532:
385:
5064:
3466:
4762:
127:
4774:
5097:
4768:
4241:
821:, the great diversity of small terrestrial parareptiles, and more primitive therapsids, seems more archaic. These two faunal assemblages were geographically separated from each other by a marine area. It is possible that the Mezen assemblage is a relict fauna which lived in the regions of marshy plains west of the Kazanian Sea, while the Ochyor fauna lived east of this sea, along the Paleo-
4246:
114:
844:). This tentative determination was based on the presence of a small pit on the lateral surface of the centrum. However, Romano and colleagues have shown that the very small size and location of the pit of the Spanish vertebra does not correspond to the large elongated pits clearly visible in lateral and ventral views on all vertebrae of
3298:
Mujal, E.; Gretter, N.; Ronchi, A.; López-Gómez, J.; Falconnet, J.; Diez, J.B.; De la Horra, R.; Bolet, A.; Oms, O.; Arche, A.; Barrenechea, J.F.; Steyer, J.S.; Fortuny, J. (2016). "Constraining the
Permian/Triassic transition in continental environments : Stratigraphic and paleontological
375:
of the meaning of the
Russian names of the discoverers of the first fossils of this animal. The genus name is dedicated to Tatyana A. Devyataya (the feminine form of Devyatyi whose name means ‘ninth’ = "ennatos" in Greek) and of "saurus" meaning lizard. The species honors Mikhail Alekseevich
403:), 122, 4543/1), as well as by a juvenile skull (PIN 1580/24) associated with many postcranial elements from several individuals. All these elements allowed the reconstruction of a composite skeleton. Unlike all other derived caseids that have a tiny skull relative to the body size,
551:
centra of all regions of the body are characterized by the presence of two well-developed ventrolateral pits, deep and elongated anteroposteriorly. The neural spines of the vertebrae show a diamond-shaped section along its entire length, a condition similar to that observed in
590:
with which it merges to form a single support structure. The intertrochanteric fossa is much more developed mediolaterally than anteroposteriorly in relation with the conformation of the proximal articular surface. The
3420:
793:(or Ocher) assemblage. Magnetostratigraphic data suggests that these two faunal assemblages are late Roadian to early Wordian in age. Compared to the Ochyor assemblage largely dominated by therapids (
558:. The vertebrae of the "lumbar region" are characterized by the absence of fused or co-ossified ribs (a characteristic to be taken with caution given the juvenile condition of the specimens). The
658:. A nearly complete skull with lower jaw, a fragment of the cheek region of a second skull, and an incomplete dentary were also discovered in the Krasnoshelskaia Formation, near the village of
371:
means "ninth carpenter lizard". The strangeness of the name of this synapsid is related to its very unusual origin since the genus and species names correspond to the translation into
3256:
Jansen, M.; Reisz, R.R.; Kammerer, C.F.; Fröbisch, J. (2013). "3D reconstruction of a basal therapsid skull – combining modern and conventional methods for 3D retro-deformation".
3241:
Jansen, M.; Reisz, R.R.; Fröbisch, J. (2012). "A new basal dinocephalian from the Middle
Permian Mezen fauna (Russia) and its implications for the evolution of basal therapsids".
832:, an incomplete posterior dorsal vertebra (including the dorsal half of the centrum and the base of the neural arch) found in deposits possibly dating from the Middle Permian of
3381:
Berman, D.S.; Maddin, H.C.; Henrici, A.C.; Sumida, S.S.; Scott, D.; Reisz, R.R. (2020). "New primitive Caseid (Synapsida, Caseasauria) from the Early
Permian of Germany".
5177:
646:. The holotype and the majority of the referred specimens were discovered in 1955 in the Nijneoustinskaia Formation (Karpogorskaia Member), on the banks of the
334:
were well suited for slicing and cutting vegetation. The presence of a highly developed hyoid apparatus indicates the presence of a massive and mobile
5261:
5164:
595:
is distinguished by its flattened shaft with a subelliptic and non-circular cross section, as is the case in most caseids which have not undergone
582:
articular surface is much wider dorsoventrally than anteroposteriorly and an elevated and robust bony crest extends from the narrowest part of the
5256:
531:
3271:
Gorsky, V.P.; Gusseva, E.A.; Crasquin-Soleau, S.; Broutin, J. (2003). "Stratigraphic data of the Middle – Late
Permian on Russian Platform".
407:
is peculiar by the small size of its postcranial skeleton compared to that of its skull. However, almost all of the postcranial material in
5251:
5236:
3506:
3339:"Cladistic analysis of Caseidae (Caseasauria, Synapsida): using the gap-weighting method to include taxa based on incomplete specimens"
5266:
5246:
3107:
528:. The premaxillary teeth are conical in shape, the following teeth are spatulate with five to seven cuspules arranged longitudinally.
1139:
563:
674:
has long been known as one of the last caseids with a middle
Permian age. But a more precise age was difficult to assess because
411:
belongs to juvenile individuals, and the unusual proportions of this composite skeleton could be explained by the mounting of an
5063:
730:) are also known in at least eight other localities of the Arkhangelsk Oblast which have yielded additionally the parareptiles
3258:
Palaeontology & Geobiology of Fossil
Lagerstätten through Earth History.Abstract Volume, Göttingen, Universitätsdrucke: 93
5241:
540:
1128:
In 2015, Romano and
Nicosia published the first cladistic study including almost all the Caseidae (with the exception of
492:
is very characteristic in having a thick and very elongated anterior ramus creating an area of extended contact with the
848:(as Olson had already figured in 1968). The small pit of the Spanish vertebra probably represents a perforation for the
579:
882:
compared to the two
American species dated to the Lower Permian indicates that the Russian species is the product of a
126:
4773:
4761:
3206:
Ivakhnenko, M.F. (2008). "Cranial morphology and evolution of
Permian Dinomorpha (Eotherapsida) of Eastern Europe".
384:
566:
and a not completely closed ectepicondylar foramen. A deep and well marked fossa is present immediately behind the
415:
skull on a juvenile skeleton. However, the existence of some bones of subadult and adult individuals suggests that
3585:
3026:
419:
did indeed have a proportionally smaller body than that of other derived caseids. The largest adult skull of
3612:
3499:
2896:
Golubev, V.K. (2015). "Dinocephalian Stage in the History of the Permian Tetrapod Fauna of Eastern Europe".
496:. In other caseids, the anterior ramus is very thin and ends in narrow vertical contact with the lacrimal.
5117:
4965:
4767:
4240:
3243:
Conference Proceedings of the Centenary Meeting of the Paläontologische Gesellschaft, Terra Nostra 2013(3)
3013:(Synapsida: Caseidae) from the Middle Permian of Russia and the evolutionary relationships of Caseidae".
5203:
4872:
4846:
833:
4930:
4898:
3419:
Werneburg, R.; Spindler, F.; Falconnet, J.; Steyer, J.-S.; Vianey-Liaud, M.; Schneider, J.W. (2022).
3308:
663:
4245:
5231:
4988:
3479:
3471:
311:
5100:
4647:
4506:
4459:
3492:
3443:
3398:
3360:
3223:
3183:
3080:
3030:
2913:
841:
655:
636:
326:
with smaller proportions compared to the size of the skull. As with other advanced caseids, the
121:
5208:
5182:
5155:
5190:
4587:
4560:
3421:"A new caseid synapsid from the Permian (Guadalupian) of the Lodève basin (Occitanie, France)"
3103:
1158:
may be distorted by the extreme incompleteness of the material of the North American species.
5195:
4617:
4356:
4216:
3859:
3435:
3390:
3350:
3316:
3280:
3215:
3175:
3072:
3022:
2905:
2736:
1161:
Below the most pasimonious phylogenetic analysis published by Romano & Nicosia in 2015.
423:(the holotype PIN 1580/17) is approximately 17 cm long, a size similar to the skull of
352:
444:
has a very short skull with a snout sharply sloping forward and very large external nares.
4683:
4526:
4466:
4326:
4282:
3570:
795:
789:. This fauna constitutes the Mezen assemblage which is more or less contemporary with the
659:
643:
600:
477:
307:
279:
3312:
5011:
4942:
4640:
4569:
4489:
4452:
4410:
4401:
4153:
4057:
4002:
3991:
3948:
3914:
3824:
3699:
3597:
2753:
2712:
2664:
2278:
2261:
2237:
1917:
1900:
1883:
1438:
1413:
1388:
1041:
822:
691:
425:
339:
3284:
889:
Below the first phylogenetic analysis of Caseidae published by Maddin et al. in 2008.
5225:
5085:
4954:
4713:
4705:
4626:
4576:
4546:
4536:
4473:
4333:
4291:
4088:
4073:
4046:
4025:
3887:
3880:
3796:
3447:
3402:
2917:
2621:
1456:
883:
861:
801:
783:
755:
738:
732:
554:
493:
372:
291:
64:
3364:
3227:
3084:
3034:
5090:
5080:
5044:
4904:
4861:
4835:
4697:
4633:
4438:
4424:
4417:
4340:
4312:
4039:
3955:
3894:
3831:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3724:
2688:
2590:
2573:
2220:
2196:
2100:
1866:
1849:
1767:
1533:
1508:
1130:
1059:
874:
849:
807:
786:
774:
744:
722:
712:
703:
687:
647:
604:
571:
509:
473:
283:
226:
3076:
1657:
Below are the two Caseidae cladograms published by Berman and colleagues in 2020.
520:
only have two and eight teeth respectively against 4 and 11 teeth respectively in
3320:
3166:
Olson, E.C. (1962). "Late Permian terrestrial vertebrates, U.S.A. and U.S.S.R.".
5149:
4919:
4887:
4690:
4669:
4445:
4305:
4298:
4263:
4206:
4196:
4124:
4032:
3927:
3755:
3733:
3714:
3123:
3059:
Romano, M.; Brocklehurst, N.; Fröbisch, J. (2017). "The postcranial skeleton of
1169:
897:
778:
759:
708:
667:
376:
Plotnikov (after the Russian plotnik, meaning "carpenter" = "tecton" in Greek).
187:
39:
682:
age was sometimes mentioned. However, the Nisogora locality, which has yielded
5034:
5024:
4977:
4804:
4791:
4725:
4655:
4603:
4387:
4319:
4166:
4081:
4066:
3976:
3969:
3941:
3866:
3852:
3461:
3219:
2909:
2527:
2424:
2148:
2035:
1801:
1709:
1263:
991:
818:
697:
679:
596:
567:
489:
461:
456:
448:
is distinguished, however, by its proportionally longer facial region than in
343:
318:
has the typical caseid skull with a short snout tilted forward and very large
113:
84:
49:
4821:
4676:
4377:
4102:
3962:
3873:
3817:
3810:
3748:
3678:
3665:
3624:
3515:
2638:
2455:
2083:
1750:
1338:
1295:
1213:
941:
717:
651:
583:
303:
171:
138:
89:
33:
5140:
3152:
Ivakhnenko, M.F. (2008). "". In Ivakhnenko, M.F.; Kurochkin, E.N. (eds.).
5134:
4662:
4516:
4431:
4186:
4176:
4109:
4095:
4018:
4011:
3766:
3741:
3545:
3539:
3394:
2410:
1990:
1664:
1198:
1184:
1135:
926:
912:
813:
548:
400:
323:
263:
260:
200:
158:
79:
74:
59:
54:
44:
3439:
472:. The skull roof is distinguished by the very large contribution of the
5169:
3845:
3554:
3355:
3338:
3187:
2004:
1678:
1638:
Two other cladogams published in 2020 by Berman and colleagues recover
765:
587:
559:
517:
319:
295:
275:
271:
267:
253:
94:
69:
2403:
Below is the cladogram published by Werneburg and colleagues in 2022.
4994:
3984:
3533:
790:
750:
639:
616:
505:
488:
the frontal represents less than 10% of the margin of the orbit. The
357:
335:
148:
5111:
3179:
322:. However, it differs from other derived caseids by its postcranial
3124:"The Gift of Names: Tuditanus, Ennatosaurus, Bottosaurus, and more"
3009:
Maddin, H.C.; Sidor, C.A.; Reisz, R.R. (2008). "Cranial anatomy of
3803:
2503:
2479:
2124:
2059:
1784:
1733:
1320:
1238:
966:
837:
592:
575:
547:
The postcranial skeleton also shows many original characters. The
530:
501:
450:
412:
383:
327:
299:
256:
2392:
In the cladogram published by Werneburg and colleagues in 2022,
620:
608:
5115:
4789:
4261:
3663:
3526:
3488:
464:
contributes to a narrow intranarial bar, narrower than that of
612:
480:. It occupies about 50% of the length of the latter while in
3484:
650:, and come from the locality of Moroznitsa near the town of
678:
is the only known vertebrate at the Moroznitsa locality. A
3299:
record from the Catalan Pyrenees (NE Iberian Peninsula)".
817:), the Mezen assemblage, characterized by the presence of
3027:
10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[160:CAOETS]2.0.CO;2
868:
was identified as the sister group of a clade containing
603:
is not fully known and the preserved elements indicate a
433:
are half the size of the corresponding adult elements in
3414:
3412:
504:
significantly larger than the nostrils and orbits, its
686:
remains, contains a more diverse fauna containing the
3376:
3374:
512:, and its upper dentition more reduced in number. In
5040:
5030:
5020:
4951:
4916:
4884:
4858:
4832:
4817:
4614:
4599:
4557:
4542:
4532:
4522:
4512:
4502:
4398:
4383:
4373:
4279:
4212:
4202:
4192:
4182:
4172:
4162:
3924:
3711:
3695:
310:), as well as from the postcranial bones of several
5124:
5009:
4976:
4950:
4941:
4915:
4883:
4857:
4831:
4802:
4724:
4613:
4586:
4556:
4487:
4397:
4354:
4278:
4151:
4123:
4056:
4001:
3923:
3912:
3765:
3723:
3710:
3676:
3623:
3596:
3569:
1642:as the sister xaxon of a clade containing the taxa
399:
is known by several adult skulls (PIN 1580/14, 17 (
3168:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
607:2-2-3-?-2. It was probably similar to that of the
3301:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
3201:
3199:
3197:
611:, more complete, whose formula is 2-2-3-3-2. The
392:(holotype PIN 1580/17) in left dorsolateral view.
3147:
3145:
852:, and its owner currently remains unidentified.
828:In 2016, Mujal and colleagues attributed to cf.
670:, more than 100 km east of the first site.
338:, which had to work in collaboration with the
3500:
3332:
3330:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2885:
1138:, considered too fragmentary). In their most
8:
3155:(in Russian). Moscow: GEOS. pp. 95–100.
3054:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2968:
2966:
2973:Olson, E.C. (1968). "The family Caseidae".
2964:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2946:
346:. With a late Roadian - early Wordian age,
5112:
4947:
4810:
4799:
4786:
4592:
4495:
4366:
4362:
4275:
4271:
4258:
4148:
3933:
3920:
3720:
3688:
3684:
3673:
3660:
3602:
3575:
3566:
3523:
3507:
3493:
3485:
1150:. However, the close relationship between
754:, and several basal therapsids : the
500:also differs from all other caseid in its
112:
20:
3354:
3102:. Oxford University Press. p. 22.
2881:
350:is one of the last known caseids (with
282:. The genus is only represented by its
3128:Archives of the Dinosaur Mailing List
3100:The Origin & Evolution of Mammals
1146:is more closely related to the genus
7:
2396:occupies a similar position between
3065:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
2728:
2704:
2680:
2613:
2606:
2565:
2543:
2519:
2495:
2471:
2447:
2440:
2416:
2406:
2253:
2212:
2188:
2164:
2140:
2116:
2075:
2051:
2027:
2020:
1996:
1986:
1841:
1817:
1725:
1701:
1694:
1670:
1660:
1524:
1499:
1429:
1404:
1379:
1372:
1311:
1286:
1279:
1254:
1229:
1204:
1175:
1164:
1032:
1007:
982:
957:
932:
903:
892:
3015:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
627:Geographic and stratigraphic range
615:are short and terminated by small
468:, but of width similar to that of
14:
5096:
5095:
5062:
4772:
4766:
4760:
4244:
4239:
3464:
3337:Romano, M.; Nicosia, U. (2015).
306:(two of them preserved with the
125:
5262:Wordian genus first appearances
864:of Caseidae published in 2008,
429:, while the few adult bones of
2400:and all more derived caseids.
782:, and a yet undescribed basal
1:
5257:Fossil taxa described in 1956
3285:10.1016/S0016-6995(03)00057-3
3077:10.1080/14772019.2017.1367729
541:Moscow Paleontological Museum
290:, which was named in 1956 by
266:that lived during the Middle
3321:10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.12.008
726:. All these species (except
586:to the top of the posterior
578:is very characteristic, its
524:and 3 and 15 or 16 teeth in
476:to the dorsal margin of the
5252:Taxa named by Ivan Yefremov
5237:Prehistoric synapsid genera
1650:, and the three species of
460:. The dorsal ramus of each
298:is known from at least six
5283:
2933:Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR
2931:Efremov, I.A. (1956). "".
886:of several million years.
16:Extinct genus of synapsids
5267:Wordian genus extinctions
5247:Extinct animals of Russia
5075:
5060:
4813:
4798:
4785:
4758:
4595:
4498:
4369:
4365:
4274:
4270:
4257:
4237:
4147:
3936:
3691:
3687:
3672:
3659:
3605:
3578:
3565:
3522:
3383:Annals of Carnegie Museum
3220:10.1134/S0031030108090013
2910:10.1134/S0031030115120059
2754:“Cotylorhynchus” hancocki
2750:
2733:
2726:
2713:“Cotylorhynchus” bransoni
2709:
2702:
2685:
2678:
2661:
2635:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2587:
2570:
2563:
2548:
2541:
2524:
2517:
2500:
2493:
2476:
2469:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2425:Martensius bromackerensis
2421:
2414:
2275:
2258:
2251:
2234:
2217:
2210:
2193:
2186:
2169:
2162:
2145:
2138:
2121:
2114:
2097:
2080:
2073:
2056:
2049:
2036:Martensius bromackerensis
2032:
2025:
2018:
2001:
1994:
1914:
1897:
1880:
1863:
1846:
1839:
1822:
1815:
1798:
1781:
1764:
1747:
1730:
1723:
1710:Martensius bromackerensis
1706:
1699:
1692:
1675:
1668:
1547:
1529:
1522:
1504:
1497:
1457:Ruthenosaurus russellorum
1452:
1434:
1427:
1409:
1402:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1334:
1316:
1309:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1259:
1252:
1234:
1227:
1209:
1202:
1180:
1173:
1055:
1037:
1030:
1012:
1005:
987:
980:
962:
955:
937:
930:
908:
901:
733:Lanthanolania ivachnenkoi
232:
225:
122:Scientific classification
120:
111:
23:
3214:(42, 859–995): 859–995.
3063:(Synapsida, Caseidae)".
1296:Caseoides sanangeloensis
3208:Paleontological Journal
2898:Paleontological Journal
2279:Cotylorhynchus hancocki
2262:Cotylorhynchus bransoni
1918:Cotylorhynchus hancocki
1901:Cotylorhynchus bransoni
1439:Cotylorhynchus hancocki
1389:Cotylorhynchus bransoni
666:), on the banks of the
292:Ivan Antonovich Efremov
760:Nikkasaurus tatarinovi
739:Bashkyroleter mesensis
720:of uncertain affinity
692:Nyctiphruretus acudens
544:
535:Composite skeleton of
516:, each premaxilla and
393:
302:associated with their
5242:Guadalupian synapsids
5204:Paleobiology Database
2665:Cotylorhynchus romeri
2591:“Angelosaurus” romeri
2238:Cotylorhynchus romeri
2101:Trichasaurus texensis
1884:Cotylorhynchus romeri
1768:Trichasaurus texensis
1414:Cotylorhynchus romeri
1042:Cotylorhynchus romeri
878:. The Wordian age of
870:Cotylorhynchus romeri
862:phylogenetic analysis
704:Lanthaniscus efremovi
534:
470:Cotylorhynchus romeri
440:As in other caseids,
426:Cotylorhynchus romeri
387:
3395:10.2992/007.086.0103
2221:Alierasaurus ronchii
1867:Alierasaurus ronchii
1648:Alierasaurus ronchii
1156:Ennatosaurus tecton
1152:Angelosaurus dolani
1131:Alierasaurus ronchii
811:, and the anomodont
745:Nycteroleter ineptus
723:Niaftasuchus zekkeli
664:Leshukonsky District
5126:Ennatosaurus tecton
3480:List of pelycosaurs
3472:Paleontology portal
3440:10.18563/pv.45.2.e2
3313:2016PPP...445...18M
3098:Kemp, T.S. (2005).
3061:Ennatosaurus tecton
3011:Ennatosaurus tecton
2574:Angelosaurus dolani
2456:Oromycter dolesorum
2197:Angelosaurus romeri
2173:Ennatosaurus tecton
2084:Oromycter dolesorum
1850:Angelosaurus romeri
1826:Ennatosaurus tecton
1751:Oromycter dolesorum
1644:Angelosaurus romeri
1552:Ennatosaurus tecton
1534:Angelosaurus dolani
1509:Angelosaurus romeri
1214:Oromycter dolesorum
1060:Angelosaurus dolani
1017:Ennatosaurus tecton
942:Oromycter dolesorum
875:Angelosaurus dolani
846:Ennatosaurus tecton
830:Ennatosaurus tecton
716:, and the juvenile
713:Mesenosaurus romeri
698:Macroleter poezicus
633:Ennatosaurus tecton
631:All the fossils of
537:Ennatosaurus tecton
390:Ennatosaurus tecton
369:Ennatosaurus tecton
288:Ennatosaurus tecton
235:Ennatosaurus tecton
3356:10.1111/pala.12197
2975:Fieldiana: Geology
2149:Euromycter rutenus
1802:Euromycter rutenus
1264:Euromycter rutenus
842:Province of Lleida
834:La Vansa i Fórnols
748:, the Varanopidae
656:Pinezhsky District
605:phalangeal formula
545:
502:temporal fenestrae
394:
5219:
5218:
5191:Open Tree of Life
5118:Taxon identifiers
5109:
5108:
5071:
5070:
5058:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5005:
5004:
4781:
4780:
4756:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4588:Sphenacodontoidea
4561:Palaeohatteriidae
4483:
4482:
4350:
4349:
4253:
4252:
4235:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4143:
4142:
4119:
4118:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3071:(13): 1097–1122.
2904:(12): 1346–1352.
2873:
2872:
2864:
2863:
2855:
2854:
2846:
2845:
2837:
2836:
2828:
2827:
2819:
2818:
2810:
2809:
2801:
2800:
2792:
2791:
2783:
2782:
2774:
2773:
2765:
2764:
2650:
2649:
2389:
2388:
2380:
2379:
2371:
2370:
2362:
2361:
2353:
2352:
2344:
2343:
2335:
2334:
2326:
2325:
2317:
2316:
2308:
2307:
2299:
2298:
2290:
2289:
1983:
1982:
1974:
1973:
1965:
1964:
1956:
1955:
1947:
1946:
1938:
1937:
1929:
1928:
1635:
1634:
1626:
1625:
1617:
1616:
1608:
1607:
1599:
1598:
1590:
1589:
1581:
1580:
1572:
1571:
1563:
1562:
1486:
1485:
1477:
1476:
1468:
1467:
1359:
1358:
1350:
1349:
1125:
1124:
1116:
1115:
1107:
1106:
1098:
1097:
1089:
1088:
1080:
1079:
1071:
1070:
779:Alrausuchus tagax
619:similar to blunt
599:deformation. The
245:
244:
221:
5274:
5212:
5211:
5199:
5198:
5186:
5185:
5173:
5172:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5145:
5144:
5143:
5113:
5099:
5098:
5066:
5042:
5032:
5022:
4953:
4948:
4918:
4886:
4860:
4834:
4819:
4811:
4800:
4787:
4776:
4770:
4764:
4618:Sphenacodontidae
4616:
4601:
4593:
4559:
4544:
4534:
4524:
4514:
4504:
4496:
4400:
4385:
4375:
4367:
4363:
4357:Haptodontiformes
4281:
4276:
4272:
4259:
4248:
4243:
4217:Protoclepsydrops
4214:
4204:
4194:
4184:
4174:
4164:
4149:
3934:
3926:
3921:
3860:Lalieudorhynchus
3721:
3713:
3697:
3689:
3685:
3674:
3661:
3603:
3576:
3567:
3560:
3559:
3524:
3509:
3502:
3495:
3486:
3474:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3452:
3451:
3434:(45(2)-e2): e2.
3428:Palaeovertebrata
3425:
3416:
3407:
3406:
3378:
3369:
3368:
3358:
3349:(6): 1109–1130.
3334:
3325:
3324:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3203:
3192:
3191:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3149:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3056:
3039:
3038:
3006:
2983:
2982:
2970:
2941:
2940:
2939:(5): 1091-1094 .
2928:
2922:
2921:
2893:
2737:Lalieudorhynchus
2729:
2705:
2681:
2614:
2607:
2566:
2544:
2520:
2504:“Casea” nicholsi
2496:
2472:
2448:
2441:
2417:
2407:
2254:
2213:
2189:
2165:
2141:
2117:
2076:
2052:
2028:
2021:
1997:
1987:
1842:
1818:
1726:
1702:
1695:
1671:
1661:
1525:
1500:
1430:
1405:
1380:
1373:
1339:Caseopsis agilis
1321:“Casea” nicholsi
1312:
1287:
1280:
1255:
1230:
1205:
1185:Eothyris parkeyi
1176:
1165:
1033:
1008:
983:
958:
933:
904:
893:
799:, the anteosaur
570:buttress of the
508:with a narrower
353:Lalieudorhynchus
219:
212:
199:
186:
130:
129:
116:
106:
36:
29:Temporal range:
21:
5282:
5281:
5277:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5272:
5271:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5207:
5202:
5194:
5189:
5181:
5176:
5168:
5163:
5154:
5153:
5148:
5139:
5138:
5133:
5120:
5110:
5105:
5067:
5050:
5001:
4972:
4937:
4911:
4879:
4853:
4827:
4807:
4794:
4777:
4740:
4720:
4684:Secodontosaurus
4609:
4582:
4552:
4527:Hypselohaptodus
4492:
4479:
4467:Remigiomontanus
4393:
4359:
4346:
4327:Stereophallodon
4283:Ophiacodontidae
4266:
4249:
4223:
4139:
4115:
4052:
3997:
3917:
3900:
3761:
3706:
3681:
3668:
3639:
3619:
3592:
3586:Tetrapodomorpha
3571:Tetrapodomorpha
3561:
3529:
3528:
3518:
3513:
3470:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3455:
3423:
3418:
3417:
3410:
3380:
3379:
3372:
3336:
3335:
3328:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3205:
3204:
3195:
3180:10.2307/1005904
3165:
3164:
3160:
3151:
3150:
3143:
3133:
3131:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3110:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3058:
3057:
3042:
3008:
3007:
2986:
2972:
2971:
2944:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2895:
2894:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2865:
2856:
2847:
2838:
2829:
2820:
2811:
2802:
2793:
2784:
2775:
2766:
2651:
2390:
2381:
2372:
2363:
2354:
2345:
2336:
2327:
2318:
2309:
2300:
2291:
2005:Eocasea martini
1984:
1975:
1966:
1957:
1948:
1939:
1930:
1679:Eocasea martini
1636:
1627:
1618:
1609:
1600:
1591:
1582:
1573:
1564:
1487:
1478:
1469:
1360:
1351:
1126:
1117:
1108:
1099:
1090:
1081:
1072:
858:
796:Estemmenosuchus
751:Pyozia mesensis
644:European Russia
629:
382:
366:
308:hyoid apparatus
280:European Russia
241:
238:
218:
210:
197:
184:
124:
107:
105:
104:
103:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
31:
30:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5280:
5278:
5270:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5224:
5223:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5213:
5200:
5187:
5174:
5161:
5146:
5130:
5128:
5122:
5121:
5116:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5103:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5076:
5073:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5048:
5038:
5028:
5017:
5015:
5012:Incertae sedis
5007:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4991:
4982:
4980:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4969:
4968:
4959:
4957:
4945:
4943:Eutheriodontia
4939:
4938:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4933:
4924:
4922:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4909:
4908:
4907:
4901:
4892:
4890:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4866:
4864:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4840:
4838:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4814:
4808:
4803:
4796:
4795:
4790:
4783:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4730:
4728:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4710:
4702:
4694:
4687:
4680:
4673:
4666:
4659:
4652:
4644:
4641:Ctenospondylus
4637:
4630:
4622:
4620:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4596:
4590:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4573:
4570:Palaeohatteria
4565:
4563:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4540:
4530:
4520:
4510:
4499:
4493:
4490:Sphenacodontia
4488:
4485:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4470:
4463:
4456:
4453:Melanedaphodon
4449:
4442:
4435:
4428:
4421:
4414:
4411:Bohemiclavulus
4406:
4404:
4402:Edaphosauridae
4395:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4381:
4370:
4360:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4337:
4330:
4323:
4316:
4309:
4302:
4295:
4287:
4285:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4255:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4210:
4200:
4190:
4180:
4170:
4159:
4157:
4154:Incertae sedis
4145:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4129:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4106:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4070:
4062:
4060:
4058:Varanodontinae
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4043:
4036:
4029:
4022:
4015:
4007:
4005:
4003:Mesenosaurinae
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3992:Thrausmosaurus
3988:
3981:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3952:
3949:Archaeovenator
3945:
3937:
3931:
3918:
3915:Eupelycosauria
3913:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3870:
3863:
3856:
3849:
3842:
3835:
3828:
3825:Cotylorhynchus
3821:
3814:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3779:
3771:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3738:
3729:
3727:
3718:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3700:Diadectomorpha
3692:
3682:
3677:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3629:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3613:Reptiliomorpha
3606:
3600:
3598:Reptiliomorpha
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3579:
3573:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3557:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3527:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3504:
3497:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3408:
3370:
3326:
3290:
3279:(5): 533–558.
3263:
3248:
3233:
3193:
3170:. New Series.
3158:
3141:
3130:. Ben Creisler
3115:
3109:978-0198507611
3108:
3090:
3040:
3021:(1): 160–180.
2984:
2942:
2923:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2732:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2708:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2684:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2617:
2612:
2610:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2569:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2547:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2523:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2499:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2475:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2451:
2446:
2444:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2420:
2415:
2413:
2405:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2257:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2216:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2192:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2168:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2125:Casea nicholsi
2120:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1845:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1785:Casea nicholsi
1780:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1705:
1700:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1674:
1669:
1667:
1659:
1652:Cotylorhynchus
1633:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1290:
1285:
1283:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1163:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1011:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
997:
996:
986:
981:
979:
976:
975:
972:
971:
961:
956:
954:
951:
950:
947:
946:
936:
931:
929:
922:
921:
918:
917:
907:
902:
900:
891:
857:
854:
766:Reiszia gubini
628:
625:
381:
378:
365:
362:
356:from southern
320:external nares
278:) in northern
243:
242:
239:
230:
229:
223:
222:
208:
204:
203:
195:
191:
190:
182:
175:
174:
169:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
118:
117:
109:
108:
100:
99:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
37:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5279:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5210:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5166:
5162:
5157:
5151:
5147:
5142:
5136:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5114:
5102:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5086:Phthinosuchia
5084:
5082:
5078:
5077:
5074:
5065:
5047:
5046:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5029:
5027:
5026:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5008:
4996:
4992:
4990:
4986:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4979:
4975:
4967:
4966:Therocephalia
4963:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4955:Therocephalia
4949:
4946:
4944:
4940:
4932:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4921:
4914:
4906:
4902:
4900:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4889:
4882:
4874:
4870:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4856:
4848:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4837:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4816:
4815:
4812:
4809:
4806:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4788:
4784:
4775:
4771:
4769:
4763:
4734:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4723:
4716:
4715:
4714:Tetraceratops
4711:
4708:
4707:
4706:Tappenosaurus
4703:
4700:
4699:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4627:Cryptovenator
4624:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4598:
4597:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4577:Pantelosaurus
4574:
4572:
4571:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4555:
4549:
4548:
4547:Tetraceratops
4541:
4539:
4538:
4537:Kenomagnathus
4531:
4529:
4528:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4501:
4500:
4497:
4494:
4491:
4486:
4476:
4475:
4474:Xyrospondylus
4471:
4469:
4468:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4427:
4426:
4422:
4420:
4419:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4372:
4371:
4368:
4364:
4361:
4358:
4353:
4343:
4342:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4334:Stereorhachis
4331:
4329:
4328:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4292:Archaeothyris
4289:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4260:
4256:
4247:
4242:
4219:
4218:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4150:
4146:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4089:Tambacarnifex
4086:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4074:Mycterosaurus
4071:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4047:Microvaranops
4044:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4026:Elliotsmithia
4023:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3932:
3929:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3911:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3888:Ruthenosaurus
3885:
3883:
3882:
3881:Phreatophasma
3878:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3797:Callibrachion
3794:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3709:
3702:
3701:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3658:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3614:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3510:
3505:
3503:
3498:
3496:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3462:
3457:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3422:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3366:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3343:Palaeontology
3340:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3294:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3267:
3264:
3259:
3252:
3249:
3244:
3237:
3234:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3174:(52): 1–224.
3173:
3169:
3162:
3159:
3154:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3116:
3111:
3105:
3101:
3094:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2976:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2927:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2869:
2868:
2860:
2859:
2851:
2850:
2842:
2841:
2833:
2832:
2824:
2823:
2815:
2814:
2806:
2805:
2797:
2796:
2788:
2787:
2779:
2778:
2770:
2769:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2731:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2707:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2683:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2622:Ruthenosaurus
2616:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2568:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2522:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2498:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2474:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2450:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2419:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2385:
2384:
2376:
2375:
2367:
2366:
2358:
2357:
2349:
2348:
2340:
2339:
2331:
2330:
2322:
2321:
2313:
2312:
2304:
2303:
2295:
2294:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2256:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2215:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2191:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2167:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2143:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2119:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2078:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2060:Casea broilii
2054:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2030:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2006:
1999:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1979:
1978:
1970:
1969:
1961:
1960:
1952:
1951:
1943:
1942:
1934:
1933:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1844:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1820:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1734:Casea broilii
1728:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1704:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1673:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1631:
1630:
1622:
1621:
1613:
1612:
1604:
1603:
1595:
1594:
1586:
1585:
1577:
1576:
1568:
1567:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1527:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1502:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1482:
1481:
1473:
1472:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1432:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1407:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1382:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1355:
1354:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1314:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1289:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1257:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1239:Casea broilii
1232:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1207:
1206:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1178:
1177:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1148:Angelosaurus
1145:
1144:Ennatosaurus
1141:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1121:
1120:
1112:
1111:
1103:
1102:
1094:
1093:
1085:
1084:
1076:
1075:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1035:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1010:
1009:
1003:
1002:
999:
998:
995:
994:
993:
985:
984:
978:
977:
974:
973:
970:
969:
968:
967:Casea broilii
960:
959:
953:
952:
949:
948:
945:
944:
943:
935:
934:
928:
924:
923:
920:
919:
916:
915:
914:
906:
905:
899:
895:
894:
890:
887:
885:
884:ghost lineage
881:
877:
876:
871:
867:
863:
860:In the first
855:
853:
851:
850:blood vessels
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
826:
824:
820:
816:
815:
810:
809:
804:
803:
802:Archaeosyodon
798:
797:
792:
788:
787:dinocephalian
785:
781:
780:
776:
775:biarmosuchian
772:
768:
767:
762:
761:
757:
756:Nikkasauridae
753:
752:
747:
746:
741:
740:
735:
734:
729:
725:
724:
719:
715:
714:
710:
706:
705:
700:
699:
694:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
638:
634:
626:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
564:ectepicondyle
562:has a robust
561:
557:
556:
555:Ruthenosaurus
550:
542:
538:
533:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
458:
453:
452:
447:
443:
438:
436:
432:
428:
427:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
391:
386:
379:
377:
374:
370:
363:
361:
359:
355:
354:
349:
345:
342:teeth during
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
314:individuals.
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
262:
258:
255:
251:
250:
240:Efremov, 1956
237:
236:
231:
228:
224:
220:Efremov, 1956
217:
216:
209:
206:
205:
202:
196:
193:
192:
189:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
140:
137:
134:
133:
128:
123:
119:
115:
110:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
35:
32:270–265
26:
22:
19:
5156:Ennatosaurus
5125:
5091:Theriodontia
5081:Pelycosauria
5045:Niaftasuchus
5043:
5033:
5023:
5010:
4873:Dinocephalia
4862:Dinocephalia
4847:Biarmosuchia
4836:Biarmosuchia
4820:
4765:
4712:
4704:
4698:Steppesaurus
4696:
4689:
4682:
4675:
4668:
4661:
4654:
4646:
4639:
4634:Ctenorhachis
4632:
4625:
4602:
4575:
4568:
4545:
4535:
4525:
4515:
4505:
4472:
4465:
4458:
4451:
4444:
4439:Ianthasaurus
4437:
4430:
4425:Glaucosaurus
4423:
4418:Edaphosaurus
4416:
4409:
4386:
4376:
4341:Varanosaurus
4339:
4332:
4325:
4318:
4313:Echinerpeton
4311:
4304:
4297:
4290:
4215:
4205:
4195:
4185:
4175:
4165:
4152:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4087:
4080:
4072:
4065:
4045:
4040:Mesenosaurus
4038:
4031:
4024:
4017:
4010:
3990:
3983:
3975:
3968:
3961:
3956:Ascendonanus
3954:
3947:
3940:
3895:Trichasaurus
3893:
3886:
3879:
3872:
3865:
3858:
3851:
3844:
3839:Ennatosaurus
3838:
3837:
3832:Datheosaurus
3830:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3790:Arisierpeton
3788:
3783:Angelosaurus
3781:
3776:Alierasaurus
3774:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3732:
3725:Eothyrididae
3698:
3550:
3544:Superclass:
3431:
3427:
3389:(1): 43–75.
3386:
3382:
3346:
3342:
3304:
3300:
3293:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3257:
3251:
3242:
3236:
3211:
3207:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3153:
3132:. Retrieved
3127:
3118:
3099:
3093:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3018:
3014:
3010:
2978:
2974:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2901:
2897:
2752:
2751:
2735:
2734:
2711:
2710:
2689:Alierasaurus
2687:
2686:
2663:
2662:
2637:
2636:
2620:
2619:
2589:
2588:
2572:
2571:
2551:Ennatosaurus
2550:
2549:
2526:
2525:
2502:
2501:
2478:
2477:
2454:
2453:
2423:
2422:
2402:
2397:
2394:Ennatosaurus
2393:
2391:
2277:
2276:
2260:
2259:
2236:
2235:
2219:
2218:
2195:
2194:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2147:
2146:
2123:
2122:
2099:
2098:
2082:
2081:
2058:
2057:
2034:
2033:
2003:
2002:
1916:
1915:
1899:
1898:
1882:
1881:
1865:
1864:
1848:
1847:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1800:
1799:
1783:
1782:
1766:
1765:
1749:
1748:
1732:
1731:
1708:
1707:
1677:
1676:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1640:Ennatosaurus
1639:
1637:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1532:
1530:
1507:
1505:
1455:
1453:
1437:
1435:
1412:
1410:
1387:
1385:
1337:
1335:
1319:
1317:
1294:
1292:
1262:
1260:
1237:
1235:
1212:
1210:
1183:
1181:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1140:parsimonious
1129:
1127:
1058:
1056:
1040:
1038:
1016:
1015:
1013:
992:Casea rutena
990:
988:
965:
963:
940:
938:
911:
909:
888:
880:Ennatosaurus
879:
873:
869:
866:Ennatosaurus
865:
859:
845:
836:in northern
829:
827:
812:
808:Biarmosuchus
806:
800:
794:
777:
770:
764:
758:
749:
743:
737:
731:
728:Ennatosaurus
727:
721:
711:
702:
696:
690:
688:parareptiles
684:Ennatosaurus
683:
676:Ennatosaurus
675:
672:Ennatosaurus
671:
648:Pinega River
642:in northern
632:
630:
553:
546:
536:
525:
521:
514:Ennatosaurus
513:
510:parasphenoid
498:Ennatosaurus
497:
485:
481:
469:
465:
455:
449:
446:Ennatosaurus
445:
442:Ennatosaurus
441:
439:
434:
431:Ennatosaurus
430:
424:
421:Ennatosaurus
420:
417:Ennatosaurus
416:
409:Ennatosaurus
408:
405:Ennatosaurus
404:
397:Ennatosaurus
396:
395:
389:
368:
367:
351:
348:Ennatosaurus
347:
332:Ennatosaurus
331:
316:Ennatosaurus
315:
287:
284:type species
249:Ennatosaurus
248:
247:
246:
234:
233:
227:Type species
215:Ennatosaurus
214:
213:
178:
165:
25:Ennatosaurus
24:
18:
5150:Wikispecies
4931:Gorgonopsia
4920:Gorgonopsia
4905:dicynodonts
4899:Anomodontia
4888:Anomodontia
4691:Sphenacodon
4670:Macromerion
4460:Ramodendron
4446:Lupeosaurus
4306:Clepsydrops
4299:Baldwinonus
4264:Metopophora
4207:Mastersonia
4197:Knoxosaurus
4125:Metopophora
4033:Heleosaurus
3928:Varanopidae
3756:Vaughnictis
3734:Asaphestera
3715:Caseasauria
3134:22 December
1170:Caseasauria
898:Caseasauria
825:mountains.
819:pelycosaurs
784:anteosaurid
709:Varanopidae
668:Mezen River
637:Arkhangelsk
380:Description
188:Caseasauria
5232:Caseasaurs
5226:Categories
5079:See also:
5035:Kamagorgon
5025:Dinosaurus
4989:Cynodontia
4978:Cynodontia
4805:Therapsida
4792:Therapsida
4735:see below↓
4726:Therapsida
4656:Dimetrodon
4604:Shashajaia
4388:Milosaurus
4320:Ophiacodon
4167:Dimacrodon
4134:see below↓
4082:Ruthiromia
4067:Aerosaurus
3977:Nitosaurus
3970:Dendromaia
3942:Apsisaurus
3867:Martensius
3853:Euromycter
3634:see below↓
2981:: 225–349.
2877:References
2528:Euromycter
2398:Euromycter
1142:analysis,
771:R. tippula
680:Capitanian
597:diagenetic
568:acetabular
522:Euromycter
482:Euromycter
466:Euromycter
462:premaxilla
457:Euromycter
344:swallowing
304:lower jaws
4993:includes
4903:includes
4822:Raranimus
4677:Neosaurus
4378:Ianthodon
4103:Varanodon
3963:Eoscansor
3874:Oromycter
3818:Caseopsis
3811:Caseoides
3749:Oedaleops
3679:Synapsida
3666:Synapsida
3625:Synapsida
3546:Tetrapoda
3532:Kingdom:
3516:Synapsida
3448:253542331
3403:216027787
3307:: 18–37.
2918:130694755
2639:Caseopsis
856:Phylogeny
718:therapsid
635:are from
549:vertebral
526:C. romeri
486:C. romeri
435:C. romeri
388:Skull of
364:Etymology
172:Synapsida
145:Kingdom:
139:Eukaryota
5183:10679445
5135:Wikidata
5101:Category
4663:Eosyodon
4648:Cutleria
4517:Haptodus
4507:Cutleria
4432:Gordodon
4187:Gorgodon
4177:Driveria
4110:Watongia
4096:Varanops
4019:Cabarzia
4012:Anningia
3767:Caseidae
3742:Eothyris
3540:Chordata
3538:Phylum:
3534:Animalia
3458:See also
3365:86489484
3260:: 77–78.
3245:: 85–86.
3228:85114195
3085:89922565
3035:44064927
2411:Caseidae
1991:Caseidae
1665:Caseidae
1199:Caseidae
1136:Sardinia
927:Caseidae
913:Eothyris
814:Otsheria
660:Nisogora
580:proximal
494:lacrimal
401:holotype
324:skeleton
312:juvenile
274:- early
264:synapsid
201:Caseidae
194:Family:
159:Chordata
155:Phylum:
149:Animalia
135:Domain:
5196:4946135
5170:4819468
4995:mammals
3846:Eocasea
3555:Amniota
3309:Bibcode
3273:Geobios
3188:1005904
654:in the
652:Karpoga
617:unguals
588:condyle
560:humerus
518:maxilla
474:frontal
340:palatal
296:species
276:Wordian
272:Roadian
268:Permian
254:extinct
207:Genus:
101:↓
5209:122314
5141:Q60383
3985:Pyozia
3446:
3401:
3363:
3226:
3186:
3106:
3083:
3033:
2916:
1549:
1531:
1506:
1454:
1436:
1411:
1386:
1336:
1318:
1293:
1261:
1236:
1211:
1197:
1182:
1168:
1057:
1039:
1014:
989:
964:
939:
925:
910:
896:
791:Ochyor
773:, the
707:, the
640:Oblast
574:. The
506:palate
358:France
336:tongue
300:skulls
294:. The
270:(late
261:caseid
252:is an
5178:IRMNG
3804:Casea
3551:Clade
3444:S2CID
3424:(PDF)
3399:S2CID
3361:S2CID
3224:S2CID
3184:JSTOR
3081:S2CID
3031:S2CID
2914:S2CID
2480:Casea
838:Spain
823:Urals
621:claws
601:manus
593:tibia
584:shaft
576:femur
572:ilium
490:jugal
478:orbit
451:Casea
413:adult
373:Greek
328:teeth
257:genus
179:Clade
166:Clade
5165:GBIF
4987:see
4964:see
4929:see
4897:see
4871:see
4845:see
3611:see
3584:see
3136:2014
3104:ISBN
1154:and
872:and
769:and
742:and
701:and
613:toes
609:foot
484:and
454:and
40:PreꞒ
3436:doi
3391:doi
3351:doi
3317:doi
3305:445
3281:doi
3216:doi
3176:doi
3073:doi
3023:doi
2937:111
2906:doi
1134:of
539:in
360:).
330:of
259:of
5228::
5206::
5193::
5180::
5167::
5152::
5137::
3553::
3442:.
3432:45
3430:.
3426:.
3411:^
3397:.
3387:86
3385:.
3373:^
3359:.
3347:58
3345:.
3341:.
3329:^
3315:.
3303:.
3277:36
3275:.
3222:.
3212:42
3210:.
3196:^
3182:.
3172:52
3144:^
3126:.
3079:.
3069:16
3067:.
3043:^
3029:.
3019:28
3017:.
2987:^
2979:17
2977:.
2945:^
2935:.
2912:.
2902:49
2900:.
2884:^
1654:.
1646:,
805:,
763:,
736:,
695:,
623:.
437:.
286:,
181::
168::
90:Pg
34:Ma
5041:†
5031:†
5021:†
4952:†
4917:†
4885:†
4859:†
4833:†
4818:†
4717:?
4709:?
4701:?
4651:?
4615:†
4600:†
4558:†
4543:†
4533:†
4523:†
4513:†
4503:†
4399:†
4384:†
4374:†
4280:†
4220:?
4213:†
4203:†
4193:†
4183:†
4173:†
4163:†
4077:?
3980:?
3930:?
3925:†
3737:?
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3712:†
3703:?
3696:†
3508:e
3501:t
3494:v
3450:.
3438::
3405:.
3393::
3367:.
3353::
3323:.
3319::
3311::
3287:.
3283::
3230:.
3218::
3190:.
3178::
3138:.
3112:.
3087:.
3075::
3037:.
3025::
2920:.
2908::
840:(
662:(
543:.
211:†
198:†
185:†
95:N
85:K
80:J
75:T
70:P
65:C
60:D
55:S
50:O
45:Ꞓ
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