439:, in exile in Portugal, remained the recognized leader, Mola was delegated the authority within the organization to plan operations in Spain. Known as "the Director," Mola sent secret instructions to the various military units to be involved in the uprising and worked out a detailed plan for a post-coup government. In a memorandum dated 5 June 1936, Mola envisioned a "republican dictatorship" based on the Portuguese model. The initial government would consist of a "directory" that would oversee a semi-pluralist but authoritarian state. According to Mola: "The Directory will guarantee no change in the republican regime during its administration, with no change in any worker claims that have been legally obtained" but would "create a strong and disciplined state". The 1931 constitution would be suspended and new elections would be held. Certain liberal elements, such as separation of church and state and freedom of worship, were to be maintained. Agrarian issues were to be resolved by regional commissions with the aim of developing small holdings, but allowing for collective cultivation in some circumstances.
184:
198:
213:
461:, Mola waited until 19 July to proclaim the revolt. When Mola's brother was captured by the Republicans in Barcelona, the government threatened his life. Mola replied: "No, he knows how to die as an officer. I can neither take back my word to my followers and probably you cannot either from yours." The brother ended up committing suicide. Mola then ordered systematic executions in captured cities to instill fear. He famously declared:
61:
782:
An early usage of the phrase: "Police last night began a house-to-house search for Rebels in Madrid... Orders for these raids... apparently were instigated by a recent broadcast over the Rebel radio station by
General Emilio Mola. He stated he was counting on four columns of troops outside Madrid and
480:
failed to gain control of Madrid or other urban areas, albeit most of the armed forces had supported it. As the situation devolved into civil war, Sanjurjo was killed in an air crash on 20 July. Mola then became
Nationalist commander in the north, while Franco became commander in the south. With the
556:
left Franco as the pre-eminent leader of the
Nationalist cause. In the assessment of historian Stanley Payne, Mola had been "the only subordinate capable of talking back to Franco." Although there have always been accusations that Franco arranged the deaths of his two rivals, so far no evidence has
1006:
532:" that supplemented his four military columns. The Republican government then proceeded to carry out the mass execution of as many as 2,000 suspected civilian and military supporters of the Nationalists. What was later known as the
523:
proved unable to set overall strategy; thus, Franco was chosen commander-in-chief at a meeting of ranking generals on 21 September. Mola continued to command the Army of the North and led an unsuccessful effort to take
709:
344:", possibly the first use of that phrase. He died in an air crash in bad weather, leaving Franco as the pre-eminent Nationalist leader for the rest of the war. Sabotage, though suspected, has never been proven.
1046:
1036:
1031:
1041:
614:
442:
Despite extensive planning, Mola apparently doubted the chances for the coup's success. His dim view of the capabilities of monarchist militias and the conservative
Catholic party
1001:
443:
568:. The title was immediately assumed by his son, Don Emilio Mola y Bascón. It was abolished in October 2022, under the purview of the Law of Democratic Memory.
465:... "we must extend the terror; we must impose the impression of dominion while eliminating without scruples everyone who does not think as we do
325:
927:
897:
887:
621:
817:
295:
1026:
137:
458:
447:
991:
919:
857:
578:
424:
548:
twin-engined aircraft in which he was travelling flew into the side of a mountain in bad weather while returning to
1021:
783:
another column of persons hiding within the city who would join the invaders as soon as they entered the capital."
146:
996:
477:
420:
361:
357:
310:
96:
911:
497:
1016:
501:
203:
1011:
486:
377:
564:
of the recently re-established
Kingdom of Spain, posthumously granted Mola the title of Duke of Mola and
533:
481:
death of
Sanjurjo, Mola established a multi-member governing body for the so-called "Nationalist zone" (
404:
392:
849:
986:
981:
594:
796:
VIDAL, Cesar. Paracuellos-Katyn: un ensayo sobre el genocidio de la izquierda. Madrid, 2005. p.2164
553:
360:, at that time an overseas Spanish province, where his father, an army officer, was stationed. The
188:
100:
615:"Africanistas y junteros: el ejército español en África y el oficial José Enrique Varela Iglesias"
457:'s participation was not confirmed until early July. Although events ran ahead of schedule in the
450:, led him as late as 9 July to consider the possibility of having to flee to France if it failed.
120:
923:
893:
862:
813:
807:
490:
314:
277:
253:
124:
943:
907:
883:
565:
454:
436:
329:
321:
116:
508:
and closed the French border. Mola's forces went on to secure the whole of the province of
589:
395:. This was a political post and his conservative views made him unpopular with opposition
337:
290:
218:
391:
Mola was made
Director-General of Security in 1930, the last man to hold this post under
528:
in
October. In a radio address, he described Nationalist sympathizers in the city as a "
549:
545:
516:
368:
was a leading revolutionary fighter. In Spain, he enrolled in the
Infantry Academy of
975:
381:
369:
365:
427:
and by the end of April 1936 was acknowledged as its leader in north-central Spain.
364:
split his family; while his father served in the
Spanish forces, his maternal uncle
584:
529:
380:, and became an authority on military affairs. He was wounded in action during the
341:
233:
31:
509:
17:
861:. Madrid: Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado: 33–34. 20 October 2022.
396:
1007:
Spanish military personnel killed in the Spanish Civil War (National faction)
866:
161:
148:
400:
561:
408:
388:
and thus he was promoted to Captain. By 1927 he was a Brigadier-general.
353:
92:
60:
505:
453:
After several delays, 18 July 1936 was chosen as the date of the coup.
416:
412:
407:
government was elected in February 1936 Mola was made commander of the
373:
273:
35:
309:(9 July 1887 – 3 June 1937) was one of the three leaders of the
525:
520:
333:
435:
Mola emerged as the chief planner among the plotters. While General
340:, Mola praised local Nationalist sympathizers within the city as a "
467:(eliminando sin escrupulos a todos los que no piensen como nosotros
385:
183:
512:, isolating the remaining Republican provinces in the north.
415:
as a backwater region. In reality, the area was a center of
1047:
Perpetrators of political repression in Francoist Spain
850:"Ley 20/2022, de 19 de octubre, de Memoria Democrática"
668:
666:
1037:
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Spain
283:
269:
259:
249:
239:
227:
177:
130:
106:
79:
67:
51:
1032:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1937
446:(CEDA), as well as only limited support from the
710:"From Rebel to Caudillo: Franco's path to power"
1042:Spanish military personnel of the Kert campaign
463:
42: and the second or maternal family name is
734:The Spanish Republic and the Civil War 1931-39
489:. Based in Burgos, it was nominally headed by
372:in 1907. He served in Spain's colonial war in
444:Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right
8:
423:. He worked with elements of the right-wing
812:. Cambridge University Press. p. 190.
939:
916:Franco: A Personal and Political Biography
332:operated in the south. Attempting to take
59:
48:
1002:Spanish military personnel of the Rif War
728:
726:
648:. Cambridge University Press, 2012. p 66.
493:, the most senior participating general.
411:garrison, since the government regarded
620:. Valencia. p. 238. Archived from
605:
832:
809:The Spanish Republic at War 1936-1939
770:
696:
684:
672:
657:
7:
613:Atienza Peñarrocha, Antonio (2012).
552:. The deaths of Sanjurjo, Mola, and
536:crushed any potential fifth column.
419:activity, and Mola himself secretly
324:on 20 July 1936, Mola commanded the
544:Mola died on 3 June 1937, when the
500:sent by General Mola under Colonel
265:Commander of the Army of the North
25:
296:Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand
403:politicians. When the left-wing
211:
196:
182:
459:Spanish Protectorate of Morocco
892:. Cambridge University Press.
421:collaborated with the movement
1:
920:University of Wisconsin Press
328:in the north of Spain, while
311:Nationalist coup of July 1936
135:Pamplona Cemetery (1937–1961)
579:Desaparecidos del franquismo
431:July Rebellion and Civil War
263:Military Governor of Navarre
34:, the first or paternal
1063:
858:Boletín Oficial del Estado
759:Unearthing Franco's Legacy
29:
27:Spanish military commander
962:
955:
949:
942:
362:Cuban War of Independence
58:
1027:Spanish anti-communists
747:The Spanish Holocaust.
487:National Defense Junta
474:
425:Spanish Military Union
376:where he received the
138:Monument to the Fallen
889:The Spanish Civil War
806:Helen Graham (2002).
749:Harper Press. London.
745:Preston, Paul. 2012.
716:July 1986, pp. 24-29
646:The Spanish Civil War
534:Paracuellos massacres
498:Nationalist offensive
348:Early life and career
240:Years of service
992:People from Placetas
736:, New Jersey , 1967.
595:White Terror (Spain)
560:In 1947, Franco, as
162:42.48328°N 1.38050°W
845:Jefatura del Estado
384:in May 1912 in the
320:After the death of
307:Emilio Mola y Vidal
158: /
965:Emilio Mola Bascón
732:Jackson, Gabriel,
167:42.48328; -1.38050
1022:Grandees of Spain
970:
969:
963:Succeeded by
929:978-0-299-30214-6
908:Payne, Stanley G.
899:978-0-521-17470-1
884:Payne, Stanley G.
787:October 16, 1936.
502:Alfonso Beorlegui
496:On 5 September a
491:Miguel Cabanellas
352:Mola was born in
315:Spanish Civil War
313:that started the
304:
303:
278:Spanish Civil War
254:Brigadier General
223:
219:Nationalist Spain
208:
193:
125:Nationalist Spain
18:Emilio Mola Vidal
16:(Redirected from
1054:
997:Spanish generals
950:Preceded by
944:Spanish nobility
940:
933:
918:(4th ed.).
903:
871:
870:
854:
846:
842:
836:
830:
824:
823:
803:
797:
794:
788:
780:
774:
768:
762:
756:
750:
743:
737:
730:
721:
706:
700:
694:
688:
687:, p. 67-68.
682:
676:
670:
661:
660:, p. 66-67.
655:
649:
642:
636:
635:
633:
632:
626:
619:
610:
566:Grandee of Spain
478:Nationalist coup
455:Francisco Franco
229:
221:
217:
215:
214:
206:
204:Spanish Republic
202:
200:
199:
191:
189:Kingdom of Spain
187:
186:
173:
172:
170:
169:
168:
163:
159:
156:
155:
154:
151:
113:
101:Kingdom of Spain
89:
87:
63:
49:
21:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1051:
972:
971:
966:
959:
953:
937:
930:
912:Palacios, Jesús
906:
900:
882:
879:
874:
852:
848:
844:
843:
839:
831:
827:
820:
805:
804:
800:
795:
791:
781:
777:
769:
765:
757:
753:
744:
740:
731:
724:
708:Preston, Paul,
707:
703:
695:
691:
683:
679:
671:
664:
656:
652:
643:
639:
630:
628:
624:
617:
612:
611:
607:
603:
590:Mohamed Meziane
574:
557:been produced.
542:
433:
350:
300:
276:
264:
244:
212:
210:
209:
197:
195:
194:
181:
166:
164:
160:
157:
152:
149:
147:
145:
144:
143:
142:Cremated (2016)
141:
136:
115:
111:
91:
85:
83:
74:
54:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1060:
1058:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1017:Cuban nobility
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
974:
973:
968:
967:
964:
961:
954:
951:
947:
946:
935:
934:
928:
904:
898:
878:
875:
873:
872:
837:
835:, p. 191.
825:
818:
798:
789:
785:New York Times
775:
763:
751:
738:
722:
714:History Today,
701:
689:
677:
662:
650:
637:
604:
602:
599:
598:
597:
592:
587:
582:
573:
570:
546:Airspeed Envoy
541:
538:
432:
429:
378:Military Medal
349:
346:
302:
301:
299:
298:
293:
291:Military Medal
287:
285:
281:
280:
271:
267:
266:
261:
257:
256:
251:
247:
246:
241:
237:
236:
231:
225:
224:
179:
175:
174:
134:
132:
128:
127:
114:(aged 49)
108:
104:
103:
81:
77:
76:
75:(The Director)
69:
65:
64:
56:
55:
52:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1059:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1012:Dukes of Mola
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
979:
977:
958:
957:Duke of Mola
948:
945:
941:
938:
931:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
895:
891:
890:
885:
881:
880:
876:
868:
864:
860:
859:
851:
841:
838:
834:
829:
826:
821:
819:9780521459327
815:
811:
810:
802:
799:
793:
790:
786:
779:
776:
773:, p. 82.
772:
767:
764:
760:
755:
752:
748:
742:
739:
735:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
705:
702:
699:, p. 68.
698:
693:
690:
686:
681:
678:
675:, p. 67.
674:
669:
667:
663:
659:
654:
651:
647:
641:
638:
627:on 2021-11-05
623:
616:
609:
606:
600:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
580:
576:
575:
571:
569:
567:
563:
558:
555:
551:
547:
539:
537:
535:
531:
527:
522:
518:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
494:
492:
488:
485:) called the
484:
483:zona nacional
479:
473:
472:
468:
462:
460:
456:
451:
449:
445:
440:
438:
437:José Sanjurjo
430:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
405:Popular Front
402:
398:
394:
389:
387:
383:
382:Kert campaign
379:
375:
371:
367:
366:Leoncio Vidal
363:
359:
355:
347:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
318:
316:
312:
308:
297:
294:
292:
289:
288:
286:
282:
279:
275:
272:
268:
262:
258:
255:
252:
248:
242:
238:
235:
232:
226:
220:
205:
190:
185:
180:
176:
171:
139:
133:
129:
126:
122:
118:
109:
105:
102:
98:
94:
82:
78:
73:
70:
66:
62:
57:
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
956:
952:New creation
936:
915:
888:
856:
840:
828:
808:
801:
792:
784:
778:
766:
758:
754:
746:
741:
733:
717:
713:
704:
692:
680:
653:
645:
640:
629:. Retrieved
622:the original
608:
585:Fifth column
577:
559:
543:
530:fifth column
514:
495:
482:
475:
470:
466:
464:
452:
441:
434:
393:Alfonso XIII
390:
351:
342:fifth column
338:four columns
326:Nationalists
319:
306:
305:
270:Battles/wars
234:Spanish Army
112:(1937-06-03)
71:
43:
39:
32:Spanish name
987:1937 deaths
982:1887 births
222:(1936–1937)
207:(1931–1936)
192:(1904–1931)
165: /
140:(1961–2016)
110:3 June 1937
90:9 July 1887
72:El Director
68:Nickname(s)
53:Emilio Mola
976:Categories
833:Payne 2012
771:Payne 2012
697:Payne 2012
685:Payne 2012
673:Payne 2012
658:Payne 2012
644:Payne, S.
631:2020-08-27
601:References
178:Allegiance
150:42°29′00″N
86:1887-07-09
867:0212-033X
510:Guipúzcoa
401:socialist
336:with his
245:1933–1937
243:1904–1932
153:1°22′50″W
914:(2018).
886:(2012).
761:, p. 175
572:See also
562:Caudillo
409:Pamplona
354:Placetas
322:Sanjurjo
260:Commands
228:Service/
117:Alcocero
93:Placetas
30:In this
877:Sources
550:Vitoria
448:Falange
417:Carlist
413:Navarre
397:liberal
374:Morocco
274:Rif War
36:surname
926:
896:
865:
816:
526:Madrid
521:Burgos
370:Toledo
334:Madrid
330:Franco
284:Awards
230:branch
216:
201:
131:Buried
121:Burgos
960:1948
853:(PDF)
625:(PDF)
618:(PDF)
554:Goded
540:Death
517:junta
504:took
386:thigh
44:Vidal
924:ISBN
894:ISBN
863:ISSN
814:ISBN
506:Irún
476:The
399:and
358:Cuba
250:Rank
107:Died
97:Cuba
80:Born
40:Mola
720:(7)
519:in
38:is
978::
922:.
910:;
855:.
847::
725:^
718:36
712:,
665:^
515:A
469:)"
356:,
317:.
123:,
119:,
99:,
95:,
932:.
902:.
869:.
822:.
634:.
471:.
88:)
84:(
46:.
20:)
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