressed using
3314:Large-screen television technology
2517:Taking Your Kindle Fire to the Max
2008:. ISSN 1521-4095. 28 October 2016.
1358:Srikanth, G; Kariyappa, B (2016).
1309:from the original on 7 August 2012
521:that is switched on and off using
25:
2988:Organic light-emitting transistor
1697:from the original on 9 March 2011
528:similar to those used to address
501:Interferometric modulator display
32:Electronic paper (disambiguation)
4180:
4171:
4170:
3351:Comparison of display technology
1884:. Gamma Dynamics. Archived from
1242:"The Future of Electronic Paper"
929:Displays embedded in smart cards
600:
2982:Electroluminescent Quantum Dots
2625:Yang, Bo-Ru, ed. (2022-09-06).
2604:from the original on 2023-01-28
2553:from the original on 2017-12-23
2445:from the original on 2020-08-13
2361:from the original on 2020-03-29
2217:from the original on 2019-03-28
1951:from the original on 2009-05-02
1570:from the original on 2015-12-08
1508:from the original on 2010-11-19
1461:. epapercentral. Archived from
1440:from the original on 2019-03-27
1408:Willings, Adrian (2022-02-03).
1297:Daviss, Bennett (15 May 1999),
1248:from the original on 2020-08-17
654:Electronics to activate the ink
3053:Laser-powered phosphor display
2670:E-paper may offer video images
2407:"Dasung Paperlike 3 HD Review"
1:
3997:Environmental impact of paper
3319:Optimum HDTV viewing distance
3309:History of display technology
3197:Computer-generated holography
1685:Sample, Ian (24 April 2001).
1305:, Reed Business Information,
1281:10.1016/S0304-3886(01)00208-X
1089:History of display technology
27:Paper-like display technology
2899:Organic light-emitting diode
2893:Light-emitting diode display
2736:Tanaka, Naoki (2007-12-06).
2721:How Electronic Ink Will Work
2514:Rollins, Mark (2012-06-11).
2379:Owen, Lynette (2014-10-17).
1907:Graydon, Oliver (May 2009).
1168:. 2008-09-23. Archived from
811:Electronic paper is used on
536:Plasmonic electronic display
4222:Electronic paper technology
1797:Zyga, Lisa (26 July 2010),
1459:"Epaper technologies guide"
1328:Soken electronic wall-paper
1240:Genuth, Iddo (2007-10-15).
1216:"magink e-paper billboards"
1108:Serial Peripheral Interface
988:Public transport timetables
850:and in May 2009 the larger
4243:
3944:Surface chemistry of paper
3447:(Zuo Bo/Tso Po/Tso Tzǔ-yi)
3109:Vacuum fluorescent display
2833:Electroluminescent display
1999:doi:10.1002/adma.201603358
1882:"Gamma Dynamic Technology"
1377:Brotherton, S. D. (2013).
1162:"IRex Takes On The Kindle"
1008:
976:
744:
648:A method for encapsulation
507:electronic visual displays
498:
412:
390:
132:
29:
4166:
3397:
3348:
2956:Liquid crystal on silicon
1866:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1828:http://www.liquavista.com
1269:Journal of Electrostatics
719:for its e-paper display.
443:cyan, magenta, and yellow
145:Palo Alto Research Center
3476:Friedrich Gottlob Keller
3147:Fourteen-segment display
2950:Digital Light Processing
1244:. The Future Of Things.
1083:Hardware Attached on Top
679:for electronic devices.
462:University of Cincinnati
331:Prime View International
3992:Elemental chlorine free
3949:Units of paper quantity
3153:Sixteen-segment display
2839:Rear-projection display
1926:10.1038/nphoton.2009.66
973:Electronic shelf labels
860:Barnes & Noble Nook
747:Comparison of e-readers
664:liquid-crystal displays
530:liquid-crystal displays
505:The technology used in
350:suspended in a colored
233:Barnes & Noble Nook
181:electrophoretic display
161:polyvinylidene fluoride
106:electronic shelf labels
4217:Electronic engineering
3972:Bleaching of wood pulp
3000:Field-emission display
2915:Liquid-crystal display
2727:, retrieved 2007-08-26
1735:10.1073/pnas.091588098
1191:"SiPix pricing labels"
997:
979:Electronic shelf label
962:
889:In February 2006, the
795:On December 12, 2012,
742:
691:
640:
454:Electrofluidic display
420:Electrowetting display
393:Liquid-crystal display
344:
313:
302:
294:
273:process, developed by
176:
68:- unlike conventional
46:
3891:Corrugated fiberboard
3648:Electrical insulation
3501:Thomas Francis Carter
3137:Eight-segment display
3131:Seven-segment display
2635:10.1002/9781119745624
1945:www.gammadynamics.net
1299:"Paper goes electric"
1172:on September 27, 2008
995:
960:
737:
685:
638:
335:
308:
300:
292:
277:, to enable existing
227:displays used in the
174:
80:Technologies include
40:
3259:Display capabilities
3142:Nine-segment display
2844:Plasma display panel
2719:Bosner, Kevin.
2491:. 6 September 2012.
1140:10.1889/JSID19.2.129
1128:J. Soc. Inf. Display
1078:Flexible electronics
585:Ectaco jetBook Color
472:and Gamma Dynamics.
221:thin-film transistor
175:Appearance of pixels
30:For other uses, see
4207:American inventions
3288:See-through display
3192:Holographic display
2870:Quantum dot display
2266:"About E Ink Prism"
2169:"Read all about it"
2144:2002AdM....14.1460A
2089:2004NatMa...3..106G
2036:2001Natur.414..599H
1941:"gammadynamics.net"
1772:Merriam-Webster.com
1768:"Definition of LCD"
1648:1998Natur.394..253C
1605:1998Natur.394..253C
1556:Wall Street Journal
1063:Embedded controller
965:Some devices, like
558:flexible substrates
554:organic transistors
526:integrated circuits
205:electrophoretically
102:plastic electronics
70:flat panel displays
4212:Display technology
3330:Color Light Output
3324:High Dynamic Range
3126:Dot-matrix display
3121:Lightguide display
2792:Display technology
2731:MIT ePaper Project
2578:on 14 October 2013
2314:2010-03-25 at the
2295:2009-08-12 at the
2004:2016-10-30 at the
1993:2019-03-27 at the
1833:2019-11-02 at the
1687:"Roll The Presses"
1364:IEEE International
1333:2019-03-27 at the
998:
963:
869:In 2017, Sony and
743:
699:In December 2005,
692:
641:
548:Other technologies
519:microscopic cavity
429:Displays based on
327:Philips Components
314:
303:
295:
177:
47:
4194:
4193:
3519:
3518:
3511:Tsien Tsuen-hsuin
3489:
3488:
3459:
3458:
3402:Paper engineering
3357:
3356:
3283:Always-on display
3074:Electromechanical
3062:
3061:
2680:Paper comes alive
2644:978-1-119-74558-7
2541:Coldewey, Devin.
2527:978-1-4302-4264-2
2392:978-1-317-61180-6
2331:. 12 March 2013.
2329:"Pebble Teardown"
2138:(20): 1460–1464.
1642:(6690): 253–255.
1599:(6690): 253–255.
935:one-time password
829:operating systems
813:computer monitors
807:Computer monitors
677:rollable displays
633:
632:
577:E Ink Corporation
489:rollable displays
323:E Ink Corporation
249:E Ink Corporation
54:intelligent paper
16:(Redirected from
4234:
4184:
4183:
4174:
4173:
4158:Beverage cartons
4148:Watercolor paper
4007:Hollander beater
3491:
3461:
3435:
3384:
3377:
3370:
3361:
3335:Flexible display
3297:Related articles
3177:Autostereoscopic
2876:Electronic paper
2822:Cathode-ray tube
2805:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2762:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2656:
2627:E-Paper Displays
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2466:. Archived from
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2409:. 4 April 2020.
2403:
2397:
2396:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2325:
2319:
2306:
2300:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2268:. Archived from
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2235:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2207:
2198:
2197:
2190:
2181:
2180:
2175:. Archived from
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2097:10.1038/nmat1061
2077:Nature Materials
2072:
2066:
2065:
2047:
2015:
2009:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1913:Nature Photonics
1904:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1865:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1843:
1837:
1824:
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1817:
1816:
1814:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1747:
1737:
1728:(9): 4835–4840.
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1588:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1479:. Archived from
1473:
1467:
1466:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1420:
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1349:
1343:
1337:
1324:
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1284:
1275:(3–4): 247–259.
1264:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1218:. Archived from
1212:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1193:. Archived from
1187:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1123:
1073:Flexible display
967:USB flash drives
715:manufactured by
628:
625:
619:
612:factual accuracy
604:
603:
596:
481:color saturation
370:titanium dioxide
319:Barrett Comiskey
275:Philips Research
193:titanium dioxide
86:electrophoretics
50:Electronic paper
21:
4242:
4241:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4162:
4101:
4046:
4042:Sulfite process
4027:Paper recycling
3982:Conical refiner
3964:
3958:
3915:
3901:Paper chemicals
3874:
3515:
3485:
3481:Charles Fenerty
3455:
3433:
3429:Missal of Silos
3424:Battle of Talas
3410:
3393:
3388:
3358:
3353:
3344:
3292:
3254:
3240:Slide projector
3230:Movie projector
3213:
3158:
3058:
2968:
2961:
2862:
2856:
2809:
2794:
2789:
2747:
2745:
2735:
2711:
2645:
2624:
2621:
2619:Further reading
2616:
2607:
2605:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2581:
2579:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2556:
2554:
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2486:
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2457:
2448:
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2431:
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2377:
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2362:
2353:
2352:
2348:
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2322:
2316:Wayback Machine
2307:
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2297:Wayback Machine
2288:
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2275:
2273:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2249:
2247:
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2124:
2120:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2045:10.1038/414599a
2017:
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2012:
2006:Wayback Machine
1995:Wayback Machine
1985:
1981:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1954:
1952:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1891:
1889:
1888:on 3 March 2012
1880:
1879:
1875:
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1840:
1835:Wayback Machine
1825:
1821:
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1325:
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1021:
1019:Electronic tags
1013:
1011:Digital signage
1007:
1005:Digital signage
990:
981:
975:
955:
953:Status displays
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793:
785:Samsung Alias 2
774:
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629:
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620:
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609:This article's
605:
601:
594:
574:
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538:
503:
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451:
441:The colors are
417:
411:
395:
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361:electrophoretic
287:
169:
167:Electrophoretic
137:
131:
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110:digital signage
35:
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4058:Paper industry
4054:
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3923:
3921:Specifications
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3760:Plastic-coated
3757:
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3016:Liquid crystal
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2709:External links
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2660:Electric paper
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2382:Selling Rights
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2257:
2227:
2199:
2182:
2179:on 2007-09-30.
2159:
2118:
2083:(2): 106–110.
2067:
2010:
1979:
1961:
1932:
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1504:. 2009-10-29.
1493:
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1465:on 2012-09-19.
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1068:Electrofluidic
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1009:Main article:
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939:online banking
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745:Main article:
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668:electrochromic
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556:embedded into
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499:Main article:
496:
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470:Polymer Vision
450:
449:Electrofluidic
447:
431:electrowetting
415:Electrowetting
413:Main article:
410:
409:Electrowetting
407:
391:Main article:
388:
387:Reflective LCD
385:
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189:electric field
168:
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153:Janus particle
133:Main article:
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116:displays, and
94:interferometry
90:electrowetting
74:contrast ratio
58:display device
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18:Electronic Ink
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2984:(ELQD/QD-LED)
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2726:
2725:HowStuffWorks
2722:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2702:New Scientist
2700:
2697:
2694:
2693:New Scientist
2690:
2687:
2684:
2683:New Scientist
2681:
2678:
2675:
2674:New Scientist
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2664:New Scientist
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2470:on 2014-10-04
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2385:. Routledge.
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2272:on 2015-12-08
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2173:New Scientist
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2041:
2037:
2033:
2030:(6864): 599.
2029:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1976:. 2009-05-09.
1975:
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1691:New Scientist
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1657:
1656:10.1038/28349
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1613:10.1038/28349
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1507:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1483:on 2009-07-16
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1394:9783319000022
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1303:New Scientist
1300:
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1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1260:
1247:
1243:
1236:
1233:
1222:on 2007-08-21
1221:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1197:on 2008-01-09
1196:
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884:
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878:
876:
872:
867:
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862:, running an
861:
856:
853:
849:
845:
844:Amazon Kindle
840:
838:
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830:
826:
818:
816:
814:
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790:
788:
786:
781:
779:
772:Mobile phones
771:
769:
766:
762:
758:
755:released the
754:
748:
740:
736:
729:
727:
725:
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
694:
689:
684:
680:
678:
673:
672:Etch A Sketch
669:
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637:
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598:
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535:
533:
531:
527:
524:
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517:comprising a
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494:
492:
490:
486:
485:response time
482:
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256:
254:
253:Motorola Fone
250:
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234:
230:
229:Amazon Kindle
226:
225:active matrix
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206:
202:
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51:
44:
39:
33:
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4123:Papier-mâché
4118:Paper towels
4037:Soda pulping
3954:Wet strength
3755:Photographic
3628:Cotton (rag)
3601:Construction
3245:Transparency
3218:Static media
3172:Stereoscopic
2875:
2746:. Retrieved
2701:
2692:
2682:
2673:
2663:
2626:
2606:. Retrieved
2592:
2580:. Retrieved
2576:the original
2566:
2555:. Retrieved
2546:
2536:
2516:
2509:
2497:. Retrieved
2483:
2472:. Retrieved
2468:the original
2458:
2447:. Retrieved
2436:
2427:
2415:. Retrieved
2401:
2381:
2374:
2363:. Retrieved
2349:
2337:. Retrieved
2323:
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2274:. Retrieved
2270:the original
2260:
2248:. Retrieved
2219:. Retrieved
2177:the original
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2162:
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2121:
2080:
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2023:
2013:
1982:
1973:
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1944:
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1902:
1890:. Retrieved
1886:the original
1876:
1851:. Retrieved
1841:
1822:
1811:, retrieved
1802:
1792:
1782:February 15,
1780:. Retrieved
1771:
1762:
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1699:. Retrieved
1690:
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1534:. Retrieved
1530:
1521:
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1496:
1485:. Retrieved
1481:the original
1471:
1463:the original
1453:
1442:. Retrieved
1428:
1417:. Retrieved
1413:
1403:
1379:
1372:
1366:: 1642–1646.
1363:
1353:
1341:
1322:
1311:, retrieved
1302:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1250:. Retrieved
1235:
1224:. Retrieved
1220:the original
1210:
1199:. Retrieved
1195:the original
1185:
1174:. Retrieved
1170:the original
1165:
1156:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1094:Raspberry Pi
1038:
1022:
1014:
999:
982:
964:
932:
922:
911:
905:
894:
888:
879:
868:
857:
841:
822:
810:
801:
797:Yota Devices
794:
782:
775:
750:
721:
698:
695:Wristwatches
661:
657:
642:
624:October 2011
621:
610:
592:Applications
575:
566:CRT monitors
551:
539:
511:interference
504:
474:
466:Sun Chemical
459:
453:
452:
440:
436:
428:
423:
419:
418:
396:
345:
336:
315:
268:
257:
241:Kobo eReader
214:
184:
180:
178:
148:
138:
124:Technologies
79:
53:
49:
48:
4153:Paper money
4113:Lined paper
4032:Papermaking
3965:and process
3963:Manufacture
3939:Paper sizes
3668:Greaseproof
3653:Genkō yōshi
3506:Dard Hunter
3438:Originators
3406:Papermaking
3209:Fog display
3182:Multiscopic
3099:Fiber-optic
3011:Quantum dot
2499:7 September
2417:7 September
2250:9 September
1813:20 November
1701:20 November
1414:Pocket-lint
1313:20 November
1103:Raw display
791:Smartphones
778:Motorola F3
765:Sony Reader
688:Motorola F3
366:micrometers
264:Bridgestone
260:Bridgestone
237:Sony Reader
201:micrometres
197:surfactants
4201:Categories
4090:Paper mill
4017:Organosolv
3896:Fiber crop
3886:China clay
3845:Waterproof
3745:Paperboard
3623:Correction
3616:Carbonless
3464:Developers
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3204:Volumetric
3164:3D display
3104:Nixie tube
3084:Split-flap
2969:generation
2943:Blue Phase
2863:generation
2810:generation
2748:2007-12-10
2608:2023-01-28
2557:2017-12-23
2547:TechCrunch
2520:. Apress.
2474:2010-09-28
2449:2020-09-07
2365:2020-03-29
2318:2010-04-01
2299:2005-12-01
2276:2015-11-28
2221:2019-03-27
1955:2009-04-22
1919:(5): 304.
1853:2018-11-30
1574:2015-11-27
1536:2007-12-03
1512:2009-11-11
1487:2009-11-11
1444:2019-03-27
1419:2023-11-09
1226:2008-01-13
1201:2008-01-13
1176:2008-11-06
1134:(2): 129.
1114:References
1046:reMarkable
947:smart card
937:to reduce
919:iRex iLiad
901:iRex iLiad
885:Newspapers
871:reMarkable
837:Kali Linux
477:brightness
401:while the
339:lambertian
311:full size.
245:iRex iLiad
114:smartphone
98:plasmonics
4143:Notebooks
4128:Cardboard
3911:Wood pulp
3879:Materials
3855:Wood-free
3830:Wallpaper
3825:Tree-free
3765:Red rosin
3750:Parchment
3735:Onionskin
3730:Newsprint
3591:Cartridge
3586:Cardstock
3581:Cardboard
3531:Acid-free
3304:Scan line
3278:DisplayID
3235:Neon sign
3225:Monoscope
3067:Non-video
2828:Jumbotron
2744:: Tech-On
2653:251704239
2629:. Wiley.
2132:Adv Mater
1672:204998708
1664:0028-0836
1621:204998708
1564:0099-9660
1345:J. Liiv.
913:Les Échos
852:Kindle DX
751:In 2004,
722:In 2019,
541:Plasmonic
515:modulator
403:backlight
356:circuitry
348:particles
118:e-readers
43:e-readers
4176:Category
4133:Clothing
4051:Industry
3987:Deinking
3977:Calender
3934:Grammage
3820:Transfer
3785:Security
3658:Glassine
3561:Blotting
3536:Air-laid
3494:Scholars
3187:Hologram
3094:Eggcrate
3079:Flip-dot
3025:display
3006:Laser TV
2977:microLED
2907:(AMOLED)
2861:Current
2817:Eidophor
2602:Archived
2551:Archived
2493:Archived
2443:Archived
2411:Archived
2359:Archived
2333:Archived
2312:Archived
2293:Archived
2244:Archived
2215:Archived
2105:14743215
2054:11740546
2002:Archived
1991:Archived
1949:Archived
1862:cite web
1831:Archived
1807:archived
1776:Archived
1754:11320233
1695:Archived
1568:Archived
1506:Archived
1438:Archived
1331:Archived
1307:archived
1246:Archived
1148:18340648
1052:See also
848:Kindle 2
705:flexible
4186:Commons
4138:Tissues
3929:Density
3906:Papyrus
3865:Writing
3815:Tracing
3805:Thermal
3780:Scritta
3775:Rolling
3740:Origami
3703:Butcher
3638:Display
3606:Contact
3571:Bristol
3546:Asphalt
3451:Damjing
3445:Cai Lun
3416:History
3271:CEA-861
2901:(OLED)
2886:Gyricon
2582:1 April
2211:"E Ink"
2140:Bibcode
2113:7679602
2085:Bibcode
2062:4420748
2032:Bibcode
1974:US News
1892:1 April
1803:PhysOrg
1644:Bibcode
1601:Bibcode
1326:Techon
1252:2 March
1098:Arduino
943:key fob
896:De Tijd
891:Flemish
864:Android
833:Xubuntu
825:laptops
572:History
532:(LCD).
381:polymer
374:charged
219:-based
149:Gyricon
135:Gyricon
129:Gyricon
82:Gyricon
56:, is a
4068:Europe
4063:Canada
3810:Tissue
3720:Manila
3693:Korean
3688:Ingres
3683:Inkjet
3596:Coated
3576:Carbon
3551:Banana
3155:(SISD)
3049:(TDEL)
3043:(FLCD)
2990:(OLET)
2958:(LCoS)
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2895:(LED)
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2846:(PDP)
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1636:Nature
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1593:Nature
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1166:Forbes
1146:
1058:E-book
1042:Dvorak
923:Ganaxa
910:daily
908:French
893:daily
881:data.
875:stylus
819:Laptop
757:Librié
724:Fossil
709:Pebble
562:triads
523:driver
378:liquid
279:AM-LCD
243:, and
217:MOSFET
210:pixels
157:dipole
96:, and
4227:Paper
4078:Japan
4073:India
3840:Wasli
3835:Washi
3795:Stone
3725:Mummy
3715:Lokta
3698:Kraft
3678:India
3663:Graph
3633:Crêpe
3556:Bible
3541:Amate
3524:Types
3391:Paper
3326:(HDR)
3149:(FSD)
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3117:(LEC)
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2649:S2CID
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