433:
veterinary test kit designed and calibrated for cattle inappropriately used to test for human antibodies, despite warnings against this in kit instructions. An exhaustive analysis of 51 whole genomes of breast cancers by next generation sequencing (NGS) did not show any trace of BLV DNA and thus excludes clonal insertion (integration into human genomic DNA) of BLV into the DNA of breast cancer cells. However, all of the DNA sequences available to examine were derived from metastatic sites, according to the statement by the provider (US National Cancer
Institute) written above the column of the sequences. In cattle with advanced stages of BLV infection, most of the BLV genome is deleted and often only the promoter region and cancer causing gene remain . If this situation also exists in humans infected with BLV, one would not expect to find BLV in whole genomes of metastatic tumors, which are advanced stages of human breast cancer. Also unintegrated BLV DNA would not be detected by NGS. More research needs to be done to determine if there are differences in BLV presence in metastatic versus primary breast cancer cells from the same human tissue donor.
1177:
farm workers, and veterinarians (5). In these studies no antibodies against BLV were detected, prompting
Burridge to conclude in his review article, "There is no epidemiological or serological evidence from human studies to indicate that BLV can infect man" (5). The advent of immunoblotting, ≈100 times more sensitive than techniques of the 1970s (6), enabled the detection of antibodies reactive with recombinant purified BLV p24 capsid protein in serum samples from 39% of 257 self-selected human volunteers (7).
408:
high BLV prevalence. Compared to wild-type infection, the humoral response against BLV antigens is only slightly reduced in vaccinated animals. The proviral loads of the attenuated vaccine remain most frequently undetectable. The attenuated strain is not transmitted from mother to offspring, supporting the safety of the vaccine. This vaccine thus induces a persistent anti-BLV immune response through maintaining a low level of infectivity, while preventing the risk of infection by the wild-type virus.
327:
421:
In 2014, researchers discovered the presence of BLV positive cells in the human breast tissue in a sample of US women, and a case-control study published in 2015 suggested that exposure to BLV is associated with breast cancer, also in US women. A later study of
Australian women detected retrotranscribed BLV DNA in breast tissue of 40/50(80%) of women with breast cancer versus 19/46(41%) of women with no history of breast cancer, indicating an age-adjusted
53:
395:
Europe states started to become leukosis-free after the political changes at the end of the last century. A quote from a USDA fact sheet, "The high individual animal prevalence of BLV reported in the Dairy 1996 study suggests that testing and culling seropositive animals may not be a cost effective method to control the disease. Instead, preventing disease transmission by implementing preventive practices would likely be more cost-effective.
219:), or exist as unintegrated circular or linear forms. Besides structural and enzymatic genes required for virion production, BLV expresses the Tax protein and microRNAs involved in cell proliferation and oncogenesis . In cattle, most infected animals are asymptomatic; leukemia is rare (about 5% of infected animals), but lymphoproliferation is more frequent (30%).
493:), water buffaloes, and capybaras. Sheep are very susceptible to experimental inoculation and develop tumours more often and at a younger age than cattle. A persistent antibody response can also be detected after experimental infection in deer, rabbits, rats, guinea-pigs, cats, dogs, sheep, rhesus monkeys, chimpanzees, antelopes, pigs, goats and buffaloes."
394:
In Europe attempts were made to eradicate the virus by culling infected animals. The first country considered to be free of infection was
Denmark. Soon the United Kingdom followed. Like the North American states, those of the Eastern bloc in Europe did not try to get rid of the virus. But the Eastern
416:
Soon after BLV was discovered in the 1970s, ten studies were done looking for antibodies to BLV in humans. However, no antibodies were found and so researchers concluded that BLV was not a risk to human health. However, more sensitive techniques for detecting antibodies were developed, and in 2003 a
313:
exposure is generally considered to account for a relatively small proportion of infections. Embryo transfer and artificial insemination also account for a small number of new infections if common equipment and/or palpation sleeves are used. While transmission has been documented via blood feeding
432:
Another case-control study conducted on
Chinese patients did not find any association between BLV and breast cancer. However this study did not look at tissue samples from breast cancer, only blood work. A subsequent evaluation of the Chinese study pointed out weaknesses in methodology used, e.g. a
420:
Several studies have been carried out to determine whether BLV causes disease in humans, testing mostly farm workers who drink raw milk from infected cows. Some long term studies may be necessary, as there appears to be a correlation in instances of cancer among butchers and slaughterhouse workers.
407:
A safe and effective vaccine against BLV has been developed. The approach is based of a provirus with deletions or mutations in genes required for efficient replication (R3,G4, microRNAs, envelope). The attenuated vaccine effectively protects from BLV infection in endemic regions characterized by a
1176:
Concerns that this virus might infect humans through exposure to food products from subclinically infected animals prompted 10 studies that used what were then (1975–1979) state-of-the-art immunologic methods to test serum samples from a collective total of 1,761 humans, including cancer patients,
425:
and confidence interval of 4.72(1.71-13.05). These results corroborate the findings of the previous study of US women with an even higher odds ratio for the
Australian population. A case-control study of Texas women established an association between BLV presence in breast tissue and breast cancer
398:
High prevalence of virus was found from testing by USDA. "As part of the 2007 dairy study, bulk tank milk was collected from 534 operations with 30 or more dairy cows and tested with an Enzyme Linked-Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for the presence of antibodies against BLV. Results showed that 83.9
298:
Many potential routes of BLV transmission exist. Transmission through procedures that transmit blood between animals such as gouge dehorning, vaccination and ear tagging with instruments or needles that are not changed or disinfected between animals is a significant means of BLV spread. Rectal
360:
occur explains the many symptoms: enlargement of superficial lymph nodes, a digestive form, a cardiac form, a nervous form, a respiratory form, and others. Lymph node enlargement is often an early clinical sign. An unexpected clinical finding is protrusion of the conjunctival membrane, due to
1076:
Suárez
Archilla, Guillermo; Gutiérrez, Gerónimo; Camussone, Cecilia; Calvinho, Luis; Abdala, Alejandro; Alvarez, Irene; Petersen, Marcos; Franco, Lautaro; Destefano, Gabriel; Monti, Gustavo; Jacques, Jean-Rock; Joris, Thomas; Willems, Luc; Trono, Karina (2022-08-10).
509:(HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/Tropical spastic paraparesis)-like neurological disorders. A number of case-control studies have been conducted, but research into BLV-related diseases has not been as extensive as that conducted into other viral diseases.
385:
No treatment is available for the disease. Testing and removing positive animals from the herd is one method of control. In herds where the disease is widespread, it is important to limit spread by avoiding contact with blood between animals.
436:
Another study of 95 women in
California found that more than a third had evidence of BLV DNA in their blood cells, and a third had antibodies to BLV, but that these two BLV markers were not correlated with each other in individual donors.
485:. It is not known whether this naturally occurring rabbit disease is linked to BLV infection. "Although several species can be infected by inoculation of the virus, natural infection occurs only in cattle (
665:
Gillet, Nicolas A.; Hamaidia, Malik; de
Brogniez, Alix; Gutiérrez, Gerónimo; Renotte, Nathalie; Reichert, Michal; Trono, Karina; Willems, Luc (2016-04-28). Sullivan, Christopher S (ed.).
314:
insects, the significance of this risk is unclear. Transmission relies primarily on the transfer of infected lymphocytes from one animal to the next, and BLV positive animals with
501:
Because of the close relationship between BLV and HTLV-I, the research on BLV is important. One can use the experience with BLV for understanding HTLV-I induced diseases like ATL (
797:
1902:
818:
Meas S, Usui T, Ohashi K, Sugimoto C, Onuma M (January 2002). "Vertical transmission of bovine leukemia virus and bovine immunodeficiency virus in dairy cattle herds".
948:
3046:
1849:
Takatori I, Itohara S, Yonaiyama K (1982). "Difficulty in detecting in vivo extracellular infective virus in cattle naturally infected with bovine leukemia virus".
473:
are rare, although many animals are susceptible to artificial infection. After artificial infection of sheep most animals succumb to leukemia. Rabbits get a fatal
417:
test of more than 200 people using these new tests found that more than a third carried antibodies reactive to BLV, and the question began to be researched again.
2463:
3072:
518:
1908:
3033:
1914:
1225:
1950:
1469:"Breast Cancer Gone Viral? Review of Possible Role of Bovine Leukemia Virus in Breast Cancer, and Related Opportunities for Cancer Prevention"
887:
1734:
2519:
2938:
2417:
318:
are more likely to provide a source for infection. Virus particles are difficult to detect and not used for transmission of infection.
2162:
2214:
862:
667:"Bovine Leukemia Virus Small Noncoding RNAs Are Functional Elements That Regulate Replication and Contribute to Oncogenesis In Vivo"
1428:"Bovine leukemia virus linked to breast cancer but not coinfection with human papillomavirus: Case-control study of women in Texas"
2084:
2069:
3105:
2859:
944:
933:
303:
with common sleeves poses a risk that is increased by inexperience and increased frequency of palpation. Transmission via
52:
2943:
2734:
2513:
2495:
2489:
2442:
618:"Cooperation between bovine leukaemia virus transactivator protein and Ha-ras oncogene product in cellular transformation"
2699:
2385:
2380:
2326:
1806:"Mechanisms of leukemogenesis induced by bovine leukemia virus: prospects for novel anti-retroviral therapies in human"
3059:
2724:
2391:
2356:
791:
3110:
2376:
1943:
1369:"Bovine leukemia virus linked to breast cancer in Australian women and identified before breast cancer development"
3077:
1886:
2998:
2754:
2694:
2351:
2079:
1189:
Buehring GC, Philpott SM, Choi KY (December 2003). "Humans have antibodies reactive with Bovine leukemia virus".
429:
In 2019, a review of possible role of Bovine
Leukemia Virus in breast cancer is proposed by Gertrude C Buehring.
399:
percent of U.S. dairy operations were positive for BLV (table 1). BLV infection can be detected by ELISA or PCR.
374:
245:
726:"Ablation of non-coding RNAs affects bovine leukemia virus B lymphocyte proliferation and abrogates oncogenesis"
3100:
2729:
2507:
335:
2015:
275:
2960:
2704:
2689:
2010:
1630:"Whole genome sequencing of 51 breast cancers reveals that tumors are devoid of bovine leukemia virus DNA"
724:
Safari, Roghaiyeh; Jacques, Jean-Rock; Brostaux, Yves; Willems, Luc (2020-05-14). Cullen, Bryan R. (ed.).
2026:
2915:
2604:
2452:
2437:
1963:
1936:
1928:
502:
459:
228:
1579:"Response to "Lack of association between bovine leukemia virus and breast cancer in Chinese patients""
2095:
2043:
616:
Willems, L.; Heremans, H.; Chen, G.; Portetelle, D.; Billiau, A.; Burny, A.; Kettmann, R. (May 1990).
3020:
2621:
1380:
1321:
1245:
47:
2584:
2567:
2550:
1022:
Barez PY, de Brogniez A, Carpentier A, Gazon H, Gillet N, Gutiérrez G, et al. (November 2015).
2257:
281:
257:
251:
239:
233:
2887:
2816:
2799:
2188:
326:
2765:
2630:
2593:
2331:
1747:
172:
968:
Gutiérrez G, Rodríguez SM, de Brogniez A, Gillet N, Golime R, Burny A, et al. (June 2014).
882:(5th ed.). London: Baillière Tindall. pp. 611 (Leucosis in cattle and other species).
538:
3051:
2274:
2240:
377:. Post-mortem findings are characteristic and include widespread white tumours in most organs.
349:
called enzootic bovine leukosis. Under natural conditions the disease is transmitted mainly by
3007:
2635:
2539:
2524:
2408:
2306:
2074:
2060:
1866:
1837:
1792:
1712:
1661:
1610:
1559:
1508:
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1408:
1349:
1290:
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1206:
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1118:
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883:
858:
835:
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688:
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598:
2457:
1858:
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1702:
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1498:
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1439:
1398:
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1339:
1329:
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1272:
1198:
1157:
1149:
1108:
1090:
1045:
1035:
991:
981:
827:
755:
737:
696:
678:
637:
629:
588:
580:
357:
1804:
Gillet N, Florins A, Boxus M, Burteau C, Nigro A, Vandermeers F, et al. (March 2007).
1679:
Buehring GC, DeLaney A, Shen H, Chu DL, Razavian N, Schwartz DA, et al. (April 2019).
2501:
2428:
2367:
2317:
2001:
1968:
1310:"Exposure to Bovine Leukemia Virus Is Associated with Breast Cancer: A Case-Control Study"
447:
269:
149:
113:
101:
89:
1528:"Lack of association between bovine leukemia virus and breast cancer in Chinese patients"
1384:
1325:
17:
2669:
2658:
2342:
2131:
1990:
1832:
1805:
1707:
1680:
1656:
1629:
1605:
1578:
1554:
1527:
1503:
1468:
1403:
1368:
1344:
1309:
1285:
1260:
1162:
1137:
1113:
1078:
1050:
1023:
996:
969:
760:
725:
701:
666:
633:
569:"Unintegrated bovine leukemia virus DNA: association with viral expression and disease"
1226:"Assessing the role of transmissible agents in human disease by studying meat workers"
831:
642:
617:
593:
568:
215:). BLV may integrate into the genomic DNA of B‑lymphocytes as a DNA intermediate (the
3094:
2229:
2142:
1979:
1862:
1741:
1426:
Baltzell KA, Shen HM, Krishnamurthy S, Sison JD, Nuovo GJ, Buehring GC (April 2018).
315:
584:
3012:
2833:
2715:
2447:
2120:
453:
125:
1393:
1334:
742:
683:
2992:
2870:
2745:
2177:
2153:
478:
1202:
911:
2928:
2850:
2680:
2474:
2295:
1697:
1646:
1595:
1544:
1308:
Buehring GC, Shen HM, Jensen HM, Jin DL, Hudes M, Block G (2 September 2015).
1095:
465:
422:
204:
137:
2983:
1526:
Zhang R, Jiang J, Sun W, Zhang J, Huang K, Gu X, et al. (October 2016).
1494:
1241:
1104:
751:
692:
2782:
2205:
304:
300:
263:
77:
3064:
1841:
1822:
1796:
1716:
1665:
1614:
1563:
1512:
1485:
1453:
1412:
1353:
1294:
1276:
1210:
1171:
1153:
1122:
1059:
1005:
839:
769:
710:
1870:
786:
651:
602:
2977:
482:
346:
216:
31:
3038:
1787:
1771:"Host immune responses in the course of bovine leukemia virus infection"
1770:
970:"Vaccination against δ-retroviruses: the bovine leukemia virus paradigm"
1444:
1427:
915:
506:
470:
2923:
1259:
Buehring GC, Shen HM, Jensen HM, Choi KY, Sun D, Nuovo G (May 2014).
1136:
Buehring GC, Shen HM, Jensen HM, Choi KY, Sun D, Nuovo G (May 2014).
1040:
986:
343:
339:
309:
208:
2954:
857:(4th ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press. pp. 61–62.
1959:
370:
325:
211:. It is closely related to the human T‑lymphotropic virus type 1 (
64:
1473:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
2933:
474:
350:
212:
3025:
2958:
1932:
1743:
Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals
2483:
1746:. World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Archived from
1367:
Buehring GC, Shen H, Schwartz DA, Lawson JS (22 June 2017).
1079:"A safe and effective vaccine against bovine leukemia virus"
1467:
Buehring, Gertrude C.; Sans, Hannah M. (27 December 2019).
934:"Bovine Leukosis Virus on U.S. Dairy Operations, 2007"
547:
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
469:. Natural infection of animals other than cattle and
2967:
2914:
2885:
2868:
2848:
2831:
2814:
2797:
2780:
2763:
2743:
2713:
2678:
2667:
2656:
2619:
2602:
2582:
2565:
2548:
2537:
2472:
2426:
2406:
2365:
2340:
2315:
2304:
2293:
2272:
2255:
2238:
2227:
2203:
2186:
2175:
2151:
2140:
2129:
2118:
2093:
2058:
2041:
2024:
1999:
1988:
1977:
798:
Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International
1261:"Bovine leukemia virus DNA in human breast tissue"
1138:"Bovine leukemia virus DNA in human breast tissue"
330:Conjunctival prolapse is a sign of bovine leukosis
1681:"Bovine leukemia virus discovered in human blood"
2464:Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus
963:
961:
369:Diagnosis relies on agar gel immunodiffusion,
1944:
878:Blood DC, Henderson JA, Radostits OM (1979).
8:
519:Bovine leukaemia virus RNA packaging signal
2955:
2675:
2664:
2545:
2312:
2301:
2235:
2183:
2148:
2137:
2126:
1996:
1985:
1951:
1937:
1929:
1909:Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
1017:
1015:
928:
926:
924:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
781:
779:
36:
1831:
1821:
1786:
1775:The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science
1769:Kabeya H, Ohashi K, Onuma M (July 2001).
1735:"Chapter 2.4.11 Enzootic bovine leukosis"
1706:
1696:
1655:
1645:
1604:
1594:
1553:
1543:
1502:
1484:
1443:
1402:
1392:
1343:
1333:
1284:
1161:
1112:
1094:
1049:
1039:
995:
985:
853:Mahy BW (2009). "Bovine leukemia virus".
759:
741:
700:
682:
641:
592:
361:enlargement of retro-ocular lymph nodes.
207:which causes enzootic bovine leukosis in
373:(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) and
1915:United States Department of Agriculture
530:
445:There are other mammal hosts including
1728:
1726:
1628:Gillet NA, Willems L (November 2016).
567:Reyes RA, Cockerell GL (August 1996).
1071:
1069:
334:In general, BLV causes only a benign
7:
2520:Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus
1191:AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses
390:Epidemiology and eradication efforts
342:. Only some animals later develop a
2939:Human teratocarcinoma-derived virus
2418:Walleye epidermal hyperplasia virus
2163:Caenorhabditis elegans Cer13 virus
634:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb08277.x
481:, different from the benign human
426:status with an odds ratio OR 5.1.
25:
2215:Caenorhabditis elegans Cer1 virus
1024:"Recent Advances in BLV Research"
2486:(human immunodeficiency viruses)
954:from the original on 2021-03-22.
51:
2490:Simian immunodeficiency viruses
2085:Woolly monkey hepatitis B virus
2070:Ground squirrel hepatitis virus
585:10.1128/JVI.70.8.4961-4965.1996
375:PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
2860:Soybean chlorotic mottle virus
2508:Equine infectious anemia virus
945:U.S. Department of Agriculture
30:For other viral leucosis, see
1:
2944:Human Endogenous Retrovirus-W
2735:Strawberry vein banding virus
2514:Bovine immunodeficiency virus
2496:Feline immunodeficiency virus
2443:Abelson murine leukemia virus
1903:"Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV)"
832:10.1016/s0378-1135(01)00458-8
412:Potential infection in humans
2700:Kalanchoe top-spotting virus
2327:Avian sarcoma leukosis virus
1863:10.1016/0145-2126(82)90008-X
1394:10.1371/journal.pone.0179367
1335:10.1371/journal.pone.0134304
1265:Emerging Infectious Diseases
1142:Emerging Infectious Diseases
743:10.1371/journal.ppat.1008502
684:10.1371/journal.ppat.1005588
356:The variety of organs where
2725:Carnation etched ring virus
2392:Simian-T-lymphotropic virus
2357:Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus
918:, accessed 10 October 2011.
792:Invasive Species Compendium
3127:
2377:Human T-lymphotropic virus
1577:Buehring GC (March 2017).
1203:10.1089/088922203771881202
914:reviewed and published by
855:The dictionary of virology
441:Infection in other species
29:
2755:Cassava vein mosaic virus
2695:Cacao swollen shoot virus
2352:Mouse mammary tumor virus
2080:Woodchuck hepatitis virus
1698:10.1186/s12879-019-3891-9
1647:10.1186/s12977-016-0308-3
1596:10.1186/s13058-017-0808-7
1545:10.1186/s13058-016-0763-8
1096:10.3389/fimmu.2022.980514
477:-like disease similar to
246:Anopheles quadrimaculatus
178:
171:
46:
39:
2730:Cauliflower mosaic virus
539:"ICTV Taxonomy history:
18:Enzootic bovine leukosis
2016:Heron hepatitis B virus
1685:BMC Infectious Diseases
1083:Frontiers in Immunology
820:Veterinary Microbiology
787:"bovine leukemia virus"
187:Bovine type C oncovirus
2705:Rubus yellow net virus
2690:Banana streak MY virus
2011:Duck hepatitis B virus
1823:10.1186/1742-4690-4-18
1583:Breast Cancer Research
1532:Breast Cancer Research
1486:10.3390/ijerph17010209
1277:10.3201/eid2005.131298
1154:10.3201/eid2005.131298
912:Bovine Leukaemia Virus
331:
3106:Animal viral diseases
2999:Bovine leukemia virus
2969:Bovine leukemia virus
2453:Feline leukemia virus
2438:Murine leukemia virus
2398:Bovine leukemia virus
1895:NCBI Taxonomy Browser
1889:Bovine leukemia virus
541:Bovine leukemia virus
503:adult T-cell leukemia
460:Oryctolagus cuniculus
381:Treatment and control
329:
276:Tabanus fuscicostatus
197:Bovine leukemia virus
182:Bovine leukosis virus
164:Bovine leukemia virus
41:Bovine leukemia virus
1964:Reverse transcribing
48:Virus classification
2027:Herpetohepadnavirus
1788:10.1292/jvms.63.703
1385:2017PLoSO..1279367B
1326:2015PLoSO..1034304B
1230:Cellscience Reviews
1224:Johnson ES (2005).
880:Veterinary Medicine
573:Journal of Virology
497:Research directions
282:Boophilus microplus
258:Stomoxys calcitrans
252:Anopheles stephensi
240:Anopheles freeborni
234:Anopheles albimanus
2631:Simian foamy virus
2605:Prosimiispumavirus
2594:Feline foamy virus
2332:Rous sarcoma virus
1445:10.1002/cncr.31169
332:
3111:Deltaretroviruses
3088:
3087:
2961:Taxon identifiers
2952:
2951:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2636:Human foamy virus
2540:Spumaretrovirinae
2533:
2532:
2525:Visna-maedi virus
2409:Epsilonretrovirus
2307:Orthoretrovirinae
2289:
2288:
2223:
2222:
2171:
2170:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2075:Hepatitis B virus
2061:Orthohepadnavirus
1851:Leukemia Research
889:978-0-7020-0718-7
358:white blood cells
338:-like disease in
289:Disease in cattle
194:
193:
16:(Redirected from
3118:
3081:
3080:
3068:
3067:
3055:
3054:
3042:
3041:
3029:
3028:
3016:
3015:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2956:
2676:
2665:
2659:dsDNA-RT viruses
2546:
2458:Koala retrovirus
2313:
2302:
2236:
2184:
2149:
2138:
2132:ssRNA-RT viruses
2127:
2096:Parahepadnavirus
2044:Metahepadnavirus
1997:
1986:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1898:
1874:
1845:
1835:
1825:
1800:
1790:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1739:
1730:
1721:
1720:
1710:
1700:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1659:
1649:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1608:
1598:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1557:
1547:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1506:
1488:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1447:
1438:(7): 1342–1349.
1423:
1417:
1416:
1406:
1396:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1347:
1337:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1288:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1244:. Archived from
1221:
1215:
1214:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1165:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1116:
1098:
1073:
1064:
1063:
1053:
1043:
1041:10.3390/v7112929
1019:
1010:
1009:
999:
989:
987:10.3390/v6062416
965:
956:
955:
953:
941:NAHMS Dairy 2007
938:
930:
919:
909:
894:
893:
875:
869:
868:
850:
844:
843:
815:
809:
808:
806:
805:
783:
774:
773:
763:
745:
721:
715:
714:
704:
686:
662:
656:
655:
645:
628:(5): 1577–1581.
622:The EMBO Journal
613:
607:
606:
596:
564:
558:
557:
555:
553:
535:
279:and by the tick
56:
55:
37:
27:Species of virus
21:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3101:Bovine diseases
3091:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3076:
3071:
3063:
3058:
3050:
3045:
3037:
3032:
3024:
3019:
3011:
3006:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2963:
2953:
2948:
2898:
2881:
2864:
2844:
2827:
2810:
2793:
2776:
2759:
2739:
2709:
2640:
2622:Simiispumavirus
2615:
2598:
2578:
2561:
2529:
2502:Puma lentivirus
2468:
2429:Gammaretrovirus
2422:
2402:
2368:Deltaretrovirus
2361:
2336:
2318:Alpharetrovirus
2285:
2268:
2251:
2219:
2199:
2167:
2106:
2089:
2054:
2037:
2020:
2002:Avihepadnavirus
1973:
1969:Revtraviricetes
1957:
1920:
1918:
1901:
1885:
1882:
1877:
1848:
1803:
1768:
1764:
1762:Further reading
1759:
1758:
1750:
1737:
1732:
1731:
1724:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1379:(6): e0179367.
1366:
1365:
1361:
1320:(9): e0134304.
1307:
1306:
1302:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1197:(12): 1105–13.
1188:
1187:
1183:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1075:
1074:
1067:
1021:
1020:
1013:
967:
966:
959:
951:
936:
932:
931:
922:
910:
897:
890:
877:
876:
872:
865:
852:
851:
847:
817:
816:
812:
803:
801:
785:
784:
777:
736:(5): e1008502.
723:
722:
718:
677:(4): e1005588.
664:
663:
659:
615:
614:
610:
566:
565:
561:
551:
549:
537:
536:
532:
527:
515:
499:
448:Bubalus bubalis
443:
414:
405:
392:
383:
367:
324:
296:
291:
270:Tabanus atratus
225:
167:
151:Deltaretrovirus
115:Revtraviricetes
50:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3124:
3122:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3093:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3069:
3056:
3043:
3030:
3017:
3004:
2989:
2973:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2920:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2856:
2854:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2686:
2684:
2673:
2670:Caulimoviridae
2662:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2627:
2625:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2590:
2588:
2585:Felispumavirus
2580:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:Equispumavirus
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:Bovispumavirus
2543:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2480:
2478:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2434:
2432:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2373:
2371:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2348:
2346:
2343:Betaretrovirus
2338:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2323:
2321:
2310:
2299:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2233:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2211:
2209:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2181:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2159:
2157:
2146:
2135:
2124:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2005:
1994:
1991:Hepadnaviridae
1983:
1975:
1974:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1899:
1881:
1880:External links
1878:
1876:
1875:
1846:
1801:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1753:on 2010-09-20.
1722:
1671:
1620:
1569:
1518:
1459:
1418:
1359:
1300:
1251:
1248:on 2006-10-18.
1216:
1181:
1128:
1065:
1034:(11): 6080–8.
1011:
980:(6): 2416–27.
957:
920:
895:
888:
870:
863:
845:
810:
775:
730:PLOS Pathogens
716:
671:PLOS Pathogens
657:
608:
559:
529:
528:
526:
523:
522:
521:
514:
511:
498:
495:
442:
439:
413:
410:
404:
401:
391:
388:
382:
379:
366:
363:
323:
322:Clinical signs
320:
295:
292:
290:
287:
261:, and various
224:
221:
192:
191:
190:
189:
184:
176:
175:
169:
168:
161:
159:
155:
154:
147:
143:
142:
135:
131:
130:
123:
119:
118:
111:
107:
106:
103:Artverviricota
99:
95:
94:
87:
83:
82:
75:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3123:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2957:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2655:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2230:Pseudoviridae
2226:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2143:Belpaoviridae
2139:
2136:
2133:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1980:Blubervirales
1976:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1942:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1916:
1912:
1910:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1810:Retrovirology
1807:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1736:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1634:Retrovirology
1631:
1624:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1271:(5): 772–82.
1270:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1148:(5): 772–82.
1147:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
979:
975:
971:
964:
962:
958:
950:
946:
942:
935:
929:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
896:
891:
885:
881:
874:
871:
866:
864:9780080920368
860:
856:
849:
846:
841:
837:
833:
829:
826:(3): 275–82.
825:
821:
814:
811:
800:). 2019-11-21
799:
795:
793:
788:
782:
780:
776:
771:
767:
762:
757:
753:
749:
744:
739:
735:
731:
727:
720:
717:
712:
708:
703:
698:
694:
690:
685:
680:
676:
672:
668:
661:
658:
653:
649:
644:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
612:
609:
604:
600:
595:
590:
586:
582:
579:(8): 4961–5.
578:
574:
570:
563:
560:
548:
544:
542:
534:
531:
524:
520:
517:
516:
512:
510:
508:
504:
496:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
467:
462:
461:
456:
455:
450:
449:
440:
438:
434:
430:
427:
424:
418:
411:
409:
402:
400:
396:
389:
387:
380:
378:
376:
372:
364:
362:
359:
354:
353:to the calf.
352:
348:
345:
341:
337:
336:mononucleosis
328:
321:
319:
317:
316:lymphocytosis
312:
311:
306:
302:
293:
288:
286:
284:
283:
278:
277:
272:
271:
266:
265:
260:
259:
254:
253:
248:
247:
242:
241:
236:
235:
230:
222:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
188:
185:
183:
180:
179:
177:
174:
170:
166:
165:
160:
157:
156:
153:
152:
148:
145:
144:
141:
140:
136:
133:
132:
129:
128:
124:
121:
120:
117:
116:
112:
109:
108:
105:
104:
100:
97:
96:
93:
92:
88:
85:
84:
81:
80:
76:
73:
70:
69:
66:
63:
60:
59:
54:
49:
45:
42:
38:
33:
19:
2968:
2888:Vaccinivirus
2886:
2869:
2849:
2834:Solendovirus
2832:
2817:Ruflodivirus
2815:
2800:Rosadnavirus
2798:
2781:
2764:
2744:
2716:Caulimovirus
2714:
2679:
2668:
2620:
2603:
2583:
2566:
2549:
2538:
2473:
2448:Friend virus
2427:
2407:
2397:
2366:
2341:
2316:
2305:
2296:Retroviridae
2294:
2273:
2256:
2239:
2228:
2204:
2189:Errantivirus
2187:
2176:
2152:
2141:
2121:Ortervirales
2119:
2094:
2059:
2042:
2025:
2000:
1989:
1978:
1967:
1919:. Retrieved
1906:
1894:
1888:
1857:(4): 511–7.
1854:
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2993:Wikispecies
2871:Tungrovirus
2766:Dioscovirus
2746:Cavemovirus
2394:(types 1-4)
2258:Pseudovirus
2178:Metaviridae
2154:Semotivirus
491:Bos indicus
479:Pasteurella
403:Vaccination
231:by insects
3095:Categories
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2851:Soymovirus
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2475:Lentivirus
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552:22 January
525:References
487:Bos taurus
466:Ovis aries
423:odds ratio
267:including
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2783:Petuvirus
2275:Sirevirus
2241:Hemivirus
2206:Metavirus
1966:viruses (
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1589:(1): 24.
1495:1660-4601
1242:1742-8130
1105:1664-3224
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365:Diagnosis
305:colostrum
301:palpation
264:Tabanidae
158:Species:
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3039:10034874
2978:Wikidata
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217:provirus
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1322:Bibcode
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1028:Viruses
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223:Vectors
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1960:Virus
1751:(PDF)
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952:(PDF)
937:(PDF)
794:(ISC)
371:ELISA
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3034:GBIF
2934:HCP5
1867:PMID
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