1947:. " A computing counter has been developed that displays data in engineering notation with the exponent expressed in alphabetic form rather than in numeric form, such as f in place of −15, p in place of −12, n in place of −9, μ in place of −6, m in place of −3, k in place of +3, M in place of +6, G in place of +9, and T in place of +12. This device, however, is limited to displaying only those numeric quantities for which there exists a commonly accepted alphabetic exponent notation. This device is also limited in the range of data that it can display because the size of the exponent display area is limited, and would be unduly large if required to contain all of the alphabetic characters necessary to represent every exponent that is a multiple of three, for example, in the range −99 to +99. " (US 05/578,775)
174:
274:. This can be solved by changing the range of the coefficient in front of the power from the common 1–1000 to 0.001–1.0. In some cases this may be suitable; in others it may be impractical. In the previous example, 0.5 mm, 0.50 mm, or 0.500 mm would have been used to show uncertainty and significant figures. It is also common to state the precision explicitly, such as "
1921:
kilo, M for mega, etc.). There are 12 digital display tubes, to permit shifting the displayed value (11 digits maximum) around the fixed decimal point. Insignificant digits and leading zeros are automatically blanked so only significant digits are displayed, or any number of digits from 3 to 11 can be selected manually. Internally, however, the computer always carries 11 digits.
1942:
1920:
Measurements are displayed around a stationary decimal point and the display tubes are grouped in threes to make the display more readable. The numerical display is accompanied by appropriate measurement units (hertz, second, etc.) and a prefix multiplier which is computed by the counter (e.g., k for
36:
in which the exponent of ten is always selected to be divisible by three to match the common metric prefixes, i.e. scientific notation that aligns with powers of a thousand, for example, 531×10 instead of 5.31×10 (but on calculator displays written without the ×10 to save space). As an alternative to
155:
button (instead of having to activate a dedicated display mode as on most other calculators), and subsequent button presses would shift the exponent and decimal point of the number displayed by ±3 in order to easily let results match a desired prefix. Some graphical calculators (for example the
1809:
action would decrease the exponent by the same amount as the decimal point would be moved to the right, so that the value of the displayed number does not change. Preceding the keypress with
377:
On the other hand, engineering notation allows the numbers to explicitly match their corresponding SI prefixes, which facilitates reading and oral communication. For example,
41:
can be used, which also usually provide steps of a factor of a thousand. On most calculators, engineering notation is called "ENG" mode as scientific notation is denoted SCI.
1842:
1271:
engineering notation relates to a base-1024 scientific notation (2 = 1024), where the exponent of two must be divisible by ten. This is closely related to the base-2
2048:
scientific calculators offer the possibility of changing the exponent at will, therefore allowing the full choice of the unit in which the display may be read. The
49:
An early implementation of engineering notation in the form of range selection and number display with SI prefixes was introduced in the computerized HP 5360A
2056:
will algebraically increment or decrement the value of the exponent by one for each depression, moving accordingly the decimal point of the mantissa.
1793:
Except in the case of square and cubic units: in this case the SI prefixes provide only steps of a factor of one million or one billion respectively.
1333:
1937:, Dickinson, Peter D., "Calculator Apparatus for Displaying Data in Engineering Notation", published 1976-10-19, assigned to
1387:
195:
1979:
1905:
1438:
221:
2029:
1276:
1486:
160:) in the 2000s also support the display of some SI prefixes (f, p, n, μ, m, k, M, G, T, P, E) as suffixes in engineering mode.
199:
2053:
2049:
1810:
152:
148:
128:
124:
92:
88:
2346:
1768:
1219:
1170:
1124:
1082:
1043:
1007:
974:
944:
917:
893:
751:
712:
670:
625:
577:
526:
472:
2250:
2286:
1531:
2045:
72:
2018:
commodore - Multi-Function
Preprogrammed Rechargeable Scientific Notation Calculator - Model SR4190R - Owner's Manual
184:
1283:, e.g. 1B10 for 1 × 2, 1B20 for 1 × 2, 1B30 for 1 × 2, 1B40 for 1 × 2 etc.
234:
Compared to normalized scientific notation, one disadvantage of using SI prefixes and engineering notation is that
238:
are not always readily apparent when the smallest significant digit or digits are 0. For example, 500 μm and
203:
188:
2277:
1885:"Introducing the Computing Counter - Here is the most significant advance in electronic counters in recent years"
1573:
413:
2351:
2025:
1975:
1966:
1938:
1901:
1892:
1612:
1268:
80:
76:
1267:
Just like decimal engineering notation can be viewed as a base-1000 scientific notation (10 = 1000),
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33:
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2331:
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112:
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50:
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1958:
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68:
in 1975. It was implemented as a dedicated display mode in addition to scientific notation.
120:
16:
A version of scientific notation in which the exponent of ten reflects powers of a thousand
54:
2243:: The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty: Fundamental Physical Constants
2157:
397:
would likely be read out as "one-point-two-five times ten-to-the-negative-eight meters".
1857:(Qi, 1024). As of 2022, these binary prefixes have not been adopted by the IEC and ISO.
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to support engineering notation displaying the power-of-ten exponent values was the
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decimal prefixes introduced in 2022 were suggested in a consultation paper of the
2199:
2093:
2068:
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can be written as 3.0E−9 or 3.0e−9. The E (or e) should not be confused with the
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1994:
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38:
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instead. This can be seen as a precursor to a feature implemented on many
1774:
389:) and written as 12.5 nm, while its scientific notation equivalent
1837:
1207:
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Engineering notation, like scientific notation generally, can use the
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1959:"Three New Pocket Calculators: Smaller, less Costly, More Powerful"
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Java functions for converting between a string and a double type
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658:
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Perl CPAN module for converting number to engineering notation
167:
108:
1279:) commonly used in computer arithmetic, and the usage of IEC
147:
notation is available on demand by the single press of a (
385:
can be read as "twelve-point-five nanometers" (10 being
75:
introduced a number of scientific calculators (like the
95:
keys shifted the exponent and decimal point by ±1 in
2005:
http://www.wass.net/manuals/Commodore%20SR4148R.pdf
2322:Engineering Prefix User Defined Function for Excel
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
2107:http://www.datamath.net/Manuals/TI-30_1976_US.pdf
1957:Neff, Randall B.; Tillman, Lynn (November 1975).
60:Based on an idea by Peter D. Dickinson the first
1924:(NB. Introduces the HP 5360A Computing Counter.)
1883:Gordon, Gary B.; Reeser, Gilbert A. (May 1969).
1843:International Committee for Weights and Measures
1813:would inverse the action in the other direction.
302:by the definition of the meter) is expressed as
1801:
1799:
1878:
1876:
1874:
8:
2213:http://www.datamath.net/Manuals/TI-45_EU.pdf
2132:http://www.datamath.net/Manuals/TI-30_BR.pdf
2082:http://www.datamath.net/Manuals/SR-40_US.pdf
1845:' Consultative Committee for Units (CCU) as
362:, this is not clear. A possibility is using
2273:"Letters to the editor: On binary notation"
202:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2294:
222:Learn how and when to remove this message
135:calculators since 1978/1979 (e.g. in the
99:notation. Between 1976 and 1980 the same
2225:"CODATA Value: Speed of light in vacuum
1285:
424:
1870:
1786:
7:
318:then it is clear that it is between
200:adding citations to reliable sources
103:facility was also available on some
2271:Martin, Bruce Alan (October 1968).
1829:Natural binary counterparts to the
14:
172:
2253:from the original on 2017-06-25
2035:from the original on 2017-06-24
1985:from the original on 2017-06-10
1911:from the original on 2017-06-04
2044:Variable scientific notation:
1:
1769:International System of Units
2287:Associated Universities Inc.
85:variable scientific notation
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1263:Binary engineering notation
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143:), where number display in
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287:Another example: when the
123:model variants utilizing (
2278:Communications of the ACM
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427:
2028:. 1975. pp. 10–11.
1976:Hewlett-Packard Company
1967:Hewlett-Packard Journal
1939:Hewlett-Packard Company
1902:Hewlett-Packard Company
1893:Hewlett-Packard Journal
107:calculators of the pre-
416:or the symbol for the
37:writing powers of 10,
2296:10.1145/364096.364107
250:distinctions between
87:, where pressing the
2347:Engineering concepts
196:improve this section
22:Engineering notation
1759:Scientific notation
1754:Significant figures
246:cannot express the
236:significant figures
34:scientific notation
111:era such as early
32:) is a version of
30:technical notation
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334:, but when using
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105:Texas Instruments
51:frequency counter
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1299:Representations
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1275:representation (
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1281:binary prefixes
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922:
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857:
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101:exponent shift
83:) providing a
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2083:
2078:
2075:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2047:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2019:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1960:
1953:
1950:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1922:
1907:
1903:
1899:
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1879:
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1864:
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1808:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1764:Binary prefix
1762:
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1755:
1752:
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1747:
1736:
1729:
1727:
1725:
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1425:
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1389:
1382:
1379:
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1373:
1335:
1328:
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1287:
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1262:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1209:
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1205:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
993:
978:
976:
972:
969:
966:
964:
961:
960:
948:
946:
942:
939:
936:
934:
931:
930:
921:
919:
915:
912:
909:
907:
904:
903:
897:
895:
891:
888:
885:
883:
880:
879:
875:
873:
869:
866:
863:
854:
852:
848:
845:
842:
840:
837:
836:
824:
822:
818:
815:
812:
810:
807:
806:
791:
789:
785:
782:
779:
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774:
773:
755:
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749:
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710:
707:
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674:
672:
668:
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629:
627:
623:
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617:
615:
612:
611:
581:
579:
575:
572:
569:
567:
564:
563:
530:
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476:
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445:
442:
441:
433:
430:
426:
423:
422:
421:
419:
415:
403:
398:
388:
375:
360:300 Mm/s
290:
285:
249:
237:
226:
223:
215:
212:February 2024
205:
201:
197:
191:
190:
186:
181:This section
179:
175:
170:
169:
163:
161:
159:
146:
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118:
114:
110:
106:
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98:
86:
82:
79:/SR4148R and
78:
74:
69:
67:
63:
58:
56:
52:
44:
42:
40:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
2282:
2276:
2266:
2255:. Retrieved
2239:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2208:
2194:
2180:
2166:
2152:
2138:
2127:
2113:
2102:
2088:
2077:
2063:
2043:
2037:. Retrieved
2017:
2011:
2000:
1987:. Retrieved
1971:
1965:
1952:
1929:
1919:
1913:. Retrieved
1897:
1891:
1852:
1846:
1836:
1830:
1806:
1789:
1290:IEC prefixes
1266:
404:, such that
399:
386:
376:
348:10 km/s
316:10 km/s
286:
233:
218:
209:
194:Please help
182:
144:
100:
96:
84:
70:
59:
48:
29:
25:
21:
20:
18:
2241:CODATA 2014
429:SI prefixes
368:10 m/s
340:10 m/s
308:10 m/s
248:uncertainty
145:engineering
39:SI prefixes
2341:Categories
2257:2017-05-25
2200:"Datamath"
2186:"Datamath"
2172:"Datamath"
2158:"Datamath"
2144:"Datamath"
2119:"Datamath"
2094:"Datamath"
2069:"Datamath"
2039:2017-06-24
1989:2017-06-10
1935:US 3987290
1915:2017-06-04
1865:References
1310:Base 1024
1277:B notation
449:Base 1000
402:E notation
356: km/s
332: km/s
324: km/s
276:47 kΩ
97:scientific
62:calculator
2046:Commodore
2026:Commodore
420:-prefix.
395:10 m
383:10 m
300: m/s
291:(exactly
272:10 m
264:10 m
256:10 m
244:10 m
183:does not
73:Commodore
71:In 1975,
57:in 1969.
2357:Notation
2305:28248410
2251:Archived
2030:Archived
1980:Archived
1906:Archived
1904:: 2–16.
1775:RKM code
1748:See also
452:Base 10
164:Overview
158:fx-9860G
2289:: 658.
1978:: 1–7.
1838:quetta-
1313:Base 2
1307:Symbol
1296:Prefix
1222:
1173:
1127:
446:Symbol
435:Prefix
204:removed
189:sources
141:FX-502P
137:FX-501P
81:SR4190R
45:History
2303:
2285:(10).
1944:
1854:quebi-
1832:ronna-
1733:
1710:
1680:
1647:
1611:
1572:
1530:
1485:
1437:
1386:
1332:
1316:Value
1269:binary
1218:
1208:quecto
1169:
1123:
1081:
1042:
1006:
973:
943:
916:
892:
870:
849:
819:
786:
750:
711:
669:
624:
576:
525:
471:
461:quetta
455:Value
266:, and
77:SR4148
28:(also
2301:S2CID
2033:(PDF)
2022:(PDF)
1983:(PDF)
1974:(3).
1962:(PDF)
1909:(PDF)
1900:(9).
1888:(PDF)
1848:robi-
1781:Notes
1730:1024
1707:1024
1677:1024
1644:1024
1608:1024
1569:1024
1527:1024
1482:1024
1434:1024
1383:1024
1329:1024
1322:quebi
1304:Name
1226:0.000
1215:1000
1177:0.000
1166:1000
1159:ronto
1131:0.000
1120:1000
1113:yocto
1088:0.000
1078:1000
1071:zepto
1049:0.000
1039:1000
1013:0.000
1003:1000
996:femto
980:0.000
970:1000
950:0.000
940:1000
923:0.000
913:1000
906:micro
899:0.001
889:1000
882:milli
867:1000
846:1000
816:1000
783:1000
747:1000
708:1000
666:1000
621:1000
614:zetta
573:1000
566:yotta
522:1000
515:ronna
468:1000
443:Name
364:0.300
342:, or
133:Casio
121:TI-45
117:TI-30
113:SR-40
66:HP-25
2247:NIST
2052:and
1835:and
1805:One
1771:(SI)
1700:kibi
1670:mebi
1637:gibi
1601:tebi
1562:pebi
1520:exbi
1475:zebi
1427:yobi
1376:robi
1032:atto
963:pico
933:nano
839:kilo
809:mega
776:giga
740:tera
701:peta
391:1.25
387:nano
379:12.5
326:and
312:3.00
304:3.00
268:5.00
187:any
185:cite
119:and
91:and
2291:doi
2054:EE↓
2050:EE↑
1811:INV
1719:024
1704:Ki
1692:576
1689:048
1674:Mi
1662:824
1659:741
1656:073
1641:Gi
1629:776
1626:627
1623:511
1620:099
1605:Ti
1593:624
1590:842
1587:906
1584:899
1581:125
1566:Pi
1554:976
1551:846
1548:606
1545:504
1542:921
1539:152
1524:Ei
1512:424
1509:303
1506:411
1503:717
1500:620
1497:591
1494:180
1479:Zi
1467:176
1464:706
1461:174
1458:629
1455:614
1452:819
1449:925
1446:208
1431:Yi
1419:224
1416:124
1413:899
1410:274
1407:380
1404:285
1401:039
1398:940
1395:237
1380:Ri
1368:376
1365:205
1362:703
1359:496
1356:401
1353:229
1350:228
1347:600
1344:650
1341:267
1326:Qi
1252:001
1249:000
1246:000
1243:000
1240:000
1237:000
1234:000
1231:000
1228:000
1200:001
1197:000
1194:000
1191:000
1188:000
1185:000
1182:000
1179:000
1151:001
1148:000
1145:000
1142:000
1139:000
1136:000
1133:000
1105:001
1102:000
1099:000
1096:000
1093:000
1090:000
1063:001
1060:000
1057:000
1054:000
1051:000
1024:001
1021:000
1018:000
1015:000
988:001
985:000
982:000
955:001
952:000
925:001
858:000
831:000
828:000
801:000
798:000
795:000
768:000
765:000
762:000
759:000
732:000
729:000
726:000
723:000
720:000
693:000
690:000
687:000
684:000
681:000
678:000
659:exa
651:000
648:000
645:000
642:000
639:000
636:000
633:000
606:000
603:000
600:000
597:000
594:000
591:000
588:000
585:000
558:000
555:000
552:000
549:000
546:000
543:000
540:000
537:000
534:000
507:000
504:000
501:000
498:000
495:000
492:000
489:000
486:000
483:000
480:000
418:exa
406:3.0
370:or
354:000
352:300
344:300
336:300
330:500
328:300
322:500
320:299
310:or
298:458
295:792
293:299
260:5.0
240:500
198:by
153:ENG
149:INV
129:EE↓
125:INV
109:LCD
93:EE↑
89:EE↓
53:by
24:or
2343::
2299:.
2283:11
2281:.
2275:.
2245:.
2238:.
2229:,
2042:.
2024:.
1972:27
1970:.
1964:.
1918:.
1898:20
1896:.
1890:.
1873:^
1818:^
1798:^
1220:10
1212:q
1171:10
1163:r
1125:10
1117:y
1083:10
1075:z
1044:10
1036:a
1008:10
1000:f
975:10
967:p
945:10
937:n
918:10
910:μ
894:10
886:m
876:1
872:10
851:10
843:k
821:10
813:M
788:10
780:G
752:10
744:T
713:10
705:P
671:10
663:E
626:10
618:Z
578:10
570:Y
527:10
519:R
473:10
465:Q
410:10
374:.
350:,
284:"
281:5%
258:,
115:,
2307:.
2293::
2260:.
2236:"
2234:0
2231:c
2227:c
2202:.
2188:.
2174:.
2160:.
2146:.
2121:.
2096:.
2071:.
1992:.
1740:1
1735:2
1717:1
1712:2
1687:1
1682:2
1654:1
1649:2
1618:1
1613:2
1579:1
1574:2
1537:1
1532:2
1492:1
1487:2
1444:1
1439:2
1393:1
1388:2
1339:1
1334:2
856:1
826:1
793:1
757:1
718:1
676:1
631:1
583:1
532:1
478:1
408:×
393:×
381:×
366:×
346:×
338:×
314:×
306:×
278:±
270:×
262:×
254:×
252:5
242:×
225:)
219:(
214:)
210:(
206:.
192:.
151:)
139:/
127:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
