43:
116:
204:
155:
mixed with Great Cobar's 'silicaceous' ore, as a flux for smelting, replacing limestone brought from much further away by rail. However, at latest by early 1919, there was an acrimonious disagreement, between the managements of the two companies, probably motivated by an underlying unresolved contention over which company would dominate copper production on the Cobar mining field. The outcomes were that Great Cobar did not take any of C.S.A. low-grade ore as flux and the railway was under-utilised, although it was still of great benefit to C.S.A.. Not long afterwards, in March 1919, the Great Cobar mine and its smelters closed, throwing hundreds of men out of work in Cobar. Closure of the Great Cobar resulted in the loss of the source of electrical power used to supply water to the C.S.A. Mine.
245:, in July 1921. The closure of the Great Cobar and C.S.A. mines affected smaller copper mines that used the larger mines' smelters, causing those smaller mines to also close. As work for miners disappeared, buildings were removed, from Wrightville and Cobar, to be re-erected in more prosperous places, and the same probably happened at Elourera. In 1934, it was reported the disused railway line was to be repaired, so that equipment could be removed from the mine site.
228:; that was bad enough but the oxygen content was still 13.6%, more than enough oxygen to keep the timber smouldering. The company announced, in November 1921, that with copper prices low, the level of dangerous gases in the mine being high, and the prospect of fire breaking out, the mine would not reopen.
131:
There was a school at
Elouera from July 1908 to May 1921, with two interruptions when the school closed for short periods during 1915 and 1916–17. It was a half time school, sharing its teacher with Meryula Siding (just to the east of Cobar), from October 1915 to March 1916. Before the holidays began
123:
In the times before motorised transport, miners need to live close to their work and the Cobar township was over 22 km away, by road. Before
Elouera, the area was known as CSA Mines, and almost certainly a settlement developed near the mine around 1906. The Town of Elouera was proclaimed 6 March
260:
Although the old mine was dewatered and exploratoratory mining carried out, between 1951 and 1958, it was not until 1962-1963 that the C.S.A. reopened, with the modern mine in full production from 1965. The old railway to the mine was rehabilitated. The reopening of the C.S.A. mine sparked a revival
251:
The fire in the C.S.A mine was reported to be still burning in 1935. The company kept the mine, and its furnaces, for many years. However, the circumstances were never appropriate to reopen it, during the years before the company began to be wound up in
December 1946. Before then, around early 1942,
223:
gases. The mine was again sealed, and a decision was taken to ask the government to assist in bringing water by train to flood the mine. That had not happened, by 30 June 1920, when rainfall provided water, which was then used in an attempt to flood the mine, apparently without success. An analysis
165:
Just as the future of
Elouera was looking bright, the copper price had collapsed in 1919. The mine had to close due to lack of water, during part of 1919. After it reopened, it was employing 250 men. The company had spent more than £200,000 on developing the mine and its furnaces at Elouera. It had
150:
In 1917, the company started production using the first of its water-jacket blast furnaces at its mine site. In the same year, the C.S.A. company erected another eleven houses for its workers in
Elouera. New blocks of land were being sold in the town in 1917 and in 1920. Another hotel opened around
236:
Once it was clear that the mine would not reopen
Elouera's inhabitants, amenities, and businesses departed rapidly. The school closed, in May 1921, followed by the post office, in December 1921. The Royal Hotel had closed by October 1922, and the Elouera Hotel also closed. By May 1923, reportedly,
187:
The rapid decline of
Elouera began with the unexpected cessation of mining at the C.S.A. Mine, due to an underground fire that broke out, on the afternoon of Saturday, 20 March 1920. The location of the fire was in the timber supporting the long-abandoned silver-lead ore workings, on No.2 Level of
127:
In 1909, the CSA Mine closed, when the original lead-silver deposit was exhausted. It reopened, in 1910, after a copper deposit was found. By then, with no returns to shareholders, £100,000 had been spent on exploration and development. Around 1912, the adjacent Tinto Mine was amalgamated with the
111:
Mineralisation, in outcrops in the area, was first identified in 1872, and led to the first exploratory mining, which gave the mine its name, Cornish, Scottish, and
Australian Copper Mine. However, it was soon overshadowed by the large copper deposit of the Great Cobar. It was only in 1905 that a
154:
By April 1917, the long-awaited extension of the railway line from Cobar to the C.S.A. Mine was under construction, and it opened in
January 1918. One of the reasons used to justify the railway was to ship low-grade 'basic' ore from the C.S.A. to the smelters of the Great Cobar Mine; it would be
2034:
240:
The C.S.A. Mine's closure was one of many that severely affected the Cobar area, in rapid succession; the two most significant others were the closure of the vast Great Cobar Mine, the town's main employer, in March 1919, and the unexpected closure of the large
Occidental Gold Mine, at
77:
The word 'elouera' is almost certainly derived from a word of Aboriginal origin. There is a type of Aboriginal stone hand tool that has been referred to as an elouera. However, the word may have more than one meaning, or differing meanings in different Aboriginal languages. In the
211:
The mine was sealed, in an attempt to extinguish the fire, and initially smelting operations continued. In April 1920, the smelters closed. When the mine was unsealed on 3 May 1920, it was found to be full of dangerous gases, and could only be inspected by men wearing
82:
of the coastal Illawarra area, it is said to mean 'a pleasant place near the sea' or 'a high place near the sea'. The words 'elouera' and 'Illawarra', most probably, are derived from the same Tharawal word, which may have been closer to 'allowrie'.
237:
there was only one family left living in Elouera; the family of Robert Gardiner, the mine's accountant, may have been living there, at least as late as 1930. It is probable that, after 1930, or thereabout, Elouera was deserted.
267:
Nothing remains of the old mining settlement, except for the map of its street plan, although the site of the town and its 'tank', or water supply, still can be discerned in aerial views. There may also be a lonely cemetery.
174:, for subsequent smelting and refining, initially at Port Kembla. The smelting section of the new plant at Kandos entered production, around September 1919, but its new electrolytic refinery would never enter service.
192:' was alleged, and an earlier allegation of a deliberate setting fire to the company's property had been made, in September 1919. Another plausible theory is that the fire was caused by heating, due to oxidisation of
261:
in the fortunes of Cobar, but the old settlement of Elouera was only a memory by then. Its old site may have been used for temporary buildings and outdoor storage, during and after construction of the new mine.
42:
248:
The plant and buildings at Kandos were sold off in 1925; the timber from its large building was reused at the nearby cement plant, but its prominent concrete chimney stack would stand until the 1980s.
1959:
264:
A similar name 'Elura' was used for a new mine in the region, the Elura Mine and its railway line, opened in 1983, but this is far from Elouera's old site; it was later renamed the Endeavour Mine.
30:, for local government purposes, although the old site lies around 10 km to the north-west of the Cobar township. It was associated with the Cornish, Scottish and Australian Mine (
162:, to circumvent an effective monopoly of the electrolytic copper refinery at Port Kembla. There was some ill will toward C.S.A., around Cobar, as a result of decisions it had made.
115:
1942:
203:
801:
406:"Map of the town of Elouera [cartographic material] : Parish of Kaloogleguy, County of Robinson, Land District of Cobar, Western Division N.S.W. 1908"
170:. The company had commissioned a second, much larger, water-jacket blast furnace near the mine, in January 1918, which gave satisfactory results producing
2123:
2128:
69:
and south-west of the C.S.A. mine site. It was around 10 km, in straight-line distance, north-west of Cobar, but about 22 km by road.
124:
1907. A new hotel and a post office opened there in 1907. The company erected three houses for its staff and a boarding house for fifty men.
166:
spent £32,000 on the electrolytic copper refinery at Kandos, which reused electrolytic tanks from the closed Great Cobar copper refinery at
2079:
1499:
2067:
448:
95:
112:
commercially viable lead-silver deposit was found. It was that deposit that was the first successfully mined at the C.S.A. Mine.
137:
151:
August 1919; Elouera then had two hotels, the new Royal Hotel—its licence transferred from Mt Drysdale—and the Elouera Hotel.
94:, a ship, a race horse, a colliery, a housing land development, numerous houses and other properties, numerous streets and a
308:. Mineral resources / Department of Mines, Geological Survey. Geological Survey of New South Wales. Sydney: Govt. Printer.
91:
58:
people, referred to in their own language as Ngiyampaa Wangaaypuwan. After colonial settlement, the area lay in the
320:
729:
277:
1943:"Aerial view of the modern C.S.A. mine and plant in 1966 (photo courtesy... | Download Scientific Diagram"
167:
159:
23:
749:
207:
Investigation team wearing 'Proto' breathing apparatus at C.S.A. Mine. (May 1920). (State Library of NSW)
66:
532:
225:
219:
The fire broke out again, around 6 May 1920, and spread further into the workings, propelled by flaming
474:
449:"Hidden Copper: The Early History of the Cornish, Scottish and Australian (C.S.A.) Mine, Cobar, NSW"
2009:
213:
171:
2035:"General Cemetery At Elouera, Plan Of Portion Cemetery County Of Robinson Parish Of Kaloogleguy"
1838:
86:
The name, 'Elouera' has been very widely applied by non-indigenous Australians, including for a
79:
1984:
1735:
486:
34:), and was inhabited from 1906 to around 1930. It was also known, unofficially, as 'C.S.A.'
1194:
345:
Studies, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (10 November 2022).
495:– via The University Library Special Collections - University of Newcastle (N.S.W.).
346:
220:
59:
1116:"DIRECTORS OF C.S.A. INTERVIEW MINISTER FOR WORKS, STATE GREAT COBAR REFUSED TO TAKE ORE"
2118:
1170:
26:
of New South Wales Australia. The area that it once occupied has always been a part of
2112:
602:
224:
of the mine air, in April 1921, revealed a 10% carbon monoxide content, close to its
136:
schoolhouse. In 1919–1920, an existing school building was relocated to Elouera from
87:
491:
1400:
193:
189:
51:
1554:"CARBON MONOXIDE (and CO by COHb) | Occupational Safety and Health Administration"
1175:
282:
242:
197:
144:
133:
2068:
Hidden Copper: The Early History of the C.S.A. Mine, Cobar, NSW, Ken McQueen (
1916:
1890:
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143:
In mid 1916, there were at least five of the village's men away at the
2063:
Map of the Town of Elouera (1908), Department of Lands, Sydney, N.S.W.
50:
The area later known as Elouera lies within the traditional lands of
627:
1960:"Satellite View - CSA Mine · Louth Road, Cobar NSW 2835, Australia"
1204:(179). Light Railway Research Society of Australia Inc.: 9, 10, 11.
475:"The Elouera Industry of Singleton, Hunter River, New South Wales"
202:
114:
27:
128:
C.S.A mine, and the two were thereafter worked as one operation.
132:
at the end of 1918, the school had 35 pupils using the 16 by 14
800:
Centre for Education Statistics and Evaluation (6 March 2023).
65:
The settlement of Elouera was north of the road from Cobar to
188:
the mine. The ultimate cause of fire was never identified; '
22:
was a short-lived mining township, now a ghost town, in the
119:
C.S.A. Mine c.1908 (Mitchell Library, State Library of NSW)
216:', an early type of self-contained breathing apparatus.
158:
C.S.A. decided to build its own smelter and refinery at
1195:"Mining Railways of Cobar - 7. Other Mines, 1871-1922"
46:
Elouera's site in relation to C.S.A. and Tinto mines.
653:
Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser
649:"THE CORNISH, SCOTTISH. AND AUSTRALIAN COPPER MINE"
1817:Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales
909:Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales
883:Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales
379:Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales
1813:"THE C.S.A. MINES LIMITED.—At an Extraordinary"
473:McCarthy, Frederick D.; Davidson, F.A. (1943).
603:"Elouera Colliery (Coal) - City of Wollongong"
54:dialect speakers (also known as Wangaibon) of
507:"Some Flake Work of the Australian Aborigine"
196:and backfill material, which then set alight
8:
1500:"A brief history of our breathing apparatus"
1401:"CSA Mine "investigation" team - Cobar, NSW"
200:timber framing supporting the old workings.
1917:"Population Boom is Expected due to Mining"
628:"Elouera Estate – From The Pleasant Place"
490:
305:Report on the Cobar copper and gold-field
1064:"DOES THE C.S.A. MINE JUSTIFY THE LINE?"
577:"MORUYA RACES. ELOUERA WIN'S TOWN PLATE"
41:
16:Ghost town in New South Wales, Australia
954:
952:
294:
2070:Journal of Australasian Mining History
1891:"Operations at the C.S.A. Mine, Cobar"
1188:
1186:
456:Journal of Australasian Mining History
1985:"CBH Resources :: Endeavor Mine"
1954:
1952:
1522:
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442:
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432:
430:
428:
426:
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398:
396:
369:
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321:"Cobar Peneplain - regional history"
319:Office of Environment and Heritage.
252:the mine's equipment had been sold.
754:nswgovschoolhistory.cese.nsw.gov.au
1145:"COBAR THREATENED WITH EXTINCTION"
539:. Sydney: Reed Books. p. 120.
98:, and even as a girls' baby name.
14:
905:"SALE AT THE LANDS OFFICE, COBAR"
1819:. 20 December 1946. p. 2952
479:Records of the Australian Museum
2124:Mining towns in New South Wales
1897:. 13 September 1963. p. 15
1631:"APPLICATION FROM C.S.A. MINES"
492:10.3853/j.0067-1975.21.1943.536
447:McQueen, Ken (September 2006).
178:Mine closure and end of Elouera
2129:Ghost towns in New South Wales
1734:Kandos History (31 May 2021).
1534:. 26 November 1921. p. 13
1381:. 12 September 1919. p. 2
1193:McKillop, Bob (October 2004).
1096:. 13 September 1918. p. 3
681:. 17 September 1872. p. 3
1:
1845:. 17 December 1941. p. 6
1689:. 17 February 1922. p. 2
1637:. 3 September 1930. p. 2
1355:. 9 September 1919. p. 2
966:. 14 December 1917. p. 4
583:. 9 February 1910. p. 12
347:"Map of Indigenous Australia"
1222:. 1 October 1919. p. 11
1122:. 7 February 1919. p. 3
1044:. 15 January 1918. p. 3
885:. 27 July 1917. p. 3920
775:"C.S.A. AND MERYULA SCHOOLS"
381:. 6 March 1907. p. 1588
1871:. 30 March 1962. p. 14
1767:. 7 October 1925. p. 3
1585:. 4 October 1922. p. 2
1579:"Licensing Reduction Board"
1428:. 22 April 1920. p. 20
1179:. 21 March 1919. p. 2.
1151:. 19 March 1919. p. 17
1018:. 25 April 1917. p. 13
911:. 9 July 1920. p. 4021
781:. 11 August 1915. p. 2
655:. 15 August 1872. p. 3
557:. 14 March 1923. p. 17
551:"ENGINES FITTED TO ELOUERA"
2145:
1923:. 19 July 1963. p. 11
1793:. 10 April 1935. p. 4
1657:"The Occidental Gold Mine"
1277:. 23 March 1920. p. 3
1251:. 26 March 1920. p. 8
937:. 8 August 1919. p. 1
802:"Glossary of school types"
707:. 9 August 1907. p. 4
513:. 20 July 1932. p. 33
325:www.environment.nsw.gov.au
107:Mine and mining settlement
2039:search.records.nsw.gov.au
1715:. 29 June 1934. p. 2
1663:. 29 July 1921. p. 3
1454:. 16 July 1920. p. 9
1329:. 16 July 1920. p. 3
1303:. 16 July 1920. p. 2
1171:"Cobar Municipal Council"
992:. 2 April 1920. p. 2
859:. 21 July 1916. p. 4
62:, Parish of Kaloogleguy.
1865:"COBAR MINE WORKS AGAIN"
1611:. 2 May 1923. p. 13
1480:. 25 May 1920. p. 3
1070:. 5 June 1914. p. 4
733:Phoenix post office list
537:Place names of Australia
1989:www.cbhresources.com.au
1216:"COPPER SMELTING WORKS"
827:"ELOUERA PUBLIC SCHOOL"
302:Andrews, E. C. (1913).
2095:31.41861°S 145.78444°E
1709:"Personal And General"
1504:www.london-fire.gov.uk
1474:"The C.S.A. Mine Fire"
208:
120:
47:
1736:"The Harder You Fall"
1609:Sydney Morning Herald
1452:Sydney Morning Herald
1448:"FIRE IN C.S.A. MINE"
1301:Sydney Morning Herald
1297:"FIRE IN C.S.A. MINE"
1271:"Fire at C.S.A. Mine"
1249:Sydney Morning Herald
581:Sydney Morning Herald
232:Aftermath (1921-1946)
226:lower explosive limit
206:
118:
92:surf life-saving club
45:
2100:-31.41861; 145.78444
1787:"THE QUEST FOR GOLD"
1683:"GOING TO ARDLETHAN"
1422:"N.S.W. MINING NEWS"
1405:State Library of NSW
986:"COBAR POLICE COURT"
806:education.nsw.gov.au
2091: /
1090:"Cobar's Prospects"
853:"The Roll of Honor"
214:Proto smoke helmets
1245:"C.S.A. MINE FIRE"
1038:"C.S.A. Mines Ltd"
1012:"TRAINS AND TRAMS"
209:
121:
96:light rail station
60:County of Robinson
48:
1426:Australian Worker
960:"Licensing Court"
833:. 10 January 1919
730:"Elouera, N.S.W."
80:Tharawal language
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