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consistent with the CEGB's policy of preservation of amenities, a further solution was sought. Consideration was given to both a 400 kV and a 500 kV scheme as the alternatives, either of which gave a sufficient margin for future expansion. A 400 kV system was chosen, for two main reasons. First, the majority of the 275 kV lines could be uprated to 400 kV, and secondly it was envisaged that operation at 400 kV could commence in 1965, compared with 1968 for a 500 kV scheme. Design work was started, and to meet the 1965 timescale, the contract engineering for the first projects had to run concurrently with the design. This included the
526:, linking the 122 most efficient power stations. The first "grid tower" was erected near Edinburgh on 14 July 1928, and work was completed in September 1933, ahead of schedule and on budget. It began operating in 1933 as a series of regional grids with auxiliary interconnections for emergency use. Following the unauthorised but successful short term parallelling of all regional grids by the night-time engineers on 29 October 1937, by 1938 the grid was operating as a national system. By then, the growth in the number of electricity users was the fastest in the world, rising from three quarters of a million in 1920 to nine million in 1938. It proved its worth during
654:
1483:
562:
162:
1080:
772:
175:
826:, 35% of the population expected that by 2020 the majority of electricity generation would come from renewable energy (more than double the government's target, and far larger than the 5.5% generated as of 2008), 23% expected that the majority will come from nuclear power, and only 18% that the majority will come from fossil fuels. 92% thought the Government should do more to explore alternative power generation technologies to reduce carbon emissions.
1758:
1695:
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416:
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294:, which also oversaw increased dedication towards net-zero targets by 2050. This is further emphasised via GB Energy through heavy investment in renewable energy sources, such as tidal power and offshore windfarms. The future body also intends to operate and manage clean power projects at a state level, in contrast with private entities having done so for several years.
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power during daylight hours, but total energy provided is still small. Biofuels are also used as a significant sources of power. Geothermal is not highly accessible and is not a significant source. Tidal resources are present and experimental projects are being tested, but are likely to be expensive.
1453:
It also has significant grid battery storage which can supply several gigawatts for a few hours. As of May 2021, 1.3 GW of battery storage was operating in the United
Kingdom, with 16 GW of projects in the pipeline potentially deployable over the next few years. In 2022, UK capacity grew by 800
1208:
in 1882. On several occasions in May 2016, Britain burned no coal for electricity for the first time since 1882. Due to lower gas prices, economy of coal plants is strained, and 3 coal plants closed in 2016. On 21 April 2017, the mainland grid burnt no coal to make electricity for the first complete
569:
Considered in the study, together with the increased demand, was the effect on the transmission system of the rapid advances in generator design, resulting in projected power stations of 2,000–3,000 MW installed capacity. These new stations were mostly to be sited where advantage could be taken
1212:
On 21 April 2017, for the first time since 1882, the GB grid had a full 24-hour period without any generation from coal power. In May 2019 the GB grid went its first full week without any coal power. And in spring/summer 2020 from 10 April, the UK grid ran for 68 days, without burning any coal. In
881:
removing any medium term gap, and high gas prices, in 2011 and 2012 over 2 GW of older, less efficient, gas generation plant was mothballed. In 2011 electricity demand dropped 4%, and about 6.5 GW of additional gas-fired capacity is being added over 2011 and 2012. Early in 2012 the reserve margin
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Currently, the biggest renewable source of energy in the UK is wind power, and the UK has some of the best wind resources in Europe. The UK has relatively small hydroelectricity deployment and resources, although some pumped storage exists. Solar power is rapidly growing and provides significant
743:
By 2004, coal use in power stations had fallen to 50.5 million tonnes, representing 82.4% of all coal used in 2004 (a fall of 43.6% compared to 1980 levels), though up slightly from its low in 1999. On several occasions in May 2016, Britain burned no coal for electricity for the first time since
391:
In 2008 nuclear electricity production was 53.2 TW·h, equivalent to 860 kWh per person. In 2014, 28.1 TW·h of energy was generated by wind power, which contributed 9.3% of the UK's electricity requirement. In 2015, 40.4 TW·h of energy was generated by wind power, and the quarterly
593:
Continued reinforcement and extension of the existing 275 kV systems were examined as possible solutions. However, in addition to the technical problem of very high fault levels, many more lines would have been required to obtain the estimated transfers at 275 kV. As this was not
868:
might provide a way of doing this; however the technology is relatively untried and costs are relatively high. As of 2006 there were no power plants in operation with a full carbon capture and storage system, and as of 2018 the situation is that there are no viable CCS systems worldwide.
1319:. Polling of public opinion consistently shows strong support for wind power in the UK, with nearly three quarters of the population agreeing with its use, even for people living near onshore wind turbines. Wind power is expected to continue growing in the UK for the foreseeable future,
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2523:
Low carbon electricity's share of generation accounted for a record high 50.0 percent in the third quarter of 2016, up from 45.3 per cent in the same period of 2015, with increased generation from renewables (wind and solar) and nuclear. Coal's share fell to
582:, is a typical example. These developments shifted the emphasis on the transmission system, from interconnection to the primary function of bulk power transfers from the generation areas to the load centres, such as the anticipated transfer in 1970 of some 6,000 MW from
814:
attracted considerable press coverage – in particular in relation to the prospect of constructing a new generation of nuclear power stations, in order to prevent the rise in carbon dioxide emissions that would arise if other conventional power stations were to be built.
904:
warned that the UK's energy sector faced "unprecedented challenges" and that "spare electricity power production capacity could fall to 2% by 2015, increasing the risk of blackouts". Proposed solutions "could include negotiating with major power users for them to
897:. Research by the University of Oxford has shown that the average annual electrical consumption for lighting in a UK home fell from 720 kWh in 1997 to 508 kWh in 2012. Between 2007 and 2015, the UK's peak electrical demand fell from 61.5 GW to 52.7.GW.
549:
At its inception in 1950, the 275 kV Transmission System was designed to form part of a national supply system, with an anticipated total demand of 30,000 MW by 1970. This predicted demand was already exceeded by 1960. The rapid load growth led the
912:
The use of electricity declined 9% from 2010 to 2017, attributed largely to a decline in industrial activity and a switch to more energy efficient lighting and appliances. By 2018 per capita electrical generation had fallen to the same level as in 1984.
795:
nuclear power station has had its life extended by ten years, and it was likely many of the others could be life-extended, reducing the potential gap suggested by the current accounting closure dates of between 2014 and 2023 for the AGR power stations.
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generation record was set in the three-month period from
October to December 2015, with 13% of the nation's electricity demand met by wind. Wind power contributed 15% of UK electricity generation in 2017 and 18.5% in the final quarter of 2017. In 2019,
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had targeted a total contribution from renewables to achieve 10% by 2010, but it was not until 2012 that this figure was exceeded; renewable energy sources supplied 11.3% (41.3 TWh) of the electricity generated in the United
Kingdom in 2012. The
301:
has claimed it will have an environmental impact in forwarding sustainability, as well as predicting that it will reduce average electricity thresholds by £1,400 universally. The entity will remain in preliminary stages before implementation of the
633:. In Scotland the grid was already split into two separate entities, one for southern and central Scotland and the other for northern Scotland, connected by interconnectors. The first is owned and maintained by SP Energy Networks, a subsidiary of
1291:
generating capacity. Renewable energy sources provided for 11.3% of the electricity generated in the United
Kingdom in 2012, reaching 41.3 TWh of electricity generated. As of 2nd quarter 2017, renewables generated 29.8% of the UK's electricity.
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Electricity produced with gas was 160 TWh in 2004 and 177 TWh in 2008. In both years the United
Kingdom was the fourth highest producer of electricity from gas. In 2005 the UK produced 3.2% of the world total natural gas; ranking fifth after
2753:
260:
The use of electricity declined in the 2010s and early 2020s, attributed largely to a decline in industrial activity and a switch to more energy efficient lighting and appliances. However demand is projected to increase considerably due to
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Left: a typical moulded BS 1363 plug, showing the fuse access from the underside of the plug. Right: a typical rewireable plug; the large central screw releases the cover, allowing access to the terminals and also the
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A report from the industry in 2005 forecast that, without action to fill the gap, there would be a 20% shortfall in electricity generation capacity by 2015. Similar concerns were raised by a report published in 2000 by the
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technology. It started operation in July 2021. In 2020 Penso Power decided to expand the project by 50 MWh, which is expected to start operation later in 2021. It is the biggest storage battery facility in Europe.
926:, wrote: "costs of all forms of energy (apart from nuclear) have fallen dramatically and there is no shortage of supply", partly based on the reserve capacity auction for 2021–2022 achieving extremely low prices.
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in sunny days by 2020 in 10 million homes compared to a half a million homes in start of 2014. If a third of households would generate solar energy it could equal 6% of
British total electricity consumption.
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1197:. In June 2021, the government said it would end coal power by October 2024. This date was met as Ratcliffe-on-Soar, the UK's last operational coal power station, ceased running on 30 September 2024.
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400 kV Indoor
Substation, the first section of which was commissioned in June 1965. From 1965, the grid was partly upgraded to 400 kV, beginning with a 150-mile (241 km) line from
5618:
1413:
779:
In the early years of the 2000s, concerns grew over the prospect of an 'energy gap' in United
Kingdom generating capacity. This was forecast to arise because it was expected that a number of
629:
On the breakup of the CEGB in 1990, the ownership and operation of the
National Grid in England and Wales passed to National Grid Company plc, later to become National Grid Transco, and now
496:. This opened in 1901, and by 1912 had developed into the largest integrated power system in Europe. The rest of the country, however, continued to use a patchwork of small supply networks.
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1524:
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710:. After the 2000s, renewables like solar and wind added significant capacity. In Q3 2016, nuclear and renewables each supplied a quarter of British electricity, with coal supplying 3.6%.
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2682:"Directive 2001/80/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2001 on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from large combustion plants"
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estimates that more than 2 GW of capacity will be deployed per year for the next five years. Within the UK, wind power was the second largest source of renewable energy after
1193:
In
November 2015, the UK Government announced that all the remaining fourteen coal-fired power stations would be closed by 2025. In November 2017 the UK Government co-founded the
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1998:
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Coal supplied just over 1% of UK electricity in 2023, down from 30% in 2014. The last remaining power station in the United Kingdom ceased operating on 30 September 2024.
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Under the most recent estimates, the plan will amount to £8bn. for the government, a figure criticised by the opposition and media alike, although Energy Secretary
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1213:
2020, coal produced 4.4 TWh of electricity and Britain went 5,202 hours free from coal electricity generation, up from 3,665 hours in 2019 and 1,856 in 2018.
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In August and September 2021, the UK had to restart coal plants, amidst a lack of wind, as power imports from Europe were insufficient to satisfy demand.
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720:, during which the use of coal was scaled back in favour of gas-fuelled generation. This was sparked by political concerns, the privatisation of the
507:
industrialist, to solve the problem of Britain's inefficient and fragmented electricity supply industry. Weir consulted Merz, and the result was the
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1501:
133:
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740:(CCGT) generation. In 1990 just 1.09% of all gas consumed in the country was used in electricity generation; by 2004 the figure was 30.25%.
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5277:
4252:
3106:"Department of Energy and Climate Change: Annual tables: 'Digest of UK energy statistics' (DUKES) – Chapter 6: Renewable Sources of energy"
729:
551:
3797:
1972:
554:(CEGB) to carry out a study of future transmission needs, completed in September 1960. The study is described in a paper presented to the
188:
https://www.theccc.org.uk/2023/03/09/a-reliable-secure-and-decarbonised-power-system-by-2035-is-possible-but-not-at-this-pace-of-delivery/
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of a surplus of cheap low-grade fuel and adequate supplies of cooling water, but these locations did not coincide with the load centres.
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276:
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1936:
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3672:"National Grid can confirm that for the past 24 hours, it has supplied GB's electricity demand without the need for #coal generation."
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announced that low-carbon generation technologies had produced more electricity than fossil generators for the first time in Britain.
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U.K. wind farms produced less than one gigawatt on certain days, according to Mr. Konstantinov. Full capacity stands at 24 gigawatts
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1282:
856:
Beyond these new plants, there were a number of options that might be used to provide the new generating capacity, while minimising
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Despite the flow of North Sea oil from the mid-1970s, oil fuelled generation remained relatively small and continued to decline.
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242:
143:
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Companies with headquarters and/or registered office in the UK but no applicable energy operations within the country shown in
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1430:
653:
4382:
4278:
2027:
1287:
From the mid-1990s renewable energy began to contribute to the electricity generated in the United Kingdom, adding to a small
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The electricity market is deregulated in the UK, and the cost per MWh for much of the generated electricity is paid at the
1482:
1458:
695:, other civil stations followed, and 26% of the nation's electricity was generated from nuclear power at its peak in 1997.
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393:
210:
22:
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of onshore capacity and 6,361 megawatts of offshore capacity. This placed the United Kingdom at this time as the world's
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The gross production of electricity was 393 TWh in 2004 which gave the 9th position in the world top producers in 2004.
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https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/728465/DUKES_5.1.3.xls
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Electricity supply in the United Kingdom : a chronology – from the beginnings of the industry to 31 December 1985
1831:
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1242:
1194:
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834:
The first move to plug the United Kingdom's projected energy gap was the construction of the conventionally gas-fired
792:
732:; the introduction of laws facilitating competition within the energy markets; the availability of cheap gas from the
477:
6501:
5174:
Ultimate parent company is not UK-based Integrated in the United States, no generation or supply activities in the UK
2457:"Power struggle: The National Grid was created to provide energy for all – but that's when the problems really began"
2400:"Power struggle: The National Grid was created to provide energy for all – but that's when the problems really began"
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6521:
6506:
6453:
853:, Kent. If built, they would have been the first coal-fired stations to be built in the United Kingdom in 20 years.
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2376:
1676:, meter operation, data collection, tax etc. The supplier then adds in energy costs and the supplier's own charge.
1638:, which is occasionally negative during low consumption and high winds, starting in 2019. The price is traded on a
958:
865:
737:
595:
571:
489:
473:
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6345:
2733:
2145:
806:
6491:
6024:
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1950:
1246:
615:
and the switch to using electricity, United Kingdom electricity consumption increased by around 150% between the
516:
311:
3840:
2128:
279:
includes capping some residential energy price rates, and wholesale prices for some new low-carbon power can be
6004:
5851:
5736:
5417:
3313:
1185:
and high gas prices, in 2011 and 2012 over 2 GW of older, less efficient, gas generation plant was mothballed.
303:
3816:
3640:
702:. During the 1970s and 80s some nuclear sites were built. From the 1990s gas power plants benefited from the
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the UK was the sixth highest electricity importer, importing 11 TWh, after Brazil (42 TWh), Italy (40 TWh),
1150:
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might provide a solution if there was a satisfactory and economical way of reducing their carbon emissions.
861:
839:
780:
531:
426:
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161:
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4301:"Subnational Electricity and Gas Consumption Statistics Regional and Local Authority, Great Britain, 2022"
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662:
4034:"An investigation into the potential barriers facing the development of offshore wind energy in Scotland"
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1999:"A reliable, secure and decarbonised power system by 2035 is possible – but not at this pace of delivery"
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546:. In 1949, the British Electricity Authority decided to upgrade the grid by adding 275 kV links.
3550:
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1882. On 21 April 2017, Britain went a full day without using coal power for the first time since the
5515:
5485:
5337:
1530:
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1153:(CfD) subsidised purchase to encourage the building of new more environmentally friendly generation.
878:
539:
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500:
287:
153:
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1511:
In 2022-2023, the mean domestic electricity usage was 3,239 kWh and the median usage was 2,475 kWh.
1508:
were banned in 2018. A few specialised bulb types such as for use in ovens are exempt from the ban.
519:, which set up the UK's first synchronised, nationwide AC grid, running at 132 kV, 50 Hz.
21:"Electricity sector in the United Kingdom" redirects here. For electricity in Northern Ireland, see
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may happen to have low output. Many of the diesel generators run for fewer than 200 hours a year.
1351:
for supplying high demand hours of the day, normally in the winter, when other generators such as
1303:
and by the beginning of February 2018, it consisted of 8,655 wind turbines with a total installed
771:
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https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/647388/Electricity.pdf
845:
In 2007, proposals for the construction of two new coal-fired power stations were announced, in
716:
Starting in 1993, and continuing through the 1990s, a combination of factors led to a so-called
485:
1937:"Record-breaking 2020 becomes greenest year for Britain's electricity | National Grid ESO"
1619:
1469:
is responsible for construction and operation. The designed capacity was 100 MWh and uses
1450:
which can provide 1.7 GW for over 5 hours, having a storage capacity of about 9 GWh.
622:
of the industry in 1948 and the mid-1960s. During the 1960s growth slowed as the market became
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found in Norway and Sweden. Coal plants had to be fitted with scrubbers which added to costs.
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270:
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222:
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1465:, Wiltshire and developed by Penso Power. Chinese investment provided the finance and the
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1178:(3.2%). In 2009 the UK’s own gas production was less and natural gas was also imported.
885:
Another important factor in reduced electrical demand in recent years has come from the
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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2079:"UK Electricity Demand to Double by 2050, Urgent Action Needed for Net Zero Transition"
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The export of electricity was 1–3% of consumption between 2004 and 2009. According to
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supplies power to consumers at 230 volts (-6%, +10%) AC with a frequency of 50 Hz.
661:
The mode of generation has changed over the years. During the 1940s some 90% of the
286:
Nationalisation plans are currently underway following the proposed introduction of
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Nuclear power in the United Kingdom generates around a quarter of the country's
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During the 1960s and 70s, coal plants were built to supply consumption despite
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4175:"800MWh of utility-scale energy storage capacity added in the UK during 2022"
3798:"Analysis: UK electricity from fossil fuels drops to lowest level since 1957"
1973:"Analysis: UK electricity from fossil fuels drops to lowest level since 1957"
1725:
The UK historically had a coal-driven grid that generated large amounts of CO
1012:(down from a peak of 385 TWh in 2005), generated from the following sources:
225:
and to other European countries. Power is supplied to consumers at 230 volts
5292:
5128:
4888:
4681:
4530:
3869:
2537:"UK hits clean energy milestone: 50% of electricity from low carbon sources"
2362:
2103:
1771:
1734:
1643:
1554:
1312:
1308:
1237:
as of 2016, projected to rise to a third by 2035. The UK has 15 operational
759:
sources began to contribute to the electricity generated, adding to a small
733:
688:
670:
604:
527:
266:
3738:
1015:
1114:
The 6 major companies which dominate the British electricity market ("The
783:
would close due to being unable to meet the clean air requirements of the
233:. In 2023 about a third of electricity used in Britain was generated from
6083:
4868:
4838:
4771:
4727:
4567:
4485:
4310:. Department for Energy Security and Net Zero. 25 January 2024. p. 9
2788:
2629:
1123:
1073:
823:
4330:"World's longest undersea power cable linking Norway and UK switched on"
4073:"UK should have 10 million homes with solar panels by 2020, experts say"
684:
being connected to the grid on 27 August 1956. Though the production of
5282:
5158:
5138:
5123:
5076:
4989:
4796:
4776:
4634:
4591:
4498:
1592:
1588:
1550:
1502:
low efficiency general-purpose, non-directional incandescent lightbulbs
1324:
1139:
846:
638:
504:
440: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3841:
The Department of Energy & Climate Change: Nuclear power in the UK
3711:"Britain passes one week without coal power for first time since 1882"
3591:"Britain passes historic milestone with first days of coal-free power"
3012:"After Wylfa – the case for an independent review of UK energy policy"
2579:"Britain passes historic milestone with first days of coal-free power"
2186:"New records set in best ever year for British wind energy generation"
1200:
The United Kingdom had continuously burned coal for the generation of
1100:
5402:
4117:
1623:
1558:
1462:
1258:
819:
788:
599:
4092:"Diesel farms make fresh bids to supply National Grid back-up power"
2212:"Record year for wind energy – Government releases official figures"
1740:
In 2019 the electricity sector of the UK emitted 0.256 kg of CO
1606:
The longest cable, North Sea Link, is 720-kilometre long to connect
787:(directive 2001/80/EC). In addition, the United Kingdom's remaining
249:
some of which is imported from France. The government is aiming for
4363:"Acid rain: An environmental crisis that disappeared off the radar"
1587:
There are also future plans to lay cables to link the GB grid with
1103:
6009:
5731:
5572:
4732:
4712:
4549:
4253:"A 50MW expansion to 100MW Minety battery storage project planned"
4149:"Top ten UK battery storage projects forecast for 2021 completion"
2239:"Zero-carbon sources overtake fossil fuel for UK power generation"
1538:
1481:
1078:
1014:
901:
770:
652:
560:
230:
160:
5812:
Decarbonisation measures in proposed UK electricity market reform
2875:"Centrica May Mothball More Gas Plants as Capacity Trims Profits"
1686:
Decarbonisation measures in proposed UK electricity market reform
818:
Among the public, according to a November 2005 poll conducted by
736:
and elsewhere and the high efficiency and reduced pollution from
4226:"Biggest storage battery in Europe built near Wiltshire village"
2935:"BBC News – Ofgem warns danger of power shortages has increased"
1127:
666:
6154:
6045:
5882:
5708:
5192:
4434:
4396:
4555:
4464:
3768:"Energy Prices in Europe Hit Records After Wind Stops Blowing"
3204:"International – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)"
3065:
Electricity generated and supplied, 1970 to 2017 (DUKES 5.1.3)
2804:
1689:
1009:
409:
168:
2482:"Mapped: How the UK generates its electricity – Carbon Brief"
1827:
List of high-voltage transmission links in the United Kingdom
186:. The reason given is: more on path to net zero in 2035 from
3683:"British power generation achieves first ever coal-free day"
3654:"British power generation achieves first ever coal-free day"
3617:"Britain gets no power from coal for 'first time on record'"
2958:"Climate change: LED lights making dent in UK energy demand"
2630:"First coal-free day in Britain since Industrial Revolution"
2605:"Britain gets no power from coal for 'first time on record'"
1076:
electricity from renewables by 2010, rising to 40% by 2020.
530:
when South Wales provided power to replace lost output from
4525:
2697:
10-year life extension at Dungeness B nuclear power station
1334:
predicted that Britain could have 40% of electricity from
3523:"UK coal plants must close by 2025, Amber Rudd announces"
2053:"Heating Could Add 5% to U.K. Electricity Demand in 2030"
1951:"Digest of UK energy statistics: 60th Anniversary Report"
1912:
Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy
1880:
Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy
1525:
List of electricity interconnectors in the United Kingdom
791:
nuclear stations were to have closed by 2015. The oldest
4279:"EU halogen light bulb ban: everything you need to know"
645:
remains the System Operator for the whole British Grid.
522:
The grid was created with 4,000 miles of cables: mostly
3466:
Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy
3039:"Lessons Learned From the UK's Latest Capacity Auction"
2848:"Centrica idles gas-fired plant amid low spark spreads"
2389:
The Secret Life of the National Grid: Wiring the Nation
1706:
1446:
The UK has some large pumped storage systems, notably
217:
and several of the surrounding islands, and there are
4051:"RenewableUK – The Voice of Wind & Marine Energy"
1855:"Digest of UK Energy Statistics (DUKES): electricity"
515:" supply system be created. The 1926 Act created the
1257:
and the Tails Management Facility (TMF) operated by
251:
greenhouse gas emissions from electricity in Britain
6530:
6482:
6444:
6186:
5987:
5941:
5893:
5770:
5719:
5654:
5642:
5609:
5591:
5558:
5549:
5446:
5383:
5268:
5203:
5116:
5090:
5062:
5053:
5008:
4965:
4956:
4859:
4814:
4805:
4764:
4755:
4695:
4674:
4539:
4518:
4507:
4447:
4383:"Greenhouse gas reporting: Conversion factors 2019"
3817:"Countdown to 2025: Tracking the UK coal phase out"
3804:. 21 February 2024 – via www.carbonbrief.org.
3565:"End to coal power brought forward to October 2024"
3484:
pages electricity 27 gas 13,25 fossil 25 nuclear 17
2729:
Nuclear stations may stay on line to bridge the gap
2021:
2019:
1442:
Battery storage power station § United Kingdom
1369:
1089:
1008:In 2020, total electricity production stood at 312
942:Electricity production in the United Kingdom (TWh)
149:
139:
129:
124:
116:
108:
95:
84:
73:
65:
57:
49:
41:
36:
16:
Overview of the electricity sector in Great Britain
6079:Double Glazing & Conservatory Ombudsman Scheme
5747:Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
4192:
4190:
4188:
3010:
1504:from 2012, and similarly shaped higher-efficiency
117:Transmission & Distribution losses (2017)
3847:, published 2016-07-13, accessed 10 November 2017
3753:"UK fires up coal power plant as gas prices soar"
3641:Countdown to 2025: Tracking the UK coal phase out
3496:"UK power plants mothballed on higher gas prices"
2842:
2840:
2819:"UK power plants mothballed on higher gas prices"
657:Electricity generation by type of fuel, 1998–2020
574:with 4 × 500 MW machines, sited at the
538:power stations. The grid was nationalised by the
245:generates the most low-carbon power, followed by
101:emissions from electricity generation (2020)
3180:. Scotland.gov.uk. 25 March 2003. Archived from
3178:"Ministers confirm 40 percent renewables target"
2028:"UK electricity use falls – as rest of EU rises"
1299:Wind power delivers a growing percentage of the
6564:Electric power generation in the United Kingdom
4345:"Negative electricity prices hit the GB market"
4220:
4218:
2807:, published 2007-03-14, accessed 17 March 2007.
2791:, published 2005-12-02, retrieved 17 March 2007
2768:, published 2009-07-30, accessed 28 August 2009
2560:
2558:
1149:. It has introduced a capacity mechanism and a
860:and producing less residues and contamination.
558:by Booth, Clark, Egginton and Forrest in 1962.
5995:Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology
5797:Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 2006
3970:. Eon-uk.com. 28 February 2008. Archived from
2984:"An Introduction to Britain's Capacity Market"
2146:"Britain's Electricity Explained: 2023 Review"
1822:High-voltage substations in the United Kingdom
324:Timeline of the UK electricity supply industry
6166:
4408:
2299:. North Northumberland Online. Archived from
1817:Lists of power stations in the United Kingdom
1668:the supplier has to pay the various costs of
1083:UK electricity production by source 1980–2018
8:
3944:"A Summary of Opinion Surveys on Wind Power"
2850:. Argus Media. 12 March 2012. Archived from
2270:. Royal Society of Edinburgh. Archived from
28:
5742:Department for Energy Security and Net Zero
5375:Timeline of the electricity supply industry
3459:Modelling 2050: Electricity System Analysis
2918:"UK Electricity production and demand 2015"
2801:Plans for two coal power stations announced
2450:
2448:
1899:
1897:
802:Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution
6569:Tidal power stations in the United Kingdom
6173:
6159:
6151:
6059:Association for the Conservation of Energy
6042:
5890:
5879:
5716:
5705:
5555:
5200:
5189:
5059:
4962:
4811:
4761:
4515:
4444:
4431:
4415:
4401:
4393:
3895:"Wind power production for main countries"
3477:
3475:
3421:
3419:
2347:. Electricity Council. The Council. 1987.
1931:
1929:
306:, whereupon it shall be established after
2732:, London: Daily Telegraph, archived from
1537:), a second 1 GW connection with France (
1533:between the GB grid and northern France (
1072:has a target of generating 17% to 18% of
785:European Large Combustion Plant Directive
456:Learn how and when to remove this message
4173:McCorkindale, Mollie (1 February 2023).
4119:Sustainable Energy – without the hot air
3100:
3098:
3096:
2778:Support for nuclear and renewable energy
1660:In the UK, an electricity supplier is a
940:
676:The United Kingdom started to develop a
5862:United Kingdom Climate Change Programme
2765:Department of Energy and Climate Change
2656:Department of Energy and Climate Change
2265:"Kelvin to Weir, and on to GB SYS 2005"
1849:
1847:
1843:
887:phasing out of incandescent light bulbs
877:However, due to reducing demand in the
165:Electricity supplied (net) 1948 to 2008
5438:United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
3994:"The Social Acceptance of Wind Energy"
3408:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3401:
3362:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3355:
3298:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3291:
3252:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3245:
3162:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3155:
2894:
2892:
2368:
1366:
1275:Renewable energy in the United Kingdom
1086:
499:In 1925, the British government asked
96:
27:
5762:Office of Gas and Electricity Markets
5333:Isle of Man to England Interconnector
1733:and nitrogen oxides, leading to some
1547:Isle of Man to England Interconnector
1459:Minety Battery Energy Storage Project
900:In June 2013, the industry regulator
511:, which recommended that a "national
134:Office of Gas and Electricity Markets
7:
6559:Electric power in the United Kingdom
6089:Energy efficiency in British housing
6064:British Energy Efficiency Federation
5979:Utilities Intermediaries Association
5949:Association for Decentralised Energy
5360:New Electricity Trading Arrangements
5278:Association of Electricity Producers
5077:Scottish Hydro Electric Transmission
4147:McCorkindale, Mollie (19 May 2021).
1317:sixth largest producer of wind power
730:Central Electricity Generating Board
552:Central Electricity Generating Board
438:adding citations to reliable sources
5583:Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation
4343:Porter, Kathryn (10 January 2020).
2986:. Grey Cells Energy. Archived from
2704:, 15 September 2005, archived from
2148:. National Grid ESO. 9 January 2024
1807:Energy policy of the United Kingdom
1580:(33 TWh), Netherlands (16 TWh) and
1521:List of HVDC projects § Europe
1461:started construction, located near
1229:Nuclear power in the United Kingdom
1030:Wind: 24.2% (0% in 1990), of which:
1019:A typical offshore oil/gas platform
556:Institution of Electrical Engineers
109:Average electricity use (2023)
5233:Confederation of UK Coal Producers
5154:United Downs Deep Geothermal Power
4277:Carson, Jessica (20 August 2018).
3521:Gosden, Emily (18 November 2015).
2956:Harrabin, Roger (3 January 2019).
2873:Kari Lundgren (23 February 2012).
2726:Stephen Seawright (13 June 2006),
2455:Gerard Gilbert (22 October 2010).
2168:"RenewableUK News website article"
1427:List of power stations in Scotland
1056:Hydroelectric: 2.2% (2.6% in 1990)
842:which became operational in 2010.
14:
5918:Centre for Alternative Technology
5413:Nuclear Decommissioning Authority
4016:"Rise in Scots wind farm support"
3920:"Wind Energy and the Environment"
3870:"UK Wind Energy Database (UKWED)"
3815:Evans, Simon (10 February 2016).
3766:Joe Wallace (13 September 2021).
3494:Andreas Walstad (2 August 2011).
3037:Deign, Jason (27 February 2018).
2817:Andreas Walstad (2 August 2011).
2026:Vaughan, Adam (30 January 2018).
1729:and other pollutants including SO
1454:MWh, ending at 2.4 GW / 2.6 GWh.
1423:List of power stations in England
1283:Solar power in the United Kingdom
1059:Oil and other: 3.3% (12% in 1990)
673:providing most of the remainder.
331:British grid electricity in 2023
140:Responsibility for policy-setting
6132:
5782:Carbon Emission Reduction Target
5501:Natural gas-fired power stations
4198:"Minety Battery Storage Project"
3968:"Public attitudes to wind farms"
3427:"IEA Key energy statistics 2006"
3009:Butler, Nick (13 January 2019).
1784:
1770:
1756:
1693:
1405:
1396:Archive of British Grid map 2012
1390:
1375:
1279:Wind power in the United Kingdom
1095:
882:stood at the high level of 32%.
691:was the main reason behind this
414:
173:
144:Parliament of the United Kingdom
6099:Energy Saving Trust Recommended
5913:Campaign against Climate Change
4251:Grundy, Alice (19 March 2020).
4090:Davies, Rob (6 December 2016).
3314:"Energy Trends: UK electricity"
2508:"UK Energy Statistics, Q3 2016"
2263:Alan Shaw (29 September 2005).
2214:. 29 March 2018. Archived from
1971:Evans, Simon (3 January 2024).
1565:) and the Republic of Ireland (
1431:List of power stations in Wales
955:Conventional thermal and other
907:reduce demand during peak times
488:consulting partnership, at his
425:needs additional citations for
5884:Non-governmental organisations
5827:Energy performance certificate
5511:North Sea Transition Authority
3551:"UK to end coal power by 2024"
3482:IEA Key energy statistics 2010
2982:Massey, John (February 2018).
2660:"Energy consumption in the UK"
1597:Scotland–Norway interconnector
1549:), 1 GW with the Netherlands (
1381:Map of UK power stations, 2006
1181:Due to reducing demand in the
1140:Southern & Scottish Energy
1050:Bio-Energy: 12.6% (0% in 1990)
775:UK Electricity Capacity Margin
602:to West Burton, to become the
1:
6015:Oil Depletion Analysis Centre
6000:Energy Technologies Institute
5837:Low Carbon Building Programme
5679:North Seas Energy Cooperation
5428:Office for Nuclear Regulation
4934:TotalEnergies Gas & Power
3615:Gosden, Emily (10 May 2016).
3589:Stacey, Kiran (16 May 2016).
2603:Gosden, Emily (10 May 2016).
2577:Stacey, Kiran (16 May 2016).
1812:National Grid (Great Britain)
1656:Electricity billing in the UK
1206:Holborn Viaduct power station
1147:reform its Electricity Market
807:Energy – The Changing Climate
565:400 kV power line in Cheshire
544:British Electricity Authority
509:Electricity (Supply) Act 1926
406:National Grid (Great Britain)
310:given in accordance with the
130:Responsibility for regulation
23:Electricity sector in Ireland
6181:Electricity sector in Europe
5807:CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme
5619:Hydroelectric power stations
5491:National Transmission System
5398:Franco-British Nuclear Forum
4424:Energy in the United Kingdom
2906:. 4 January 2014. p. 4.
2565:UK Energy in Brief July 2005
2237:Unwin, Jack (24 June 2019).
1802:Energy in the United Kingdom
1301:energy of the United Kingdom
1243:advanced gas-cooled reactors
1027:Nuclear: 16.1% (19% in 1990)
680:capacity in the 1950s, with
611:With the development of the
6116:National Home Energy Rating
5959:Energy Networks Association
5669:List of offshore wind farms
5408:National Nuclear Laboratory
5393:Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor
5318:Grid Trade Master Agreement
1997:Dooks, Tom (9 March 2023).
1914:. 31 March 2022. p. 15
1882:. 31 March 2022. p. 14
1832:Electric or Electricity Act
1642:(APX Power UK owned by the
1195:Powering Past Coal Alliance
1065:UK Government energy policy
478:electric power distribution
6585:
6074:Code for Sustainable Homes
5842:Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation
5817:Display Energy Certificate
5674:List of onshore wind farms
5041:Wales & West Utilities
5000:Western Power Distribution
4829:Engie Energy International
4122:. Cambridge: UIT. p.
2129:"Contracts for Difference"
2104:"Energy price cap | Ofgem"
1905:"Energy Trends March 2022"
1873:"Energy Trends March 2022"
1683:
1653:
1518:
1439:
1420:
1272:
1226:
1024:Gas: 35.7% (0.05% in 1990)
738:combined cycle gas turbine
490:Neptune Bank Power Station
480:in the United Kingdom was
403:
321:
20:
6128:
6054:
6041:
6025:UK Energy Research Centre
5964:Energy Retail Association
5889:
5878:
5715:
5710:Government and regulation
5704:
5601:Geothermal power stations
5308:Energy switching services
5218:Coal-fired power stations
5199:
5188:
5167:
4443:
4430:
4116:MacKay, David JC (2009).
3739:"Coal Tracker – MyGridGB"
3076:"UK energy in brief 2021"
2937:. Bbc.co.uk. 27 June 2013
2323:"Lighting by electricity"
1636:locational marginal price
1531:undersea interconnections
1404:
1389:
1374:
1247:pressurised water reactor
1094:
781:coal fired power stations
766:
542:, which also created the
517:Central Electricity Board
312:law of the United Kingdom
304:Great British Energy Bill
182:This article needs to be
6106:Greenhouse gas emissions
6005:Met Office Hadley Centre
5852:Renewable Heat Incentive
5792:Climate Change Agreement
5737:Climate Change Committee
5526:Oil-fired power stations
5481:Greenhouse gas emissions
5418:Nuclear Liabilities Fund
5288:East–West Interconnector
5238:Greenhouse gas emissions
2297:"Survey of Belford 1995"
2003:Climate Change Committee
1744:per kWh of electricity.
1347:Britain has a number of
1053:Solar: 4.2% (0% in 1990)
1047:Coal: 1.8% (67% in 1990)
909:in return for payment".
862:Fossil fuel power plants
213:covers most of mainland
6069:Close the Door campaign
6020:Sunbury Research Centre
5787:Climate Change Act 2008
5466:Forties pipeline system
5323:Gridlink Interconnector
3773:The Wall Street Journal
3691:. London. 22 April 2017
2783:19 October 2006 at the
1792:Renewable energy portal
1662:retailer of electricity
1151:Contract for Difference
968:Non thermal renewables
840:Marchwood Power Station
830:Plugging the energy gap
755:From the mid-1990s new
337: Natural gas (32%)
229:with a frequency of 50
6229:Bosnia and Herzegovina
5923:National Energy Action
5684:Wind power in Scotland
5578:Renewable Fuels Agency
5568:Biofuel power stations
5423:Nuclear power stations
4990:SSE Power Distribution
4975:Electricity North West
4655:Rockhopper Exploration
2427:Cochrane, Rob (1985).
2375:: CS1 maint: others (
1488:
1457:In December 2019, the
1448:Dinorwig Power Station
1145:The UK is planning to
1084:
1020:
776:
658:
566:
166:
150:Electricity sector law
66:Production (2021)
45:100% (91.8% grid 2017)
29:Electricity sector of
5857:Renewables Obligation
5541:Petroleum Revenue Tax
5026:Northern Gas Networks
4834:Horizon Nuclear Power
3845:National Audit Office
1764:United Kingdom portal
1616:north-eastern England
1541:), Northern Ireland (
1485:
1411:British Grid map 2016
1204:since the opening of
1082:
1018:
873:Energy gap disappears
836:Langage Power Station
774:
763:generating capacity.
746:Industrial Revolution
656:
564:
385: Imports (10.7%)
349: Nuclear (14.2%)
164:
5516:Offshore Energies UK
5486:Hydrocarbon Oil Duty
5338:Moyle Interconnector
5260:Open-pit coal mining
4371:. 23 September 2015.
3719:. London. 8 May 2019
2758:31 July 2009 at the
1545:), the Isle of Man (
1251:nuclear reprocessing
1249:(PWR)), as well as
1241:at seven plants (14
1183:late-2000s recession
879:late-2000s recession
540:Electricity Act 1947
434:improve this article
288:Great British Energy
283:by the government.
154:Electricity Act 1989
50:Continuity of supply
42:Electricity coverage
6445:States with limited
6094:Energy Saving Trust
6048:Energy conservation
5802:Climate Change Levy
5752:Energy Saving Trust
5664:Offshore wind power
5303:Electricity billing
5253:National Coal Board
5228:Coal mining regions
5031:Phoenix Natural Gas
4924:Phoenix Natural Gas
4708:Amec Foster Wheeler
4179:Energy Storage News
4061:on 21 October 2012.
3998:European Commission
3755:. 6 September 2021.
2684:. 27 November 2001.
2429:Power to the People
1650:Electricity billing
1498:European Commission
1467:China Huaneng Group
1101:Current grid status
1070:Scottish Government
1037:Onshore Wind: 11.1%
1004:Modes of production
943:
891:compact fluorescent
748:, according to the
722:National Coal Board
700:economic challenges
663:generating capacity
637:, and the other by
578:coalfield near the
494:Newcastle upon Tyne
486:Merz & McLellan
237:and two-thirds was
33:
5928:Stop Climate Chaos
5757:Environment Agency
5531:Oil infrastructure
5496:Natural gas fields
5476:Gas infrastructure
5328:HVDC Cross-Channel
5082:SP Energy Networks
4985:SP Energy Networks
4980:Northern Powergrid
4257:Solar Power Portal
4153:Solar Power Portal
4079:. 29 January 2014.
4022:. 19 October 2010.
3500:National Gas Daily
3439:on 12 October 2009
3320:. 26 October 2023.
3144:on 31 October 2013
3112:on 7 November 2013
2990:on 15 January 2019
2823:National Gas Daily
2543:. 22 December 2016
2513:. 22 December 2016
2327:The National Trust
2059:. 16 February 2021
1705:. You can help by
1535:HVDC Cross-Channel
1489:
1305:nameplate capacity
1085:
1040:Offshore Wind: 13%
1021:
941:
936:electricity sector
812:2006 Energy Review
777:
678:nuclear generating
659:
567:
379: Storage (1%)
373: Hydro (1.8%)
367: Solar (4.9%)
361: Biomass (5%)
355: Wind (29.4%)
292:2024 King's Speech
290:subsequent to the
167:
58:Installed capacity
6546:
6545:
6148:
6147:
6124:
6123:
6037:
6036:
6033:
6032:
5969:Green Power Forum
5874:
5873:
5870:
5869:
5847:Planning Act 2008
5700:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5692:
5691:
5313:Green electricity
5184:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5175:
5112:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5049:
5048:
4995:UK Power Networks
4952:
4951:
4944:Utility Warehouse
4914:Outfox the Market
4850:Vedanta Resources
4751:
4750:
4622:Melrose Resources
4615:JKX Oil & Gas
4608:Hardy Oil and Gas
4368:Independent.co.uk
4133:978-0-9544529-3-3
4004:on 28 March 2009.
3390:on 8 October 2016
3280:on 8 October 2016
3184:on 7 October 2013
2900:"Peak Light Bulb"
2488:. 12 October 2015
2408:. 23 October 2011
1723:
1722:
1553:), 1 GW Belgium (
1529:There are 2GW of
1419:
1418:
1209:24 hour period.
1109:
1108:
1001:
1000:
643:National Grid plc
631:National Grid plc
468:The first to use
466:
465:
458:
271:electric vehicles
207:
206:
159:
158:
104:181 t CO2 per GWh
6576:
6483:Dependencies and
6187:Sovereign states
6175:
6168:
6161:
6152:
6136:
6135:
6043:
5954:Energy Institute
5891:
5880:
5832:Fossil Fuel Levy
5717:
5706:
5611:Hydroelectricity
5556:
5201:
5190:
5169:
5134:Aquamarine Power
5060:
4963:
4812:
4762:
4579:Desire Petroleum
4562:Capricorn Energy
4516:
4445:
4432:
4417:
4410:
4403:
4394:
4387:
4386:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4305:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4222:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4194:
4183:
4182:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4113:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4057:. Archived from
4047:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4030:
4024:
4023:
4012:
4006:
4005:
4000:. Archived from
3990:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3974:on 14 March 2012
3964:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3948:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3924:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3899:thewindpower.net
3891:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3866:
3860:
3854:
3848:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3780:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3679:
3673:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3660:. 22 April 2017.
3650:
3644:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3491:
3485:
3479:
3470:
3469:
3463:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3438:
3432:. Archived from
3431:
3423:
3414:
3413:
3407:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3389:
3383:. Archived from
3382:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3361:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3343:
3337:. Archived from
3336:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3297:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3279:
3273:. Archived from
3272:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3251:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3233:
3227:. Archived from
3226:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3161:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3143:
3137:. Archived from
3136:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3108:. Archived from
3102:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3014:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2896:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2844:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2814:
2808:
2798:
2792:
2775:
2769:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2708:on 22 March 2006
2692:
2686:
2685:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2658:(25 July 2013).
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2574:
2568:
2567:, DTI statistics
2562:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2520:
2518:
2512:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2452:
2443:
2442:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2374:
2366:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2333:on 29 June 2011.
2329:. Archived from
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2303:on 12 April 2016
2293:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2276:
2269:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2243:Power Technology
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2218:on 27 March 2019
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2192:. 5 January 2016
2182:
2176:
2175:
2170:. Archived from
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2108:www.ofgem.gov.uk
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2083:Dalcour Maclaren
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2023:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1933:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1909:
1901:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1877:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1851:
1794:
1789:
1788:
1780:
1775:
1774:
1766:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1718:
1715:
1697:
1690:
1622:, south-western
1409:
1408:
1394:
1393:
1379:
1378:
1367:
1332:Imperial College
1289:hydroelectricity
1269:Renewable energy
1239:nuclear reactors
1099:
1098:
1087:
944:
916:In January 2019
889:and a switch to
858:carbon emissions
761:hydroelectricity
757:renewable energy
461:
454:
450:
447:
441:
418:
410:
384:
378:
372:
366:
360:
354:
348:
342:
336:
277:UK energy policy
239:low-carbon power
223:Northern Ireland
202:
199:
193:
177:
176:
169:
112:3,239 kWh/person
100:
87:renewable energy
34:
6584:
6583:
6579:
6578:
6577:
6575:
6574:
6573:
6549:
6548:
6547:
6542:
6526:
6484:
6478:
6464:Northern Cyprus
6446:
6440:
6361:North Macedonia
6182:
6179:
6149:
6144:
6133:
6120:
6050:
6029:
5983:
5942:Industry bodies
5937:
5896:pressure groups
5895:
5885:
5866:
5822:Energy Act 2013
5773:
5772:Legislation and
5766:
5711:
5688:
5650:
5638:
5605:
5587:
5545:
5442:
5379:
5353:Reserve Service
5264:
5195:
5176:
5163:
5104:
5086:
5045:
5004:
4948:
4855:
4807:
4801:
4747:
4723:John Wood Group
4691:
4687:Murco Petroleum
4670:
4648:Regal Petroleum
4541:
4535:
4510:
4503:
4439:
4426:
4421:
4391:
4390:
4385:. 28 July 2020.
4381:
4380:
4376:
4361:
4360:
4356:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4332:. October 2021.
4328:
4327:
4323:
4313:
4311:
4303:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4284:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4261:
4259:
4250:
4249:
4245:
4235:
4233:
4224:
4223:
4216:
4206:
4204:
4196:
4195:
4186:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4157:
4155:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4134:
4115:
4114:
4110:
4100:
4098:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4039:. 7 March 2012.
4036:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4014:
4013:
4009:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3977:
3975:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3903:
3901:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3878:
3876:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3855:
3851:
3839:
3835:
3825:
3823:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3778:
3776:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3722:
3720:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3694:
3692:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3669:
3665:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3639:
3635:
3625:
3623:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3599:
3597:
3595:Financial Times
3588:
3587:
3583:
3573:
3571:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3553:. 30 June 2021.
3549:
3548:
3544:
3534:
3532:
3528:The Independent
3520:
3519:
3515:
3505:
3503:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3480:
3473:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3429:
3425:
3424:
3417:
3400:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3380:
3378:"Archived copy"
3376:
3375:
3371:
3354:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3334:
3332:"Archived copy"
3330:
3329:
3325:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3290:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3270:
3268:"Archived copy"
3266:
3265:
3261:
3244:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3224:
3222:"Archived copy"
3220:
3219:
3215:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3187:
3185:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3154:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3134:
3132:"Archived copy"
3130:
3129:
3125:
3115:
3113:
3104:
3103:
3094:
3084:
3082:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3061:
3057:
3047:
3045:
3043:Greentech Media
3036:
3035:
3031:
3021:
3019:
3017:Financial Times
3008:
3007:
3003:
2993:
2991:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2966:
2964:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2940:
2938:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2898:
2897:
2890:
2880:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2857:
2855:
2846:
2845:
2838:
2828:
2826:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2799:
2795:
2785:Wayback Machine
2776:
2772:
2760:Wayback Machine
2752:
2748:
2739:
2737:
2736:on 15 June 2006
2725:
2724:
2720:
2711:
2709:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2665:
2663:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2639:
2637:
2636:. 22 April 2017
2628:
2627:
2623:
2613:
2611:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2587:
2585:
2583:Financial Times
2576:
2575:
2571:
2563:
2556:
2546:
2544:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2491:
2489:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2465:
2463:
2461:The Independent
2454:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2411:
2409:
2405:The Independent
2398:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2367:
2355:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2306:
2304:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2280:
2278:
2277:on 4 March 2009
2274:
2267:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2247:
2245:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2221:
2219:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2195:
2193:
2190:renewableuk.com
2184:
2183:
2179:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2151:
2149:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2112:
2110:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2087:
2085:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2062:
2060:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2036:
2034:
2025:
2024:
2017:
2007:
2005:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1979:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1935:
1934:
1927:
1917:
1915:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1861:. 27 July 2023.
1853:
1852:
1845:
1840:
1798:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1750:
1743:
1732:
1728:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1703:needs expansion
1688:
1682:
1658:
1652:
1632:
1599:) and Denmark (
1557:), 1.4 GW with
1527:
1517:
1494:
1480:
1471:LiFePo4 battery
1444:
1438:
1433:
1406:
1391:
1376:
1370:External images
1365:
1345:
1285:
1273:Main articles:
1271:
1231:
1225:
1191:
1159:
1126:(British Gas),
1096:
1006:
971:Pumped storage
932:
923:Financial Times
875:
849:, Essex and in
832:
769:
767:UK 'energy gap'
651:
620:nationalisation
576:Nottinghamshire
524:overhead cables
462:
451:
445:
442:
431:
419:
408:
402:
389:
388:
387:
386:
382:
380:
376:
374:
370:
368:
364:
362:
358:
356:
352:
350:
346:
344:
343: Coal (1%)
340:
338:
334:
326:
320:
263:electrification
219:interconnectors
203:
197:
194:
191:
178:
174:
61:75.8 GW (2020)
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6582:
6580:
6572:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6551:
6550:
6544:
6543:
6541:
6540:
6538:European Union
6534:
6532:
6531:Other entities
6528:
6527:
6525:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6488:
6486:
6485:other entities
6480:
6479:
6477:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6450:
6448:
6442:
6441:
6439:
6438:
6436:United Kingdom
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6249:Czech Republic
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6190:
6188:
6184:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6177:
6170:
6163:
6155:
6146:
6145:
6143:
6142:
6129:
6126:
6125:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6102:
6101:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6055:
6052:
6051:
6046:
6039:
6038:
6035:
6034:
6031:
6030:
6028:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5991:
5989:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5945:
5943:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5935:
5933:Tyndall Centre
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5899:
5897:
5887:
5886:
5883:
5876:
5875:
5872:
5871:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5778:
5776:
5768:
5767:
5765:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5723:
5721:
5713:
5712:
5709:
5702:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5694:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5660:
5658:
5652:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5636:
5631:
5629:Severn Barrage
5626:
5624:Mersey Barrage
5621:
5615:
5613:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5603:
5597:
5595:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5564:
5562:
5553:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5543:
5538:
5536:Oil refineries
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5452:
5450:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5389:
5387:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5377:
5372:
5370:Power stations
5367:
5365:North Sea Link
5362:
5357:
5356:
5355:
5350:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5274:
5272:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5257:
5256:
5255:
5250:
5248:miners' strike
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5213:Coal Authority
5209:
5207:
5197:
5196:
5194:Energy sources
5193:
5186:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5168:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5120:
5118:
5114:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5096:
5094:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5068:
5066:
5057:
5051:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5012:
5010:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4971:
4969:
4960:
4954:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4941:
4939:Utilita Energy
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4904:Octopus Energy
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4874:Bristol Energy
4871:
4865:
4863:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4853:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4820:
4818:
4809:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4768:
4766:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4699:
4697:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4684:
4678:
4676:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4651:
4644:
4637:
4632:
4625:
4618:
4611:
4604:
4602:Harbour Energy
4599:
4594:
4589:
4586:Emerald Energy
4582:
4575:
4573:Dana Petroleum
4570:
4565:
4558:
4553:
4545:
4543:
4542:and production
4537:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4528:
4522:
4520:
4513:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4489:
4482:
4475:
4468:
4461:
4458:Anglo American
4453:
4451:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4428:
4427:
4422:
4420:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4397:
4389:
4388:
4374:
4354:
4335:
4321:
4292:
4269:
4243:
4232:. 15 July 2021
4214:
4184:
4165:
4139:
4132:
4108:
4082:
4064:
4042:
4025:
4007:
3985:
3959:
3935:
3911:
3886:
3861:
3849:
3833:
3807:
3789:
3758:
3744:
3730:
3702:
3674:
3663:
3645:
3633:
3607:
3581:
3556:
3542:
3513:
3486:
3471:
3450:
3415:
3369:
3344:on 3 July 2016
3323:
3305:
3259:
3234:on 3 July 2016
3213:
3195:
3169:
3123:
3092:
3067:
3055:
3029:
3001:
2974:
2948:
2926:
2923:. p. 124.
2909:
2888:
2865:
2854:on 14 May 2014
2836:
2809:
2793:
2770:
2746:
2718:
2702:British Energy
2687:
2673:
2647:
2621:
2595:
2569:
2554:
2528:
2499:
2473:
2444:
2437:
2419:
2391:
2382:
2353:
2336:
2314:
2288:
2255:
2229:
2203:
2177:
2174:on 9 May 2015.
2159:
2137:
2120:
2095:
2070:
2044:
2015:
1989:
1963:
1942:
1925:
1893:
1864:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1796:
1795:
1781:
1767:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1741:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1720:
1700:
1698:
1681:
1678:
1654:Main article:
1651:
1648:
1631:
1628:
1612:Northumberland
1563:North Sea Link
1516:
1513:
1493:
1490:
1479:
1476:
1437:
1434:
1417:
1416:
1402:
1401:
1387:
1386:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1363:Power stations
1361:
1344:
1341:
1270:
1267:
1245:(AGR) and one
1227:Main article:
1224:
1221:
1190:
1187:
1158:
1155:
1136:Scottish Power
1107:
1106:
1092:
1091:
1090:External image
1061:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1005:
1002:
999:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
973:
972:
969:
966:
961:
956:
953:
950:
947:
931:
928:
874:
871:
866:Carbon capture
831:
828:
768:
765:
650:
647:
635:Scottish Power
464:
463:
422:
420:
413:
404:Main article:
401:
398:
381:
375:
369:
363:
357:
351:
345:
339:
333:
329:
328:
327:
319:
316:
205:
204:
190:already cited.
181:
179:
172:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
122:
121:
118:
114:
113:
110:
106:
105:
102:
93:
92:
89:
82:
81:
78:
71:
70:
69:310 TWh (2021)
67:
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
43:
39:
38:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6581:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6556:
6554:
6539:
6536:
6535:
6533:
6529:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6497:Faroe Islands
6495:
6493:
6490:
6489:
6487:
6481:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6469:South Ossetia
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6451:
6449:
6443:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6321:Liechtenstein
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6191:
6189:
6185:
6176:
6171:
6169:
6164:
6162:
6157:
6156:
6153:
6141:
6140:
6131:
6130:
6127:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6100:
6097:
6096:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6056:
6053:
6049:
6044:
6040:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5992:
5990:
5986:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5940:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5900:
5898:
5894:Charities and
5892:
5888:
5881:
5877:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5779:
5777:
5775:
5769:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5720:Organisations
5718:
5714:
5707:
5703:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5661:
5659:
5657:
5653:
5647:
5645:
5641:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5612:
5608:
5602:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5594:
5590:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5561:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5548:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5506:North Sea oil
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5471:Fuel protests
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5449:
5445:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5386:
5382:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5343:National Grid
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5271:
5267:
5261:
5258:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5191:
5187:
5173:
5166:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5115:
5101:
5100:National Grid
5098:
5097:
5095:
5093:
5089:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5072:National Grid
5070:
5069:
5067:
5065:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5052:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5021:Firmus Energy
5019:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5007:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4968:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4955:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4894:Firmus Energy
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4858:
4852:
4851:
4847:
4845:
4844:Vattenfall UK
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4813:
4810:
4804:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4792:ScottishPower
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4754:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4694:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4673:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4641:Pharos Energy
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4626:
4624:
4623:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4612:
4610:
4609:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4538:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4506:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4494:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4479:GCM Resources
4476:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4418:
4413:
4411:
4406:
4404:
4399:
4398:
4395:
4384:
4378:
4375:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4358:
4355:
4350:
4346:
4339:
4336:
4331:
4325:
4322:
4309:
4302:
4296:
4293:
4280:
4273:
4270:
4258:
4254:
4247:
4244:
4231:
4227:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4203:
4199:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4180:
4176:
4169:
4166:
4154:
4150:
4143:
4140:
4135:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4120:
4112:
4109:
4097:
4093:
4086:
4083:
4078:
4074:
4068:
4065:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4046:
4043:
4035:
4029:
4026:
4021:
4017:
4011:
4008:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3989:
3986:
3973:
3969:
3963:
3960:
3945:
3939:
3936:
3921:
3915:
3912:
3900:
3896:
3890:
3887:
3875:
3871:
3865:
3862:
3858:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3837:
3834:
3822:
3818:
3811:
3808:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3790:
3786:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3762:
3759:
3754:
3748:
3745:
3740:
3734:
3731:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3706:
3703:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3678:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3664:
3659:
3655:
3649:
3646:
3643:21 July 2016.
3642:
3637:
3634:
3622:
3621:The Telegraph
3618:
3611:
3608:
3596:
3592:
3585:
3582:
3570:
3566:
3560:
3557:
3552:
3546:
3543:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3517:
3514:
3501:
3497:
3490:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3460:
3454:
3451:
3435:
3428:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3411:
3405:
3386:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3365:
3359:
3340:
3333:
3327:
3324:
3319:
3315:
3309:
3306:
3301:
3295:
3276:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3255:
3249:
3230:
3223:
3217:
3214:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3196:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3165:
3159:
3140:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3056:
3044:
3040:
3033:
3030:
3018:
3013:
3005:
3002:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2975:
2963:
2959:
2952:
2949:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2919:
2913:
2910:
2905:
2904:New Scientist
2901:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2876:
2869:
2866:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2722:
2719:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2691:
2688:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2610:
2609:The Telegraph
2606:
2599:
2596:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2525:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2462:
2458:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2420:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2378:
2372:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2315:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2256:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2230:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2160:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1990:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1964:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1938:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1913:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1881:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1782:
1779:
1773:
1768:
1765:
1754:
1747:
1745:
1738:
1736:
1717:
1708:
1704:
1701:This section
1699:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1578:United States
1575:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1522:
1515:Export/import
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1506:halogen bulbs
1503:
1499:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1449:
1443:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1415:
1412:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1373:
1368:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1307:of over 18.4
1306:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1223:Nuclear power
1222:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1168:United States
1165:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1105:
1102:
1093:
1088:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1011:
1003:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
974:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
946:
945:
939:
937:
929:
927:
925:
924:
919:
914:
910:
908:
903:
898:
896:
892:
888:
883:
880:
872:
870:
867:
863:
859:
854:
852:
848:
843:
841:
837:
829:
827:
825:
821:
816:
813:
809:
808:
803:
797:
794:
790:
786:
782:
773:
764:
762:
758:
753:
751:
750:National Grid
747:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
714:
711:
709:
708:North Sea gas
705:
701:
696:
694:
693:power station
690:
687:
686:weapons-grade
683:
679:
674:
672:
668:
665:was fired by
664:
655:
648:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
627:
625:
621:
618:
614:
613:national grid
609:
607:
606:
601:
597:
591:
589:
588:Home counties
585:
581:
577:
573:
563:
559:
557:
553:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
476:high-voltage
475:
471:
460:
457:
449:
446:February 2019
439:
435:
429:
428:
423:This section
421:
417:
412:
411:
407:
400:National grid
399:
397:
395:
394:National Grid
332:
325:
317:
315:
313:
309:
305:
300:
295:
293:
289:
284:
282:
278:
274:
272:
268:
264:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
215:Great Britain
212:
211:National Grid
201:
189:
185:
180:
171:
170:
163:
155:
152:
148:
145:
142:
138:
135:
132:
128:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
94:
91:39.32% (2021)
90:
88:
83:
80:42.65% (2021)
79:
77:
76:fossil energy
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
35:
32:
31:Great Britain
24:
19:
6474:Transnistria
6138:
5903:Ashden Award
5727:Carbon Trust
5461:Dash for Gas
5456:BBL Pipeline
5171:
5144:Hi-Gen Power
5055:Transmission
4958:Distribution
4929:Shell Energy
4879:Co-op Energy
4848:
4653:
4646:
4639:
4629:Ophir Energy
4627:
4620:
4613:
4606:
4597:Essar Energy
4584:
4577:
4560:
4548:
4491:
4484:
4477:
4470:
4463:
4456:
4377:
4366:
4357:
4348:
4338:
4324:
4312:. Retrieved
4307:
4295:
4283:. Retrieved
4272:
4260:. Retrieved
4256:
4246:
4234:. Retrieved
4229:
4205:. Retrieved
4201:
4178:
4168:
4158:27 September
4156:. Retrieved
4152:
4142:
4118:
4111:
4099:. Retrieved
4096:The Guardian
4095:
4085:
4077:The Guardian
4076:
4067:
4059:the original
4054:
4045:
4028:
4019:
4010:
4002:the original
3997:
3988:
3976:. Retrieved
3972:the original
3962:
3950:. Retrieved
3938:
3926:. Retrieved
3914:
3902:. Retrieved
3898:
3889:
3877:. Retrieved
3873:
3864:
3852:
3836:
3824:. Retrieved
3821:Carbon Brief
3820:
3810:
3801:
3792:
3784:
3779:14 September
3777:. Retrieved
3771:
3761:
3747:
3733:
3721:. Retrieved
3716:The Guardian
3714:
3705:
3693:. Retrieved
3688:The Guardian
3686:
3677:
3666:
3658:The Guardian
3657:
3648:
3636:
3624:. Retrieved
3620:
3610:
3598:. Retrieved
3594:
3584:
3572:. Retrieved
3568:
3559:
3545:
3533:. Retrieved
3526:
3516:
3504:. Retrieved
3499:
3489:
3453:
3441:. Retrieved
3434:the original
3392:. Retrieved
3385:the original
3372:
3346:. Retrieved
3339:the original
3326:
3317:
3308:
3282:. Retrieved
3275:the original
3262:
3236:. Retrieved
3229:the original
3216:
3207:
3198:
3186:. Retrieved
3182:the original
3172:
3148:23 September
3146:. Retrieved
3139:the original
3126:
3114:. Retrieved
3110:the original
3083:. Retrieved
3079:
3070:
3058:
3046:. Retrieved
3042:
3032:
3020:. Retrieved
3016:
3004:
2992:. Retrieved
2988:the original
2977:
2965:. Retrieved
2961:
2951:
2939:. Retrieved
2929:
2912:
2903:
2879:. Retrieved
2868:
2856:. Retrieved
2852:the original
2827:. Retrieved
2822:
2812:
2796:
2773:
2763:
2749:
2738:, retrieved
2734:the original
2728:
2721:
2710:, retrieved
2706:the original
2696:
2690:
2676:
2664:. Retrieved
2650:
2638:. Retrieved
2633:
2624:
2612:. Retrieved
2608:
2598:
2586:. Retrieved
2582:
2572:
2545:. Retrieved
2541:The Guardian
2540:
2531:
2522:
2515:. Retrieved
2502:
2490:. Retrieved
2486:Carbon Brief
2485:
2476:
2464:. Retrieved
2460:
2428:
2422:
2410:. Retrieved
2403:
2394:
2385:
2344:
2339:
2331:the original
2317:
2307:28 September
2305:. Retrieved
2301:the original
2291:
2281:28 September
2279:. Retrieved
2272:the original
2258:
2246:. Retrieved
2242:
2232:
2220:. Retrieved
2216:the original
2206:
2194:. Retrieved
2189:
2180:
2172:the original
2162:
2150:. Retrieved
2140:
2123:
2111:. Retrieved
2107:
2098:
2086:. Retrieved
2082:
2073:
2061:. Retrieved
2057:BloombergNEF
2056:
2047:
2035:. Retrieved
2032:The Guardian
2031:
2006:. Retrieved
2002:
1992:
1980:. Retrieved
1977:Carbon Brief
1976:
1966:
1954:. Retrieved
1945:
1916:. Retrieved
1884:. Retrieved
1867:
1858:
1778:Water portal
1739:
1724:
1714:January 2021
1711:
1707:adding to it
1702:
1674:distribution
1670:transmission
1666:supply point
1659:
1633:
1605:
1586:
1571:
1528:
1510:
1495:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1349:Diesel farms
1346:
1329:
1298:
1294:
1286:
1232:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1199:
1192:
1180:
1160:
1144:
1113:
1110:
1104:Similar data
1062:
1007:
933:
921:
915:
911:
899:
895:LED lighting
884:
876:
855:
844:
833:
817:
804:
798:
778:
754:
742:
718:Dash for Gas
715:
712:
706:supplied by
704:Dash for Gas
697:
675:
660:
628:
610:
603:
592:
584:The Midlands
568:
548:
521:
498:
482:Charles Merz
470:Nikola Tesla
467:
452:
443:
432:Please help
427:verification
424:
390:
330:
308:royal assent
296:
285:
275:
259:
208:
195:
183:
125:Institutions
18:
6512:Isle of Man
6447:recognition
6421:Switzerland
6356:Netherlands
5974:RenewableUK
5908:Bioregional
5774:initiatives
5644:Solar power
5448:Oil and gas
5270:Electricity
5064:Electricity
4967:Electricity
4909:Opus Energy
4899:Good Energy
4743:WesternGeco
4703:Abbot Group
4661:Star Energy
4540:Exploration
3874:RenewableUK
3843:, page 19,
3802:CarbonBrief
3443:21 February
3208:www.eia.gov
3116:1 September
2877:. Bloomberg
2762:, page 23,
2547:24 December
2517:24 December
1956:16 December
1664:. For each
1640:spot market
1601:Viking Link
1595:), Norway (
1478:Consumption
1357:solar farms
1336:solar power
1321:RenewableUK
1235:electricity
1202:electricity
1174:(6.5%) and
949:Production
918:Nick Butler
726:British Gas
682:Calder Hall
641:. However,
596:West Burton
580:River Trent
572:West Burton
474:three-phase
299:Ed Miliband
6553:Categories
6391:San Marino
6351:Montenegro
6331:Luxembourg
6311:Kazakhstan
6214:Azerbaijan
5656:Wind power
5634:Wave farms
5593:Geothermal
5551:Renewables
5521:Oil fields
5433:Sellafield
5298:Economy 10
5223:Coal mines
5149:Mark Group
5016:Cadent Gas
4919:OVO Energy
4884:Ecotricity
4824:Drax Group
4816:Generation
4808:and supply
4806:Generation
4782:EDF Energy
4765:Integrated
4738:Weir Group
4666:Tullow Oil
4519:Integrated
4349:Watt-Logic
3978:17 January
3952:17 January
3928:17 January
3879:7 February
3502:. Interfax
3464:(Report).
3048:15 January
3022:15 January
2994:15 January
2967:29 January
2825:. Interfax
2466:17 October
2438:0600358755
2431:. Newnes.
2354:085188105X
2196:20 October
2152:10 January
2037:15 January
1838:References
1684:See also:
1584:(14 TWh).
1543:HVDC Moyle
1519:See also:
1440:See also:
1421:See also:
1353:wind farms
1263:Capenhurst
1255:Sellafield
1253:plants at
1132:RWE npower
1074:Scotland's
930:Production
851:Kingsnorth
649:Generation
505:Glaswegian
322:See also:
281:stabilized
267:heat pumps
265:, such as
257:by 2035.
235:fossil gas
198:April 2024
6502:Gibraltar
6326:Lithuania
5293:Economy 7
5129:APX Group
4889:ESB Group
4757:Utilities
4682:Greenergy
4493:Rio Tinto
4437:Companies
4314:1 October
4202:NS Energy
3859:Chart 5.2
3394:14 August
3348:14 August
3284:14 August
3238:14 August
3188:5 October
2941:5 October
2740:30 August
2666:5 October
2492:6 October
2412:21 August
2371:cite book
2248:24 August
1735:acid rain
1680:Pollution
1644:APX Group
1620:Kvilldall
1555:NEMO Link
1330:In 2014,
1327:in 2013.
1313:megawatts
1311:: 12,083
1309:gigawatts
1166:(21.8%),
952:Supplied
920:, in the
734:North Sea
689:plutonium
624:saturated
605:Supergrid
532:Battersea
528:the Blitz
501:Lord Weir
484:, of the
85:Share of
74:Share of
6522:Svalbard
6507:Guernsey
6454:Abkhazia
6406:Slovenia
6401:Slovakia
6376:Portugal
6234:Bulgaria
6139:Category
6084:EcoHomes
5988:Research
5560:Biofuels
4869:100Green
4839:Renantis
4772:Centrica
4728:Petrofac
4568:Centrica
4509:Oil and
4486:Glencore
4281:. Which?
4230:BBC News
4055:bwea.com
4020:BBC News
3695:24 April
3531:. London
3404:cite web
3358:cite web
3294:cite web
3248:cite web
3158:cite web
2962:BBC News
2789:Deloitte
2781:Archived
2756:Archived
2662:. GOV.UK
2640:22 April
2634:BBC News
2363:17343802
2222:18 April
2113:22 April
2088:21 April
2063:21 April
2008:21 April
1982:21 April
1748:See also
1492:Lighting
1124:Centrica
1118:") are:
824:Deloitte
728:and the
617:post war
513:gridiron
255:net zero
53:99.9999%
6431:Ukraine
6381:Romania
6341:Moldova
6299:Ireland
6294:Iceland
6289:Hungary
6279:Germany
6274:Georgia
6264:Finland
6259:Estonia
6254:Denmark
6239:Croatia
6224:Belgium
6219:Belarus
6209:Austria
6204:Armenia
6199:Andorra
6194:Albania
5385:Nuclear
5348:Control
5283:BritNed
5243:History
5172:italics
5159:Wavegen
5139:EnServe
5124:Aggreko
4777:E.ON UK
4718:Hunting
4696:Support
4635:Perenco
4592:EnQuest
4499:UK Coal
4285:31 July
4262:16 July
4236:16 July
4207:16 July
4101:21 July
3826:7 March
3626:19 June
3600:19 June
3574:7 March
3535:7 March
3506:9 April
2881:9 April
2858:9 April
2829:9 April
2712:19 June
2614:19 June
2588:19 June
1630:Pricing
1593:Icelink
1589:Iceland
1582:Finland
1551:BritNed
1500:banned
1436:Storage
1414:Archive
1384:Archive
1325:biomass
1176:Algeria
1170:(18%),
1116:Big Six
988:128,153
982:319,298
979:323,157
964:Nuclear
847:Tilbury
810:). The
669:, with
586:to the
318:History
247:nuclear
184:updated
6517:Jersey
6459:Kosovo
6426:Turkey
6416:Sweden
6396:Serbia
6386:Russia
6371:Poland
6366:Norway
6346:Monaco
6316:Latvia
6284:Greece
6269:France
6244:Cyprus
5649:
5403:Magnox
4861:Supply
4787:Npower
4675:Supply
4308:Gov.UK
4130:
3904:31 May
3723:10 May
3569:gov.uk
3318:GOV.UK
3085:6 June
3080:GOV.UK
2435:
2361:
2351:
1918:9 June
1886:9 June
1859:GOV.UK
1624:Norway
1559:Norway
1523:, and
1463:Minety
1429:, and
1399:Source
1343:Diesel
1281:, and
1259:Urenco
1172:Canada
1164:Russia
997:2,862
994:67,394
991:63,887
985:60,681
820:YouGov
789:Magnox
600:Sundon
536:Fulham
383:
377:
371:
365:
359:
353:
347:
341:
335:
253:to be
6492:Åland
6411:Spain
6336:Malta
6306:Italy
6010:Narec
5732:Cenex
5573:NNFCC
5117:Other
4733:Qserv
4713:Expro
4550:Afren
4531:Shell
4304:(PDF)
4037:(PDF)
3947:(PDF)
3923:(PDF)
3462:(PDF)
3437:(PDF)
3430:(PDF)
3388:(PDF)
3381:(PDF)
3342:(PDF)
3335:(PDF)
3278:(PDF)
3271:(PDF)
3232:(PDF)
3225:(PDF)
3142:(PDF)
3135:(PDF)
2921:(PDF)
2511:(PDF)
2275:(PDF)
2268:(PDF)
2132:(PDF)
1908:(PDF)
1876:(PDF)
1618:, to
1608:Blyth
902:Ofgem
492:near
5205:Coal
4472:ENRC
4449:Coal
4316:2024
4287:2020
4264:2021
4238:2021
4209:2021
4160:2021
4128:ISBN
4103:2020
3980:2012
3954:2012
3930:2012
3906:2016
3881:2018
3828:2016
3781:2021
3725:2019
3697:2017
3628:2016
3602:2016
3576:2022
3537:2016
3508:2012
3445:2011
3410:link
3396:2016
3364:link
3350:2016
3300:link
3286:2016
3254:link
3240:2016
3190:2013
3164:link
3150:2018
3118:2013
3087:2022
3050:2019
3024:2019
2996:2019
2969:2019
2943:2013
2883:2012
2860:2012
2831:2012
2742:2008
2714:2008
2668:2013
2642:2017
2616:2016
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