663:
is fertilized, a new life is begun which is neither that of the father nor of the mother; it is rather the life of a new human being with his own growth. It would never be made human if it were not human already. To this perpetual evidence ... modern genetic science brings valuable confirmation. It has demonstrated that, from the first instant, the programme is fixed as to what this living being will be: a man, this individual-man with his characteristic aspects already well determined. Right from fertilization is begun the adventure of a human life, and each of its great capacities requires time ... to find its place and to be in a position to act". This teaching remains valid and is further confirmed, if confirmation were needed, by recent findings of human biological science which recognize that in the zygote resulting from fertilization the biological identity of a new human individual is already constituted. Certainly no experimental datum can be in itself sufficient to bring us to the recognition of a spiritual soul; nevertheless, the conclusions of science regarding the human embryo provide a valuable indication for discerning by the use of reason a personal presence at the moment of this first appearance of a human life: how could a human individual not be a human person? The
Magisterium has not expressly committed itself to an affirmation of a philosophical nature, but it constantly reaffirms the moral condemnation of any kind of procured abortion. This teaching has not been changed and is unchangeable.
1481:(1988). The book investigates the theoretical, moral, and biological issues surrounding the debate over the beginning of human life. Following a detailed analysis of the history of the question, Reverend Ford argues that a human individual could not begin before definitive individuation about two weeks after fertilization. This, he argues, is when it becomes finally known whether one or more human individuals are to form from a single egg. Thus, he questions the idea that the fertilized egg itself could be regarded as the beginning of the development of the human individual. Ford also differs sharply, however, from those who would delay the beginning of the human person until the brain is formed, or until birth or the onset of conscious states.
1283:, meaning soul or person, to a fetus still in the womb. The latter half of the Second Temple period saw increasing acceptance of the idea of the soul as joining the body at birth and leaving it again at death. One Jewish view put ensoulment even later than birth, saying that it occurs when the child first answers "Amen". The rabbis in fact formulated no fully developed theory of the timing or nature of ensoulment. It has been suggested that the reason why they were not more concerned about the exact moment of ensoulment is that Judaism does not believe in strict separation of soul and body.
683:, the Catholic Church declares that "since the first century the Church has affirmed the moral evil of every procured abortion. This teaching has not changed and remains unchangeable. Direct abortion, that is to say, abortion willed either as an end or a means, is gravely contrary to the moral law." Even when the prevailing scientific theory considered that early abortion was the killing of what was not yet a human being, the condemnation of abortion at any stage was sometimes expressed in the form of making it equivalent to homicide. Accordingly, the 1907 article on abortion in the
734:"must be treated from conception as a person." In 2008, this teaching was confirmed in the authoritative Instruction Dignitas Personae, stating "The dignity of a person must be recognized in every human being from conception to natural death." It stated that "Although the presence of the spiritual soul cannot be observed experimentally, the conclusions of science regarding the human embryo give "a valuable indication for discerning by the use of reason a personal presence at the moment of the first appearance of a human life: how could a human individual not be a human person?â
1470:, published in 1982 states, in part: âThe early embryo (up to eight cells) does have genetic individuality, but a multicellular individual is still not present. Two early embryos can be fused into one and one early embryo can divide into twins. Each cell behaves as if it is significantly independent of the other cells. Since persons, as usually defined, are multicellular individuals, it is difficult to maintain scientifically that a person has come into existence before the eight-cell stage. At least in a developmental sense, the early embryo is pre-individual.â
67:
757:
33:
1075:
433:
3425:
1495:. The entire collection, including the outer layer, still falls under the rubric of âembryo'âŠbut it is only the cells of the ICM whose descendants will form a fetus and then an infant. Are the cells of the trophectoderm, which are synchronically unified with the cells of the ICM at this time as an embryo, also unified as part of a single human being via the soul? ... If not, then the
1957:
1396:
finished", certainly not in the first trimester. The physical body is a biological growth undergoing constant reflexive testing and trial runs as it grows into a physiology capable of housing human consciousness. But the flexibility of
Hinduism allows for destruction of embryos to save a human life, or embryonic stem cell research to benefit humankind using surplus
424:. Religious beliefs that human life has an innate sacredness to it have motivated many statements by spiritual leaders of various traditions over the years; however, the three matters are not exactly parallel, given that various figures have argued that some kind of life without a soul, in various contexts, still has a moral worth that must be considered.
1337:...We created you from dust, then from a drop of fluid (nutfah), then a clinging form ('alaqah), then a lump of flesh (mudghah), both shaped and unshaped: We mean to make Our power clear to you. Whatever We choose We cause to remain in the womb for an appointed time, then We bring you forth as infants and then you grow and reach maturity. ... (22:5)
579:, states (Part I, question 118, article 2 ad 2)"...that the intellectual soul is created by God at the end of human generation". Although Jesus may have been exceptional, Aquinas did believe that the embryo first possessed a vegetative soul, later acquired sensitive (animal) soul, and after 40 days of development, God gave humans a rational soul.
327:
557:
formed fĆtus possessed a human soul. While
Augustine speculated whether "animation" might be present prior to formation, he determined that abortion could only be defined as homicide once formation had occurred. Nevertheless, in common with all early Christian thought, Augustine condemned abortion from conception onward.
662:
This
Congregation is aware of the current debates concerning the beginning of human life, concerning the individuality of the human being and concerning the identity of the human person. The Congregation recalls the teachings found in the Declaration on Procured Abortion: "From the time that the ovum
2699:
The woman who has deliberately destroyed is subject to the penalty for murder. And among us there is no fine distinction between a completely formed and unformed . ... Yet, it is not necessary to extend this penitence until their death, but one should accept a period of ten years' . Moreover, their
1331:
We created man from an essence of clay, then We placed him as a drop of fluid (nutfah) in a safe place, then We made that drop into a clinging form (alaqah), and We made that form into a lump of flesh (mudghah), and We made that lump into bones (idhaam), and We clothed those bones with flesh (lahm),
1124:
rom the moment of its conception life must be guarded with the greatest care. ... With regard to the embryo in the mother's womb, science itself highlights its autonomy, its capacity for interaction with the mother, the coordination of biological processes, the continuity of development, the growing
721:
determined for the whole Church that anyone who procured abortion should bear all the punishments inflicted on murderers. In all these teachings and enactments no distinction is made between the earlier and the later stages of gestation. For, though the opinion of
Aristotle, or similar speculations,
504:
view of successive life principles ("souls") in a developing human embryoâfirst a vegetative and then a sensitive or animal soul, and finally an intellective or human soul, with the higher levels able to carry out the functions also of the lower levelsâwas the prevailing view among early
Christians,
556:
in the third century, Christianity had absorbed the
Pythagorean Greek view that the soul was infused at the moment of conception. Though this view was confirmed by St. Gregory of Nyssa a century later, it would not be long before it would be rejected in favour of the Septuagintal notion that only a
1382:
Most schools of thought, traditional and modern, make allowances for circumstances threatening the health or life of the mother. In 2003, Shia scholars in Iran approved therapeutic abortion before 16 weeks of gestation under limited circumstances, including medical conditions related to fetal and
1278:
30b have been interpreted as implying that ensoulment may occur only after forty days of gestation. The Talmud passages, whether speaking of ensoulment at conception or only after forty days, place the views of the rabbis within Greco-Roman culture, whose ideas the rabbis then linked with texts of
459:
of a vegetable, then of an animal, and only later became "animated" with a human soul by "ensoulment". For him, ensoulment occurred 40 days after conception for male fetuses and 90 days after conception for female fetuses, the stage at which, it was held, movement is first felt within the womb and
657:
makes no distinction as regards excommunication between stages of pregnancy at which abortion is performed. In spite of the difference in ecclesiastical penalties imposed during the period when the theory of delayed ensoulment was accepted as scientific truth, abortion at any stage is currently
1395:
that happens at conception. But many scriptural references such as the
Charaka Samhita, Ayurveda's most authoritative treatise on perfect health and longevity, states the soul does not become attached to the body until the 7th month "the occupant doesn't move into the house until the house is
1196:
teaches that ensoulment occurs at conception. Resolution 7, which was adopted by the
Southern Baptist Convention in 1999, declared that "The Bible teaches that human beings are made in the image and likeness of God (Genesis 1:27, 9:6) and protectable human life begins at fertilization."
590:, which subjected those that carried out abortions at any stage of gestation with automatic excommunication and the punishment by civil authorities applied to murderers. Three years later after finding that the results had not been as positive as was hoped, his successor
1372:"Verily, the creation of one of you is brought together in the motherâs womb for forty days in the form of a drop (nutfah), then he becomes a clot ('alaqah) for a like period, then a lump for a like period, then there is sent an angel who blows the soul into him."
1137:
The most recent source on ensoulment is the 2008 Instruction
Dignitas Personae, which confirmed that the human being is a human person from their conception, and that there is no compelling philosophical argument to deny ensoulment from conception.
536:(LXX) translation of the Hebrew text, a pre-Christian translation that the early Christians used, introduced a distinction between a formed and an unformed fĆtus and treated destruction of the former as murder. It has been commented that "the
573:(1224â1274) adapted largely to his views and because they believed that the early embryo did not have a human soul, they did not necessarily see early abortion as murder, although they condemned it nonetheless. Aquinas, in his main work, the
658:
claimed to have always been condemned by the Church and continues to be so. However, in its official declarations, the Catholic Church avoids taking a philosophical position on the question of the moment when a human person begins to be:
1463:, notes that "Many contemporary Aristotelians believe that a human being is present from the moment of conception. At the same time, certain findings in modern embryology about the formation of identical twins challenge this belief.â
722:
regarding the time when the rational soul is infused into the embryo, were practically accepted for many centuries still it was always held by the Church that he who destroyed what was to be a man was guilty of destroying a human life.
525:. According to David Albert Jones, this distinction appeared among Christian writers only in the late fourth and early fifth century, while the earlier writers made no distinction between formed and unformed, a distinction that Saint
1345:
madhhab holds "that the fetus is ensouled at the moment of conception" and thus "most Malikis do not permit abortion at any point, seeing God's hand as actively forming the fetus at every stage of development." In this view,
409:; or when the child takes the first breath after being born; at the formation of the nervous system and brain; at the first detectable sign of brain activity; or when the fetus is able to survive independently of the uterus (
2778:
1279:
Scripture and endowed with theological significance. The view of ensoulment at conception harmonizes with general lore among rabbis about conscious activity before birth. However, most of them did not apply the word
472:, which finds both that an organism begins with an inherited genetic code and that embryonic stem cells can develop epigenetically into a variety of cell types, may be seen as supporting a balance between the views.
499:
From the 12th century, when the West first came to know more of Aristotle than his works on logic, medieval declarations by Popes and theologians on ensoulment were based on the Aristotelian hypothesis. Aristotle's
1367:
madhab places the point of ensoulment at 120 days after conception and a minority opinion teaches that it occurs at 40 days. In the latter view, abortion after 40 or 120 days is considered to be a greater sin.
540:
could easily have been used to distinguish human from non-human fĆtuses and homicidal from non-homicidal abortions, yet the early Christians, until the time of Augustine in the fifth century, did not do so."
1179:
While the Church has always condemned abortion, changing beliefs about the moment the embryo gains a human soul have led their stated reasons for such condemnation and the classification of abortion within
2380:, which describes abortion as "the deliberate and direct killing, by whatever means it is carried out, of a human being in the initial phase of his or her existence, extending from conception to birth" (
2414:
637:
35. It seems probable that the fetus (as long as it is in the uterus) lacks a rational soul and begins to first have one when it is born and consequently it must be said that no abortion is homicide.
357:
2570:
2531:
2501:
1125:
complexity of the organism. It is not an accumulation of biological material but rather of a new living being, dynamic and marvelously ordered, a new individual of the human species. This is what
1356:
Thus, the termination of a pregnancy, even at the earliest possible stage, without medical justification is not allowed (even for social or economic reasons), as stated in the Glorious Qurâan:
649:
rescinded Gregory XIV's not-yet-animated fetus exception and re-enacted the penalty of excommunication for abortions at any stage of pregnancy, which even before that were never seen as merely
1103:
709:, appealed to their laws as forbidding all manner of murder, even that of children in the womb. The Fathers of the Church unanimously maintained the same doctrine. In the fourth century the
628:(propositions of lax moralists) as "at least scandalous and in practice dangerous". He forbade anyone to teach them under penalty of excommunication. The condemned propositions included:
2367:
This document cites many early Christian writers who condemn all forms of abortion. Some of the writers say that a human being begins at conception, thus excluding delayed ensoulment.
1171:. Even scientific and philosophical discussions about the precise moment of the infusion of the spiritual soul have never given rise to any hesitation about the moral condemnation of
795:
1050:
478:
maintained that the living animal soul was received only at birth, through contact with the outer air, and was transformed into a rational soul only at fourteen years of age.
1229:, which state that the canonical punishment for abortion is the same as for murder, regardless of the development of the embryo (Basil's Canon 2). See also Basil's letter to
1245:
discusses the time of ensoulment, but considers the question unanswerable and irrelevant to the abortion question. In recounting a purported conversation in which the rabbi
350:
298:
464:, which is "the theory that the germ is brought into existence (by successive accretions), and not merely developed, in the process of reproduction", in contrast to the
448:(384 â 322 BC) held that only male semen gave rise to an embryo, while the female only provided a place for the embryo to develop, (a concept he acquired from the
2315:"In the Middle Ages, while the reception of his (Aristotle's) works was a great boon to philosophy, the influence of his scientific works was damaging to science" (
288:
1444:
dated October 9, 1947 (Lights of Guidance # 1699), it is stated: "The soul or spirit of the individual comes into being with the conception of his physical body."
1096:
1021:
386:
or other being gains a soul. Some belief systems maintain that a soul is newly created within a developing child; others, especially in religions that believe in
3465:
969:
343:
2407:
2574:
303:
2133:
3256:
2535:
2505:
2472:
1359:â...do not Kill your children for fear of want: We shall provide sustenance for them as well as for you. Verily the killing of them is a great sin.â .
1089:
2832:
1267:
of the Talmud mentions two views on the question. In a variant reading the rabbi's first statement was that the soul entered the body only at birth.
885:
1894:
1546:
2858:
129:
1487:
says "Consider, for example, what happens at around five days after fertilization, when certain cells separate off from the ICM (the embryoâs
1350:
The generally accepted belief is that abortion is forbidden at any stage of a pregnancy on the basis of the following verses from the Qurâan.
3480:
3391:
2888:
2843:
2804:
2752:
2725:
2714:
2631:
2606:
2246:
2223:
2088:
2038:
2015:
1935:
1871:
1828:
1805:
1705:
1597:
1557:
821:
765:
529:
explicitly rejected. While the Hebrew text of the Bible only required a fine for the loss of a fĆtus, whatever its stage of development, the
313:
693:
The early Christians are the first on record as having pronounced abortion to be the murder of human beings, for their public apologists,
3402:"Whose Life? Whose Liberty? Whose Happiness?: A Review of The Morality of Abortion: Legal and Historical Perspectives by John T. Noonan"
2793:
1460:
898:
1499:
object to be ensouled is not the embryo but the ICM. But the ICM does not come into existence until around five days post-conception.â
2881:
Reproductive Health Behavior and Decision-making of Muslim Women: An Ethnographic Study in a Low-income Community in Urban North India
989:
2342:
1971:
3244:
3102:
2327:
2263:
1905:
947:
903:
747:
223:
717:
should be refused all the rest of her life, even on her deathbed, to an adulteress who had procured the abortion of her child. The
482:
saw the origin of the soul (considered to consist of only a small number of atoms even in adults) as simultaneous with conception.
1927:
994:
727:
401:, it was widely believed that the human soul entered the forming body at 40 days (male embryos) or 90 days (female embryos), and
1221:
who, either Traducianist or Creationist, believe that the embryo possesses a soul from conception. For example, they accept the
2652:"The First Canonical Epistle of Our Holy Father Basil, Archbishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia to Amphilochius, Bishop of Iconium"
743:
2063:
705:(Eschbach, "Disp. Phys.", Disp. iii), to refute the slander that a child was slain, and its flesh eaten, by the guests at the
3460:
3252:
3094:
308:
632:
34. It is lawful to procure abortion before ensoulment of the fetus lest a girl, detected as pregnant, be killed or defamed.
468:, which asserts the "supposed existence of all the parts of an organism in rudimentary form in the egg or the seed;" modern
1953:
1663:
2740:
1508:
1323: â and they have their own views on ensoulment, with differing implications. Two passages in the Qur'an describe the
56:
2303:
3012:
908:
773:
268:
3257:
https://www.google.com/books/edition/When_Did_I_Begin/VKq7xWqr8g0C?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PR9&printsec=frontcover
3040:"Therapeutic abortion in Islam: contemporary views of Muslim Shiite scholars and effect of recent Iranian legislation"
2667:
Canon II. Let her that procures abortion undergo ten years' penance, whether the embryo were perfectly formed, or not.
1193:
654:
91:
37:
2553:
3336:
3236:
3088:
865:
243:
48:
3429:
3455:
1045:
932:
599:
544:
The view of early Christians on the moment of ensoulment is also said to have been not the Aristotelian, but the
421:
283:
2360:
2027:
405:
was an indication of the presence of a soul. Other religious views are that ensoulment happens at the moment of
3470:
3450:
2130:
952:
718:
293:
258:
228:
214:
2943:
2700:
restoration (therapeian) should be determined not by time, but by the manner of their repentance (metanoias).
1697:
3475:
3125:
1230:
1206:
942:
837:
731:
2473:"Instruction Dignitas Personae on Certain Bioethical Questions, Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith"
3301:
1474:
1424:
or abstinence from sex can be done as a way to avoid releasing and killing sperm cells in order to follow
1130:
1079:
937:
66:
3181:
2497:
2430:
2258:
Catholic Moral Tradition: "In Christ, a New Creation", David Bohr, Our Sunday Visitor Publishing, 1999,
2176:
845:
702:
694:
685:
444:(c.460 â c.370 BC) believed that the embryo was the product of male semen and a female factor. But
233:
2963:"Controversies and considerations regarding the termination of pregnancy for Foetal Anomalies in Islam"
1698:
Norman M. Ford, When Did I Begin? Conception of the Human Individual in History, Philosophy and Science
1571:"BBC â Religion & Ethics â When is the foetus 'alive'?: The stages of foetal development"
2764:
1762:
1263:
1168:
1015:
984:
893:
676:
620:
501:
461:
417:
406:
185:
2855:
1377:
Hadith #4, Imam al-NawawÄ«âs Forty Hadith, Ibn Hajar al-HaytamÄ«, al-Fath al-mubÄ«n bi sharh al-arba'Ä«n
2381:
2084:
710:
603:
165:
2651:
2116:
1353:â...And do not kill the soul which God has forbidden except for the requirements of justice..." .
3151:
2779:
John D. Loike and Rabbi Moshe Tendler, "Halachic Challenges Emerging From Stem Cell Research" in
2396:
2293:
2108:
1428:(non-violence). This practice is unrelated to the broader practice of celibacy in Jainism called
1292:
1258:
1214:
1181:
1163:
Throughout Christianity's two thousand year history, this same doctrine of condemning all direct
672:
522:
518:
1991:
Stem cells, human embryos and ethics: interdisciplinary perspectives: Lars Ăstnor, Springer 2008
1956:
By Paul A. B. Clarke, Andrew Linzey. Routledge, 2013. First published 1996. ISBN 9781136120923.
1257:
that it must enter the body at conception, and considered the emperor's view to be supported by
3387:
3353:
3240:
3208:
3098:
3069:
2994:
2884:
2839:
2800:
2748:
2721:
2647:
2627:
2602:
2595:
2566:
2527:
2377:
2323:
2259:
2242:
2219:
2195:
2034:
2011:
1990:
1901:
1883:
1867:
1840:
1824:
1817:
1801:
1794:
1701:
1624:
1553:
1425:
1324:
1226:
1222:
1146:
1142:
1117:
870:
526:
331:
278:
253:
180:
2235:
2212:
2152:
1529:
3379:
3345:
3198:
3190:
3059:
3051:
2984:
2974:
2916:
2316:
2285:
2185:
2100:
2050:
1686:
1614:
1606:
1570:
1246:
1155:
979:
974:
959:
855:
808:
802:
611:
595:
591:
575:
3327:
2862:
2418:
2364:
2358:
Theologians' brief submitted to the House of Lords Select Committee on Stem Cell Research.
2346:
2339:
2141:
2137:
2067:
1931:
1766:
1488:
1484:
964:
850:
465:
449:
3374:
Noonan, John T. (1970). "An Almost Absolute Value in History". In Noonan, John T. (ed.).
1332:
and later We made him into other formsâglory be to God, the best of creators! (23:12â14)
756:
3485:
3232:
When did I begin? Conception of the human individual in history, philosophy and science
3203:
3176:
3064:
3039:
2989:
2962:
2679:
1917:
1619:
1592:
1479:
When Did I Begin? Conception of the human individual in history, philosophy and science
1441:
1413:
1254:
1218:
714:
570:
545:
530:
483:
118:
3444:
3383:
2297:
2171:
2112:
1921:
1392:
1298:
815:
615:
583:
391:
387:
2924:
2715:
David Feldman, "Jewish Views on Abortion" in Steven Bayme, Gladys Rosen (editors),
2057:
2053:
1740:
1593:"Restarting life: fertilization and the transition from meiosis to mitosis (Box 1)"
1429:
1210:
1060:
479:
3349:
1312:
32:
3230:
2622:
Gilbert, Scott F.; Gilbert, Scott; Tyler, Anna L.; Zackin, Emily (24 June 2005).
2004:
1860:
1675:
744:
Abortion in the Catholic Church § Recent statements of the Church's position
3401:
3331:
1772:
1492:
1304:
706:
441:
432:
248:
238:
134:
123:
2289:
1167:
has been constantly taught by the Fathers of the Church and by her Pastors and
1074:
2104:
1397:
1150:
698:
680:
650:
598:
publicly condemned sixty-five propositions taken chiefly from the writings of
553:
537:
533:
506:
469:
452:
402:
175:
139:
3271:(15 November 1982). "Letter to the Editor re Early embryo not yet a person".
3194:
2454:
3424:
3282:
3278:
3268:
3055:
2979:
2532:"Celebration of First Vespers of the First Sunday of Advent for unborn life"
1467:
1241:
Jewish views on ensoulment have varied. Rabbi David Feldman states that the
790:
607:
566:
510:
445:
398:
195:
170:
3357:
3212:
3073:
2998:
2549:
2276:
Johnstone, Brian V. (March 2005). "Early Abortion: Venial or Mortal Sin?".
2199:
1628:
1253:) comes into the body when the embryo is already formed, was convinced by
3296:
1972:
When Children Became People: the birth of childhood in early Christianity
1496:
1421:
1172:
1164:
1055:
562:
475:
2920:
17:
3436:
Collection of quotations from Christian writers of first four centuries
3315:(under 'Presidents') 1991-1992 The Revd Dr Norman M Ford sdb (Catholic)
3273:
2683:
2190:
1409:
1316:
668:
646:
190:
144:
107:
2928:
1718:
3435:
2357:
1364:
1342:
1320:
1308:
1242:
514:
200:
102:
86:
81:
1610:
594:
limited the excommunication to abortion of a formed fĆtus. In 1679,
382:-- earliest ascertainable word use: 1605) is the moment at which a
2684:"The Ancient Church and Abortion: The Witness of Basil of Caesarea"
1408:
Although beliefs vary for different individuals, some followers of
2129:
For a criticism of arguments for "delayed hominization," see also
1417:
1126:
565:'s (1126â1198) work, beginning in the 12th century, the legacy of
431:
410:
383:
205:
149:
113:
96:
2856:
New South Wales Board of Jewish Education, "Judaism and the Body"
1884:
Encyclopedia of Christian Theology, "Aristotelianism, Christian"
1453:
456:
379:
2902:
2900:
2431:"Catechism of the Catholic Church â The fifth commandment"
3090:
Insistent Life: Principles for Bioethics in the Jain Tradition
3038:
Hedayat, K M; Shooshtarizadeh, P; Raza, M (1 November 2006).
2089:"Aquinas on Human Ensoulment, Abortion and the Value of Life"
569:
was recovered in the West. Christian philosophers such as
394:
and enters the body at a particular stage of development.
2617:
2615:
455:). Aristotle believed a fetus in early gestation has the
2907:
Albar, Mohammed (2011). "Commentary from Saudi Arabia".
1477:, Melbourne, Australia in 1991-1992. He wrote the book
1133:'s womb; this is what we all were in our mother's womb.
3177:"The Mathematics (and Metaphysics) of Identical Twins"
1700:(Cambridge & New York, Cambridge University Press
2961:
Al-Matary, Abdulrahman; Ali, Jaffar (December 2014).
2172:"The status of the human embryo in various religions"
1771:
Jane Maienschein. "Epigenesis and Preformationism".
1391:
Some Hindus believe that personhood begins with the
517:. Lars Ăstnor says this view was only "presaged" by
1949:
1947:
1941:
that the fetus is an animal before becoming a man."
1459:Richard Charles Playford of Institute of Theology,
486:also considered ensoulment to occur at conception.
2153:Applied Ethics: A Sourcebook, chapter 5: Abortion
3087:Brianne Donaldson; Ana BajĆŸelj (17 August 2021).
2412:of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
2215:Lost Girls: Sex and Death in Renaissance Florence
1687:Aristotle, History of Animals, book VII, part III
416:The concept is closely related to debates on the
2056:. Aquinas's fullest treatment of this is in his
1370:
1348:
1335:
1329:
660:
630:
550:
2028:Paul T. Stallsworth, Ruth S. Brown (editors),
1022:A Catholic Statement on Pluralism and Abortion
1534:, by Lisa Sowle Cahill and Margaret A. Farley
1097:
521:, who belongs to a period later than that of
351:
8:
2835:The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion
2743:in Shraga Blazer, Etan Z. Zimmer (editors),
2736:
2734:
2165:
2163:
2161:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1761:For a discussion of the differences between
1542:
1540:
1525:
1523:
3170:
3168:
2815:
2813:
2397:T.L. Frazier, The Early Church and Abortion
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
3332:"Embryos, Souls, and the Fourth Dimension"
3297:"History of Melbourne College of Divinity"
2710:
2708:
1954:Dictionary of ethics, theology and society
1104:
1090:
751:
614:casuists who had been heavily attacked by
358:
344:
43:
3202:
3063:
2988:
2978:
2948:Renovatio, The Journal of Zaytuna College
2833:Adele Berlin, Maxine Grossman (editors),
2189:
2000:
1998:
1618:
1473:Norman Michael Ford was President of the
2874:
2872:
2870:
2741:Avraham Steinberg, "Jewish Perspectives"
1967:
1965:
1856:
1854:
1852:
31:
3224:
3222:
3013:"When is Having an Abortion Permitted?"
2944:"When Does a Human Fetus Become Human?"
2799:(University of Pennsylvania Press 2009
2717:The Jewish Family and Jewish Continuity
1897:Science and Technology in World History
1519:
772:
266:
213:
157:
73:
55:
1846:(University of Minnesota 1954), p. 201
1270:Other passages in the Talmud, such as
460:pregnancy was certain. This is called
2467:
2465:
2218:(Johns Hopkins University Press 2010
1900:(Johns Hopkins University Press 2006
1895:James Edward McClellan, Harold Dorn,
1800:(University of California Press 2001
1598:Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
1452:Examining questions of ensoulment of
1420:prior to conception, thus practicing
7:
3466:Theories in ancient Greek philosophy
2319:Essays on the Aristotelian Tradition
1456:gives rise to certain complexities.
860:
2883:. LIT Verlag MĂŒnster. p. 199.
2598:At the Roots of Christian Bioethics
1774:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1412:hold the belief that souls (called
1209:while not having dogmatised either
1149:wrote about ensoulment in his 1995
796:Eucharist denial or excommunication
3150:Playford, Richard Charles (2022).
3126:"Lights of Guidance (second part)"
1531:Embodiment, morality, and medicine
990:Center for Family and Human Rights
667:Citing the possibly first-century
626:propositiones laxorum moralistarum
561:Through the Latin translations of
25:
3175:Playford, Richard (August 2020).
2010:(Cambridge University Press 2002
1552:(Cambridge University Press 2002
1440:In a letter written on behalf of
904:2009 Brazilian girl abortion case
748:Eunuchs for the Kingdom of Heaven
378:meaning to endow or imbue with a
27:The time the soul enters the body
3423:
3384:10.4159/harvard.9780674183032.c2
2624:Bioethics and the New Embryology
2601:(M & M Scrivener Press 2010
2340:The Aristotelian Tradition, p. 3
1073:
995:National Right to Life Committee
899:Margaret McBride excommunication
755:
728:Catechism of the Catholic Church
325:
65:
2781:Jewish Political Studies Review
2241:(Cornell University Press 2000
1934:that "Aristotle teaches in the
3253:Mary Warnock, Baroness Warnock
3095:University of California Press
2838:(Oxford University Press 2011
2596:Ana S. Iltis, Mark J. Cherry,
2322:(Oxford University Press 2000
1866:(Continuum International 2004
1823:(Oxford University Press 2005
1225:, which contain the canons of
675:of about the same period, the
1:
3350:10.5840/soctheorpract20053112
1509:Beginning of human personhood
1475:Melbourne College of Divinity
1454:identical (monozygotic) twins
3481:Catholic Church and abortion
2072:Reply to the Ninth Objection
1666:By Helga Kuhse, Peter Singer
1461:St Maryâs University, London
909:Death of Savita Halappanavar
370:In religion and philosophy,
269:Developmental stage theories
130:Emerging and early adulthood
2455:Catholic Encyclopedia, see
2278:Irish Theological Quarterly
1843:Epicurus and His Philosophy
1741:"Oxford English Dictionary"
1719:"Oxford English Dictionary"
1194:Southern Baptist Convention
1184:codes to change over time.
390:, believe that the soul is
38:human embryonic development
3502:
3400:Pilarczyk, Daniel (1971).
3337:Social Theory and Practice
3237:Cambridge University Press
2290:10.1177/002114000507000104
1307:schools of thought â
1299:Pre-existence § Islam
1296:
1290:
1080:Catholic Church portal
741:
215:Development and psychology
3229:Ford, Norman M. (1989) .
3044:Journal of Medical Ethics
2879:Weigl, Constanze (2010).
2626:. Macmillan. p. 39.
2417:October 27, 2009, at the
2142:Fr. Benedict Ashley, O.P.
2105:10.1017/s0031819103000275
2030:The Church & Abortion
1841:Norman Wentworth DeWitt,
1591:Clift D, Schuh M (2013).
1468:Edwin Carlyle "Carl" Wood
1215:Creationism (of the soul)
422:morality of contraception
3376:The Morality of Abortion
3195:10.1177/0024363920920396
2302:An excerpt can be found
1937:De generatione animalium
1664:A companion to bioethics
1400:from fertility clinics.
719:Sixth Ecumenical Council
552:As early as the time of
294:Psychosexual development
3056:10.1136/jme.2005.015289
2980:10.1186/1472-6939-15-10
2656:Orthodox Church Fathers
2504:. n. 51. Archived from
2155:, by James Fieser, 2010
2087:; Lee, Patrick (2003).
1231:Amphilochius of Iconium
776:and the Catholic Church
3428:Quotations related to
3302:University of Divinity
2909:Asian Bioethics Review
2238:Is the Fetus a Person?
2236:Jean Reith Schroedel,
1863:The Soul of the Embryo
1767:theory of preformation
1676:ReligiousTolerance.org
1380:
1361:
1339:
1334:
1177:
1135:
724:
665:
639:
559:
495:Historical development
466:theory of preformation
440:Among Greek scholars,
437:
41:
36:The initial stages of
3461:Christian terminology
3182:The Linacre Quarterly
2942:Yusuf, Hamza (2018).
2680:Haykin, Michael A. G.
2554:see the pictures here
2498:Roman Catholic Church
2376:The 2008 declaration
2033:(Abingdon Press 1993
1925:, lib. 2 cap. 88 n. 3
1923:Summa Contra Gentiles
1560:), p. 42, footnote 38
1435:
1249:, who said the soul (
1161:
1122:
1116:On 27 November 2010,
1046:Other Christian views
846:Consistent life ethic
691:
686:Catholic Encyclopedia
435:
332:Psychology portal
234:Nature versus nurture
158:Biological milestones
35:
3406:Kentucky Law Journal
3251:Foreword written by
2688:Speak for the Unborn
2573:. 61. Archived from
2550:Watch the video here
2530:(27 November 2010).
1861:David Albert Jones,
1051:In the United States
1016:Catholics for Choice
985:American Life League
894:Gianna Beretta Molla
677:Epistle to Diognetus
418:morality of abortion
186:Language acquisition
3328:Shoemaker, David W.
2821:Abortion in Judaism
2577:on 19 December 2010
2500:(7 December 1965).
2213:Nicholas Terpstra,
2119:on 27 January 2011.
2054:IÂȘ q. 118 a. 2 ad 2
2007:Abortion in Judaism
1549:Abortion in Judaism
1416:) or life exist in
970:Knights of Columbus
784:Official opposition
711:Council of Eliberis
309:Cultural-historical
3152:"Curriculum Vitae"
2967:BMC Medical Ethics
2861:2012-03-18 at the
2783:21:3â4 (Fall 2009)
2571:"Evangelium Vitae"
2363:2009-07-08 at the
2345:2012-03-15 at the
2191:10.1242/dev.151886
2136:2011-09-27 at the
2066:2010-12-18 at the
1974:by Odd Magne Bakke
1930:2012-03-03 at the
1485:David W. Shoemaker
1293:Islam and abortion
673:Letter of Barnabas
621:Provincial Letters
523:early Christianity
438:
224:Pre- and perinatal
42:
3393:978-0-674-18303-2
3378:. pp. 1â59.
3130:bahai-library.com
2925:Project MUSE
2890:978-3-643-10770-1
2844:978-0-19-973004-9
2805:978-0-8122-4175-4
2796:Conceiving Israel
2753:978-3-8055-7802-8
2726:978-0-88125-495-2
2648:Basil of Caesarea
2633:978-0-7167-7345-0
2607:978-0-9764041-8-7
2569:(25 March 1995).
2567:Pope John Paul II
2528:Pope Benedict XVI
2502:"Gaudium et Spes"
2383:Dignitas personae
2378:Dignitas Personae
2247:978-0-8014-3707-6
2224:978-0-8018-9499-2
2184:(14): 2541â2543.
2170:Neaves W (2017).
2039:978-0-687-07852-3
2016:978-0-521-52166-6
1872:978-0-8264-6296-1
1829:978-0-19-925626-6
1806:978-0-520-22974-7
1706:978-0-521-42428-8
1558:978-0-521-52166-6
1383:maternal health.
1325:fetal development
1227:Basil of Caesarea
1201:Eastern Orthodoxy
1147:Pope John Paul II
1143:elective abortion
1118:Pope Benedict XVI
1114:
1113:
871:Indirect abortion
643:Apostolicae Sedis
641:In the 1869 Bull
527:Basil of Caesarea
436:Aristotelian Soul
368:
367:
16:(Redirected from
3493:
3456:Christian ethics
3427:
3413:
3397:
3362:
3361:
3330:(January 2005).
3324:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3310:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3265:
3259:
3250:
3226:
3217:
3216:
3206:
3172:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3067:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3019:. 6 October 2011
3009:
3003:
3002:
2992:
2982:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2904:
2895:
2894:
2876:
2865:
2853:
2847:
2830:
2824:
2817:
2808:
2791:
2785:
2776:
2770:
2762:
2756:
2738:
2729:
2712:
2703:
2702:
2696:
2694:
2682:(27 July 2024).
2676:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2662:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2619:
2610:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2563:
2557:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2534:. Archived from
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2508:on 11 April 2011
2494:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2469:
2460:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2427:
2421:
2405:
2399:
2394:
2388:
2374:
2368:
2355:
2349:
2337:
2331:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2273:
2267:
2256:
2250:
2233:
2227:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2193:
2167:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2115:. Archived from
2081:
2075:
2061:, q. 3 a. 9 ad 9
2051:Summa Theologica
2048:
2042:
2025:
2019:
2002:
1993:
1988:
1975:
1969:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1915:
1909:
1892:
1886:
1881:
1875:
1858:
1847:
1838:
1832:
1815:
1809:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1715:
1709:
1695:
1689:
1684:
1678:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1648:
1647:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1622:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1567:
1561:
1544:
1535:
1527:
1378:
1247:Judah the Prince
1156:Evangelium Vitae
1106:
1099:
1092:
1078:
1077:
980:CatholicVote.org
975:Catholic Answers
960:Priests for Life
948:Washington, D.C.
856:Sanctity of life
809:Evangelium vitae
759:
752:
596:Pope Innocent XI
592:Pope Gregory XIV
586:issued the Bull
576:Summa Theologica
360:
353:
346:
330:
329:
328:
229:Infant and child
69:
44:
21:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3471:Jewish theology
3451:Abortion debate
3441:
3440:
3420:
3399:
3394:
3373:
3370:
3368:Further reading
3365:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3308:
3306:
3305:. 26 March 2024
3295:
3294:
3290:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3247:
3228:
3227:
3220:
3174:
3173:
3166:
3156:
3154:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3134:
3132:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3097:. p. 127.
3086:
3085:
3081:
3050:(11): 652â657.
3037:
3036:
3032:
3022:
3020:
3017:SeekersGuidance
3011:
3010:
3006:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2906:
2905:
2898:
2891:
2878:
2877:
2868:
2863:Wayback Machine
2854:
2850:
2831:
2827:
2818:
2811:
2794:Gwynn Kessler,
2792:
2788:
2777:
2773:
2763:
2759:
2739:
2732:
2713:
2706:
2692:
2690:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2660:
2658:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2634:
2621:
2620:
2613:
2594:
2590:
2580:
2578:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2541:
2539:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2511:
2509:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2481:
2479:
2471:
2470:
2463:
2453:
2449:
2439:
2437:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2419:Wayback Machine
2406:
2402:
2395:
2391:
2375:
2371:
2365:Wayback Machine
2356:
2352:
2347:Wayback Machine
2338:
2334:
2317:Anthony Kenny,
2314:
2310:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2257:
2253:
2234:
2230:
2211:
2207:
2169:
2168:
2159:
2151:
2147:
2138:Wayback Machine
2128:
2124:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2068:Wayback Machine
2049:
2045:
2026:
2022:
2005:Daniel Schiff,
2003:
1996:
1989:
1978:
1970:
1963:
1952:
1945:
1932:Wayback Machine
1916:
1912:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1878:
1859:
1850:
1839:
1835:
1816:
1812:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1777:
1770:
1760:
1756:
1746:
1744:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1724:
1722:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1670:
1662:
1651:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1611:10.1038/nrm3643
1590:
1589:
1585:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1547:Daniel Schiff,
1545:
1538:
1528:
1521:
1517:
1505:
1489:inner cell mass
1450:
1448:Identical twins
1438:
1406:
1389:
1379:
1376:
1303:There are four
1301:
1295:
1289:
1261:, the tractate
1239:
1207:Orthodox Church
1203:
1190:
1141:In relation to
1110:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1040:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1010:
1002:
1001:
1000:
999:
965:Sisters of Life
933:Life and Family
929:March for Life
924:
916:
915:
914:
913:
888:
878:
877:
876:
875:
851:Culture of life
840:
836:Philosophy and
829:
828:
827:
826:
785:
775:
750:
740:
497:
492:
450:preformationist
430:
420:as well as the
397:In the time of
374:(from the verb
364:
326:
324:
271:
126:
110:
99:
59:and development
58:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3499:
3497:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3476:Islamic ethics
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3419:
3418:External links
3416:
3415:
3414:
3392:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3319:
3288:
3260:
3245:
3218:
3189:(3): 278â291.
3164:
3142:
3117:
3103:
3079:
3030:
3004:
2953:
2934:
2915:(4): 360â361.
2896:
2889:
2866:
2848:
2825:
2809:
2786:
2771:
2757:
2730:
2704:
2671:
2639:
2632:
2611:
2588:
2558:
2538:on 11 May 2011
2519:
2489:
2461:
2447:
2422:
2400:
2389:
2369:
2350:
2332:
2308:
2268:
2251:
2228:
2205:
2157:
2145:
2122:
2099:(2): 255â278.
2076:
2043:
2020:
1994:
1976:
1961:
1943:
1910:
1887:
1876:
1848:
1833:
1820:The Stoic Life
1810:
1787:
1754:
1743:. preformation
1732:
1710:
1690:
1679:
1668:
1649:
1634:
1583:
1562:
1536:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1504:
1501:
1491:) to form the
1449:
1446:
1442:Shoghi Effendi
1437:
1434:
1405:
1402:
1388:
1385:
1374:
1291:Main article:
1288:
1285:
1255:Antoninus Pius
1238:
1235:
1219:Church Fathers
1217:, follows the
1202:
1199:
1189:
1186:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1003:
998:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
956:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
926:
925:
922:
921:
918:
917:
912:
911:
906:
901:
896:
890:
889:
884:
883:
880:
879:
874:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
842:
841:
835:
834:
831:
830:
825:
824:
819:
812:
805:
800:
799:
798:
787:
786:
783:
782:
779:
778:
770:
769:
768:of articles on
761:
760:
739:
736:
715:Holy Communion
703:Minutius Felix
653:. Since then,
571:Thomas Aquinas
496:
493:
491:
488:
484:Pythagoreanism
429:
428:Ancient Greeks
426:
366:
365:
363:
362:
355:
348:
340:
337:
336:
335:
334:
319:
318:
317:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
273:
272:
267:
264:
263:
262:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
218:
217:
211:
210:
209:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
160:
159:
155:
154:
153:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
121:
116:
111:
105:
100:
94:
89:
84:
76:
75:
71:
70:
62:
61:
53:
52:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3498:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3426:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3395:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3248:
3246:9780521424288
3242:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3153:
3146:
3143:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3106:
3104:9780520380578
3100:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3083:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3031:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2892:
2886:
2882:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2747:(Karger 2004
2746:
2742:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2635:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2592:
2589:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2520:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2451:
2448:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2384:
2379:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2328:0-19-825068-1
2325:
2321:
2320:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2264:0-87973-931-2
2261:
2255:
2252:
2249:), p. 19
2248:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2209:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2085:Haldane, John
2080:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1906:0-8018-8360-1
1903:
1899:
1898:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1818:Tad Brennan,
1814:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1797:Stoic Studies
1791:
1788:
1776:
1775:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1720:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1605:(9): 549â62.
1604:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1587:
1584:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1493:trophectoderm
1490:
1486:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1394:
1393:reincarnation
1386:
1384:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1223:Trullo canons
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1119:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1036:
1035:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1006:
1005:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
930:
928:
927:
920:
919:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
891:
887:
882:
881:
872:
869:
867:
866:Double effect
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
843:
839:
833:
832:
823:
820:
818:
817:
816:Humanae vitae
813:
811:
810:
806:
804:
803:Canon 1397 §2
801:
797:
794:
793:
792:
789:
788:
781:
780:
777:
771:
767:
763:
762:
758:
754:
753:
749:
745:
737:
735:
733:
729:
723:
720:
716:
713:decreed that
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
690:
688:
687:
682:
678:
674:
670:
664:
659:
656:
652:
648:
644:
638:
635:
633:
629:
627:
623:
622:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
584:Pope Sixtus V
580:
578:
577:
572:
568:
564:
558:
555:
549:
547:
542:
539:
535:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
503:
494:
489:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
471:
467:
463:
458:
454:
451:
447:
443:
434:
427:
425:
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
395:
393:
389:
388:reincarnation
385:
381:
377:
373:
361:
356:
354:
349:
347:
342:
341:
339:
338:
333:
323:
322:
321:
320:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
276:
275:
274:
270:
265:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
221:
220:
219:
216:
212:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
166:Fertilization
164:
163:
162:
161:
156:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
125:
122:
120:
119:Preadolescent
117:
115:
112:
109:
106:
104:
101:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
79:
78:
77:
72:
68:
64:
63:
60:
54:
50:
46:
45:
39:
34:
30:
19:
3432:at Wikiquote
3409:
3405:
3375:
3344:(1): 51â75.
3341:
3335:
3322:
3314:
3307:. Retrieved
3300:
3291:
3272:
3263:
3231:
3186:
3180:
3155:. Retrieved
3145:
3133:. Retrieved
3129:
3120:
3108:. Retrieved
3089:
3082:
3047:
3043:
3033:
3021:. Retrieved
3016:
3007:
2970:
2966:
2956:
2947:
2937:
2921:10635/144521
2912:
2908:
2880:
2851:
2834:
2828:
2820:
2807:), pp. 68â69
2795:
2789:
2780:
2774:
2765:
2760:
2744:
2716:
2698:
2691:. Retrieved
2687:
2674:
2666:
2659:. Retrieved
2655:
2642:
2623:
2597:
2591:
2579:. Retrieved
2575:the original
2561:
2540:. Retrieved
2536:the original
2522:
2510:. Retrieved
2506:the original
2492:
2480:. Retrieved
2476:
2456:
2450:
2438:. Retrieved
2434:
2425:
2409:
2408:Instruction
2403:
2392:
2382:
2372:
2353:
2335:
2318:
2311:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2254:
2237:
2231:
2214:
2208:
2181:
2175:
2148:
2131:this article
2125:
2117:the original
2096:
2092:
2079:
2071:
2058:
2046:
2029:
2023:
2006:
1936:
1922:
1913:
1896:
1890:
1879:
1862:
1842:
1836:
1819:
1813:
1796:
1790:
1778:. Retrieved
1773:
1769:, see this:
1757:
1745:. Retrieved
1735:
1723:. Retrieved
1721:. epigenesis
1713:
1693:
1682:
1671:
1643:
1637:
1602:
1596:
1586:
1574:. Retrieved
1565:
1548:
1530:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1466:A letter by
1465:
1458:
1451:
1439:
1436:BahĂĄ'Ă Faith
1430:Brahmacharya
1407:
1390:
1381:
1371:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1302:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1269:
1262:
1250:
1240:
1211:Traducianism
1204:
1191:
1178:
1162:
1154:
1140:
1136:
1123:
1115:
1061:Abortion law
1020:
814:
807:
730:states that
725:
692:
684:
666:
661:
642:
640:
636:
634:
631:
625:
619:
587:
581:
574:
560:
551:
543:
498:
490:Christianity
480:Epicureanism
474:
439:
415:
396:
392:pre-existing
375:
371:
369:
314:Evolutionary
289:Psychosocial
140:Middle adult
57:Human growth
29:
3255:. Preview=
3135:20 November
2720:(KTAV 1994
2410:Donum vitae
2177:Development
2059:De potentia
1795:A.A. Long,
1642:Aristotle.
1497:ontological
1398:blastocysts
1305:Sunni Islam
822:In politics
738:Catholicism
695:Athenagoras
588:Effraenatam
546:Pythagorean
442:Hippocrates
249:Young adult
135:Young adult
3445:Categories
3430:Ensoulment
3269:Wood, Carl
3023:30 October
2745:The Embryo
2581:31 January
2477:vatican.va
2435:vatican.va
2093:Philosophy
1780:31 January
1763:epigenesis
1747:31 January
1725:31 January
1515:References
1297:See also:
1151:encyclical
1009:Dissidence
953:West Coast
861:Ensoulment
742:See also:
732:Human life
699:Tertullian
681:Tertullian
651:venial sin
606:and other
554:Tertullian
534:Septuagint
507:Tertullian
505:including
502:epigenetic
470:embryology
462:epigenesis
453:Pythagoras
407:conception
403:quickening
372:ensoulment
284:Ecological
279:Attachment
239:Adolescent
176:Childbirth
124:Adolescent
3309:20 August
3283:Australia
3279:Melbourne
3157:20 August
2973:(1): 10.
2846:), p. 700
2766:Sanhedrin
2728:), p. 239
2693:17 August
2661:17 August
2609:), p. 166
2482:24 August
2330:), p. 3).
2298:170797954
2284:(1): 60.
2113:170444869
1920:notes in
1908:), p. 184
1831:), p. 155
1808:), p. 237
1576:5 January
1327:process:
1264:Sanhedrin
1259:Job 10:12
1182:canon law
1165:abortions
791:Canon 915
655:canon law
582:In 1588,
567:Aristotle
519:Augustine
511:Augustine
446:Aristotle
411:viability
399:Aristotle
304:Cognitive
196:Menopause
171:Pregnancy
145:Old adult
3398:Review:
3358:16007752
3213:32699438
3074:17074823
2999:24499356
2859:Archived
2819:Schiff,
2755:), p. 34
2542:22 March
2512:22 March
2457:Abortion
2415:Archived
2361:Archived
2343:Archived
2266:, p. 293
2226:), p. 91
2200:28720650
2134:Archived
2064:Archived
2041:), p. 42
1928:Archived
1765:and the
1708:), p. 28
1644:De Anima
1629:23942453
1503:See also
1422:celibacy
1387:Hinduism
1375:â
1274:69a and
1188:Baptists
1173:abortion
1120:stated:
1056:Abortion
1039:See also
923:Activism
838:theology
774:Abortion
766:a series
764:Part of
689:stated:
671:and the
610:(mostly
608:casuists
563:Averroes
476:Stoicism
259:Maturity
49:a series
47:Part of
18:Ensouled
3274:The Age
3204:7350103
3110:2 April
3065:2563289
2990:3943453
2823:, p. 43
2440:18 July
1958:Preview
1918:Aquinas
1620:4021448
1410:Jainism
1404:Jainism
1317:Hanbali
1313:Shafiâi
1272:Yevamot
1251:neshama
1237:Judaism
1169:Doctors
1153:letter
1129:was in
886:History
669:Didache
647:Pius IX
618:in his
600:Escobar
191:Puberty
181:Walking
108:Toddler
3390:
3356:
3243:
3211:
3201:
3101:
3072:
3062:
2997:
2987:
2929:461979
2927:
2887:
2842:
2803:
2751:
2724:
2630:
2605:
2552:, and
2326:
2296:
2262:
2245:
2222:
2198:
2111:
2037:
2014:
1904:
1870:
1827:
1804:
1704:
1627:
1617:
1556:
1426:Ahimsa
1365:Hanafi
1343:Maliki
1321:Maliki
1309:Hanafi
1281:nefesh
1243:Talmud
943:Prague
746:, and
701:, and
616:Pascal
612:Jesuit
604:Suarez
515:Jerome
513:, and
376:ensoul
201:Ageing
103:Infant
92:Embryo
87:Zygote
82:Gamete
74:Stages
3486:Souls
2294:S2CID
2109:S2CID
1939:II, 3
1418:sperm
1414:jivas
1287:Islam
1276:Nidda
1127:Jesus
938:Paris
707:AgapĂŠ
624:) as
531:Greek
384:human
299:Moral
254:Adult
244:Youth
206:Death
150:Dying
114:Child
97:Fetus
3412:(3).
3388:ISBN
3354:PMID
3311:2024
3241:ISBN
3209:PMID
3159:2024
3137:2020
3112:2021
3099:ISBN
3070:PMID
3025:2021
2995:PMID
2885:ISBN
2840:ISBN
2801:ISBN
2769:, 11
2749:ISBN
2722:ISBN
2695:2024
2663:2024
2628:ISBN
2603:ISBN
2583:2011
2544:2011
2514:2011
2484:2023
2442:2017
2385:, 23
2324:ISBN
2304:here
2260:ISBN
2243:ISBN
2220:ISBN
2196:PMID
2035:ISBN
2012:ISBN
1902:ISBN
1868:ISBN
1825:ISBN
1802:ISBN
1782:2011
1749:2011
1727:2011
1702:ISBN
1625:PMID
1578:2009
1554:ISBN
1363:The
1341:The
1319:and
1205:The
1192:The
1131:Mary
726:The
679:and
457:soul
380:soul
3380:doi
3346:doi
3199:PMC
3191:doi
3060:PMC
3052:doi
2985:PMC
2975:doi
2917:hdl
2286:doi
2186:doi
2182:144
2140:by
2101:doi
1615:PMC
1607:doi
1213:or
538:LXX
413:).
3447::
3410:59
3408:.
3404:.
3386:.
3352:.
3342:31
3340:.
3334:.
3313:.
3299:.
3281:,
3277:.
3239:.
3235:.
3221:^
3207:.
3197:.
3187:87
3185:.
3179:.
3167:^
3128:.
3093:.
3068:.
3058:.
3048:32
3046:.
3042:.
3015:.
2993:.
2983:.
2971:15
2969:.
2965:.
2946:.
2923:.
2911:.
2899:^
2869:^
2812:^
2733:^
2707:^
2697:.
2686:.
2665:.
2654:.
2650:.
2614:^
2556:.
2548:â
2475:.
2464:^
2433:.
2387:).
2292:.
2282:70
2280:.
2194:.
2180:.
2174:.
2160:^
2107:.
2097:78
2095:.
2091:.
2074:).
1997:^
1979:^
1964:^
1946:^
1851:^
1652:^
1623:.
1613:.
1603:14
1601:.
1595:.
1539:^
1522:^
1432:.
1315:,
1311:,
1233:.
1159::
1145:,
697:,
645:,
602:,
548::
509:,
51:on
3396:.
3382::
3360:.
3348::
3285:.
3249:.
3215:.
3193::
3161:.
3139:.
3114:.
3076:.
3054::
3027:.
3001:.
2977::
2950:.
2931:.
2919::
2913:3
2893:.
2636:.
2585:.
2546:.
2516:.
2486:.
2444:.
2306:.
2300:.
2288::
2202:.
2188::
2103::
2070:(
2018:)
1874:)
1784:.
1751:.
1729:.
1646:.
1631:.
1609::
1580:.
1175:.
1105:e
1098:t
1091:v
359:e
352:t
345:v
40:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.