659:, an autonomous lexical item in a particular context loses the properties of a fully independent word over time and acquires the properties of a morphological affix (prefix, suffix, infix, etc.). At any intermediate stage of this evolutionary process, the element in question can be described as a "clitic". As a result, this term ends up being applied to a highly heterogeneous class of elements, presenting different combinations of word-like and affix-like properties.
2305:"I was there, too". Depending on the context when attached to a verb it can also express that something happened according to the plan or as a surprise and not according to the plan. It can also make exclamations stronger. It can be attached to several words in the same sentence, changing the focus of the host word, but can only appear once per sentence:
679:, a given form can move gradually from one to the other by morphologization). However, by identifying clusters of observable properties that are associated with core examples of clitics on the one hand, and core examples of affixes on the other, one can pick out a battery of tests that provide an empirical foundation for a clitic-affix distinction.
178:
636:
Special clitics are morphemes that are bound to the word upon which they depend: they exist as a part of their host. That form, which is unaccented, represents a variant of a free form that carries stress. Both variants carry similar meaning and phonological makeup, but the special clitic is bound to
702:
level, and attaches only phonetically to the first, last, or only word in the phrase or clause, whichever part of speech the word belongs to. The results of applying these criteria sometimes reveal that elements that have traditionally been called "clitics" actually have the status of affixes (e.g.,
740:
Similar to the discussion above, clitics must be distinguishable from words. Linguists have proposed a number of tests to differentiate between the two categories. Some tests, specifically, are based upon the understanding that when comparing the two, clitics resemble affixes, while words resemble
1485:
and is restricted to only third-person singular conjugations. It is not used as a verb in the grammar of the sentence but introduces prepositional phrases and adds emphasis. It does not need to concord with the tense of the main verb, as in the second example, and can be usually removed from the
667:
Although the term "clitic" can be used descriptively to refer to any element whose grammatical status is somewhere in between a typical word and a typical affix, linguists have proposed various definitions of "clitic" as a technical term. One common approach is to treat clitics as words that are
714:
Clitics do not select their hosts. That is, they are "promiscuous", attaching to whichever word happens to be in the right place. Affixes do select their host: They only attach to the word they are connected to semantically, and generally attach to a particular part of
727:
Clitics can attach to material already containing clitics (and affixes). Affixes can attach to other affixes, but not to material containing clitics. That is, an affix may appear between a stem and a clitic, but a clitic may not occur between a stem and an affix to that
1782:), even though many of the modern clitics became cliticised much more recently in the language (e.g. auxiliary verbs or the accusative forms of pronouns). In subordinate clauses and questions, they follow the connector and/or the question word respectively.
754:
If a morpheme must be in a certain order with respect to other morphemes within the construction, then it is likely a clitic. Independent words enjoy free ordering with respect to other words, within the confines of the word order of the
1936:"tomorrow morning"). In cases like these, clitics normally follow the initial phrase, although some Standard grammar handbooks recommend that they should be placed immediately after the verb (many native speakers find this unnatural).
3563:
2674:: pronominal clitics, either subject or object clitics, are required in Somali. These exist as simple clitics postponed to the noun they apply to. Lexical arguments can be omitted from sentences, but pronominal clitics cannot be.
2093:: Suffixes standing for direct object pronouns and/or indirect object pronouns (as found in Indo-European languages) are suffixed to verbs, possessive determiners are suffixed to nouns, and pronouns are suffixed to particles.
741:
syntactic phrases. Clitics and words resemble different categories, in the sense that they share certain properties. Six such tests are described below. These are not the only ways to differentiate between words and clitics.
595:
Some authors postulate endoclitics, which split a stem and are inserted between the two elements. For example, they have been claimed to occur between the elements of bipartite verbs (equivalent to
English verbs such as
2846:
SIL International (2003). SIL Glossary of
Linguistic Terms: What is a clitic? "This page is an extract from the LinguaLinks Library, Version 5.0 published on CD-ROM by SIL International, 2003." Retrieved from
718:
Clitics do not exhibit arbitrary lexical gaps. Affixes, on the other hand, are often lexicalized and may simply not occur with certain words. (English plural -s, for example, does not occur with "child".)
2123:). In some Australian languages, case markers also seem to operate like special clitics since they are distributed at the phrasal instead of word level (indeed, clitics have been referred to as "phrasal
758:
If a morpheme's allowable behavior is determined by one principle, it is likely a clitic. For example, "a" precedes indefinite nouns in
English. Words can rarely be described with one such description.
831:
which acts as a general question marker. It always appears in second position in its sentence or proposition, and if the interrogation concerns one word in particular, that word is placed before it:
724:
Clitics do not exhibit semantic idiosyncrasies. That is, the meaning of the phrase-plus-clitic is predictable from the meanings of the phrase and the clitic. Affixes may have irregular meanings.
675:
Given this basic definition, further criteria are needed to establish a dividing line between clitics and affixes. There is no natural, clear-cut boundary between the two categories (since from a
628:
Simple clitics are free morphemes: can stand alone in a phrase or sentence. They are unaccented and thus phonologically dependent upon a nearby word. They derive meaning only from that "host".
770:
Clitics do not always appear next to the word or phrase that they are associated with grammatically. They may be subject to global word order constraints that act on the entire sentence. Many
143:
is not always a good guide for distinguishing clitics from affixes: clitics may be written as separate words, but sometimes they are joined to the word they depend on (like the Latin clitic
732:
An example of differing analyses by different linguists is the discussion of the possessive marker ('s) in
English. Some linguists treat it as an affix, while others treat it as a clitic.
2461:". It can also make a sentence more explanatory, make a claim more self-evident, express that something happened according to one's expectations, or that something came as a surprise etc.
3571:
751:
If a morpheme combines with single words to convey a further degree of meaning, then it is likely a clitic. A word combines with a group of words or phrases to denote further meaning.
3616:
Mereu, Lunella. "Agreement, Pronominalization, and Word Order in
Pragmatically-Oriented Languages." Boundaries of Morphology and Syntax. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins, 1999. N. pag. Print.
721:
Clitics do not exhibit morphophonological idiosyncrasies. That is, they follow the morphophonological rules of the rest of the language. Affixes may be irregular in this regard.
2381:
it can be attached to several host words in the same sentence. The only word it cannot be attached to is a negative verb. In questions it acts as a confirmation, like the word
998:. It was fully declined for gender, case and number. Since both the noun and enclitic were declined, this led to "double declension". The situation remains similar in modern
1912:
In certain rural dialects this rule is (or was until recently) very strict, whereas elsewhere various exceptions occur. These include phrases containing conjunctions (e. g.
620:
One distinction drawn by some scholars divides the broad term "clitics" into two categories, simple clitics and special clitics. This distinction is, however, disputed.
1436:
to be conjugated as a verbal clitic adverbial adjunct to emphasize the importance of the phrase compared to its context, or with the meaning of "really" or "in truth":
3452:
745:
If a morpheme is bound to a word and can never occur in complete isolation, then it is likely a clitic. In contrast, a word is not bound and can appear on its own.
108:
on another word or phrase. In this sense, it is syntactically independent but phonologically dependent—always attached to a host. A clitic is pronounced like an
2853:
668:
prosodically deficient: that, like affixes, they cannot appear without a host, and can only form an accentual unit in combination with their host. The term
582:
case turns "with/having something" into "even with/having something". Without the enclitic, the saying would be "rahaga vaene", which would mean that the
3350:
3593:
2630:("not... either") also function as clitics: although written separately, they are pronounced together with the preceding word, without stress:
2963:
Miller, Philip H. "Clitics and
Phrasal Affixes." Clitics and Constituents in Phrase Structure Grammar. New York: Garland, 1992. N. pag. Print.
782:), which requires sentential clitics to appear in "second position", after the first syntactic phrase or the first stressed word in a clause:
3494:
3139:
2995:
2907:
3027:
Klavans, Judith L. On
Clitics and Cliticization: The Interaction of Morphology, Phonology, and Syntax. New York: Garland Pub., 1995. Print.
2972:
Bermúdez-Otero, Ricardo & John Payne (2011). There are no special clitics. In
Alexandra Galani, Glyn Hicks & George Tsoulas (eds),
586:
is "poor, but has money" (compared to "poor even having money", having money won't make a difference if the predicate is poor or not).
3319:
3228:
3196:
3084:
2929:
2884:
218:
74:
3255:
3646:
2803:
3428:
2096:
1241:
are used after a noun and definite article to express "this" / "that" (singular) and "these" / "those" (plural). For example:
3167:
3365:
2002:, which always precedes the verb in Serbo-Croatian, or after prefixes (earlier preverbs), and the interrogative particle
1774:
These clitics follow the first stressed word in the sentence or clause in most cases, which may have been inherited from
3018:
On
Clitics and Cliticization: The Interaction of Morphology, Phonology, and Syntax. New York: Garland Pub., 1995. Print.
2668:). However, alternative analysis suggests that the nominal particles do not function as clitics, but as phrasal affixes.
1499:
1657:" "I would not succeed in giving it to him". In addition there are various simple clitics including short prepositions.
761:
In general, words are more morphologically complex than clitics. Clitics are rarely composed of more than one morpheme.
196:
2849:
898:
3636:
2437:
is also a tone particle. In interrogative sentences it can make the question more polite and not as pressing:
2116:
31:
1928:"the city (of) Zagreb"), and in many local varieties clitics are hardly ever inserted into any phrases (e. g.
934:
argue, however, that the form has the properties of an affix rather than a syntactically independent clitic.
3600:
2906:, Inc. / StreamSage, Inc.), September 18, 2005. Endoclitics in Pashto: Implications for Lexical Integrity (
1495:
1338:
771:
676:
2226:"Are you watching television?". It can also be added to words that are not verbs but the emphasis changes:
2104:
231:
Clitics fall into various categories depending on their position in relation to the word they connect to.
2597:= The man told me that he would see you tomorrow (Literally, "The man told me, tomorrow I see you ") vs.
188:
3535:
3446:
1337:
of and so are affixes by the definition used here. There is no general agreement on the issue. For the
2740:
means in the room. Verbal clitics also exist, for pronouns as well as for certain meanings like "if" (
2403:
is a tone particle which can either add an arguing or patronising tone, or strengthen the host word:
3366:"Pronominal Syntax in Maputo Portuguese (Mozambique) from a Comparative Creole and Bantu Perspective"
2778:
1779:
1135:
694:, such as a verb, to form a new word. A clitic syntactically functions above the word level, on the
1568:
1145:
1775:
1429:
1376:
583:
2899:
27:
Morpheme with syntactic characteristics of a word but with phonological dependence on another word
3641:
3301:
2716:
means "are you also good?". However, this word must be pronounced and written carefully, as the -
2604:
2572:
2128:
1287:
as clitics in a similar way, also to express "this" / "that" and "these" / "those". For example:
1022:. Old Norse had also some enclitics of personal pronouns that were attached to verbs. These were
1011:
1003:
887:
809:'s epigram LXIV, literally "who indeed can deny ?"). Spevak (2010) reports that in her corpus of
646:
748:
If the addition of a morpheme to a word prevents further affixation, then it is likely a clitic.
3059:
Andrew
Spencer and Ana Luís, "The canonical clitic". In Brown, Chumakina, & Corbett, eds.
3500:
3490:
3380:
3344:
3224:
3212:
3192:
3180:
3163:
3135:
3080:
2991:
2925:
2880:
2601:
I told the man that I would see you tomorrow (Literally, "To man I told, tomorrow I see you ).
2582:
2112:
2108:
1712:
1326:
779:
563:
3523:
3293:
3125:
2680:: there are some clitics which are independent words, while others are suffixes: the clitic
2677:
2134:
2100:
1748:
1608:
1334:
1330:
1228:
1015:
999:
905:
875:
824:
280:
45:
2593:(1st person speakers) is added to the end of a sentence to show reported speech. Examples:
3631:
3548:
3216:
3184:
2788:
2783:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2671:
2641:
2120:
2090:
1660:
1131:
1007:
931:
609:
605:
536:
3326:
2507:
is a tone particle as well. It can also be used as a mitigating or softening phrase like
710:
Zwicky and Pullum postulated five characteristics that distinguish clitics from affixes:
193:. In particular, it is unclear which words or parts of words are clitics in the examples.
3244:
3118:
On a law of Indo-European word order: Über ein Gesetz der indogermanischen Wortstellung
3015:
2564:
1708:
1630:
1524:
1083:
786:
691:
656:
612:. However, other authors treat such forms as a sequence of clitics docked to the stem.
509:
405:
83:
2066:"Do you see the sister?" (It is impossible to say, e. g. **Sestru li vidiš?, although
3625:
3568:
Language, Information and Computation Proceedings of the 10th Pacific Asia Conference
3413:
3280:
Zwicky, Arnold M.; Pullum (1983). "Cliticization vs. inflection: the case of English
3037:
2798:
2773:
2721:
2260:
2138:
1728:
927:
301:
121:
87:
3470:
2119:
and other less common argument structures like causal and reciprocal arguments (see
2018:
appear in sentence-initial position and are followed by clitics (if there are any).
1594:
1359:" = "we tied it" or "we tied him"; can only occur with the verb it is the object of)
1180:
from its rest of the verb if the preverb comes at the beginning of the clause, e.g.
1077:
2808:
2622:
he'll come." This clitic can also mark direct questions with a falling intonation.
1696:
1274:
1119:
601:
3074:
1588:
3527:
3105:
Zwicky, Arnold M. "Clitics and Particles." Language 61.2 (1985): 283–305. Print.
2653:
2645:
2006:
always immediately follows the verb. Colloquial interrogative particles such as
1379:
allows object suffixes before the conditional and future suffixes of the verbs:
200:
140:
3519:
3388:
1950:"He and I went to town." (lit. I are and him gone to town) – this is dialectal.
645:
Some clitics can be understood as elements undergoing a historical process of
579:
382:
154:
136:
132:
3384:
1890:"If you (pl.) gave them to me now..." (lit. If you-would to-me them now give-
3504:
3469:(ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS: LINGUISTICS). Vol. Volume 52. Oxon: Routledge.
3116:
943:
683:
105:
3130:
2924:. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa.
1092:
definite article of neuter nouns and third person singular neuter pronoun,
922:
etc. is typically considered a clitic that developed from the lexical item
789:
had three enclitics that appeared in second or third position of a clause:
127:
Clitics can belong to any grammatical category, although they are commonly
1980:"My elder sister told him that." (lit. my to-him is elder sister that say-
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1582:
1576:
1551:
1528:
3484:
2449:
if your dad is at home?" In command phrases it makes the command softer:
1511:
687:
341:
101:
17:
3594:"Non-morphological Determination of Nominal Particle Ordering in Korean"
3091:
There are two alternatives that have been explored in recent literature.
2214:
attached to a verb makes it a question. It is used in yes/no questions:
1563:
1557:
1541:
3191:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1614–1616.
2947:
2922:
Clitics in Degema: A Meeting Point of Phonology, Morphology, and Syntax
1671:
1203:
1177:
989:
818:
806:
367:
128:
3305:
2692:
depending on vowel harmony) is used to form yes/no questions, such as
2661:
1515:
504:)." (= However, I'm not sure if I would like to try it there as well.)
3223:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 480–481.
2903:
2793:
1732:
1683:
1019:
814:
810:
699:
695:
352:
150:
113:
95:
35:
2948:
Martin Haspelmath (2022) 'Types of clitics in the world’s languages'
1920:"the top of the hill"), proper names and titles and the like (e. g.
878:
enclitics include the contracted versions of auxiliary verbs, as in
3297:
1333:
forms as clitics, though they only attach to the verb they are the
1176:("of thyself?"). Multiple clitics could be stacked up, and split a
2124:
1537:
251:
109:
2748:). Pronominal clitics make pronouns redundant in most situations.
1850:"I showed (all of) them to you yesterday." (focus on "yesterday")
821:, these three words appear in such position in 100% of the cases.
2115:, animate arguments as well. Pronominal enclitics may also mark
1677:
1665:
255:
2501:"I thought you wouldn't be able to, but you speak Finnish well"
1998:
Clitics are however never inserted after the negative particle
894:
as an enclitic, rather than a (phrasal) genitival inflection.
171:
1134:: Sentence clitics appear in 2nd position in accordance with
982:("the tree"), an abbreviated form of the independent pronoun
90:
964:(masculine, feminine and neuter nominative singular), as in
149:, meaning "and") or separated by special characters such as
2976:(Linguistik Aktuell 178), 57–96. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
2137:: Finnish has seven clitics, which change according to the
1840:"I showed all of them to you (yesterday)." (focus on "all")
104:
that has syntactic characteristics of a word, but depends
2275:
blueberries". It can also make a negative verb stronger:
1916:"Ivan and Ana"), nouns with a genitival attribute (e. g.
1633:: special clitics: weak personal and reflexive pronouns (
63:
57:
2990:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
844:Завтра ли он придёт?, Is it tomorrow that he'll arrive?
2660:), as well as some nominal and verbal particles (e.g.
847:Он ли завтра придёт?, Is it he who'll arrive tomorrow?
3421:
EStudos Em Homenagem Ao Professor Doutor Mário Vilela
2193:. One word can have multiple clitics attached to it:
1675:(reflexive, also modifies meaning of certain verbs),
1641:, "would"), and various short particles and adverbs (
75:
66:
51:
3414:"Novas notas sobre a construção com ser focalizador"
1504:
60:
54:
3044:. Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics Club.
547:, which indicates certainty, this sentence becomes
543:= ఇది నా పువ్వు (This is my flower). With enclitic
520:, which indicates certainty, this sentence becomes
48:
2986:Hopper, Paul J.; Elizabeth Closs Traugott (2003).
1123:
652: lexical item → clitic → affix
351:नरो गजश्च i.e. "naraḥ gajaḥ ca" नरस् गजस् -च with
3471:https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317918325
2361:is also a focus particle and it corresponds with
3160:Studies in language Amsterdam / Companion series
3079:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 292–293.
1481:Note that this clitic form is only for the verb
516:= இது என் பூ (This is my flower). With enclitic
3520:"Case Suffixes as Special Clitics in Wangkatja"
2877:Endoclitics and the Origins of Udi Morphosyntax
2835:A First Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics
1860:"I know that I have already shown them to you."
1486:sentence without affecting the simple meaning.
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
983:
977:
971:
965:
959:
953:
947:
3412:Bartens, Angela, and Niclas Sandström (2005).
3156:The Constituent Order of Classical Latin Prose
2696:"is it good?". It can be inflected by person:
841:Придёт ли он завтра?, Will he arrive tomorrow?
672:is sometimes used for this sense of the term.
3221:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language
3189:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language
1904:"Whatever I saw..." (lit. What I-am ever see-
1213:
1207:
8:
3451:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2943:
2941:
2042:"Bring them (over here)!" (a prefixed verb:
1880:"Did I (really) show them to you yesterday?"
1191:
1181:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1139:
993:
199:. There might be a discussion about this on
2293:is a focus particle, often used instead of
2070:"It's the sister that you see." is natural)
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
144:
3564:"Clitic Analyses of Korean "Little Words""
3055:
3053:
3051:
3011:
3009:
3007:
385:: नमः + -ते = नमस्ते), with sandhi change
3129:
3101:
3099:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2823:
1695:&c. (unstressed personal pronouns in
1110:third person masculine singular pronoun,
703:the Romance pronominal clitics discussed
604:. Endoclitics have also been claimed for
574:means "Poor even having money". Enclitic
219:Learn how and when to remove this message
116:level. In other words, clitics have the
3063:. Oxford University Press, pp. 123–150.
2959:
2957:
2955:
2431:"Well, go ahead and tell why you did it"
1747:, for the respective tense), unstressed
1070:). These could even be stacked up, e.g.
946:: The definite article was the enclitic
854:, I don't know if he'll arrive tomorrow.
275:Roman" = "The Senate and people of Rome"
2819:
2248:gives the host word a colloquial tone:
2242:"Is it you who is watching television?"
1984:) – standard and usual in many dialects
1870:"Why did I show them to you yesterday?"
1826:"I showed them to you (pl.) yesterday."
3544:
3533:
3444:
3349:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3342:
3073:Spencer, Andrew; Luis, Ana R. (2012).
2607:: the marker of indirect questions is
1970:– prescribed by some standard grammars
1761:me, te, ga (nj), je (ju), nas, vas, ih
704:
2837:. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1980. Print.
2234:"Is it television you're watching?",
1498:, some clitics can be traced back to
239:A proclitic appears before its host.
7:
2720:(another clitic) suffix creates the
2712:) means "too", "as well" or "also":
1190:("and then he seized them (fem.)"),
852:(Ya nye znayu, pridyot li on zavtra)
247:An enclitic appears after its host.
164:in "it's" for "it has" or "it is").
120:of affixes, but the distribution of
112:, but plays a syntactic role at the
2879:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2080:"Do/Can you see (me)?" (colloquial)
1763:), and unstressed present tense of
1637:, "him"), certain auxiliary verbs (
1214:
1208:
803:quis enim (quisenim) potest negare?
3124:. Berlin: Language Science Press.
2599:K'atss vutxari, xval gnaxe-metki =
2589:(2nd and 3rd person speakers) and
2469:"Pekka knows me, he is my teacher
25:
2920:Kari, Ethelbert Emmanuel (2003).
3486:Aspects of the theory of clitics
2804:Weak and strong forms in English
2495:Luulin, ettette osaisi, mutta te
2218:"You are watching television" →
2099:: Many Australian languages use
1104:second person singular pronoun,
176:
44:
3489:. New York: Oxford University.
3434:from the original on 2014-03-12
3261:from the original on 2014-10-31
3061:Canonical Morphology and Syntax
2856:from the original on 2004-05-10
2571:attached to a verb to form the
2097:Australian Aboriginal languages
1592:"for" (in a logical argument),
1424:" – "They will give it to us").
1329:, some have treated the object
850:Я не знаю, придёт ли он завтра
637:a host word and is unaccented.
2579:'in' (also attached to a verb)
1727:(yes–no question), unstressed
361:" = "the man and the elephant"
100:"leaning" or "enclitic") is a
1:
3483:Anderson, Stephen R. (2005).
3467:Australian Aboriginal Grammar
3364:Gadelii, Karl Erland (2002).
2974:Morphology and its interfaces
2850:"What is a clitic? (Grammar)"
2595:K'atsma miutxra, xval gnaxe-o
2393:"Where did you say you lived
2032:"I don't (or can't) see you."
1757:mi, ti, mu, joj, nam, vam, im
1745:bih, bi, bi, bismo, biste, bi
1669:(conditional mood particle),
655:According to this model from
2700:"are you good?". The clitic
2259:("how"). When attached to a
2103:enclitics to mark inanimate
1753:me, te, ga, je, nas, vas, ih
1200:("whether he saw anything").
1018:, the enclitics have become
892:The Queen of England's crown
3528:10.13140/RG.2.2.10204.00649
2493:"Well, if it isn't Maija!"
2271:"I don't like strawberries
2263:it corresponds with "and":
1769:ću, ćeš, će, ćemo, ćete, će
1619:(emphasis), то (emphasis),
1116:third person plural pronoun
682:An affix syntactically and
412:-li by se mi si to tam však
3663:
1505:
1206:: The unspecified pronoun
1166:("anything"), for example
91:
3518:Shoulson, Oliver (2019).
2875:Harris, Alice C. (2002).
2736:means "the room too" and
1994:– common in many dialects
1741:sam, si, je, smo, ste, su
1398:" – "She would take it").
801:'however'. For example,
554:= ఇది నా పువ్వే (This is
336:" = "(both) men and gods"
157:(like the English clitic
3570:: 97–102. Archived from
3076:Clitics: An Introduction
2902:& Anthony R. Davis (
2638:"He won't come, either."
2423:what a beautiful cat!",
2411:"Well, I know better!",
1978:starija sestra to rekla.
1816:"Show (pl.) them to me."
1510:is the original form of
1128:("Will he do it today?")
938:Other Germanic languages
838:, He'll arrive tomorrow.
677:diachronic point of view
527:= இது என் பூவே (This is
359:the man the elephant and
3647:Linguistics terminology
3562:Chae, Hee-Rahk (1995).
3115:Wackernagel, W (2020).
2365:in negative sentences:
1834:(jučer) pokazao. / Sve
1496:Indo-European languages
1455:" – "He was very fat").
1339:Spanish object pronouns
1192:
1182:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1140:
1124:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1024:
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
954:
948:
886:. Some also regard the
861:Indo-European languages
772:Indo-European languages
663:Comparison with affixes
3543:Cite journal requires
3465:Blake, Barry J. 2014.
3131:10.5281/zenodo.3978908
2463:Pekka tuntee minut, on
2297:("also" / "as well"):
2265:En pidä mansikoista en
2127:") see for example in
1930:moj najbolji prijatelj
1691:(personal auxiliary),
1473:" – "He phoned Paula (
1112:
1106:
1100:
1098:first person pronoun,
1094:
1088:
994:
992:of the German pronoun
145:
3154:Spevak, Olga (2010).
2728:means "him too", but
2652:) and the adjectival
2618:"He doesn't know yet
1924:"(Mrs) Ivana Marić",
1922:(gospođa) Ivana Marić
1212:can be contracted to
736:Comparison with words
3592:James Hye Suk Yoon.
2779:Grammatical particle
2499:puhutte suomea hyvin
2481:"Everyone does that
2467:hän minun opettajani
2056:"Do/can you see me?"
1988:Moja starija sestra
1785:Examples (clitics –
914:The negative marker
774:, for example, obey
189:confusing or unclear
3245:"What is a clitic?"
2240:katsot televisiota?
1948:i on otišli u grad.
1793:"you would (pl.)",
1776:Proto-Indo-European
1693:mi, ci, cię, go, mu
1689:-m, -ś, -śmy, -ście
1623:"not" (proclitic),
1615:(yes–no question),
1500:Proto-Indo-European
1490:Proto-Indo-European
836:(on zavtra pridyot)
686:attaches to a base
197:clarify the section
3213:Huddleston, Rodney
3181:Huddleston, Rodney
3016:Klavans, Judith L.
2988:Grammaticalization
2634:"He'll come too."
2612:Nem tudja még, jön
2216:Katsot televisiota
1932:"my best friend",
1759:) and accusative (
976:("the gift"), and
911:to be proclitics.
897:Some consider the
866:Germanic languages
670:postlexical clitic
647:grammaticalization
429:), I do not know (
3496:978-0-19-927990-6
3373:Africa & Asia
3141:978-3-96110-271-6
2997:978-0-521-80421-9
2714:Sen de iyi misin?
2559:what time it is?"
2523:isn't it Anni?",
2429:, miksi teit sen!
1780:Wackernagel's Law
1749:personal pronouns
1713:reflexive pronoun
1358:
1327:Romance languages
1321:Romance languages
1136:Wackernagel's Law
1125:Deit'a't vondoag?
899:infinitive marker
888:possessive marker
834:Он завтра придёт
797:'but, moreover',
780:Jacob Wackernagel
776:Wackernagel's law
229:
228:
221:
16:(Redirected from
3654:
3617:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3599:. Archived from
3598:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3546:
3541:
3539:
3531:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3480:
3474:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3450:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3433:
3418:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3393:
3387:. Archived from
3370:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3348:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3331:
3325:. Archived from
3324:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3260:
3249:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3217:Pullum, Geoffrey
3209:
3203:
3202:
3185:Pullum, Geoffrey
3177:
3171:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3133:
3123:
3112:
3106:
3103:
3094:
3093:
3070:
3064:
3057:
3046:
3045:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3002:
3001:
2983:
2977:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2950:
2945:
2936:
2935:
2917:
2911:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2872:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2844:
2838:
2833:Crystal, David.
2831:
2626:("as well") and
2409:tiedän paremmin!
2373:"I wasn't there
2343:Minä olin siellä
1960:– commonly heard
1838:pokazao (jučer).
1801:"to you (pl.)",
1603:Slavic languages
1508:
1507:
1502:: for example, *
1356:
1331:personal pronoun
1223:Celtic languages
1217:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1199:
1189:
1175:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1143:
1127:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1027:
997:
987:
981:
975:
969:
963:
957:
951:
906:English articles
224:
217:
213:
210:
204:
180:
179:
172:
161:
148:
99:
94:
93:
78:
73:
72:
69:
68:
65:
62:
59:
56:
53:
50:
21:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3637:Morphophonology
3622:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3611:
3603:
3596:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3577:
3575:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3542:
3532:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3497:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3473:(11 June 2020).
3464:
3460:
3443:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3416:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3368:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3341:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3322:
3320:"Archived copy"
3318:
3317:
3313:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3231:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3153:
3149:
3142:
3121:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3104:
3097:
3087:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3058:
3049:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3014:
3005:
2998:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2900:Craig A. Kopris
2898:
2894:
2887:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2859:
2857:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2832:
2821:
2817:
2789:Separable affix
2784:Possessive case
2769:Functional item
2764:Clitic doubling
2759:Clitic climbing
2755:
2371:en ollut siellä
2111:languages like
2087:
2085:Other languages
1964:Ja i on otišli
1735:tense forms of
1706:
1605:
1569:yes–no question
1492:
1341:, for example:
1323:
1314:na leabhair sin
1312:"these books",
1310:na leabhair seo
1266:"these books",
1225:
1146:yes–no question
1061:-ðu / -du / -tu
940:
932:Geoffrey Pullum
873:
868:
863:
793:'indeed, for',
768:
738:
665:
643:
634:
632:Special clitics
626:
618:
593:
245:
237:
225:
214:
208:
205:
194:
181:
177:
170:
159:
76:
47:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3660:
3658:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3618:
3609:
3606:on 2007-09-27.
3584:
3554:
3545:|journal=
3510:
3495:
3475:
3458:
3404:
3356:
3311:
3298:10.2307/413900
3292:(3): 502–513.
3272:
3236:
3229:
3204:
3197:
3172:
3147:
3140:
3107:
3095:
3085:
3065:
3047:
3038:Zwicky, Arnold
3029:
3020:
3003:
2996:
2978:
2965:
2951:
2937:
2930:
2912:
2892:
2885:
2867:
2839:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2732:means "room";
2675:
2669:
2639:
2602:
2580:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2502:
2432:
2398:
2356:
2288:
2243:
2132:
2094:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2071:
2057:
2047:
2033:
1996:
1995:
1985:
1971:
1961:
1958:otišli u grad.
1951:
1910:
1909:
1895:
1881:
1878:jučer pokazao?
1871:
1868:jučer pokazao?
1861:
1851:
1848:(sve) pokazao.
1841:
1827:
1817:
1767:("want/will";
1709:Serbo-Croatian
1705:
1704:Serbo-Croatian
1702:
1701:
1700:
1658:
1653:by se mi mu to
1649:, "though"). "
1628:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1572:
1491:
1488:
1479:
1478:
1456:
1426:
1425:
1399:
1374:
1373:
1360:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1303:
1300:an leabhar sin
1296:an leabhar seo
1272:
1271:
1257:
1231:, the clitics
1224:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1201:
1129:
1117:
1081:
1080:, stanza 116).
939:
936:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
858:
857:
856:
855:
848:
845:
842:
839:
822:
767:
764:
763:
762:
759:
756:
752:
749:
746:
737:
734:
730:
729:
725:
722:
719:
716:
692:part of speech
684:phonologically
664:
661:
657:Judith Klavans
642:
639:
633:
630:
625:
624:Simple clitics
622:
617:
614:
592:
589:
588:
587:
561:
560:
559:
534:
533:
532:
507:
506:
505:
414:také vyzkoušet
403:
402:
401:
364:
363:
362:
339:
338:
337:
299:
298:
297:
278:
277:
276:
244:
241:
236:
233:
227:
226:
184:
182:
175:
169:
168:Classification
166:
122:function words
106:phonologically
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3659:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3613:
3610:
3602:
3595:
3588:
3585:
3574:on 2012-02-07
3573:
3569:
3565:
3558:
3555:
3550:
3537:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3514:
3511:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3454:
3448:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3405:
3394:on 2006-09-20
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3357:
3352:
3346:
3332:on 2014-05-18
3328:
3321:
3315:
3312:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3273:
3257:
3253:
3246:
3240:
3237:
3232:
3230:0-521-43146-8
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3208:
3205:
3200:
3198:0-521-43146-8
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3158:. In series:
3157:
3151:
3148:
3143:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3120:
3119:
3111:
3108:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3086:9781139560313
3082:
3078:
3077:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2993:
2989:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2931:4-87297-850-1
2927:
2923:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2893:
2888:
2886:0-19-924633-5
2882:
2878:
2871:
2868:
2855:
2851:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2799:V2 word order
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2774:Genitive case
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2722:locative case
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2704:(realised as
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2684:(realised as
2683:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2644:: The copula
2643:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2552:
2547:, why not?",
2546:
2542:
2540:
2534:
2530:
2528:
2522:
2518:
2516:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2492:
2490:
2484:
2480:
2478:
2472:
2468:
2466:
2460:
2456:
2454:
2448:
2444:
2443:isäsi kotona?
2442:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2422:
2418:
2417:kaunis kissa!
2416:
2410:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2390:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2370:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2317:was there"),
2316:
2312:
2310:
2304:
2302:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2274:
2270:
2268:
2262:
2261:negative verb
2258:
2257:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2233:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2198:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2167:-kaan ~ -kään
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2139:vowel harmony
2136:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2107:and, in many
2106:
2102:
2101:bound pronoun
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2077:
2072:
2069:
2068:Sestru vidiš.
2065:
2063:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2039:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1993:
1991:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1907:
1903:
1901:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1887:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1751:in genitive (
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1703:
1698:
1697:oblique cases
1694:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1627:(subjunctive)
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1501:
1497:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1476:
1475:with emphasis
1472:
1470:
1464:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1446:
1444:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1389:
1387:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1320:
1316:"those books"
1315:
1311:
1308:"the books",
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:"this book",
1297:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1270:"those books"
1269:
1265:
1262:"the books",
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:"this book",
1251:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1222:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1188:
1186:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1126:
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1118:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
980:
974:
970:("the elf"),
968:
962:
956:
950:
945:
942:
941:
937:
935:
933:
929:
928:Arnold Zwicky
925:
921:
917:
912:
910:
907:
903:
900:
895:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
870:
865:
860:
853:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
833:
832:
830:
826:
823:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
785:
784:
783:
781:
778:(named after
777:
773:
765:
760:
757:
753:
750:
747:
744:
743:
742:
735:
733:
726:
723:
720:
717:
713:
712:
711:
708:
706:
701:
697:
693:
690:of a limited
689:
685:
680:
678:
673:
671:
662:
660:
658:
653:
650:
648:
640:
638:
631:
629:
623:
621:
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581:
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571:
565:
562:
557:
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549:
548:
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538:
535:
530:
526:
522:
521:
519:
515:
511:
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499:
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488:
483:
479:
478:
473:
469:
468:
462:
461:
455:
454:
449:
446:
442:
441:
436:
432:
428:
427:
422:
418:
417:
415:
413:
410:Nevím, chtělo
407:
404:
399:
398:bowing to you
395:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
371:
365:
360:
356:
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354:
350:
349:
343:
340:
335:
332:
328:
324:
320:
319:
318:
315:
311:
307:
303:
302:Ancient Greek
300:
295:
291:
290:
289:
286:
282:
279:
274:
270:
266:
265:
264:
262:
259:
253:
250:
249:
248:
242:
240:
234:
232:
223:
220:
212:
202:
201:the talk page
198:
192:
190:
185:This section
183:
174:
173:
167:
165:
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156:
152:
147:
142:
138:
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125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
98:
89:
85:
81:
80:
71:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3612:
3601:the original
3587:
3576:. Retrieved
3572:the original
3567:
3557:
3536:cite journal
3513:
3485:
3478:
3466:
3461:
3447:cite journal
3436:. Retrieved
3424:
3420:
3407:
3396:. Retrieved
3389:the original
3376:
3372:
3359:
3334:. Retrieved
3327:the original
3314:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3275:
3263:. Retrieved
3252:stanford.edu
3251:
3239:
3220:
3207:
3188:
3175:
3162:(vol. 117).
3159:
3155:
3150:
3117:
3110:
3090:
3075:
3068:
3060:
3041:
3032:
3023:
2987:
2981:
2973:
2968:
2921:
2915:
2908:abstract pdf
2895:
2876:
2870:
2858:. Retrieved
2842:
2834:
2809:Weak pronoun
2745:
2744:) or "can" (
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2665:
2657:
2649:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2576:
2568:
2556:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2531:"Come here,
2526:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2496:
2494:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2479:niin tekevät
2476:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2387:Missä sanoit
2386:
2385:in English:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2327:Surprisingly
2326:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2306:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2287:won't come!"
2284:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2264:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2237:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2224:televisiota?
2221:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2075:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2051:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2035:
2027:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1997:
1989:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1965:
1963:
1955:
1953:
1945:
1943:
1938:
1934:sutra ujutro
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1911:
1905:
1902:god vidio...
1899:
1897:
1891:
1888:sada dali...
1885:
1883:
1875:
1873:
1865:
1863:
1858:već pokazao.
1855:
1853:
1845:
1843:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1821:
1819:
1811:
1809:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1784:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1707:
1692:
1688:
1687:(emphasis),
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1540:
1533:
1527:
1520:
1514:
1503:
1493:
1482:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1466:
1460:
1458:
1450:
1448:
1442:
1440:
1433:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1413:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1393:
1391:
1385:
1383:
1375:
1369:
1364:
1362:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1324:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1295:
1294:"the book",
1291:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:Irish Gaelic
1273:
1268:an lyvrow na
1267:
1264:an lyvrow ma
1263:
1259:
1253:
1249:
1248:"the book",
1245:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1226:
1194:
1184:
1170:
1138:, including
1120:Plautdietsch
926:. Linguists
923:
919:
915:
913:
908:
901:
896:
891:
883:
879:
874:
851:
835:
828:
827:has one: ли
802:
798:
794:
790:
775:
769:
739:
731:
709:
681:
674:
669:
666:
654:
651:
644:
635:
627:
619:
602:Udi language
597:
594:
575:
569:
567:
555:
551:
544:
541:idi nā puvvu
540:
528:
524:
517:
513:
501:
496:
495:
491:
486:
485:
481:
476:
475:
471:
466:
464:
459:
457:
452:
451:
447:
444:
439:
438:
434:
430:
425:
424:
420:
411:
409:
397:
390:
386:
378:
374:
369:
358:
347:
345:
333:
330:
326:
322:
316:
313:
309:
305:
293:
287:
284:
272:
268:
260:
257:
246:
238:
230:
215:
206:
195:Please help
186:
158:
139:. Note that
126:
117:
96:
39:
29:
3427:: 105–119.
2686:mi, mı, mu,
2573:progressive
2457:"Come here
2335:As expected
2333:there" or "
2311:olin siellä
2303:olin siellä
2269:mustikoista
2228:Televisiota
2187:-han ~ -hän
2021:Examples:
1939:Examples:
1926:grad Zagreb
1886:biste mi ih
1755:), dative (
1651:Nepodařilo
1598:"therefore"
1441:Ele estava
1428:Colloquial
1306:na leabhair
1302:"that book"
1256:"that book"
1254:an lyver na
1250:an lyver ma
616:Distinction
550:Idi nā puvv
500:) as well (
155:apostrophes
141:orthography
137:adpositions
133:determiners
3626:Categories
3578:2007-03-28
3438:2014-03-11
3398:2006-09-20
3336:2014-05-18
3170:. Page 14.
3168:9027205841
3042:On Clitics
2860:2004-04-16
2815:References
2698:iyi misin?
2636:Ő sem jön.
2285:definitely
2117:possession
1982:participle
1914:Ivan i Ana
1906:participle
1892:participle
1876:sam vam ih
1866:sam vam ih
1856:sam vam ih
1846:sam vam ih
1836:sam vam ih
1832:sam vam ih
1822:sam vam ih
1739:("to be";
1645:, "here";
1467:He phoned
1463:para Paula
1459:Ele ligou
1430:Portuguese
1414:They give-
1377:Portuguese
1292:an leabhar
1173:þus silbin
1160:("then"),
909:a, an, the
766:Word order
641:Properties
591:Endoclitic
580:comitative
558:my flower)
531:my flower)
465:vyzkoušet
463:) to try (
383:Devanagari
366:Sanskrit:
346:naro gajaś
191:to readers
97:enklitikós
92:ἐγκλιτικός
84:backformed
32:morphology
3642:Morphemes
3385:1650-2019
3379:: 27–41.
2632:Ő is jön.
2605:Hungarian
2553:kello on?
2491:se siinä!
2483:after all
2471:after all
2425:No, kerro
2341:there"),
2319:Minä olin
2155:-ka ~ -kä
2147:-ko ~ -kö
2129:Wangkatja
2105:arguments
2044:do+vedite
2036:Dovedite
2026:Ne vidim
1992:to rekla.
1810:Pokažite
1805:"them"):
1797:"to me",
1402:Eles dar-
1392:She take-
1384:Ela levá-
1260:an lyvrow
1187:-sat ijōs
1154:("and"),
1012:Norwegian
1006:, but in
1004:Icelandic
944:Old Norse
755:language.
600:) in the
598:take part
584:predicate
578:with the
556:certainly
529:certainly
523:idu eṉ pū
514:idu eṉ pū
306:ánthrōpoí
292:"to have
235:Proclitic
209:July 2014
18:Enclitics
3505:60776789
3429:Archived
3345:cite web
3286:Language
3265:30 April
3256:Archived
3219:(2002).
3187:(2002).
3040:(1977).
2854:Archived
2753:See also
2583:Georgian
2549:Paljonko
2447:I wonder
2391:asuvasi?
2377:". Like
2348:("I was
2208:it is?"
2203:I wonder
2113:Warlpiri
2109:pro-drop
1954:Ja i on
1918:vrh brda
1854:Znam da
1820:Pokazao
1789:"I am",
1512:Sanskrit
1246:an lyver
920:couldn't
904:and the
890:, as in
688:morpheme
564:Estonian
456:) want (
342:Sanskrit
267:"Senate
256:Senatus
243:Enclitic
129:pronouns
102:morpheme
2694:iyi mi?
2678:Turkish
2537:Miksikä
2521:Oh, but
2353:as well
2315:I, too,
2232:katsot?
2135:Finnish
2125:affixes
2121:Pintupi
2064:sestru?
1968:u grad.
1729:present
1609:Russian
1586:"but",
1580:"and",
1574:Greek:
1555:"and",
1549:Latin:
1536:), and
1494:In the
1449:He was
1432:allows
1368:("give
1229:Cornish
1204:Yiddish
1178:preverb
1078:Hávamál
1058:), and
1020:endings
1016:Swedish
1000:Faroese
990:cognate
967:álfrinn
876:English
871:English
825:Russian
819:Sallust
807:Martial
715:speech.
458:chtělo
421:However
281:Spanish
263:Romanus
258:Populus
187:may be
151:hyphens
3632:Syntax
3503:
3493:
3383:
3306:413900
3304:
3227:
3195:
3166:
3138:
3083:
2994:
2928:
2904:AppTek
2883:
2794:Tmesis
2734:oda da
2672:Somali
2642:Korean
2591:-metki
2517:se on?
2513:Anniko
2475:Kaikki
2375:either
2323:siellä
2220:Katsot
2189:) and
2091:Arabic
2078:vidiš?
2060:Vidiš
2050:Vidiš
1864:Zašto
1844:Jučer
1824:jučer.
1765:htjeti
1743:; and
1733:aorist
1715:forms
1711:: the
1661:Polish
1561:"or",
1396:-would
1349:atamos
1335:object
1185:uh-þan
1132:Gothic
1073:fásktu
1064:(from
1052:(from
1040:(from
1028:(from
1008:Danish
973:gjǫfin
918:as in
815:Cicero
811:Caesar
805:(from
795:-autem
700:clause
696:phrase
610:Degema
606:Pashto
568:Rahaga
537:Telugu
353:sandhi
323:people
269:people
114:phrase
40:clitic
36:syntax
3604:(PDF)
3597:(PDF)
3432:(PDF)
3417:(PDF)
3392:(PDF)
3369:(PDF)
3330:(PDF)
3323:(PDF)
3302:JSTOR
3259:(PDF)
3248:(PDF)
3122:(pdf)
2746:-Abil
2738:odada
2565:Ganda
2529:tänne
2487:Maija
2455:tänne
2395:again
2383:again
2359:-kAAn
2350:there
2281:tule!
2254:miten
2250:miten
2197:kohan
2163:-kAAn
2052:li me
2008:da li
1990:mu je
1976:mu je
1974:Moja
1812:mi ih
1791:biste
1778:(see
1631:Czech
1538:Latin
1525:Greek
1471:Paula
1445:gordo
1422:-will
1370:me it
1355:tied-
1277:uses
1197:-sēƕi
1084:Dutch
995:jener
979:tréit
884:we've
799:-vero
791:-enim
787:Latin
728:stem.
705:below
572:vaene
510:Tamil
492:there
482:to me
448:would
431:nevím
406:Czech
391:namas
389:>
387:namaḥ
375:namaḥ
373:<
368:Namas
314:theoí
285:tener
252:Latin
160:'
135:, or
110:affix
88:Greek
86:from
3549:help
3501:OCLC
3491:ISBN
3453:link
3381:ISSN
3351:link
3267:2018
3225:ISBN
3193:ISBN
3164:ISBN
3136:ISBN
3081:ISBN
2992:ISBN
2926:ISBN
2881:ISBN
2726:o da
2666:neun
2658:hada
2569:-nga
2557:Say,
2545:Well
2525:Tule
2509:-hAn
2451:Tule
2439:Onko
2435:-hAn
2405:Minä
2389:kaan
2379:-kin
2369:kään
2367:Minä
2363:-kin
2337:, I
2329:, I
2307:Minä
2299:Minä
2295:myös
2291:-kin
2236:Sinä
2183:-hAn
2159:-kin
2076:(me)
2074:Jel
1908:...)
1898:Što
1894:...)
1884:Kad
1874:Zar
1830:Sve
1737:biti
1731:and
1719:and
1681:and
1552:-que
1542:-que
1506:-kʷe
1477:)").
1365:melo
1195:u-ƕa
1183:diz-
1014:and
1002:and
985:hinn
961:-itt
949:-inn
930:and
916:-n't
882:and
829:(li)
817:and
608:and
502:také
426:však
331:gods
261:-que
146:-que
118:form
77:KLIT
38:, a
34:and
3524:doi
3294:doi
3284:".
3282:n't
3126:doi
2742:-sa
2730:oda
2708:or
2688:or
2650:ida
2609:-e:
2577:-wo
2541:ei?
2535:",
2533:you
2497:hän
2489:han
2485:",
2477:han
2473:",
2465:han
2459:you
2453:han
2441:han
2421:Wow
2401:-pA
2345:kin
2339:was
2331:was
2321:kin
2309:kin
2301:kin
2283:"I
2273:nor
2246:-kA
2212:-kO
2181:),
2179:-pä
2175:-pa
2171:-pA
2169:),
2157:),
2151:-kA
2149:),
2143:-kO
2016:jel
2012:dal
1966:smo
1956:smo
1946:smo
1944:Ja
1900:sam
1799:vam
1787:sam
1684:-że
1672:się
1666:-by
1655:dát
1647:ale
1595:οὖν
1589:γάρ
1564:-ne
1558:-ve
1534:-te
1523:),
1521:-ca
1483:ser
1453:fat
1451:was
1443:era
1434:ser
1410:-ão
1388:-ia
1357:1PL
1325:In
1285:sin
1279:seo
1227:In
1209:מען
1193:ga-
1169:ab-
1157:þan
1151:-uh
1148:),
1046:),
1043:mik
1037:-mk
1034:),
1031:sik
1025:-sk
955:-in
924:not
880:I'm
707:).
698:or
576:-gi
518:-vē
497:tam
440:-li
433:),
381:, (
348:-ca
334:and
327:and
317:-te
310:-te
273:and
153:or
79:-ik
30:In
3628::
3566:.
3540::
3538:}}
3534:{{
3522:.
3499:.
3449:}}
3445:{{
3423:.
3419:.
3375:.
3371:.
3347:}}
3343:{{
3300:.
3290:59
3288:.
3254:.
3250:.
3215:;
3183:;
3134:.
3098:^
3089:.
3050:^
3006:^
2954:^
2940:^
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