431:, and which characteristics to attribute to that person when deciding how she would have responded to a situation. As laid out by the Court of Appeal, the grounds were that "the judge had erred (i) in not directing the jury that they could take the seriously abnormal personality of the appellant into account as a characteristic to be attributed to the reasonable person when considering whether that person would have lost her self-control and behaved as the appellant did; and (ii) in restricting the jury's attention to events immediately surrounding the killing."
377:
client. I was 17 at the time of the offence and 24 now. The night of the offence, I had a knife in my hand from cutting my wrists because I wanted some kind of response from him other than physical abuse or rape again. As I heard him coming, I panicked that maybe he could turn even worse and turn the knife on me, and I was cornered upstairs. He came and laid beside where I was sitting. He was undressed, and I knew I was going to be raped again, beaten, or both. I couldn't go through it again. I just wanted him to get away from me.
322:
338:
572:, that Humphreys was first prescribed the drug in Holloway prison because she had had difficulty sleeping. According to a friend, she had taken too much of the drug several times since her release and seemed to be addicted to it. When she died, she weighed just 70 lbs (31.7kg) and had 20 times the recommended dose in her blood. Bindel told the inquest that Humphreys had been "thrown out of prison and left to her own devices". The jury returned a verdict of
33:
221:, England, to live with her biological father and his second wife, and later with her grandmother. On 30 August 1984, when she was 16, she moved out of her grandmother's home and began working as a street prostitute. Humphreys was soon approached by 33-year-old Trevor Armitage, a drug addict with convictions for violence. The Court of Appeal heard that Armitage "had a predilection for girls much younger than himself" and was known by the
2284:
594:
her passport be ready in six weeks? Why is she throwing it all away? Don't let them win, Emma. Come back and start to fight again. It's a long, hard game but you can do it, don't give in. She feels dirty. Emma's crazy, Emma's crazy, Emma's crazy. No. Emma needs security, reassurance, space, warmth and love. She keeps coming back but she slips away, right away.
398:
214:, Canada, where Humphreys began drinking, taking drugs, and having sex with men. According to her diary, which was found in her biological father's attic three years after her death, she was admitted in March 1983 to the Westfield Diagnostic and Treatment Centre in Edmonton, then transferred to a local psychiatric ward when she cut her wrists.
526:, courts did not recognize the "cumulative effect of violence ... The emphasis was almost entirely localised to the 'provocative act' immediately prior to the killing". Examples of what courts regarded as provocative acts and typical responses were sudden, explosive and masculine. The emotions experienced by "
442:
that day with Bindel and
Wistrich after the judges substituted the murder conviction for a verdict of manslaughter and sentenced Humphreys to time served. Wistrich told a press conference: "Whilst we applaud the judges for their decision, we do not feel grateful that a simple act of justice has taken
258:
On 24 February 1985, a Mrs
Whitehead saw Humphreys in a bar; according to the Court of Appeal, she told the original trial that Humphreys had seemed "very lonely, depressed and desolate". Humphreys, Armitage and several others had spent the evening of 25 February 1985 in a pub. On the way out of the
603:
Dad phoned me last week; he asked me what I wanted for my birthday. Yes, I'm 17 in 35 days, god I don't want to grow up 'cause it scares me. I think Trevor is sick of me already. Every time I fuck I get a brownie coloured discharge, but I'm scared to go to the doctors in case it's something I don't
551:
On the first part of the night in question there was the threatened "gang bang" and the drunkenness. Immediately before the killing, quite apart from the wounding verbal taunt, there was his appearance in an undressed state, posing a threat of sex which she did not want and which he must have known
593:
Emma's gone away! She's cold, lonely and ready to give up on life. She's upset, shaking. She's falling apart because of all of the suspense, she thinks people are going to lock her away where people don't care. She's old and baggy-looking. Six weeks till
Christmas, that makes her scared, how could
588:
The diary includes material from March 1983, when
Humphreys was 15 and living with her stepfather in Edmonton, Canada. She had been admitted to the Westfield Diagnostic and Treatment Centre and to a local psychiatric ward. She describes how her mother was drinking a lot and not eating. In November
517:
1 All ER 932: "Provocation is some act, or series of acts done (or words spoken) ... which would cause in any reasonable person and actually causes in the accused, a sudden and temporary loss of self-control, rendering the accused so subject to passion as to make him or her for the moment not
291:
would respond to the situation in which
Humphreys had found herself, the jury should not attribute to the reasonable woman the "abnormal characteristics" the psychiatrist had described; that is, those characteristics were not "eligible for attribution to the reasonable woman". Instead, he told the
283:
and a jury. During a medical examination just after the killing, a doctor had found "three recent cuts to her right wrist, fifteen well-healed scars to her right forearm, nine recent cuts running across her left wrist with fresh, dry blood over them, and seven well-healed vertical scars running up
608:
Throughout
September and October 1984 she describes Armitage hitting her and calling her a liar. She leaves him in November, determined not to go back, but then does go back. The second-last entry is on 19 January 1985. She had been arrested and kept in custody a few days earlier for assaulting a
434:
On 7 July, the judges accepted the defence position, namely that "hen considering whether the reasonable person would be provoked in the circumstances of a defendant, the jury was entitled to take into account characteristics of the defendant which were not repugnant to the general concept of the
376:
Dear
Justice for Women, I hope you don't mind me writing to you. I'll try to keep this brief because you're probably very busy. In December 85 I was convicted of murdering my boyfriend, Trevor Armitage, who was 35. I had met him six months previously when I was 16. I was a prostitute and he was a
262:
The group went to another pub, then back to
Armitage's house. While Armitage was driving his son home, Humphreys retrieved two knives from the kitchen and cut both her wrists, then went to sit on the landing. When Armitage returned to the house, he went into the bedroom and removed his clothes,
598:
Back in the UK in 1984, she describes her mother's attempted suicide, her mother being beaten by her husband (Humphreys' stepfather), and how her mother would refer to her as "fat bitch". (Humphreys was painfully thin.) By
September that year, she is working as a prostitute and has met Trevor
584:
After her death, Humphreys' father gave Bindel and
Wistrich a suitcase he had kept in his attic that contained her belongings, including a diary dating to three years before she killed Armitage. Had the diary been available at the original trial, it could have been used in Humphreys' defence.
296:
It is for you to decide, taking into account all the evidence, as to what effect that jeering at her over not having made a good job of cutting her wrists might have had on a young woman who had got herself into that situation but did not have a distorted and explosive
541:"; that is, the jury was entitled to consider whether a reasonable person with those characteristics would have been provoked. Second, the effect of the taunt should have been considered within the context of the entire relationship. According to the Court of Appeal:
1639:
210:, north-west Wales. Her home life appears to have been chaotic. Her parents separated when she was five and her mother, an alcoholic, remarried; the second husband was reported to have been an alcoholic too. The mother, second husband and Humphreys relocated to
284:
her left forearm". A psychiatrist told the court that Humphreys was "of abnormal mentality, with immature, explosive and attention-seeking traits, the last trait referring to her tendency to slash her wrists", according to the Court of Appeal.
244:
for two incidents, one of which involved assaulting a hotel manager. She was conditionally discharged on 21 February 1985. While she was on remand, according to the Court of Appeal, Armitage allowed a second young girl to live at his home.
424:, instructed by R. R. Sanghvi & Co. Rhys Davies QC wrote that it was Grindrod's "powerful and charismatic advocacy that won the day" for Humphreys. Representing the Crown were John Milmo QC and Adrian Reynolds.
266:
At this point, Humphreys said Armitage taunted her about the cuts on her wrists, saying she had not done a very good job. She responded by stabbing him with one of the knives, piercing his heart and liver. He died of his injuries.
599:
Armitage. "It's fucking cold outside, standing there for a couple of hours. I've had no problem with the cops out there. I get a lot of compliments from everyone 'cause of my legs." She moves in with Armitage that month, aged 16.
666:"The Court of Appeal quashed her murder conviction holding that her characteristic of attention seeking was sufficiently permanent and could be taken into account in assessing the standard of control expected of the defendant."
505:, the test for provocation involved asking whether the accused had experienced a "sudden and temporary" loss of control, and whether a reasonable person would have been similarly provoked in that situation. The definition of
521:
Any lapse of time between the provocative event and the killing suggested that the accused could have taken advantage of a "cooling-off period" but chose not to do so. Legal scholar Anne Bottomley explains that, before
497:
2 All ER 1023) were "monumental in securing legal recognition of the experience of abused women who kill their violent partners". Both Ahluwalia and Thornton had killed their violent husbands while the men slept.
2266:
576:. According to Julie Bindel, Humphreys told her that she had been raped by a stranger in her own apartment a few weeks before her death, and attributed her increased drug-taking to coping with the assault.
2261:
292:
jury to consider only the events immediately before the killing, and the effect Armitage's taunting would have had on a woman who "did not have a distorted and explosive personality". He told the jury:
167:
reduced the conviction to manslaughter, and she was released immediately. The success of the appeal was significant because it supported the argument that courts should take long-term issues such as "
477:
had been biased in favour of men, who are more likely to react immediately with anger to a provocative event. Legal scholar Clare Connelly writes that, by challenging this in the 1990s, the cases of
1434:
263:
except for his shirt, then sat on the landing next to Humphreys. She told the court that she believed his removal of clothing meant that he wanted sex from her, something she did not want.
1904:
1178:
301:
On 4 December 1985 Humphreys was convicted of murder and sentenced to be detained at her Majesty's pleasure. She applied for leave to appeal on 2 January 1986, but it was refused.
548:
Over the long term there was the continuing cruelty, represented by the beatings and the continued encouragement of prostitution and by the breakdown of the sexual relationship.
2353:
866:
545:
This tempestuous relationship was a complex story with several distinct and cumulative strands of potentially provocative conduct building up until the final encounter.
464:
1427:
32:
1804:
1897:
2363:
2358:
2318:
159:
Aged 17 when convicted, Humphreys spent a decade in prison before winning an appeal against the conviction, on 7 July 1995, on the grounds of long-term
1420:
564:
On 11 July 1998, three years after her release, Wistrich and Bindel found Humphreys dead in bed at her home from an apparently accidental overdose of
435:
reasonable person, including a permanent psychological illness or disorder which was abnormal, such as attention-seeking through wrist-slashing."
259:
pub—accompanied by his 16-year-old son, Humphreys, and two of his friends—Armitage allegedly said: "We'll be all right for a gang bang tonight."
2368:
1890:
1697:
1586:
129:
555:
Finally, of course, there is the taunt itself, which was put forward as the crucial trigger which caused the appellant's self control to snap.
420:, Mr Justice Cazalet and Mr Justice Kay over three days on 29 and 30 June and 7 July 1995. Humphreys was represented by Helen Grindrod QC and
2256:
1783:
1046:
385:. In January 1995, the Court of Appeal granted Humphreys leave to appeal "on the basis of new grounds of appeal relating to the judge's
164:
863:
1289:
1238:
2348:
1799:
552:
she did not want, thus demonstrating potentially provocative conduct immediately beforehand, not only by words but also by deeds.
1820:
1692:
1554:
735:
2343:
2288:
1977:
1972:
628:
and friends of Humphreys. Justice for Women awards the annual Emma Humphreys Memorial Prize to women who raise awareness about
443:
this long. Justice for Emma has come ten years too late. This case has been a miscarriage of justice on a par with that of the
797:. 4 All ER 1008; Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) (Lord Justice Hirst, Mr Justice Cazalet and Mr Justice Kay) 7 July 1995.
356:, whose conviction for murder after she killed her violent husband was reduced to manslaughter, thanks to a campaign led by
709:
569:
2333:
2323:
2113:
1967:
1682:
510:
171:" into account when considering a defence of provocation. Humphreys was assisted in her defence by Justice for Women, a
149:
186:
Three years after her release, Humphreys died, aged 30, of an accidental overdose of prescription drugs at her flat in
1733:
1197:
887:
233:. She continued working as a prostitute and gave Armitage part of her earnings. She said that he began hitting her.
1607:
474:
160:
1999:
1851:
1581:
1509:
646:
381:
Bindel and Wistrich arranged for a legal team and helped to organize an appeal based on the defence of long-term
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527:
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1488:
629:
357:
276:
168:
2134:
1649:
573:
468:
386:
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92:
537:. First, immaturity and attention-seeking were accepted as characteristics "within the meaning of the
321:
2313:
2308:
2220:
2106:
1629:
1534:
2251:
2156:
2151:
2139:
2056:
417:
382:
1131:
998:
148:(30 October 1967 – 11 July 1998) was a Welsh woman who was imprisoned in England in December 1985
2021:
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The judge directed the jury to, in effect, ignore the psychiatric report. In considering how a
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1401:
1285:
428:
2051:
1871:
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1644:
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649:– UK man who also infamously had his murder conviction downgraded to manslaughter in the 90s
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41:
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2004:
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613:, she was released on 21 February into Armitage's "care". She killed him four days later.
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96:
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2014:
1952:
1937:
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106:
2302:
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1994:
1942:
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1707:
1624:
1514:
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460:
1179:"Law Report: Classic direction to jury on provocation defence upheld: R v Ahluwalia"
822:
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2031:
2009:
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1947:
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45:
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1989:
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152:, after being convicted of the murder of her violent 33-year-old boyfriend and
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222:
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49:
1379:
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1405:
624:, one of the barristers who represented Humphreys, and contributions from
2066:
2026:
1882:
211:
172:
1387:
533:
Bottomley writes that the Court of Appeal made two important rulings in
2036:
397:
230:
1341:
1085:
Wistrich, Harriet; Siddiqui, Hannana; Bindel, Julie (Winter 1998/99).
2086:
2076:
864:"Women defenders of human rights: the good, the great and the gutsy"
589:
1983, preparing to spend Christmas in England, she tells her diary:
48:
of Justice for Women, with Emma Humphreys (white dress) outside the
568:. In September 2000, Humphreys' family doctor told the inquest, at
360:
and joined by Justice for Women. The latter was founded in 1991 by
396:
1734:
Sub-postmasters operating the Post Office Horizon computer system
1304:
616:
Bindel and Wistrich co-edited a book, based on Humphreys' diary,
368:, who later qualified as a solicitor. On 24 September 1992, from
2146:
275:
Humphreys was remanded in custody and tried in December 1985 at
229:
most evenings. Humphreys moved into his house in Turnbury Road,
202:
Humphreys was raised with her two sisters, mother and father in
153:
117:
1886:
1416:
1222:". In Hunter, Rosemary; McGlynn, Clare; Rackley, Erica (eds.).
1320:
1284:(1st ed.). London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. xi.
427:
The grounds of the appeal revolved around the concept of the
139:
Reduced to manslaughter on 7 July 1995, freed for time served
372:
in north London, Humphreys wrote to Bindel to ask for help.
1013:
1011:
1784:
List of miscarriage of justice cases in the United Kingdom
1047:"Judges urged to free woman jailed for murder conviction"
810:
Feminist Perspectives on The Foundational Subjects of Law
1114:
1029:
982:
960:
942:
604:
want. So at work I just do oral even though I hate it.
1239:"Trial forced plight of battered wives into the open"
408:
and Helen Grindrod QC represented Humphreys in court.
236:
In January 1985, Humphreys was arrested and kept on
2244:
2122:
1920:
1829:
1813:
1792:
1771:
1726:
1658:
1600:
1497:
1471:
1455:
1448:
1226:. Oxford: Hart Publishing. pp. (292–310), 292.
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1211:
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135:
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112:
102:
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57:
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812:. London: Cavendish Publishing. pp. 201–204.
695:(video). London: Kali Films, courtesy of YouTube.
905:
903:
901:
704:
702:
52:, London, after Humphreys' release, 7 July 1995.
1362:Richardson, Jo; Feder, Gene (14 October 1995).
1356:The Map of My Life: The Story of Emma Humphreys
1307:The Map of My Life: The Story of Emma Humphreys
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
618:The Map of My Life: The Story of Emma Humphreys
601:
591:
543:
465:Feminist interventions in the philosophy of law
374:
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128:Convicted on 4 December 1985 and sentenced to
1898:
1428:
789:
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785:
783:
781:
352:In 1992, Humphreys read about the release of
8:
1224:Feminist Judgments: From Theory to Practice
1905:
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1435:
1421:
1413:
20:
2354:Court of Appeal (England and Wales) cases
1395:
1267:
1255:
1081:
1079:
1017:
736:"Abnormal traits relevant to provocation"
710:"Woman who stabbed violent partner freed"
438:News reports show Humphreys leaving the
1218:Connelly, Clare (2010). "Commentary on
1164:
1148:
1102:
921:
678:
659:
886:Dickson, E. Jane (15 September 1995).
2257:Prosecution of gender-targeted crimes
910:"Woman cleared of murder 'overdosed'"
7:
1220:Attorney-General for Jersey v Holley
1198:"Sara Thornton is cleared of murder"
175:law-reform group founded in 1991 by
1066:"'I wanted him to stop hurting me'"
827:1995 4 All ER 1008 Court of Appeal"
769:"Self-portrait of a teenage killer"
620:(2003). The book has a foreword by
14:
2364:Violence against women in England
2359:Overturned convictions in England
2319:1985 crimes in the United Kingdom
1800:West Midlands Serious Crime Squad
1640:West Midlands Serious Crime Squad
1364:"Domestic Violence Against Women"
862:Gupta, Rahila (12 January 2015).
217:In December 1983 she returned to
2283:
2282:
1821:Criminal Cases Review Commission
1555:Guildford Four and Maguire Seven
1443:Miscarriage of justice in the UK
336:
320:
31:
1336:"Emma Humphreys Memorial Prize"
1321:"Emma Humphreys Memorial Prize"
1177:Magrath, Paul (3 August 1992).
1045:Mills, Heather (29 June 1995).
689:(director) (12 November 2009).
1358:. London: Astraia Press, 2003.
1237:Mills, Heather (30 May 1996).
1064:Bindel, Julie (4 April 2007).
997:Morton, James (22 July 2004).
912:, BBC News, 14 September 2000.
839:Bindel, Julie (23 July 2008).
708:Mills, Heather (7 July 1995).
1:
2369:Drug-related deaths in London
1196:Bennett, Will (30 May 1996).
1130:Davies, Rhys (17 July 2002).
734:Ying Hui Tan (11 July 1995).
2114:Violence against prostitutes
1754:Shirley and Lynette Banfield
609:hotel manager. According to
518:master of his or her mind."
416:4 All ER 1008) was heard by
116:Murder of her boyfriend and
1805:Police Complaints Authority
1282:The Pimping of Prostitution
1087:"Emma Humphreys Remembered"
829:, www.e-lawresources.co.uk.
2385:
692:Emma Humphreys: The Legacy
570:St Pancras Coroner's Court
485:4 All ER 889), Humphreys (
475:English law on provocation
458:
16:Welsh murderer (1967–1998)
2280:
2000:Female genital mutilation
1510:Murder of Maxwell Confait
150:at Her Majesty's pleasure
30:
2349:English female criminals
2092:Islamic religious police
2072:Murder of pregnant women
1683:Michelle and Lisa Taylor
1380:10.1136/bmj.311.7011.964
808:Bottomley, Anne (1996).
2102:Kano State Hisbah Corps
1928:Abuse during childbirth
1635:Cardiff Newsagent Three
1463:William Herbert Wallace
1368:British Medical Journal
530:" were not considered.
169:battered woman syndrome
2344:Welsh female criminals
1914:Violence against women
1867:Southall Black Sisters
1779:Miscarriage of justice
1489:Mahmood Hussein Mattan
1280:Bindel, Julie (2017).
888:"Sisters to the death"
630:violence against women
606:
596:
557:
409:
379:
358:Southall Black Sisters
299:
277:Nottingham Crown Court
2135:Campus sexual assault
841:"This one's for Emma"
574:death by misadventure
469:Feminist legal theory
400:
387:direction to the jury
93:Death by misadventure
2221:Cybersex trafficking
2123:Sexual assault, rape
2107:Polisi Syariat Islam
1338:, emmahumphreys.org.
1323:, emmahumphreys.org.
869:7 April 2020 at the
489:4 All ER 1008), and
225:to drive around the
146:Emma Clare Humphreys
62:Emma Clare Humphreys
2334:1995 in British law
2324:1985 in British law
2252:Istanbul Convention
2140:Mass sexual assault
2057:Forced prostitution
999:"Sir Kenneth Jones"
775:, 10 November 2003.
495:R v Thornton (No 2)
156:, Trevor Armitage.
89:Cause of death
44:(with flowers) and
2022:Female infanticide
1505:Jonathan Rosenhead
1091:Trouble and Strife
642:Sara Thornton case
479:Kiranjit Ahluwalia
418:Lord Justice Hirst
410:
354:Kiranjit Ahluwalia
227:red-light district
113:Criminal charge(s)
2296:
2295:
2062:Human trafficking
1963:Domestic violence
1880:
1879:
1767:
1766:
1374:(7011): 964–965.
1342:Justice for Women
429:reasonable person
312:Justice for Women
143:
142:
120:, Trevor Armitage
2376:
2286:
2285:
2052:Forced pregnancy
1907:
1900:
1893:
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1872:Harriet Wistrich
1759:Andrew Malkinson
1645:Winchester Three
1592:Bridgewater Four
1453:
1437:
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1423:
1414:
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1352:Harriet Wistrich
1324:
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1311:, Astraia Press.
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687:Parmar, Pratibha
683:
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626:Beatrix Campbell
366:Harriet Wistrich
344:Harriet Wistrich
340:
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289:reasonable woman
242:HM Prison Risley
181:Harriet Wistrich
125:Criminal penalty
83:
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42:Harriet Wistrich
35:
21:
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2339:1995 in England
2329:1985 in England
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2276:
2240:
2236:Sexual violence
2226:Sex trafficking
2118:
2097:Guidance Patrol
2047:Forced marriage
2042:Forced abortion
2005:Gishiri cutting
1916:
1911:
1881:
1876:
1825:
1809:
1788:
1763:
1744:Angela Cannings
1722:
1654:
1630:Michael Shirley
1618:Winston Silcott
1613:Tottenham Three
1596:
1567:Stephen Simmons
1540:Jessie McTavish
1535:Stephen Downing
1493:
1467:
1444:
1441:
1361:
1332:
1330:Further reading
1327:
1319:
1315:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1243:The Independent
1236:
1235:
1231:
1217:
1216:
1209:
1202:The Independent
1195:
1194:
1190:
1183:The Independent
1176:
1175:
1171:
1163:
1159:
1147:
1143:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1084:
1077:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1051:The Independent
1044:
1043:
1039:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1009:
996:
992:
981:
970:
959:
952:
941:
928:
920:
916:
908:
899:
892:The Independent
885:
884:
880:
871:Wayback Machine
861:
852:
838:
837:
833:
821:
817:
807:
806:
802:
793:
792:
779:
767:
746:
740:The Independent
733:
720:
714:The Independent
707:
700:
685:
684:
680:
676:
671:
670:
665:
661:
656:
638:
582:
566:chloral hydrate
562:
471:
457:
395:
370:Holloway Prison
350:
349:
348:
347:
346:
341:
332:
331:
330:
325:
314:
309:
281:Kenneth Jones J
273:
256:
251:
200:
165:Court of Appeal
136:Criminal status
97:chloral hydrate
81:
72:30 October 1967
67:
65:
64:
63:
53:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2382:
2380:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2301:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2248:
2246:
2245:Related topics
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2231:Sexual slavery
2228:
2223:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2130:Sexual assault
2126:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2015:Husband stitch
2012:
2007:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1960:
1955:
1953:Child marriage
1950:
1945:
1940:
1938:Breast ironing
1935:
1930:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1887:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1693:Jonathan Jones
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1650:Eddie Browning
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1610:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1587:Paul Blackburn
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1552:
1550:Birmingham Six
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1459:
1457:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1359:
1345:
1339:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1313:
1297:
1291:978-1137558893
1290:
1272:
1270:, p. 203.
1268:Bottomley 1996
1260:
1258:, p. 201.
1256:Bottomley 1996
1248:
1229:
1207:
1188:
1169:
1157:
1141:
1122:
1107:
1095:
1075:
1056:
1037:
1022:
1020:, p. 202.
1018:Bottomley 1996
1007:
990:
968:
950:
926:
914:
897:
878:
850:
831:
815:
800:
777:
744:
718:
698:
677:
675:
672:
669:
668:
658:
657:
655:
652:
651:
650:
647:Colin Campbell
644:
637:
634:
632:and children.
581:
578:
561:
558:
528:battered women
491:Sarah Thornton
456:
453:
445:Guildford Four
394:
391:
342:
335:
334:
333:
326:
319:
318:
317:
316:
315:
313:
310:
308:
303:
272:
269:
255:
252:
250:
247:
208:Merionethshire
199:
196:
141:
140:
137:
133:
132:
126:
122:
121:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
95:, overdose of
90:
86:
85:
84:(aged 30)
78:
74:
73:
61:
59:
55:
54:
36:
28:
27:
25:Emma Humphreys
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2381:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2291:
2290:
2279:
2273:
2272:Serial rapist
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2262:November 25th
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2164:Types of rape
2162:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2152:and pregnancy
2150:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2037:Force-feeding
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1995:Honor killing
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1978:and pregnancy
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1943:Bride burning
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1857:Gareth Peirce
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1718:John Corcoran
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1708:Donna Anthony
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1698:Victor Nealon
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1678:Cardiff Three
1676:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1625:Ernest Barrie
1623:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1582:Anthony Steel
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1572:Stefan Kiszko
1570:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1515:Stockwell Six
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1484:Timothy Evans
1482:
1480:
1479:Derek Bentley
1477:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1308:
1301:
1298:
1293:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1118:4 All ER 1008
1117:
1116:R v Humphreys
1111:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1033:4 All ER 1008
1032:
1031:R v Humphreys
1026:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
994:
991:
987:
986:4 All ER 1008
985:
984:R v Humphreys
979:
977:
975:
973:
969:
965:
964:4 All ER 1008
963:
962:R v Humphreys
957:
955:
951:
947:
946:4 All ER 1008
945:
944:R v Humphreys
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
927:
923:
918:
915:
911:
906:
904:
902:
898:
893:
889:
882:
879:
876:
875:OpenDemocracy
872:
868:
865:
859:
857:
855:
851:
846:
842:
835:
832:
828:
826:
825:R v Humphreys
819:
816:
811:
804:
801:
796:
795:R v Humphreys
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
765:
763:
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
731:
729:
727:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
705:
703:
699:
694:
693:
688:
682:
679:
673:
663:
660:
653:
648:
645:
643:
640:
639:
635:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
614:
612:
605:
600:
595:
590:
586:
579:
577:
575:
571:
567:
559:
556:
553:
549:
546:
542:
540:
536:
535:R v Humphreys
531:
529:
525:
524:R v Humphreys
519:
516:
512:
509:was based on
508:
504:
503:R v Humphreys
499:
496:
492:
488:
487:R v Humphreys
484:
483:R v Ahluwalia
480:
476:
470:
466:
462:
461:DPP v Camplin
454:
452:
450:
446:
441:
436:
432:
430:
425:
423:
419:
415:
414:R v Humphreys
407:
404:
399:
392:
390:
388:
384:
378:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
345:
339:
329:
323:
311:
307:
306:R v Humphreys
304:
302:
298:
293:
290:
285:
282:
278:
270:
268:
264:
260:
253:
248:
246:
243:
239:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
215:
213:
209:
205:
197:
195:
193:
189:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
157:
155:
151:
147:
138:
134:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
108:
105:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
79:
75:
60:
56:
51:
47:
43:
39:
38:Left to right
34:
29:
22:
19:
2287:
2267:February 6th
2169:by deception
2032:Foot binding
2010:Infibulation
1958:Dating abuse
1948:Bride buying
1852:Chris Mullin
1847:Sarah Conlon
1842:Sarah Clarke
1837:Julie Bindel
1793:Institutions
1739:Barry George
1703:SiĂ´n Jenkins
1671:Raphael Rowe
1608:Sean Hodgson
1577:Robert Brown
1560:Gerry Conlon
1525:Andrew Evans
1371:
1367:
1355:
1348:Julie Bindel
1316:
1306:
1300:
1281:
1275:
1263:
1251:
1242:
1232:
1223:
1219:
1201:
1191:
1182:
1172:
1160:
1144:
1136:The Guardian
1135:
1125:
1115:
1110:
1098:
1090:
1070:The Guardian
1069:
1059:
1050:
1040:
1030:
1025:
1003:The Guardian
1002:
993:
983:
961:
943:
917:
891:
881:
874:
845:The Guardian
844:
834:
824:
818:
809:
803:
794:
773:The Guardian
772:
739:
713:
691:
681:
662:
617:
615:
611:The Guardian
610:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
583:
563:
554:
550:
547:
544:
539:Camplin test
534:
532:
523:
520:
514:
506:
502:
500:
494:
486:
482:
472:
455:Significance
437:
433:
426:
413:
411:
405:
380:
375:
362:Julie Bindel
351:
328:Julie Bindel
305:
300:
297:personality.
295:
286:
274:
265:
261:
257:
235:
216:
201:
192:North London
185:
177:Julie Bindel
158:
145:
144:
82:(1998-07-11)
80:11 July 1998
46:Julie Bindel
37:
18:
2314:1998 deaths
2309:1967 births
1990:Eve teasing
1985:Dowry death
1933:Acid attack
1862:Clare Short
1713:Sally Clark
1545:Judith Ward
1530:Liam Holden
1167:, 00:01:53.
1165:Parmar 2009
1149:Parmar 2009
1105:, 00:06:17.
1103:Parmar 2009
924:, 00:02:09.
922:Parmar 2009
507:provocation
449:Judith Ward
401:Barristers
383:provocation
161:provocation
103:Nationality
2303:Categories
2174:corrective
1973:management
1749:Sam Hallam
674:References
622:Vera Baird
459:See also:
440:Old Bailey
422:Vera Baird
412:The case (
403:Vera Baird
249:Conviction
223:vice squad
219:Nottingham
198:Early life
68:1967-10-30
50:Old Bailey
2214:statutory
2189:genocidal
1688:Lee Clegg
1666:M25 Three
1520:Oval Four
515:R v Duffy
279:, before
204:Dolgellau
2289:Category
2067:Misogyny
2027:Femicide
1388:29729075
1354:(eds.).
1153:00:00:14
867:Archived
636:See also
511:Devlin J
212:Edmonton
188:Holloway
173:feminist
2204:marital
1968:outline
1830:Related
1449:Accused
1406:7580625
1397:2550983
1120:, 1009.
1035:, 1014.
988:, 1010.
966:, 1012.
948:, 1011.
501:Before
406:(above)
254:Killing
231:Bulwell
107:British
2209:prison
2199:in war
2194:halala
2087:Sharia
2077:Raptio
1921:Issues
1814:Review
1772:Issues
1404:
1394:
1386:
1288:
467:, and
393:Appeal
238:remand
163:. The
1727:2000s
1659:1990s
1601:1980s
1498:1970s
1472:1950s
1456:1930s
1384:JSTOR
1093:, 38.
654:Notes
580:Diary
560:Death
271:Trial
2184:gang
2179:date
2157:laws
2147:Rape
2082:Sati
1402:PMID
1350:and
1286:ISBN
473:The
447:and
364:and
179:and
154:pimp
130:life
118:pimp
77:Died
58:Born
1392:PMC
1376:doi
1372:311
513:in
451:."
389:".
240:at
2305::
1400:.
1390:.
1382:.
1370:.
1366:.
1241:.
1210:^
1200:.
1181:.
1151:,
1134:.
1089:,
1078:^
1068:.
1049:.
1010:^
1001:,
971:^
953:^
929:^
900:^
890:.
873:.
853:^
843:.
780:^
771:,
747:^
738:,
721:^
712:,
701:^
463:,
206:,
194:.
190:,
183:.
40::
1906:e
1899:t
1892:v
1436:e
1429:t
1422:v
1408:.
1378::
1344:.
1309:"
1305:"
1294:.
1245:.
1204:.
1185:.
1155:.
1138:.
1072:.
1053:.
1005:.
894:.
847:.
823:"
742:.
716:.
493:(
481:(
70:)
66:(
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