46:
33:
437:
formed independently in the same way in two different areas. This proves that under the right conditions multiple independent evolution of the same species is repeatable. The two colonies are confirmed as having the same parentage but slight genetic differences show they arose independently. While
939:
444:
is another case of multiple independent evolution; having arisen in Wales and
Scotland. About one-third of the wild hybrids in the British Isles have at least one non-native parent.
1324:
367:= 92). Wheat, cotton and tobacco also formed in this manner. Such an event has been rare in the last two centuries and is the first such instance in the order
390:
by Dr. Peter
Llewellyn, an amateur botanist. Vallejo-Marin later collected one of its seeds on 27 August 2011 from the banks of Shortcleuch Water, near
1298:
534:
Beardsley, P. M.; Yen, Alan; Olmstead, R. G. (2003). "AFLP Phylogeny of
Mimulus Section Erythranthe and the Evolution of Hummingbird Pollination".
292:
are 1.5–2.5 centimetres (0.59–0.98 in) and have five triangular teeth. The flowers are yellow with red spots. Throats are slightly hairy.
260:
has a high level of pollen and seed fertility. Its vegetative and floral characteristics are intermediate between its two ancestral species,
967:"Speciation by genome duplication: Repeated origins and genomic composition of the recently formed allopolyploid species Mimulus peregrinus"
689:
438:
the Orkney colony was discovered about 2 years after the
Leadhills colony, there is no way to tell which colony developed first.
1311:
1203:
871:
896:
816:"Speciation by genome duplication: Repeated origins and genomic composition of the recently formed allopolyploid species
1048:
245:. The species was less than 140 years old at the time of discovery in 2011; its discoverer, Mario Vallejo-Marin of the
918:
277:
45:
1329:
1409:
1350:
1216:
460:
422:
from the Andes of South
America; both of those species had been imported into Britain. Scientists had known about
1181:
1355:
1221:
1026:
433:
New species generally form in one locale and then spread to other areas. However, in this very unusual case,
1276:
1143:
246:
162:
766:
1404:
305:
486:
262:
1376:
1229:
1004:
659:
610:
567:
551:
440:
276:
is a perennial herb 5–30 centimetres (2.0–11.8 in) high. The leaves are generally variable,
187:
40:
249:, compared finding it to "looking at the big bang in the first milliseconds of its occurrence".
1337:
1285:
1124:
996:
849:
789:
747:
667:
618:
559:
395:
296:
produce large amounts of pollen. The germination rates of self-fertilized seeds is about 80%.
268:
1342:
1114:
986:
978:
839:
831:
737:
727:
649:
602:
543:
285:
281:
239:
226:
where sterility did not occur. It was discovered in 2011, first reported in 2012, and named
398:, in southern Scotland. Making this species even more unusual, two separate populations of
371:. Such genetic doubling resulting in a new species is instantaneous in evolutionary terms.
219:
83:
965:
Vallejo-Marín, Mario; Buggs, Richard J. A.; Cooley, Arielle M.; Puzey, Joshua R. (2015).
814:
Vallejo-Marín, Mario; Buggs, Richard J. A.; Cooley, Arielle M.; Puzey, Joshua R. (2015).
222:
name means "foreign", or more loosely "the foreigner". This species is a rare example of
636:
Beardsley, P. M.; Schoenig, Steve E.; Whittall, Justen B.; Olmstead, Richard G. (2004).
991:
966:
844:
815:
742:
715:
312:
are usually unable to interbreed with their diploid ancestors due to the difference in
70:
32:
1398:
571:
406:
off the coast of northern
Scotland, via genome duplication from local populations of
1381:
1290:
1234:
1008:
585:
Beardsley, P. M.; Olmstead, R. G. (2002). "Redefining
Phrymaceae: the placement of
509:
179:
1261:
1166:
1270:
1190:
1175:
215:
139:
732:
383:
313:
129:
793:
1368:
1071:
391:
344:
340:, both of which have been introduced and naturalized in the United Kingdom.
309:
223:
1128:
1119:
1098:
1000:
853:
751:
671:
622:
563:
606:
351:
has double the amount of genetic material, genome size and chromosomes of
1363:
1255:
1160:
654:
637:
368:
119:
109:
96:
1303:
1195:
663:
614:
555:
510:"A taxonomic conspectus of Phrymaceae: A narrowed circumscriptions for
1099:"Extinction of the Edinburgh lineage of the allopolyploid neospecies,
982:
835:
771:(Phrymaceae) and Comments on Related Aspects of Biology in Species of
638:"Patterns of Evolution in Western North American Mimulus (Phrymaceae)"
403:
293:
1316:
1208:
1137:
547:
289:
57:
430:
for some time, but until 2011 had always found it to be sterile.
508:
Barker, W.R.; Nesom, G.L.; Beardsley, P.M.; Fraga, N.S. (2012).
316:
numbers. Sequencing confirmed that this species originated from
1141:
514:, new and resurrected genera, and new names and combinations"
280:
3–14 by 1.5–4 centimetres (1.18–5.51 by 0.59–1.57 in).
897:"Hybrid species are on the march – with the help of humans"
386:, Northern England in 2005, where it was mis-identified as
402:
arose independently; one on the
Scottish mainland and the
1049:"Flower find provides real-time insight into evolution"
1245:
1150:
690:"Biologist hails 'big bang' Scots flower discovery"
872:"Make Room for a New Bloom: New Flower Discovered"
720:(Phrymaceae): A new British allopolyploid species"
234:was restructured and this species is now called
891:
889:
919:"Mimulus x robertsii Hybrid Monkeyflower DD I"
8:
865:
863:
809:
807:
805:
803:
1020:
1018:
709:
707:
288:are 2.5–5 centimetres (0.98–1.97 in).
1138:
31:
20:
1118:
990:
843:
741:
731:
653:
487:"Rare glimpse into the origin of species"
304:Polyploidization is a mechanism of
452:
683:
681:
382:was photographed on the banks of the
284:are about 75% as long as the blades.
7:
1051:. University of Sterling. 6 May 2015
347:, complete chromosomal inheritance,
1097:Abbott, R.J.; Forbes, D.G. (2002).
1356:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77120497-1
1222:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77133323-1
230:. Around the same time, the genus
14:
1027:"The Monkey-flower Has Two Faces"
946:. International Plant Names Index
1078:. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
44:
1025:DeWeerdt, Sarah (19 May 2015).
899:. The Conversation. 31 May 2016
418:from western North America and
224:polyploidization and speciation
324:, a sterile triploid hybrid (2
1:
714:Vallejo-Marin, Mario (2012).
1070:Coleman, Max (5 June 2015).
1426:
688:Amos, Ilona (6 May 2015).
642:American Journal of Botany
595:American Journal of Botany
489:. EurekAlert. 10 July 2012
16:Species of flowering plant
767:"The Taxonomic Status of
733:10.3897/phytokeys.14.3305
193:
186:
168:
161:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
1072:"New to Science 2015 –
1029:. Conservation Magazine
1120:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800038
765:Nesom, Guy L. (2013).
589:, tribe Mimuleae, and
247:University of Stirling
1182:Erythranthe peregrina
1152:Erythranthe peregrina
874:. Scientific American
607:10.3732/ajb.89.7.1093
463:Erythranthe peregrina
380:Erythranthe peregrina
258:Erythranthe peregrina
236:Erythranthe peregrina
211:Erythranthe peregrina
172:Erythranthe peregrina
25:Erythranthe peregrina
870:Fessenden, Marissa.
655:10.3732/ajb.91.3.474
345:allopolyploidization
306:sympatric speciation
467:. Catalogue of Life
416:Erythranthe guttata
1277:Mimulus peregrinus
1247:Mimulus peregrinus
1101:Senecio cambrensis
1074:Mimulus peregrinus
942:Mimulus peregrinus
818:Mimulus peregrinus
718:Mimulus peregrinus
441:Senecio cambrensis
228:Mimulus peregrinus
197:Mimulus peregrinus
1410:Flora of Scotland
1392:
1391:
1338:Open Tree of Life
1144:Taxon identifiers
983:10.1111/evo.12678
836:10.1111/evo.12678
769:Mimulus sookensis
420:Erythranthe lutea
396:South Lanarkshire
207:
206:
201:
154:E. peregrina
1417:
1385:
1384:
1372:
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1022:
1013:
1012:
994:
977:(6): 1487–1500.
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936:
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908:
906:
904:
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830:(6): 1487–1500.
811:
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735:
711:
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685:
676:
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633:
627:
626:
601:(7): 1093–1102.
582:
576:
575:
542:(6): 1397–1410.
531:
525:
524:
523:. 2012–39: 1–60.
518:
505:
499:
498:
496:
494:
483:
477:
476:
474:
472:
457:
214:is a species of
199:
178:(Vallejo-Marin)
174:
49:
48:
35:
21:
1425:
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801:
777:
764:
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713:
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648:(3): 474–4890.
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1382:wfo-0001333421
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1235:wfo-0001337333
1226:
1213:
1200:
1187:
1172:
1156:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1135:
1134:
1113:(4): 267–269.
1089:
1062:
1040:
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957:
931:
910:
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859:
799:
757:
703:
677:
628:
577:
548:10.1554/02-086
526:
500:
478:
451:
449:
446:
414:, a hybrid of
404:Orkney Islands
388:Mimulus luteus
376:
373:
332:= 46) between
308: because
301:
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254:
251:
238:and is in the
205:
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200:Vallejo-Marin
198:
195:
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189:
185:
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175:
173:
167:
164:
163:Binomial name
160:
156:
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138:
135:
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128:
125:
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105:
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72:
71:Tracheophytes
69:
66:
63:
62:
59:
56:
53:
52:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1246:
1151:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1092:
1080:. Retrieved
1073:
1065:
1053:. Retrieved
1043:
1031:. Retrieved
974:
970:
960:
948:. Retrieved
941:
934:
922:. Retrieved
913:
901:. Retrieved
876:. Retrieved
827:
823:
817:
785:
781:
772:
768:
760:
726:(14): 1–14.
723:
717:
694:. Retrieved
645:
641:
631:
598:
594:
590:
586:
580:
539:
535:
529:
520:
511:
503:
491:. Retrieved
481:
469:. Retrieved
462:
455:
439:
435:E. peregrina
434:
432:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
400:E. peregrina
399:
387:
379:
378:
375:Distribution
364:
360:
356:
352:
349:E. peregrina
348:
342:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
303:
278:ovate-oblong
274:E. peregrina
273:
267:
261:
257:
256:
242:
235:
231:
227:
216:monkeyflower
210:
209:
208:
196:
171:
169:
153:
152:
140:
103:
90:
77:
64:
24:
18:
1405:Erythranthe
1271:Wikispecies
1191:iNaturalist
1176:Wikispecies
1082:23 February
1055:23 February
1033:23 February
950:22 February
903:24 February
878:22 February
782:Phytoneuron
773:Erythranthe
696:23 February
521:Phytoneuron
493:23 February
471:22 February
253:Description
141:Erythranthe
84:Angiosperms
1399:Categories
1317:77120497-1
1209:77133323-1
692:. Scotsman
448:References
384:River Tees
334:E. guttata
314:chromosome
310:polyploids
263:E. guttata
130:Phrymaceae
1369:100381999
1262:Q21315275
1167:Q17746377
971:Evolution
824:Evolution
794:2153-733X
724:PhytoKeys
572:198154155
536:Evolution
428:robertsii
412:robertsii
392:Leadhills
357:robertsii
322:robertsii
180:G.L.Nesom
148:Species:
54:Kingdom:
1364:Tropicos
1256:Wikidata
1161:Wikidata
1129:11920133
1107:Heredity
1001:25929999
924:21 April
854:25929999
788:: 1–18.
752:23170069
672:21653403
623:21665709
564:12894947
369:Lamiales
338:E. lutea
286:Pedicels
282:Petioles
269:E. lutea
243:Simiolus
188:Synonyms
126:Family:
120:Lamiales
110:Asterids
97:Eudicots
1343:6088770
1330:1965138
1304:7598601
1196:1137903
1009:7903306
992:5033005
845:5033005
743:3492922
664:4123743
615:4122195
587:Mimulus
556:3448862
512:Mimulus
343:Due to
294:Stamens
240:section
232:Mimulus
136:Genus:
116:Order:
58:Plantae
1127:
1007:
999:
989:
852:
842:
792:
750:
740:
670:
662:
621:
613:
591:Phryma
570:
562:
554:
300:Origin
290:Sepals
218:. Its
1291:43HP5
1005:S2CID
778:(PDF)
660:JSTOR
611:JSTOR
568:S2CID
552:JSTOR
517:(PDF)
220:Latin
104:Clade
91:Clade
78:Clade
65:Clade
1351:POWO
1325:NCBI
1312:IPNI
1299:GBIF
1217:POWO
1204:IPNI
1125:PMID
1084:2017
1057:2017
1035:2017
997:PMID
952:2017
926:2022
905:2017
880:2017
850:PMID
790:ISSN
748:PMID
698:2017
668:PMID
619:PMID
560:PMID
495:2017
473:2017
336:and
266:and
1377:WFO
1286:CoL
1230:WFO
1115:doi
987:PMC
979:doi
840:PMC
832:doi
738:PMC
728:doi
650:doi
603:doi
593:".
544:doi
363:= 6
328:= 3
1401::
1379::
1366::
1353::
1340::
1327::
1314::
1301::
1288::
1273::
1258::
1232::
1219::
1206::
1193::
1178::
1163::
1123:.
1111:88
1109:.
1105:.
1017:^
1003:.
995:.
985:.
975:69
973:.
969:.
888:^
862:^
848:.
838:.
828:69
826:.
822:.
802:^
786:69
784:.
780:.
746:.
736:.
722:.
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