Hyphen - Knowledge (XXG)

234: 1594:". Uses such as "applied and sociolinguistics" (instead of "applied linguistics and sociolinguistics") are frowned upon; the Indiana University style guide uses this example and says "Do not 'take a shortcut' when the first expression is ordinarily open" (i.e., ordinarily two separate words). This is different, however, from instances where prefixes that are normally closed up (styled solidly) are used suspensively. For example, 4820: 1754: 336: 1075:. Without the hyphen, there is potential confusion about whether the writer means a "player of American football" or an "American player of football" and whether the writer means paintings that are "little celebrated" or "celebrated paintings" that are little. Compound modifiers can extend to three or more words, as in 3375: ... 12. Adverbs: Adverbs do not need to be linked to participles or adjectives by hyphens in simple constructions . But if the adverb is one of two words together being used adjectivally, a hyphen may be needed . The hyphen is especially likely to be needed if the adverb is short and common, such as 2071:

looks identical to the regular hyphen, but word processors treat it as a letter so that the hyphenated word will not be divided at the hyphen should this fall at what would be the end of a line of text; instead, either the whole hyphenated word will remain in full at the end of the line or it will go

1913:

for hyphen-minus will not have the optimal width, thickness, or vertical position, whereas the minus character is typically designed so that it does. Nevertheless, in many spreadsheet and programming applications the hyphen-minus must be typed to indicate subtraction, as use of the Unicode minus sign

304:

shows that Gutenberg's movable type was set justified in a uniform style, 42 equal lines per page. The Gutenberg printing press required words made up of individual letters of type to be held in place by a surrounding nonprinting rigid frame. Gutenberg solved the problem of making each line the same

1115:

the term to which it applies, a hyphen is typically not used if the compound is a temporary compound. For example, "that gentleman is well respected", not "that gentleman is well-respected"; or "a patient-centered approach was used" but "the approach was patient centered." But permanent compounds,

1100:. Although the expression is technically ambiguous ("students of a high school"/"school students who are high"), it would normally be formulated differently if other than the first meaning were intended. Noun–noun compound modifiers may also be written without a hyphen when no confusion is likely: 400:

provide detailed usage recommendations and have a significant amount of overlap in what they advise. Hyphens are mostly used to break single words into parts or to join ordinarily separate words into single words. Spaces are not placed between a hyphen and either of the elements it connects except

3698:

In typescript, a double hyphen (--) is often used for a long dash. Double hyphens in a typeset document are a sure sign that the type was set by a typist, not a typographer. A typographer will use an em dash, three-quarter em, or en dash, depending on context or personal style. The em dash is the

1246:

Hyphens are usually used to connect numbers and words in modifying phrases. Such is the case when used to describe dimensional measurements of weight, size, and time, under the rationale that, like other compound modifiers, they take hyphens in attributive position (before the modified noun),

3660:

Some ASCII characters have multiple uses, either through ambiguity in the original standards or through accumulated reinterpretations of a limited codeset. For example, 27 hex is defined in ANSI X3.4 as apostrophe (closing single quotation mark; acute accent), and 2D hex as hyphen

161:, and an unambiguous form known familiarly as the "Unicode hyphen", shown at the top of the infobox on this page. The character most often used to represent a hyphen (and the one produced by the key on a keyboard) is called the "hyphen-minus" by Unicode, deriving from the original 1116:

found as headwords in dictionaries, are treated as invariable, so if they are hyphenated in the cited dictionary, the hyphenation will be used in both attributive and predicative positions. For example, "A cost-effective method was used" and "The method was cost-effective" (

2044:, is used. A soft hyphen can be used to change the previous letter to a round s in the middle of a word. For example, 'prinſeſſen' can be corrected by inserting a soft hyphen between the 'ſ 's: 'prinſeſ-ſen' becomes 'prinſesſen' (which is correct in Norwegian). 1493:) for their new family by combining their two surnames with a hyphen. Jane Doe and John Smith might become Jane and John Smith-Doe, or Doe-Smith, for instance. In some countries only the woman hyphenates her birth surname, appending her husband's surname. 3699:

nineteenth-century standard, still prescribed in many editorial style books, but the em dash is too long for use with the best text faces. Like the oversized space between sentences, it belongs to the padded and corseted aesthetic of Victorian typography.

274:, the hyphen, still written beneath the text, reversed its meaning. Scribes used the mark to connect two words that had been incorrectly separated by a space. This era also saw the introduction of the marginal hyphen, for words broken across lines. 2239:

systems slashes in a filename introduce subdirectories which may not be desirable. Besides encouraging use of dashes, the Y-M-D order and zero-padding of numbers less than 10 are also copied from ISO 8601 to make the filenames sort by date order.

1998:) can often automatically make decisions on when to hyphenate a word at a line break, it is also sometimes useful for the user to be able to insert cues for those decisions (which are dynamic in the online medium, given that text can be 2203:

5008 in Germany). Now all official European Union (and many member state) documents use this style. This is also the typical date format used in large parts of Europe and Asia, although sometimes with other separators than the hyphen.

416:

nouns and verbs has, in general, been steadily declining. Compounds that might once have been hyphenated are increasingly left with spaces or are combined into one word. Reflecting this changing usage, in 2007, the sixth edition of the

505:

When flowing text, it is sometimes preferable to break a word into two so that it continues on another line rather than moving the entire word to the next line. The word may be divided at the nearest break point between syllables

1005:

In nineteenth-century American literature, hyphens were also used irregularly to divide syllables in words from indigenous North American languages, without regard for etymology or pronunciation, such as "Shuh-shuh-gah" (from

305:

length to fit the frame by inserting a hyphen as the last element at the right-side margin. This interrupted the letters in the last word, requiring the remaining letters be carried over to the start of the line below. His

409:). Style conventions that apply to hyphens (and dashes) have evolved to support ease of reading in complex constructions; editors often accept deviations if they aid rather than hinder easy comprehension. 2677:

With numbers, where a plural noun would normally be used in an unhyphenated predicative position, the singular form of the noun is generally used in the hyphenated form used attributively. Thus

1590:

This usage is now common and specifically recommended in some style guides. Suspended hyphens are also used, though less commonly, when the base word comes first, such as in "investor-owned and

510:) and a hyphen inserted to indicate that the letters form a word fragment, rather than a full word. This allows more efficient use of paper, allows flush appearance of right-side margins ( 238: 1960:. The character is usually followed by one or more letters that indicate specific actions. Typically it is called a dash or switch in this context. Various implementations of the 447:). The increasing prevalence of computer technology and the advent of the Internet have given rise to a subset of common nouns that might have been hyphenated in the past (e.g., 2141:

mark on keyboards is ambiguous (it can be interpreted – sometimes unexpectedly – as a hyphen or a minus, depending on context), in addition the

920:). This use of the diaeresis peaked in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but it was never applied extensively across the language: only a handful of diaereses, including 6002: 4405: 2021:

occur. It can be a tedious task to insert the soft hyphens by hand, and tools using hyphenation algorithms are available that do this automatically. Current modules of the

611: 1165:

However, if an adverb can also function as an adjective, then a hyphen may be or should be used for clarity, depending on the style guide. For example, the phrase

3462: 2047:

In contrast, a hyphen that is always displayed and printed is called a "hard hyphen". This can be a Unicode hyphen, a hyphen-minus, or a nonbreaking hyphen (see

4779: 1968:, to specify long option names that are more descriptive than their single-letter equivalents. Another use of hyphens is that employed by programs written with 4856: 2087:

and a valid point at which to break a line when flowing text. However, this is not always desirable behavior, especially as it could lead to ambiguity (e.g.

350:. Almost nothing in this section is tied to reliable sources, and there's a great deal of prescriptivist punditry about "codification" of various "rules". 3278: 2714:

is preferred should one be needed. This avoids forcing a line break in an inconvenient place, should the text be reflowed. It becomes visible only if

1440:

clarifies that they stood near a group of people who loved aliens, as "alien" can be either an adjective or a noun. On the other hand, in the phrase

1582:) may be used when a single base word is used with separate, consecutive, hyphenated words that are connected by "and", "or", or "to". For example, 1375:, sometimes replaces the hyphen in hyphenated compounds if either of its constituent parts is already hyphenated or contains a space (for example, 468:

Despite decreased use, hyphenation remains the norm in certain compound-modifier constructions and, among some authors, with certain prefixes (see

5317: 2199:. This standard has been transposed as European Standard EN 28601 and has been incorporated into various national typographic style guides (e.g., 3309: 1890:

at U+2010 is generally inconvenient to enter on most keyboards and the glyphs for this hyphen and the hyphen-minus are identical in most fonts (

1421:(a tool that beats eggs), the result is sometimes hyphenated. Some authors do this consistently, others only for disambiguation; in this case, 3684: 3516: 3489: 3454: 3427: 3070: 2996: 2923: 2896: 518:. This kind of hyphenation is most useful when the width of the column (called the "line length" in typography) is very narrow. For example: 625:

for integral hyphens and a single hyphen for line-breaks, whereas Kromhout's Afrikaans–English dictionary uses the opposite convention. The

3849: 3223: 3818: 1247:

although not in predicative position (after the modified noun). This is applied whether numerals or words are used for the numbers. Thus

1219:", might reasonably be judged superfluous (the syntax is unlikely to be misinterpreted), yet plenty of style guides call for it. Because 1150:, are less likely to need hyphens." In the 19th century, it was common to hyphenate adverb–adjective modifiers with the adverb ending in 221:

sign written below two adjacent letters to indicate that they belong to the same word when it was necessary to avoid ambiguity, before

3785: 3629: 3475: 3104: 3030: 1444:, the hyphen will often be omitted (a hungry pizza lover), as "pizza" cannot be an adjective and the phrase is therefore unambiguous. 1793: 419: 379: 1917:

The hyphen-minus is often used instead of dashes or minus signs in situations where the latter characters are unavailable (such as

346: 2006:(discretionary hyphen, optional hyphen) was introduced, allowing such manual specification of a place where a hyphenated break is 1089:). However, if the compound is a familiar one, it is usually unhyphenated. For example, some style guides prefer the construction 5733: 4849: 2970: 2845: 6078: 3533: 1664:

Due to their similar appearances, hyphens are sometimes mistakenly used where an en dash or em dash would be more appropriate.

1120:

is a permanent compound that is hyphenated as a headword in various dictionaries). When one of the parts of the modifier is a

3231: 1775: 1536:. Use is often dictated by convention rather than fixed rules, and hyphenation styles may vary between authors; for example, 1496:

With already-hyphenated names, some parts are typically dropped. For example, Aaron Johnson and Samantha Taylor-Wood became

233: 2786: 1135:(e.g., "a poorly written novel"), various style guides advise no hyphen. However, some do allow for this use. For example, 566:

Rules (or guidelines) for correct hyphenation vary between languages, and may be complex, and they can interact with other

4774: 6025: 4659: 4621: 1612:) when suspended. Some editors prefer to avoid suspending such pairs, choosing instead to write out both words in full. 1049:

are groups of two or more words that jointly modify the meaning of another word. When a compound modifier other than an

2803: 582: 324: 5748: 4842: 4805: 3874: 2827: 2111:

th" could be used), and it is inappropriate in some languages other than English (e.g., a line break at the hyphen in

2084: 1894:

is one of the few exceptions). Consequently, use of the hyphen-minus as the hyphen character is very common. Even the

1223:

has both adverbial and adjectival senses, its hyphenation can attract attention; some editors, due to comparison with

361: 4385: 2798: 1364:. However, at least one major style guide hyphenates spelled-out fractions invariably (whether adjective or noun). 1764: 357: 4031: 1929:), or when the writer is unaware of the distinction. Consequently, some writers use two or three hyphen-minuses ( 627: 4789: 4606: 4277: 4214: 3919: 3842: 3443: 2948: There is no firm rule to help you decide which words are run together, hyphenated or left separate. 2473:(compatibility character for a wide katakana middle dot, has the Unicode property of "Hyphen" despite its name) 1216: 1020: 708: 3286: 1342:, hyphens are usually used when the fraction is used as an adjective but not when it is used as a noun: thus 1199:

reason" is not necessary, because the syntax cannot be misinterpreted.) A few short and common words—such as

3419: 2715: 2711: 1771: 20: 1516:

Connecting hyphens are used in a large number of miscellaneous compounds, other than modifiers, such as in

4234: 3957: 2189: 2175: 2022: 1476: 1339: 1142:

advises: "Adverbs do not need to be linked to participles or adjectives by hyphens in simple constructions

3551:

It is customary to insert a dash in G-d's name when written or printed on a medium that could be defaced.

3134: 2710:

The soft hyphen serves as an invisible marker that is used to specify a place in text where a hyphenated

687:) are sometimes hyphenated, especially when the unhyphenated spelling resembles another word or when the 6020: 5134: 4709: 4209: 4204: 4117: 4104: 3937: 1995: 1672:

Some stark examples of semantic changes caused by the placement of hyphens to mark attributive phrases:

1490: 903: 731: 696: 575: 511: 477: 260: 146: 1162:

are unambiguous, because the adverbs clearly modify the adjectives: "quickly" cannot modify "vehicle".

980:. This allows the hyphen to be reserved only for places where a hard hyphen is intended (for example, 6073: 6047: 6030: 5916: 5491: 4834: 4501: 4142: 3996: 3313: 3096:

The History of Lexicography: Papers from the Dictionary Research Centre Seminar at Exeter, March 1986

1497: 1015: 998:). Similarly, hyphens may be used to indicate how a word is being or should be spelled. For example, 692: 691:

is deemed misinterpretable, ambiguous, or somehow "odd-looking" (for example, having two consecutive

5551: 3812: 2770: 2014:. That is, it does not force a line break in an inconvenient place when the text is later reflowed. 774:. When there are tripled letters, the hyphenated variant of these words is often more common (as in 6037: 5763: 5661: 5506: 5074: 4919: 4889: 4823: 4784: 4697: 4591: 4446: 4424: 4414: 4282: 3889: 3879: 3835: 3592: 2612: 2181: 1999: 1957: 1891: 1505: 617: 481: 315:, appears throughout the Bible as a short, double line inclined to the right at a 60-degree angle. 301: 3758: 3674: 3173: 1964:

function to parse command-line options additionally allow the use of two hyphen-minus characters,

6052: 6042: 4747: 4674: 4654: 4644: 4616: 4586: 4546: 4173: 4036: 4021: 3962: 3952: 2636: 2142: 1647: 1501: 941: 598: 515: 278: 249:. At the time hyphenation was joining two words that would otherwise be read separately by a low 138: 711:

has been relatively familiarized or popularized through extensive use in various contexts. As a

578:, when employed in concert with dictionaries, are sufficient for all but the most formal texts. 1639:

It can also be used to indicate a range of values, although many styles prefer an en dash (see

581:

It may be necessary to distinguish an incidental line-break hyphen from one integral to a word

5389: 5332: 4692: 4611: 4566: 4496: 3967: 3680: 3625: 3512: 3506: 3485: 3450: 3423: 3227: 3100: 3066: 3062: 3026: 2992: 2919: 2913: 2892: 2886: 2232: 2121: 2080: 2073: 1926: 1046: 1037: 543:

We, therefore, the

3735: 3020: 2986: 5778: 5699: 5623: 5283: 4578: 4531: 4370: 4317: 4178: 3988: 3094: 2842: 2163: 1977: 1895: 1629: 1125: 1041: 916: 590: 413: 393: 250: 3645: 2032:) fonts will change the character at the end of a word. An example is a font that places a 296:

hyphen, and he thus moved it to the middle of the line. Examination of an original copy on

6009: 5951: 5566: 4714: 4601: 4596: 4516: 4484: 4375: 4112: 3914: 2808: 2771:"American National Standard X3.4-1977: American Standard Code for Information Interchange" 1969: 1480: 1417: 1061:

a term, the compound modifier is often hyphenated to prevent misunderstanding, such as in

1007: 965: 699:

of English, like e+a, e+e, or e+i). However, the unhyphenated style, which is also called

507: 473: 289: 246: 4669: 2481:. The characters below do not have the Unicode property of "Hyphen" despite their names: 1436:, which without a hyphen implies that they stood near a group of lovers who were aliens; 2915:

Shady Characters: The Secret Life of Punctuation, Symbols, and Other Typographical Marks

2888:

Shady Characters: The Secret Life of Punctuation, Symbols, and Other Typographical Marks

5813: 4991: 4719: 4664: 4541: 4344: 4168: 4122: 4056: 4026: 3894: 3568: 3413: 2748: 2624: 2112: 882: 267: 2776:. National Institute of Standards and Technology. p. 10 (4.2 Graphic characters). 906:

may also be used in a like fashion, either to separate and mark off monographs (as in

6067: 5901: 5521: 5449: 5268: 5245: 4511: 4479: 4469: 4349: 3795: 3219: 3211: 3155: 3055: 2849: 2794: 2689:. There are occasional exceptions to this general rule, for instance with fractions ( 2630: 2555: 1658: 1621: 1215:—attract special attention in this category. The hyphen in "well- noun", such as in " 1137: 712: 622: 401:

when using a suspended or "hanging" hyphen that stands in for a repeated word (e.g.,

306: 123:, which is also wider and usually drawn a little higher to match the crossbar in the 1937:) to represent an em dash. In the TeX typesetting languages, a single hyphen-minus ( 1154:(e.g., "a craftily-constructed chair"). However, this has become rare. For example, 5986: 5646: 5404: 5203: 4769: 4649: 4536: 4521: 4491: 4451: 4434: 4188: 4158: 4132: 4041: 3884: 3866: 3790: 3370:(11th ed.). London / New York: Profile Books / PublicAffairs. pp. 77–78. 3192: 2648: 2261: 2196: 1812: 1633: 222: 150: 2960: 976:, sometimes called a "middle dot" or "hyphenation point", for this purpose, as in 3244: 2443:(compatibility character for a small hyphen-minus, used in East Asian typography) 1901:

The hyphen-minus has limited use in indicating subtraction; for example, compare

1455:; the first refers to a shark that eats people, and the second to a man who eats 5434: 5370: 5355: 5298: 4866: 4764: 4759: 4752: 4742: 4556: 4506: 4461: 4401: 4365: 4336: 4324: 4304: 4127: 4079: 3947: 2988:

Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged

2739: 2458:(compatibility character for a wide hyphen-minus, used in East Asian typography) 2410: 2275: 2208: 2003: 1989: 1918: 1753: 1121: 836: 832: 571: 567: 485: 397: 271: 154: 134: 80: 3534:"Why Don't Jews Say G‑d's Name? - On the use of the word "Hashem" - Chabad.org" 3445:

Le Système international d'unités (SI) / The International System of Units (SI)

2943:(11th ed.). London / New York: Profile Books / PublicAffairs. p. 74. 2207:

This method has gained influence within North America, as most common computer

762:, and so on. Words often lose their hyphen as they become more common, such as 5874: 5676: 5604: 4968: 4870: 4737: 4551: 4441: 4294: 4287: 4264: 4219: 4183: 4137: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4069: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3858: 3806:

word breaking, line breaks, and special characters (including hyphens) in HTML

3563: 3538: 3338: 3207: 2642: 2608: 2478: 2185: 1922: 1456: 973: 793: 586: 293: 117: 3608:

Many people confuse hyphens and dashes because they look similar in printing.

1856:. Unicode has, in addition, other encodings for minus and hyphen characters: 715:, affixes are not hyphenated unless the lack of a hyphen would hurt clarity. 6014: 5832: 5419: 5089: 5029: 5006: 4934: 4229: 4224: 4001: 3929: 3458: 2236: 2212: 2146: 1508:

is a descendant of Louis Lemlé Dreyfus whose son was Léopold Louis-Dreyfus.

1188: 1054: 1019:. This usage is now rare and proscribed, except in some place names such as 788: 594: 489: 455: 124: 2195:. Thus, for example, 1789-07-14 is the standard way of writing the date of 2017:

Soft hyphens are inserted into the text at the positions where hyphenation

1319:. When the unit names are spelled out, this recommendation does not apply: 632:

suggested repeating an integral hyphen at the start of the following line.

245:

The first known documentation of the hyphen is in the grammatical works of

2822: 1973: 5932: 5718: 5464: 5119: 5104: 4702: 4561: 4380: 4253: 4239: 4064: 4016: 2965: 2192: 2180:

Use of hyphens to delineate the parts of a written date (rather than the

2029: 1311: 1295: 945: 461: 255: 214: 88: 3712: 2149:

for an unambiguous minus and an unambiguous hyphen. The Unicode hyphen (

1841:) is also assigned to this character in Unicode, where it is denoted as 5970: 5859: 5044: 4526: 4312: 4163: 4074: 4006: 3942: 2654: 2224: 1826: 1778: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1486: 1368: 940:, etc. are seldom encountered. In borrowings from Modern French, whose 899:) is a common variant, particularly among oncologists and geneticists. 852: 814: 449: 142: 110: 103: 2645: – Naming dispute over the name for post-Communist Czechoslovakia 2051:). Confusingly, the term is sometimes limited to nonbreaking hyphens. 1504:. Not all hyphenated surnames are the result of marriage. For example 5180: 4046: 3813:

Unicode interpretation of SOFT HYPHEN breaks ISO 8859-1 compatibility

3805: 3120: 2651: – Form of hyphen used in ancient Greek ("Papyrological hyphen") 2033: 1961: 1050: 660: 640: 297: 208: 196: 184: 3484:(6th ed.), Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1829:

is identical to ASCII (the 1967 version) for all encodings up to 127

948:, various English dictionaries list the dieresis as optional (as in 364:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 3310:"Using Hyphens in Compound Adjectives (and Exceptions to the Rule)" 2129:

would be undesirable). The nonbreaking hyphen addresses this need.

2025:(CSS) standard provide language-specific hyphenation dictionaries. 1976:

of a filename, with the hyphen then serving as an indicator that a

5581: 5536: 5059: 4904: 4272: 4011: 3979: 3119:

A fairly comprehensive list, although not exhaustive, is given at

1910: 1818: 1725:

are an indeterminate number of trees that are each 300 years old.

1305: 1289: 928:, are encountered with any appreciable frequency in English; thus 911: 764: 688: 606: 232: 162: 609:) but also to differentiate appearance (with a different glyph). 5226: 4628: 4474: 4419: 3481:

The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

2220: 1640: 1401: 1315:)—the numerical value is always separated from it with a space: 514:) without oddly large word spaces, and decreases the problem of 99: 84: 19:

This article is about the punctuation mark. For other uses, see

4838: 3831: 3801: 3679:(third ed.). Hartley & Marks, Publishers. p. 80. 1898:

regularly uses the hyphen-minus rather than the U+2010 hyphen.

1391:). A commonly used alternative style is the hyphenated string ( 2657: – South Korean boy band, whose name refers to the hyphen 2216: 2200: 1956:

The hyphen-minus character is also often used when specifying

1747: 1651: 1620:

A hyphen may be used to connect groups of numbers, such as in

824: 329: 3827: 3815:. Unicode Technical Committee document L2/03-155R, June 2003. 3459:"Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)" 2787: 1131:

When the first modifier in a compound is an adverb ending in

734:. Some words have both hyphenated and unhyphenated variants: 202: 190: 178: 3333: 3331: 1284: 396:

does not have definitive hyphenation rules, though various

3819:

United States Government Printing Office Style Manual 2000

1921:

or ASCII-only text), where they take effort to enter (via

1172:("reasons that are more important") is distinguished from 253:

between the two words. In Greek these marks were known as

1821:

character encoding, the hyphen (or minus) is character 45

1415:

When an object is compounded with a verbal noun, such as

972:. Various British and North American dictionaries use an 589:) or present in an original text being quoted (when in a 241:

from the University of Texas copy. The page has 40 lines.

3786:

Wiktionary list of English phrases spelled with a hyphen

3564:"Like vs. Like-Like: A Look at Reduplication in English" 1941:) renders a hyphen, a single hyphen-minus in math mode ( 1399:). (For other aspects of en dash–versus–hyphen use, see 1243:

clarifies that one is not speaking of little paintings.

323:

For Knowledge (XXG)'s own standards for hyphen use, see

3479: 2639: – Spelling and punctuation of the French language 2428:(has the Unicode property of "Hyphen" despite its name) 1128:, there is no hyphen (e.g., "a South American actor"). 353: 1467:

is a government program that monitors something else.

1146:... Less common adverbs, including all those that end 423:

removed the hyphens from 16,000 entries, such as

2083:

rules of most text systems consider a hyphen to be a

1042:

English compound § Hyphenated compound modifiers

3407: 3405: 3403: 3391:. Less common adverbs, including all those that end 1654:", although an en dash can be used as well ("G–d"). 718:

The hyphen may be used between vowel letters (e.g.,

4798: 4730: 4683: 4637: 4577: 4460: 4400: 4358: 4335: 4303: 4263: 4252: 4197: 4151: 4103: 4055: 3987: 3978: 3928: 3865: 3796:

Using hyphens in English; rules and recommendations

2228: 2095:would be indistinguishable with a line break after 1965: 1934: 1930: 1463:is a program that monitors the government, whereas 944:utilizes the diaeresis as a means to differentiate 787:Closed-up style is avoided in some cases: possible 42: 35: 30: 3054: 2477:Unicode distinguishes the hyphen from the general 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3251:. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health 3121:Prefix > List of English derivational prefixes 2409:(used in ancient Near-Eastern linguistics and in 472:). Hyphenation is also routinely used as part of 3025:. Allied Publishers. p. xxxviii, § 8. 1949:) renders an en dash, and three hyphen-minuses ( 480:texts to avoid unsightly spacing (especially in 277:The modern format of the hyphen originated with 3361: 3359: 3149: 3147: 3057:Afrikaans–English, English–Afrikaans Dictionary 2673: 2671: 2072:in full to the beginning of the next line. The 1887: 1646:It is sometimes used to hide letters in words ( 91:of a single word. The use of hyphens is called 3759:"L2/21-036 Proposal to add the OBLIQUE HYPHEN" 3463:National Institute of Standards and Technology 2991:. Merriam-Webster. p. 14a, § 1.6.1. 2124: 1082:, and can be adverbial as well as adjectival ( 707:, is usually preferred, particularly when the 325:Knowledge (XXG):Manual of Style § Hyphens 4850: 4780:Intellectual property protection of typefaces 3843: 1432:An example of an ambiguous phrase appears in 895:, the solid (that is, unhyphenated) styling ( 141:for use with computers, it is represented in 8: 4322: 2633: – Historic punctuation mark (⹀) 2166:uses U+002D instead of U+2010 in its text. 1945:) renders a minus sign, two hyphen-minuses ( 1731:are three trees that are each 100 years old. 1641:Dash § En dash §§ Ranges of values 612:Webster's Third New International Dictionary 3730: 3728: 3726: 3442:Bureau international des poids et mesures, 2867: 2861: 2115: 1980:, instead of a file, is to be worked with. 1972:in mind: a single hyphen may be recognized 555:We, therefore, the represen- 137:concept, the hyphen is a single entity. In 4857: 4843: 4835: 4260: 3984: 3850: 3836: 3828: 3508:The Writer's Digest grammar desk reference 2918:. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 132. 2891:. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 121. 2627: – Concept in international relations 2099:), it does not split off an ending as in " 602: 469: 116:and others), which are wider, or with the 4806:Punctuation and other typographic symbols 1794:Learn how and when to remove this message 1625: 1477:Spanish naming customs § Hyphenation 380:Learn how and when to remove this message 6003:Version of this table as a sortable list 3476:American Psychological Association (APA) 3099:. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 9. 2248:Unicode has multiple hyphen characters: 2048: 1909:(hyphen-minus) — in most typefaces, the 1685:is a disease that causes poor nutrition. 1176:("additional important reasons"), where 964:Hyphens are occasionally used to denote 956:) despite the juxtaposition of a and i. 201:), "in one" (literally "under one"). An 158: 2731: 2667: 2040:at the end of a word, where a round s, 1737:are 300 trees that are each a year old. 1679:is poor nutrition that causes disease. 1438:they stood near a group of alien-lovers 1434:they stood near a group of alien lovers 177:The word is derived from Ancient Greek 3653:Unicode Version 1.0 · Character Blocks 3511:. Writer's Digest Books. p. 296. 3418:(10th ed.). Oxford, Oxfordshire: 2231:to introduce and separate switches to 2002:). For this purpose, the concept of a 1389:public-school–private-school rivalries 1362:I kept three quarters of it for myself 730:) to indicate that they do not form a 98:The hyphen is sometimes confused with 27: 3620:Haralambous, Yannis (2007). "ASCII". 3591:Gunner, Jennifer (22 February 2010). 3532:Davidson, Baruch (23 February 2011). 2394:(used only as a line-breaking hyphen) 165:standard, where it was called "hyphen 7: 5855: ⟨ ⟩ 3757:Everson, Michael (12 January 2021). 3593:"When and How To Use a Hyphen ( - )" 3285:. Indiana University. Archived from 2961:"Small object of grammatical desire" 1776:adding citations to reliable sources 1648:filleting for redaction or censoring 288:with the publication of his 42-line 237:First page of the first volume: the 3711:Korpela, Jukka K. (December 2020). 3505:Gary Lutz; Diane Stevenson (2005). 3395:, are less likely to need hyphens . 1485:Some married couples compose a new 16:Punctuation mark used to join words 3312:(Grammar tip). UHV. Archived from 2235:commands, and on both Windows and 1717:is a man who is eating shark meat. 1481:Portuguese name § Hyphenation 557:tatives of the United States 14: 3802:Soft hyphen (SHY)—a hard problem? 3676:The elements of typographic style 3412:Iverson, Cheryl (2007). "8.3.1". 3216:The Elements of Technical Writing 2852:". 2005. Accessed 7 October 2014. 2843:Greek Unicode Issues: Punctuation 1195:. (In contrast, the hyphen in "a 420:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary 4819: 4818: 3736:"Unicode 16.0 UCD: PropList.txt" 3461:, NIST Special Publication 811, 3308:Davis, John (30 November 2004). 2971:British Broadcasting Corporation 2863:Ελληνικός Οργανισμός Τυποποίησης 1886:, respectively. The unambiguous 1752: 1358:I drank two thirds of the bottle 334: 292:. His tools did not allow for a 239:epistle of St Jerome to Paulinus 2572:KATAKANA-HIRAGANA DOUBLE HYPHEN 2188:countries) is specified in the 1763:needs additional citations for 1465:a government monitoring program 1461:A government-monitoring program 1393:hormone-receptor-positive cells 1381:hormone receptor–positive cells 501:Justification and line-wrapping 44: 3624:. O'Reilly Media. p. 29. 2266:, a character of multiple uses 1701:is a working man who is tough. 1683:Disease causing poor nutrition 1677:Disease-causing poor nutrition 1597:preoperative and postoperative 1584:short-term and long-term plans 1: 4775:History of Western typography 3791:Economist Style Guide—Hyphens 3249:Bloomberg School Style Manual 3191:Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth. 3133:"Hyphenated Words: A Guide", 2985:Gove, Philip Babcock (1993). 2471:HALFWIDTH KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT 1710:is a shark that eats humans. 803:(the act of creating again), 545:representatives of the United 282: 149:. These include the dual-use 4622:traditional point-size names 3658:Loose vs. Precise Semantics. 3283:The IU editorial style guide 3093:Hartmann, R. Rf. K. (1986). 3061:. Hippocrene Books. p. 2718:occurs at the end of a line. 2637:French orthography § Hyphens 2615:for more round characters.) 2076:exists for similar reasons. 1735:Three hundred year-old trees 1729:Three hundred-year-old trees 1723:Three-hundred-year-old trees 1489:(sometimes referred to as a 1409:Object–verbal-noun compounds 1377:San Francisco–area residents 1283:. However, with symbols for 1180:is an adjective. Similarly, 960:Syllabification and spelling 887:is still hyphenated by both 209: 197: 185: 3875:Canons of page construction 3673:Bringhurst, Robert (2004). 3339:"Hyphenated Compound Words" 2828:Online Etymology Dictionary 2679:a woman who is 28 years old 2211:make the use of slashes in 2162:) is seldom used. Even the 1588:short- and long-term plans. 1241:little-celebrated paintings 1239:. Similarly, the hyphen in 593:), not only to control its 360:the claims made and adding 6095: 5318:inverted ! and ? 3597:grammar.yourdictionary.com 2788: 2378:MONGOLIAN TODO SOFT HYPHEN 2336:And in non-Latin scripts: 2173: 1987: 1810: 1552:may be hyphenated or not. 1474: 1451:is nearly the opposite of 1397:cell-cycle-related factors 1385:cell cycle–related factors 1231:, like the parallelism of 1035: 540: 522: 322: 203: 191: 179: 18: 5998: 5886: 5790: 5734:sound recording copyright 5688: 5593: 5476: 5344: 5257: 5192: 5018: 4878: 4814: 4032:Subscript and superscript 3804:(See also his article on 3368:The Economist Style Guide 3174:"American Indian Hyphens" 3019:Chambers, Allied (2006). 2941:The Economist Style Guide 2868: 2862: 2693:) and irregular plurals ( 2495:CANADIAN SYLLABICS HYPHEN 2215:difficult or impossible. 2137:Because the conventional 2036:, 'ſ ', everywhere 1694:is a man who works hard. 1277:the woman is 28 years old 1217:well-differentiated cells 1111:When a compound modifier 914:terminal e (for example, 893:Merriam-Webster's Medical 628:Concise Oxford Dictionary 412:The use of the hyphen in 302:U. S. Library of Congress 300:(Hubay index #35) in the 266:With the introduction of 4790:Vox-ATypI classification 3920:Intentionally blank page 2364:HEBREW PUNCTUATION MAQAF 2301:&dash;, &hyphen; 1914:will not be recognised. 1626:§ Usage in date notation 1303:of these units (such as 1106:department store manager 3420:Oxford University Press 3366:Wroe, Ann, ed. (2015). 3022:The Chambers Dictionary 2939:Wroe, Ann, ed. (2015). 2872:. ELOT (Athens), 2001. 2804:A Greek–English Lexicon 2588:YEZIDI HYPHENATION MARK 2184:used conventionally in 1888:§ "Unicode hyphen" 1609:pre- and post-operative 1423:egg-beater, egg beater, 1156:wholly owned subsidiary 21:Hyphen (disambiguation) 6079:Punctuation of English 5851: { } 5843: ( ) 5828: « » 5824: ‹ › 5809: " " 5805: ' ' 5801: “ ” 5797: ‘ ’ 4323: 3136:The Grammar Curmudgeon 3053:Kromhout, Jan (2001). 2912:Keith Houston (2013). 2885:Keith Houston (2013). 2456:FULLWIDTH HYPHEN-MINUS 2190:international standard 2176:Date format by country 2125: 2116: 2055:Nonbreaking hyphens 2023:Cascading Style Sheets 1996:hyphenation algorithms 1953:) renders an em dash. 1603:pre- and postoperative 1225:advanced-stage disease 1193:more beautiful scenery 1174:more important reasons 1160:quickly moving vehicle 797:(fun or sport) versus 576:Hyphenation algorithms 547:States of America ... 242: 3821:6. Compounding Rules] 3646:"3.1 General scripts" 3622:Fonts & Encodings 3457:, sub§5.4.3, p. 149; 2795:Liddell, Henry George 2695:a two-criteria review 2691:a two-thirds majority 2542:HYPHEN WITH DIAERESIS 2407:DOUBLE OBLIQUE HYPHEN 2174:Further information: 1988:Further information: 1984:Soft and hard hyphens 1574:, or less commonly a 1491:double-barrelled name 1299:)—in contrast to the 1281:a wingspan of 32 feet 1257:twenty-eight-year-old 1036:Further information: 1000:W-O-R-D spells "word" 839:nouns or adjectives ( 835:); combinations with 636:Prefixes and suffixes 603:hard and soft hyphens 236: 6048:Japanese punctuation 5749:registered trademark 5634: | 5492:plus and minus signs 4885: 4660:Typographic features 3717:IT and Communication 3713:"Dashes and hyphens" 3224:Macmillan Publishers 3194:The Song of Hiawatha 2973:. 20 September 2007. 2170:Use in date notation 2103:‑th" (though 1958:command-line options 1772:improve this article 1657:It is often used in 1498:Aaron Taylor-Johnson 1442:a hungry pizza-lover 1091:high school students 1057:combination appears 1016:The Song of Hiawatha 978:syl·la·bi·fi·ca·tion 970:syl-la-bi-fi-ca-tion 910:) or to signalize a 876:pre-1492 cartography 488:, as when used with 59:Non-breaking hyphen 6038:Chinese punctuation 5764:service mark symbol 5507:multiplication sign 5025: & 4785:Technical lettering 4684:Typography in other 4425:Hanging punctuation 3572:. 26 September 2013 3415:AMA Manual of Style 2869:ΕΛΟΤ 743, 2η Έκδοση 2613:bullet (typography) 2426:KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT 2316:NON-BREAKING HYPHEN 2061:non-breaking hyphen 1994:Although software ( 1892:Lucida Sans Unicode 1540:is also written as 1506:Julia Louis-Dreyfus 1317:a 25 kg sphere 1237:early-onset disease 1233:early-stage disease 1229:adult-onset disease 1191:) is distinct from 1102:grade point average 1013:, "blue heron") in 807:(turn back) versus 695:that look like the 618:Chambers Dictionary 585:(as when used in a 527:without hyphenation 281:of Mainz, Germany, 189:), contracted from 6053:Korean punctuation 6043:Hebrew punctuation 4748:Handwriting script 4675:Desktop publishing 4645:Character encoding 4638:Digital typography 4152:Horizontal aspects 4105:Visual distinction 3963:Widows and orphans 2699:a two-teeth bridge 2441:SMALL HYPHEN-MINUS 2332:for medieval texts 2143:Unicode consortium 2065:nonbreaking hyphen 1927:keyboard shortcuts 1586:may be written as 1550:lily-of-the-valley 1518:lily-of-the-valley 1502:Sam Taylor-Johnson 1453:a man eating shark 1449:a man-eating shark 1078:ice-cream-flavored 1047:Compound modifiers 1032:Compound modifiers 989:un·self-con·scious 870:pre-1949 diplomacy 345:possibly contains 279:Johannes Gutenberg 243: 159:nonbreaking hyphen 145:by any of several 139:character encoding 83:mark used to join 6061: 6060: 5390:ordinal indicator 5333:irony punctuation 4832: 4831: 4579:Typographic units 4497:For position only 4396: 4395: 4248: 4247: 3686:978-0-88179-206-5 3518:978-1-58297-335-7 3491:978-1-4338-0562-2 3455:978-92-822-2272-0 3429:978-0-19-517633-9 3316:on 9 January 2010 3072:978-0-7818-0846-0 2998:978-0-87779-201-7 2925:978-0-393-06442-1 2898:978-0-393-06442-1 2848:6 August 2012 at 2821:Harper, Douglas. 2509:HYPHENATION POINT 2392:BALINESE PAMENENG 2133:"Unicode hyphen" 2081:word segmentation 2074:nonbreaking space 1804: 1803: 1796: 1630:telephone numbers 1568:suspensive hyphen 1556:Suspended hyphens 1071:little-celebrated 1064:American-football 1038:Compound modifier 858:anti-TNF antibody 564: 563: 405:twentieth-century 390: 389: 382: 347:original research 68: 67: 63: 62: 6086: 6010:Currency symbols 5990: 5989: 5983: 5975: 5974: 5973:(paragraph mark) 5967: 5963: 5955: 5954: 5948: 5944: 5936: 5935: 5929: 5921: 5920: 5913: 5905: 5904: 5898: 5894: 5878: 5877: 5871: 5863: 5862: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5836: 5835: 5829: 5825: 5817: 5816: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5782: 5781: 5779:trademark symbol 5775: 5767: 5766: 5760: 5752: 5751: 5745: 5737: 5736: 5730: 5722: 5721: 5715: 5713: 5703: 5702: 5700:copyright symbol 5696: 5680: 5679: 5673: 5665: 5664: 5658: 5650: 5649: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5627: 5626: 5620: 5618: 5608: 5607: 5601: 5585: 5584: 5578: 5570: 5569: 5563: 5555: 5554: 5548: 5540: 5539: 5533: 5525: 5524: 5518: 5510: 5509: 5503: 5495: 5494: 5488: 5484: 5468: 5467: 5461: 5453: 5452: 5446: 5438: 5437: 5431: 5423: 5422: 5416: 5408: 5407: 5401: 5393: 5392: 5386: 5382: 5374: 5373: 5367: 5359: 5358: 5352: 5336: 5335: 5329: 5321: 5320: 5314: 5310: 5302: 5301: 5295: 5287: 5286: 5284:exclamation mark 5280: 5272: 5271: 5265: 5249: 5248: 5242: 5238: 5230: 5229: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5207: 5206: 5200: 5184: 5183: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5169: 5165: 5162: 5158: 5155: 5151: 5148: 5138: 5137: 5131: 5123: 5122: 5116: 5108: 5107: 5101: 5093: 5092: 5086: 5078: 5077: 5071: 5063: 5062: 5056: 5048: 5047: 5041: 5033: 5032: 5026: 5010: 5009: 5003: 4995: 4994: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4972: 4971: 4965: 4961: 4953: 4952: 4946: 4938: 4937: 4931: 4923: 4922: 4916: 4908: 4907: 4901: 4893: 4892: 4886: 4859: 4852: 4845: 4836: 4822: 4821: 4799:Related template 4731:Related articles 4532:Phototypesetting 4386:reverse-contrast 4371:Display typeface 4328: 4305:Blackletter type 4261: 4198:Vertical aspects 4179:Sentence spacing 3989:Typeface anatomy 3985: 3852: 3845: 3838: 3829: 3773: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3763: 3754: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3732: 3721: 3720: 3708: 3702: 3701: 3695: 3693: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3650: 3642: 3636: 3635: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3605: 3603: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3548: 3546: 3529: 3523: 3522: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3472: 3466: 3449:(Sèvres: 2019), 3440: 3434: 3433: 3409: 3398: 3397: 3363: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3335: 3326: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3274: 3261: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3240: 3234: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3172:Liberman, Mark. 3169: 3163: 3161: 3151: 3142: 3140: 3130: 3124: 3117: 3111: 3110: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3060: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3016: 3010: 3009: 3007: 3005: 2982: 2976: 2974: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2936: 2930: 2929: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2871: 2870: 2865: 2864: 2859: 2853: 2841:Nicolas, Nick. " 2839: 2833: 2832: 2818: 2812: 2791: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2777: 2775: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2736: 2719: 2708: 2702: 2686: 2675: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2589: 2586: 2585: 2581: 2579: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2558: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2543: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2528: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2302: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2283: 2278: 2274: 2272: 2264: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2230: 2164:Unicode Standard 2161: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2128: 2119: 2043: 1967: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1908: 1904: 1896:Unicode Standard 1885: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1870: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1855: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1799: 1792: 1788: 1785: 1779: 1756: 1748: 1744:Use in computing 1715:man eating shark 1708:man-eating shark 1699:hard working man 1692:hard-working man 1610: 1604: 1598: 1593: 1564:suspended hyphen 1429:are all common. 1374: 1367:In English, an 1353: 1346: 1332: 1324: 1272: 1265: 1258: 1251: 1198: 1184: 1169: 1145: 1126:proper adjective 1097: 1086: 1085:spine-tinglingly 1079: 1072: 1065: 996: 990: 984: 885: 877: 871: 865: 859: 849: 848:de-Stalinisation 843: 831:(organized into 821: 811: 801: 778: 772: 759: 752: 745: 738: 685: 679: 673: 667: 605:having the same 597:behavior (which 591:critical edition 536:with hyphenation 521: 520: 414:English compound 406: 403:nineteenth- and 394:English language 385: 378: 374: 371: 365: 362:inline citations 338: 337: 330: 313: 287: 284: 220: 212: 206: 205: 200: 194: 193: 188: 182: 181: 168: 129: 122: 115: 108: 87:and to separate 77: 45: 28: 6094: 6093: 6089: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6084: 6083: 6064: 6063: 6062: 6057: 5994: 5985: 5982: § 5981: 5979: 5969: 5966: ⸿ 5965: 5962: ¶ 5961: 5959: 5950: 5947: ⌑ 5946: 5943: ◊ 5942: 5940: 5931: 5928: ☞ 5927: 5925: 5919:(hedera, aldus) 5915: 5912: ❧ 5911: 5909: 5900: 5897: ‡ 5896: 5893: † 5892: 5890: 5882: 5873: 5870: ” 5869: 5867: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5840: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5821: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5794: 5786: 5777: 5773: 5771: 5762: 5758: 5756: 5747: 5744: ® 5743: 5741: 5732: 5729: ℗ 5728: 5726: 5717: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5698: 5695: © 5694: 5692: 5684: 5675: 5672: · 5671: 5669: 5660: 5657: • 5656: 5654: 5645: 5642: ‖ 5641: 5638: ¦ 5637: 5633: 5631: 5622: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5603: 5600: _ 5599: 5597: 5589: 5580: 5577: ^ 5576: 5574: 5567:minus-plus sign 5565: 5562: ∓ 5561: 5559: 5552:plus–minus sign 5550: 5547: ± 5546: 5544: 5535: 5532: ~ 5531: 5529: 5520: 5517: ÷ 5516: 5514: 5505: 5502: × 5501: 5499: 5490: 5487: − 5486: 5483: + 5482: 5480: 5472: 5463: 5460: ⌀ 5459: 5457: 5448: 5445: ° 5444: 5442: 5433: 5430: ‱ 5429: 5427: 5418: 5415: ‰ 5414: 5412: 5403: 5400: % 5399: 5397: 5388: 5385: ª 5384: 5381: º 5380: 5378: 5369: 5366: № 5365: 5363: 5354: 5351: # 5350: 5348: 5340: 5331: 5328: ⸮ 5327: 5325: 5316: 5313: ¿ 5312: 5309: ¡ 5308: 5306: 5297: 5294: ‽ 5293: 5291: 5282: 5279: ! 5278: 5276: 5267: 5264: ? 5263: 5261: 5253: 5244: 5241: ⸗ 5240: 5237: ⹀ 5236: 5234: 5225: 5222: — 5221: 5218: – 5217: 5214: ‒ 5213: 5211: 5202: 5199: - 5198: 5196: 5188: 5179: 5173: 5170: 5167: 5163: 5160: 5156: 5153: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5133: 5130: ⁂ 5129: 5127: 5118: 5115: * 5114: 5112: 5103: 5100: … 5099: 5097: 5088: 5085: \ 5084: 5082: 5073: 5070: / 5069: 5067: 5058: 5055: ^ 5054: 5052: 5043: 5040: @ 5039: 5037: 5028: 5024: 5022: 5014: 5005: 5002: . 5001: 4999: 4990: 4987: ‴ 4986: 4983: ″ 4982: 4979: ′ 4978: 4976: 4967: 4964: ' 4963: 4960: ’ 4959: 4957: 4948: 4945: ‐ 4944: 4942: 4933: 4930: ; 4929: 4927: 4918: 4915: : 4914: 4912: 4903: 4900: , 4899: 4897: 4888: 4884: 4882: 4874: 4863: 4833: 4828: 4810: 4794: 4726: 4686:writing systems 4685: 4679: 4633: 4573: 4517:Microtypography 4456: 4392: 4354: 4331: 4299: 4256:classifications 4255: 4244: 4193: 4147: 4113:Blackboard bold 4099: 4051: 3974: 3924: 3915:Recto and verso 3861: 3856: 3825: 3800:Jukka Korpela, 3782: 3777: 3776: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3756: 3755: 3751: 3741: 3739: 3734: 3733: 3724: 3710: 3709: 3705: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3672: 3671: 3667: 3648: 3644: 3643: 3639: 3632: 3619: 3618: 3614: 3601: 3599: 3590: 3589: 3585: 3575: 3573: 3562: 3561: 3557: 3544: 3542: 3531: 3530: 3526: 3519: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3492: 3474: 3473: 3469: 3441: 3437: 3430: 3411: 3410: 3401: 3365: 3364: 3357: 3347: 3345: 3343:englishplus.com 3337: 3336: 3329: 3319: 3317: 3307: 3306: 3302: 3292: 3290: 3289:on 14 June 2019 3277: 3275: 3264: 3254: 3252: 3243: 3241: 3237: 3206: 3202: 3190: 3189: 3185: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3153: 3152: 3145: 3132: 3131: 3127: 3118: 3114: 3107: 3092: 3091: 3087: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3052: 3051: 3047: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3018: 3017: 3013: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2984: 2983: 2979: 2959: 2958: 2954: 2938: 2937: 2933: 2926: 2911: 2910: 2906: 2899: 2884: 2883: 2879: 2873: 2860: 2856: 2840: 2836: 2820: 2819: 2815: 2809:Perseus Project 2785: 2781: 2773: 2769: 2768: 2764: 2754: 2752: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2722: 2709: 2705: 2684: 2676: 2669: 2664: 2621: 2601: 2598: 2593: 2592: 2587: 2583: 2582: 2577: 2576: 2571: 2568: 2563: 2562: 2556: 2552: 2547: 2546: 2541: 2538: 2533: 2532: 2526: 2522: 2519: 2514: 2513: 2508: 2505: 2500: 2499: 2494: 2491: 2486: 2485: 2470: 2467: 2462: 2461: 2455: 2452: 2447: 2446: 2440: 2437: 2432: 2431: 2425: 2422: 2417: 2416: 2406: 2403: 2398: 2397: 2391: 2388: 2383: 2382: 2377: 2374: 2369: 2368: 2363: 2360: 2355: 2354: 2350:ARMENIAN HYPHEN 2349: 2346: 2341: 2340: 2329: 2326: 2321: 2320: 2315: 2312: 2307: 2306: 2300: 2296: 2293: 2288: 2287: 2281: 2276: 2270: 2269: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2252: 2246: 2178: 2172: 2159: 2156: 2151: 2150: 2135: 2069:no-break hyphen 2057: 2041: 1992: 1986: 1978:standard stream 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1906: 1902: 1882: 1879: 1874: 1873: 1872: 1867: 1864: 1859: 1858: 1857: 1852: 1849: 1844: 1843: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1833:, the number 45 1832: 1824: 1815: 1809: 1800: 1789: 1783: 1780: 1769: 1757: 1746: 1670: 1668:Varied meanings 1618: 1608: 1602: 1596: 1591: 1580:floating hyphen 1566:(also called a 1558: 1514: 1512:Other compounds 1483: 1473: 1411: 1372: 1351: 1344: 1338:In spelled-out 1330: 1322: 1287:units (such as 1271:thirty-two-foot 1270: 1263: 1256: 1249: 1196: 1182: 1167: 1143: 1095: 1084: 1077: 1070: 1063: 1044: 1034: 1029: 994: 988: 983:self-con·scious 982: 966:syllabification 962: 881: 875: 869: 867:); or numbers ( 863: 857: 847: 841: 819: 809: 799: 776: 770: 757: 750: 743: 736: 683: 677: 671: 665: 638: 630:(fifth edition) 583:being mentioned 559:of America ... 558: 556: 546: 544: 535: 526: 508:syllabification 503: 498: 474:syllabification 404: 386: 375: 369: 366: 351: 339: 335: 328: 321: 314: 311: 285: 247:Dionysius Thrax 231: 225:was practiced. 218: 175: 166: 127: 120: 113: 106: 75: 64: 38: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6092: 6090: 6082: 6081: 6076: 6066: 6065: 6059: 6058: 6056: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6034: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6012: 6006: 6005: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5992: 5977: 5957: 5938: 5923: 5907: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5880: 5865: 5847: 5838: 5819: 5814:quotation mark 5791: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5784: 5774: 5769: 5759: 5754: 5739: 5724: 5705: 5689: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5682: 5667: 5652: 5629: 5610: 5594: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5587: 5572: 5557: 5542: 5527: 5512: 5497: 5477: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5470: 5455: 5440: 5425: 5410: 5395: 5376: 5361: 5345: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5338: 5323: 5304: 5289: 5274: 5258: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5251: 5232: 5209: 5193: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5186: 5140: 5125: 5110: 5095: 5080: 5065: 5050: 5035: 5019: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5012: 4997: 4974: 4955: 4940: 4925: 4910: 4895: 4879: 4876: 4875: 4864: 4862: 4861: 4854: 4847: 4839: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4826: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4808: 4802: 4800: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4756: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4722: 4720:National Fonts 4712: 4707: 4706: 4705: 4695: 4689: 4687: 4681: 4680: 4678: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4665:Web typography 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4641: 4639: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4631: 4626: 4625: 4624: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4583: 4581: 4575: 4574: 4572: 4571: 4570: 4569: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4542:Reversing type 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4488: 4487: 4482: 4472: 4466: 4464: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4438: 4437: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4411: 4409: 4398: 4397: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4390: 4389: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4368: 4362: 4360: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4352: 4347: 4341: 4339: 4333: 4332: 4330: 4329: 4320: 4315: 4309: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4297: 4292: 4291: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4269: 4267: 4258: 4250: 4249: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4201: 4199: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4169:Letter-spacing 4166: 4161: 4155: 4153: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4123:Color printing 4120: 4115: 4109: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4061: 4059: 4057:Capitalization 4053: 4052: 4050: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3993: 3991: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3972: 3971: 3970: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3934: 3932: 3926: 3925: 3923: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3895:Page numbering 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3871: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3857: 3855: 3854: 3847: 3840: 3832: 3823: 3822: 3816: 3809: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3781: 3780:External links 3778: 3775: 3774: 3749: 3722: 3703: 3685: 3665: 3655:. p. 30. 3637: 3631:978-0596102425 3630: 3612: 3583: 3569:Dictionary.com 3555: 3524: 3517: 3497: 3490: 3467: 3435: 3428: 3399: 3355: 3327: 3300: 3262: 3235: 3200: 3183: 3164: 3160:, Grammar book 3143: 3125: 3112: 3106:978-9027245236 3105: 3085: 3071: 3045: 3032:978-8186062258 3031: 3011: 2997: 2977: 2952: 2931: 2924: 2904: 2897: 2877: 2854: 2834: 2813: 2779: 2762: 2749:dictionary.com 2730: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2720: 2703: 2666: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2659: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2625:De-hyphenation 2620: 2617: 2605: 2604: 2590: 2574: 2560: 2544: 2530: 2511: 2497: 2475: 2474: 2459: 2444: 2429: 2414: 2395: 2380: 2366: 2352: 2334: 2333: 2330:OBLIQUE HYPHEN 2318: 2304: 2285: 2267: 2245: 2242: 2171: 2168: 2134: 2131: 2056: 2053: 1985: 1982: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1822: 1811:Main article: 1808: 1807:Hyphen-minuses 1805: 1802: 1801: 1760: 1758: 1751: 1745: 1742: 1741: 1740: 1739: 1738: 1732: 1720: 1719: 1718: 1704: 1703: 1702: 1688: 1687: 1686: 1669: 1666: 1617: 1614: 1572:hanging hyphen 1557: 1554: 1513: 1510: 1472: 1471:Personal names 1469: 1410: 1407: 1402:Dash § En dash 1197:more-important 1183:more-beautiful 1168:more-important 1118:cost-effective 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 995:long-stand·ing 961: 958: 883:proto-oncogene 637: 634: 562: 561: 552: 549: 539: 538: 534:Justified text 531: 529: 525:Justified text 502: 499: 497: 494: 388: 387: 342: 340: 333: 320: 319:Use in English 317: 310: 268:letter spacing 230: 227: 174: 171: 66: 65: 61: 60: 57: 53: 52: 49: 43: 40: 39: 36: 33: 32: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6091: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6035: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6021:Logic symbols 6019: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6007: 6004: 6001: 6000: 5997: 5988: 5984: 5978: 5972: 5968: 5958: 5953: 5949: 5939: 5934: 5930: 5924: 5918: 5914: 5908: 5903: 5899: 5889: 5888: 5885: 5876: 5872: 5866: 5861: 5857: 5839: 5834: 5830: 5820: 5815: 5811: 5793: 5792: 5789: 5780: 5776: 5770: 5765: 5761: 5755: 5750: 5746: 5740: 5735: 5731: 5725: 5720: 5716: 5706: 5701: 5697: 5691: 5690: 5687: 5678: 5674: 5668: 5663: 5659: 5653: 5648: 5644: 5630: 5625: 5621: 5611: 5606: 5602: 5596: 5595: 5592: 5583: 5579: 5573: 5568: 5564: 5558: 5553: 5549: 5543: 5538: 5534: 5528: 5523: 5522:division sign 5519: 5513: 5508: 5504: 5498: 5493: 5489: 5479: 5478: 5475: 5466: 5465:diameter sign 5462: 5456: 5451: 5450:degree symbol 5447: 5441: 5436: 5432: 5426: 5421: 5417: 5411: 5406: 5402: 5396: 5391: 5387: 5377: 5372: 5368: 5362: 5357: 5353: 5347: 5346: 5343: 5334: 5330: 5324: 5319: 5315: 5305: 5300: 5296: 5290: 5285: 5281: 5275: 5270: 5269:question mark 5266: 5260: 5259: 5256: 5247: 5246:double hyphen 5243: 5233: 5228: 5224: 5210: 5205: 5201: 5195: 5194: 5191: 5182: 5178: 5141: 5136: 5132: 5126: 5121: 5117: 5111: 5106: 5102: 5096: 5091: 5087: 5081: 5076: 5072: 5066: 5061: 5057: 5051: 5046: 5042: 5036: 5031: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5017: 5008: 5004: 4998: 4993: 4989: 4975: 4970: 4966: 4956: 4951: 4947: 4941: 4936: 4932: 4926: 4921: 4917: 4911: 4906: 4902: 4896: 4891: 4887: 4881: 4880: 4877: 4872: 4871:typographical 4868: 4860: 4855: 4853: 4848: 4846: 4841: 4840: 4837: 4825: 4817: 4816: 4813: 4807: 4804: 4803: 4801: 4797: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4740: 4739: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4729: 4721: 4718: 4717: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4704: 4701: 4700: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4690: 4688: 4682: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4670:Bézier curves 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4655:Rasterization 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4636: 4630: 4627: 4623: 4620: 4619: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4576: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4512:Microprinting 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4477: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4470:Etaoin shrdlu 4468: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4459: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4436: 4433: 4432: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4373: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4363: 4361: 4357: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4334: 4327: 4326: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4302: 4296: 4293: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4275: 4274: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4251: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4202: 4200: 4196: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4150: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4102: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4054: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3977: 3969: 3966: 3965: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3927: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3853: 3848: 3846: 3841: 3839: 3834: 3833: 3830: 3826: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3811:Markus Kuhn, 3810: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3783: 3779: 3760: 3753: 3750: 3738:. 31 May 2024 3737: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3723: 3718: 3714: 3707: 3704: 3700: 3688: 3682: 3678: 3677: 3669: 3666: 3662: 3659: 3654: 3647: 3641: 3638: 3633: 3627: 3623: 3616: 3613: 3609: 3598: 3594: 3587: 3584: 3571: 3570: 3565: 3559: 3556: 3552: 3541: 3540: 3535: 3528: 3525: 3520: 3514: 3510: 3509: 3501: 3498: 3493: 3487: 3483: 3482: 3477: 3471: 3468: 3465:, March 2008. 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3446: 3439: 3436: 3431: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3416: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3362: 3360: 3356: 3344: 3340: 3334: 3332: 3328: 3315: 3311: 3304: 3301: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3263: 3250: 3246: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3212:Robert W. Bly 3209: 3204: 3201: 3196: 3195: 3187: 3184: 3179: 3175: 3168: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3150: 3148: 3144: 3138: 3137: 3129: 3126: 3122: 3116: 3113: 3108: 3102: 3098: 3097: 3089: 3086: 3074: 3068: 3064: 3059: 3058: 3049: 3046: 3034: 3028: 3024: 3023: 3015: 3012: 3000: 2994: 2990: 2989: 2981: 2978: 2972: 2968: 2967: 2962: 2956: 2953: 2949: 2947: 2942: 2935: 2932: 2927: 2921: 2917: 2916: 2908: 2905: 2900: 2894: 2890: 2889: 2881: 2878: 2858: 2855: 2851: 2850:archive.today 2847: 2844: 2838: 2835: 2830: 2829: 2824: 2817: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2805: 2800: 2799:Scott, Robert 2796: 2792: 2783: 2780: 2772: 2766: 2763: 2751: 2750: 2745: 2743: 2735: 2732: 2725: 2717: 2716:word wrapping 2713: 2707: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2680: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2661: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2631:Double hyphen 2629: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2591: 2575: 2561: 2559: 2557:DOUBLE HYPHEN 2545: 2531: 2523:HYPHEN BULLET 2512: 2498: 2484: 2483: 2482: 2480: 2460: 2445: 2430: 2415: 2412: 2396: 2381: 2367: 2353: 2339: 2338: 2337: 2319: 2305: 2286: 2279: 2268: 2265: 2251: 2250: 2249: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2234: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2177: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2085:word boundary 2082: 2077: 2075: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2045: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1991: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1963: 1959: 1954: 1928: 1925:or multi-key 1924: 1920: 1915: 1912: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1828: 1820: 1814: 1806: 1798: 1795: 1787: 1784:November 2020 1777: 1773: 1767: 1766: 1761:This section 1759: 1755: 1750: 1749: 1743: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1716: 1712: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1700: 1696: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1673: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1659:reduplication 1655: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1642: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1615: 1613: 1611: 1605: 1599: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1530:tittle-tattle 1527: 1526:clever-clever 1523: 1519: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1482: 1478: 1470: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1419: 1413: 1408: 1406: 1404: 1403: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1370: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1348: 1341: 1336: 1334: 1331:35-millimetre 1326: 1318: 1314: 1313: 1308: 1307: 1302: 1298: 1297: 1292: 1291: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1267: 1260: 1253: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1141: 1139: 1138:The Economist 1134: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1092: 1088: 1081: 1074: 1067: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1043: 1039: 1031: 1026: 1024: 1022: 1021:Ah-gwah-ching 1018: 1017: 1012: 1009: 1003: 1001: 997: 991: 985: 979: 975: 971: 967: 959: 957: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 918: 913: 909: 905: 900: 898: 897:protooncogene 894: 890: 886: 884: 878: 872: 866: 860: 854: 850: 844: 838: 834: 830: 827:form) versus 826: 822: 816: 812: 806: 802: 796: 795: 790: 785: 783: 779: 773: 767: 766: 761: 754: 747: 740: 733: 729: 725: 721: 716: 714: 713:rule of thumb 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 680: 674: 668: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 635: 633: 631: 629: 624: 623:double hyphen 620: 619: 614: 613: 608: 604: 601:handles with 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 579: 577: 573: 569: 560: 553: 551: 550: 548: 541: 537: 532: 530: 528: 523: 519: 517: 513: 512:justification 509: 500: 495: 493: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 466: 464: 463: 458: 457: 452: 451: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 421: 415: 410: 408: 399: 395: 384: 381: 373: 363: 359: 355: 349: 348: 343:This section 341: 332: 331: 326: 318: 316: 308: 307:double hyphen 303: 299: 295: 291: 280: 275: 273: 269: 264: 263:as a hyphen. 262: 259:, officially 258: 257: 252: 248: 240: 235: 228: 226: 224: 216: 211: 199: 187: 172: 170: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 131: 126: 119: 112: 105: 101: 96: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 73: 58: 56:Hyphen-minus 55: 54: 50: 47: 46: 41: 34: 29: 26: 22: 6026:Math symbols 5987:section mark 5647:vertical bar 5405:percent sign 5204:hyphen-minus 4949: 4770:Type foundry 4607:Metric units 4537:Punchcutting 4522:Movable type 4492:Font catalog 4452:Vertical bar 4429: 4189:Word spacing 4159:Figure space 4042:Text figures 3885:Even working 3824: 3767:19 September 3765:. Retrieved 3752: 3742:11 September 3740:. Retrieved 3716: 3706: 3697: 3690:. Retrieved 3675: 3668: 3657: 3656: 3652: 3640: 3621: 3615: 3607: 3600:. Retrieved 3596: 3586: 3574:. Retrieved 3567: 3558: 3550: 3543:. Retrieved 3537: 3527: 3507: 3500: 3480: 3470: 3444: 3438: 3414: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3371: 3367: 3346:. Retrieved 3342: 3318:. Retrieved 3314:the original 3303: 3291:. Retrieved 3287:the original 3282: 3253:. Retrieved 3248: 3238: 3215: 3203: 3193: 3186: 3178:Language Log 3177: 3167: 3156: 3139:, City slide 3135: 3128: 3115: 3095: 3088: 3076:. Retrieved 3065:, § 5. 3056: 3048: 3036:. Retrieved 3021: 3014: 3002:. Retrieved 2987: 2980: 2964: 2955: 2945: 2944: 2940: 2934: 2914: 2907: 2887: 2880: 2857: 2837: 2826: 2816: 2802: 2782: 2765: 2753:. 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