533:, a small stout fish which grows about 29 cm (11 in) long, is another temporary resident of rocky pools. They have large black eyes, a large mouth, and four long spines—two on each side on the gill cover—that stick out when the fish is removed from the water. They also have an organ like a finger on each side of their mouths which helps them catch prey. Because of their broad heads, they are also called "bullheads". They have a variety of effective camouflaged colours ranging from shades of browns with cream blotches, to orange and red with white blotches. They can also change their body colour to match their surroundings. They are found around the coasts of Northern Europe in shallow rocky waters hiding amongst seaweed. They are also found in rock pools and sometimes in waters 30 m (98 ft)deep. Long-spined sea scorpions lay eggs amongst seaweed or attached to rock crevices. The young hatch after two or three weeks, and go through several development stages before maturing into adults.
455:, also known as the shanny, is found in northern temperate waters. They hide under rocks and in crannies in rock pools when the tide is out. They feed on green seaweed and invertebrates such as barnacles. They can crawl on dry land, using their paired fins. About 16 cm (6.3 in) long, they have smooth skin, without scales, and are covered with soft slime. The slime prevents them drying if they are stranded on a shore between tides. So long as their skin stays moist, they can breathe out of water. They are sometimes called "sea frogs" because they bask in the sun on weeds outside the water, and like frogs, jump to safety when disturbed. They can change their colour to match their surroundings. The female lays eggs in crevices or under stones and the male guards them until they hatch. In the winter, when storms can be severe, they move out of their rock pools into the shallows. The common blenny is bold with strong teeth, and will bite humans if it feels threatened.
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cling to surfaces. They are normally a blue to slate-grey colour, and are effectively camouflaged to look like stones. They are portly, nearly spherical, poor swimmers, reaching lengths up to 50 cm (20 in). After the female lumpsucker lays eggs, the male takes over, clamping itself to a rock where it guards the eggs. When they hatch, lumpsuckers look like tiny tadpoles. They remain in shallow water and rock pools, hiding amongst seaweed and rocks, until they grow up.
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500:
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673:, giving them time to form social groups and to adjust to the changes in salinity. Salmon are anadromous, meaning they live in the sea but ascend rivers to spawn; eels are catadromous, living in rivers and streams, but returning to the sea to breed. Besides the species that migrate through estuaries, there are many other fish that use them as "nursery grounds" for spawning or as places young fish can feed and grow before moving elsewhere. For example,
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1363:
135:
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753:. Coral reef fish can be particularly colourful and interesting to watch. Hundreds of species can exist in a small area of a healthy reef, many of them hidden or well camouflaged. Reef fish have developed many ingenious specialisations adapted to survival on the reefs. Coral reefs occupy less than one per cent of the surface area of the world oceans, yet they provide a home for 25 per cent of all marine fish species.
550:
5656:
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1687:(grunts are named for the sound they make grinding their teeth). They are bottom feeding pelagic fishes, with small mouths equipped with strong teeth adapted for handling small fishes and invertebrates with hard shells. Most do not exceed a size of about 30 cm (12 in), but some may grow to four times that length. They often school, and will migrate between reefs. Larger fish enter estuaries and harbours.
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In general, the coral is used as shelter, and many species can only survive in its presence. The bottom-dwelling species are territorial, occupying and defending a portion of the reef, often centred around an area of shelter. By keeping away other species of fish, some pomacentrids encourage the growth of thick mats of algae within their territories, leading to the common name
2061:. They have a widespread distribution and are typically found near the seabed in depths from 5 meters (16 feet). The John Dory grows to a maximum length of 65 cm (2.13 ft). Although it is a benthopelagic fish, its body is flat and it can hardly be seen from the front because it is so thin. It is a poor swimmer with long spines on the dorsal fin. It has a large dark
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1133:
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1074:, found on muddy and sandy sea floors. In many species both eyes lie on one side of the head, one or the other migrating through and around the head during development. Some species face their "left" side upward, some face their "right" side upward, and others face either side upward. Some flatfish can camouflage themselves on the ocean floor.
826:. All anthias are born female; if a dominant male perishes, the largest female of the group will often change into a male to take its place. This may lead to squabbling between the next largest male and the transforming female, whose hormones are now surging with testosterone. This can turn quite vicious in the limited confines of captivity.
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are staples. Many species of goatfish are conspicuously coloured and have the ability to change their colouration depending on their current activity. By day, many form large inactive (non-feeding) schools: these aggregates may contain both conspecifics and heterospecifics. For example, the yellowfin
462:
is a small fish, about 12 cm (4.7 in), found in northern temperate waters. It is coloured black with white blotches, and hides under stones and amongst seaweed. It is a temporary resident of rock pools when the tide is out. The female rock goby lays eggs on the underside of rocks and shells
2065:
on the side of its body which is used to confuse prey, which are scooped up in its big mouth. Large eyes at the front of the head provide it with bifocal vision and depth perception, which are important for predators. The John Dory usually gets its food by stalking it then shooting out a tube in its
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environments. Most live in shallow water, from 2 to 15 meters (6.6 to 49.2 ft), although some species are found below 100 m (330 ft). Most species are specialists, living in specific parts of the reef, such as sandy lagoons, steep reef slopes, or areas exposed to strong wave action.
614:
can form along the way. Estuaries are subject to both marine influences, such as tides, waves, and the influx of saline water; and riverine influences, such as flows of fresh water and sediment. The inflow of both seawater and freshwater provide high levels of nutrients in both the water column and
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with eyes on top of their heads (thus the name). Stargazers also have a large upward-facing mouth in a large head. They bury themselves in sand with only their eyes showing, and leap upwards to ambush fish and invertebrates overhead. Some species have a worm-shaped lure growing out of the floor of
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in large numbers, operating more intimate "harems" within the schools. These harems contain a dominant and colourful male, between 2 and 12 females — who operate a hierarchy among themselves — and one or two "subdominant" males, often less brightly coloured and non-territorial. Within the swarm of
1080:
are a large family of mainly small fish, usually less than 20 centimetres (7.9 in) long. Most wrasse are loners that prefer habitats such as coral reefs and rocky shores. They live close to the substrate, eating small invertebrates and almost anything else that lurks on the bottom. Many are
539:
are found in temperate northern waters. They live on the seafloor, and are temporary residents of rocky pools in late winter and early spring when they spawn. The body of the lumpsucker is scaleless and covered with small lumps. They have a large sucking disc on their underside which they use to
2200:, mostly feeding on crustaceans, such as crabs and shrimp, and on smaller fish. Most species live on the sea bottom in relatively shallow waters, although species are known from mid and deep water, from the mid-water, and even from fresh water. They typically have spiny heads, and rounded
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changes from a lemon-yellow to a pale cream when feeding. Other nocturnal feeders will shadow the active goatfish, waiting patiently for overlooked morsels. Goatfish stay within the shallows, going no deeper than about 110 metres. Most species do not tolerate
253:
that surround volcanic islands. The total world shoreline extends for 356,000 km (221,000 mi) and the continental shelves occupy a total area of 24.3 million km (9 376 million sq mi). This is nearly 5% of the world's total area of 510 million km.
3064:
Pollnac, R.B. 1998 Aspects of the human ecology of the coral reefs of
Discovery Bay. p. 141-199. In R.B. Pollnac (ed.) Rapid assessment of management parameters for coral reefs. Coastal Resources Center, University of Rhode Island. CMR 2205, ICLARM
2176:
880:
that may be rounded or truncated, but are never forked. Generally diurnal and frequenting waters of less than 18 metres (59 ft) (though some species descend to 180 metres (590 ft)), butterflyfish stick to particular home ranges. The
864:, grow to 30 centimetres (12 in). Many species are brightly coloured and strikingly patterned, though other species are dull in colour. Many have eyespots on their flanks and dark bands across their eyes, not unlike the patterns seen on
1062:
Examples of such shallow water demersal fish, found in both tropical and temperate waters around the world, are triplefins, seahorses, wrasse and flounder. As demersal fish, all these fish spend most of their time on or near the sea floor.
2496:. Typical lengths are 80–120 centimetres. They inhabit depths from reefs near the surface down to over 400 metres. They feed on just about any moving animal they encounter. Groper are important inshore commercial fish, usually caught with
2051:. Cod-like fishes are often found in large schools over sandy or muddy bottoms. They have a barbel (fleshy filament) on their lower jaw which they use to detect prey buried in the sand or mud. Some migrate to warm water in winter to spawn.
764:. Seagrass and mangroves supply dead plants and animals which are rich in nitrogen and also serve to feed fish and animals from the reef by supplying wood and vegetation. Reefs in turn protect mangroves and seagrass from waves and produce
696:, perch-like fish that "spit" at insects and other small animals living in the trees, knocking them into the water where they can be eaten. Like estuaries, mangrove swamps are important breeding grounds for many fish, with species such as
388:. Living in these habitats are communities of hardy plant and animal species specially adapted for coping with the volatile environment around them. The plants and animals interact with each other and with the rock pool to form miniature
2136:
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is at depths between 40 and 600 m (130 and 1,970 ft). They are largely a solitary fish, though juveniles school below floating objects. Their diet includes large ocean cephalopods, crustaceans, and other bottom-dwelling
2152:
2088:
are benthic flatfish, resembling flounder and sole, but found in deeper offshore waters on the continental shelf. They are brownish-green, with dark blotches on the turbot and mottling on the brill. They are fished by coastal
2195:
belong to a group of about 30 species in the order
Scorpaeniformes. Mail-cheeked fishes are named after a plate of bone that runs across each cheek. They are widespread in all the oceans of the world. Mail-cheeked fishes are
1832:. They are ocean fish which regularly stray into coastal waters around the world. Fish of this family are long, slender, and generally steely blue or silver in colour, giving rise to their name. They have reduced or absent
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brightly coloured. They have thick lips and use their sharp teeth to pick small creatures off the rocks. Many smaller wrasses follow the feeding trails of larger fish, picking up invertebrates disturbed by their passing.
687:
are associated brackish water habitats. Many, though not all, mangrove swamps fringe estuaries and lagoons where the salinity changes with each tide. Among the most specialised residents of mangrove forests are
1184:
Examples of shallow water pelagic fish, found in both tropical and temperate waters around the world, are grey mullet, sprats and garfish. As pelagic fish, all these fish spend most of their time living in the
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6531:
4458:
1003:. When they do that, the yellowfins changes its colouration to match that of the snapper. By night the schools disperse and individual goatfish head their separate ways to loot the sands. The diurnal
2324:
fishes. They are found in temperate and tropical waters throughout the world, usually feeding on fish, crustaceans and small squid near rough sea floors on continental shelf and slope. Examples are
630:(tolerant to a range of salinities). Estuaries provide an unstable environment for fish, where the salinity changes and the waters are often muddy and turbulent. In warmer climates, estuaries have
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872:
narrow bodies are easily noticed through the profusion of reef life. The conspicuous colouration of butterflyfish may be intended for interspecies communication. Butterflyfish have uninterrupted
2368:, which provides them with protection from predators and opportunities to scavenge the remains of the jellyfish's meals. The young of other species associate with large masses of floating kelp.
1099:(hence the name). They are small fish, usually less than six cm long. Brightly coloured, often for reasons of camouflage, they are nervous and retreat to rock crevices at any perceived threat.
3256:
1924:
into estuaries and enclosed waters, where they will also hunt for crustaceans. Amberjacks are fast swimming and aggressive predators that often hunt in schools around offshore reefs. The
1208:
is a long, slender fish, looking like a spear, which feeds on seagrass fragments, shrimps and crab larvae. In turn it is preyed on by larger fish and, since it is often near the surface,
1965:. This section discusses the coastal demersal fish that live on the continental shelf, but are living further from the coast and in deeper water than the nearshore fish discussed above.
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5925:
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feeders form large conspecific groups. By night butterflyfish hide in reef crevices and exhibit markedly different colouration. Their colouration also makes butterflyfish popular
1125:. They are camouflaged with murky patterns that blend into kelp and sea grass backgrounds. During social moments or in unusual surroundings, seahorses can turn on bright colours.
929:. Most Pomacentrids are associated with coral reefs in the Indo-West Pacific, with a few species occurring in temperate waters. Some species are native to freshwater or brackish
1473:
strategies to avoid predators, and different schools of forage fish often associate with each other in open coastal waters. Forage fish feed near the base of the food chain on
1892:, grows up to 1.7 m in length; most fish in the family reach a maximum length of 25–100 cm. The family contains many important commercial and game fish, notably the
1544:). All of these currents support major fisheries. Many forage fish are important commercial species, and the schools can be targeted by spotter planes. The fish are caught by
982:("whiskers") protruding from their chins resembling a goat's beard. They use these to rifle through the sediments in search of a meal. Like goats, they seek anything edible;
2510:
are a family
Polyprionidae of perciform fishes, found on the floor of the continental shelf and slope where they inhabit caves and shipwrecks (thus their common name). The
1039:
Other nearshore or shallow water fish live near the shore in depths of less than 10 metres. They occupy the areas over sandy or rocky bottoms, and can be associated with
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of fish. They prefer sheltered harbours, estuaries and other shallow coastal waters, where they hunt tiny crustaceans. They bob around in sheltered areas such as
6214:
3483:
1406:, so they are mainly located in sunlit surface waters. Phytoplankton also need and rapidly use nutrients in the water column. The phytoplankton are eaten by
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5368:
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inhabit caves and wrecks. They are good game fish, reaching a maximum reported length of 210 cm (6.9 ft) and weight of 100 kg (220 lb).
220:
and shoreline run off of nutrients. Some are partial residents that spawn in streams, estuaries and bays, but most complete their life cycles in the zone.
1679:
sometimes called sea breams, are any of about 100 species belonging to the family
Sparidae. Porgies usually have high backs and a single dorsal fin, like
938:. Different species display a wide range of colours, although some are relatively drab. Pomacentrids are omnivorous or herbivorous, feeding off algae,
856:. They are widespread on coral reefs. Butterflyfish are mostly between 12 and 22 centimetres (4.7 and 8.7 in) in length. The largest species, the
463:
and then leaves them. The male guards the eggs until they hatch. First-year rock gobies often visit rock pools in winter when the older fish have left.
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have long slender bodies typically about 50 cm (20 in) long. They have a wicked set of teeth and are ferocious predators. They feed on
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females, territorial males perform acrobatic U-swim displays and vigorously defend an area of the reef and its associated harem. Anthias are
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1988:, and can therefore be gutted as soon as they are caught, on board the ship. White fish has dry and white flesh. They can be divided into
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2778:
McLusky, D.S. and
Elliott, M. (2004) "The Estuarine Ecosystem: ecology, threats and management." New York: Oxford University Press Inc.
439:. However some other rock pool fish are territorial in nature, and will stay with the same pool for extended periods. Examples are the
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around their edges. At times there may be only a few different fish species present in an estuary, but seasonal migrants, including
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are about 50 species of fishes, belonging to the family
Uranoscopidae, and found worldwide in shallow waters. Stargazers are
57:
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that eat plankton (see section above). Some species also feed on crabs and other invertebrates, foraged from the sea floor.
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100:
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2208:. Most species are less than 30 centimetres (12 in) in length, but the full size range of the order varies from the
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with their electric organ removed. They have been called "the meanest things in creation" and the "worst pet on earth".
2283:. Stargazers are a delicacy in some cultures. The venom is destroyed when it is cooked, and stargazers are sold in some
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and make up the subfamily
Anthiinae. They are widespread in tropical waters. They have been called the "quintessential
308:
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3469:
1789:
is a large coastal shark that inhabits coastal waters worldwide. Its numbers are declining, and it is now listed as a
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and fish are just temporary residents, occupying a rock pool only until the next tide takes them to a new location.
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fish found to depths of around 180 metres. They often grunt when captured as air is expelled from its air bladder.
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are especially territorial, forming mated pairs and staking claim to a specific coral head. Contrastingly, the
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Predatory pelagic fishes found on continental shelves worldwide in both tropical and temperate waters include
86:
2146:
is so thin it can hardly be seen from the front. The large eyespot on the side of its body confuses its prey.
1709:. Barracouta often hunt in schools near the bottom or midwater, and sometimes even near the surface at night.
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and rocks, usually in shallow, clear sunlit waters such as lagoons and seaward reefs. Triplefins have three
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and in the open sea; some dig in the sea floor for invertebrates (some can also filter feed, such as the
68:
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Coral reefs often depend on other habitats in the surrounding area for the supply of nutrients, such as
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which can deliver both venom and electric shocks. It has been called "the meanest thing in creation".
2219:
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290:, or rocky or sandy bottoms, usually in shallow waters less than about 10 m (33 ft) deep.
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are mail-cheeked fish. They use their large pectoral fins to rest on the bottom and to detect food.
1004:
857:
848:
are group of about 120 species belonging to the family
Chaetodontidaeof Perchiformes. They include
724:
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are a family
Mullidae of about 55 species of perciform fishes, associated worldwide with tropical
485:
165:. Since the continental shelf is usually less than 200 metres (660 ft) deep, it follows that
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are medium size fish, typically about 50 cm (20 in) long. They are often caught with
392:, easily accessible to students and a source of fascination for young children. Plants such as
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2964:(Perciformes: Labroidei: Pomacentridae) from deep coral reefs in the tropical western Pacific"
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in clear, low nutrient waters, along tropical continental coasts and around volcanic islands.
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1957:(fleshy filament) on their lower jaw which they use to detect prey buried in the sand or mud.
1880:. Found in most coastal waters, they are fast predatory fishes that hunt in the waters above
1589:
573:, river mouths and estuary waters can be turbid and nutrient rich, sometimes to the point of
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is found further north than any other fish species. It frequents river mouths and feeds on
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Underwater video loop of a school of herrings migrating to their spawning grounds in the
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habitats form a transition zone between river environments and ocean environments, and
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Worldwide, there are five major coastal currents associated with upwelling areas: the
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5979:
5855:
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5297:
5272:
5267:
5223:
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5173:
5168:
5148:
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4281:
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3746:
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3534:
3302:
3274:
3209:
3181:
3153:
3085:
2861:
2730:
2680:
2561:
2547:
2489:
2481:
2465:
2457:
2453:
2361:
1985:
1962:
1940:
1817:
1794:
1541:
1490:
1482:
1478:
1411:
1391:
1336:
1295:
1048:
926:
845:
823:
681:
are two commercially important species that use the Thames
Estuary for this purpose.
558:
209:
27:
Fish that inhabit the sea between the shoreline and the edge of the continental shelf
3076:
1945:
1662:. They tend to be larger fish, and are carnivorous, feeding on the smaller, silvery
6194:
6074:
5989:
5915:
5825:
5795:
5553:
5377:
5292:
5153:
5095:
5035:
4962:
4957:
4947:
4863:
4853:
4782:
4765:
4672:
4633:
4626:
4516:
4507:
4286:
4170:
3908:
3791:
3711:
3671:
3661:
3631:
2591:
2576:
2541:
2325:
2260:
2201:
2085:
2028:
2001:
1903:
1829:
1813:
1684:
1641:
1622:
1545:
1395:
1259:
1186:
1056:
1052:
995:
976:
877:
750:
170:
166:
949:
907:
384:
of rocky shores can contain indentations which trap pools of salty water, called
6327:
6239:
6089:
6069:
6054:
6039:
6034:
5984:
5765:
5536:
5524:
5450:
5208:
5203:
5178:
5158:
5100:
4995:
4890:
4868:
4858:
4831:
4701:
4653:
4420:
4395:
4390:
4360:
4143:
4119:
4084:
3893:
3796:
3716:
3676:
3529:
3114:
2566:
2461:
2404:
2317:
2295:
2284:
2272:
the mouth, which they wiggle to attract prey's attention. Lengths range from 18
2123:
2075:
2032:
2023:-like fishes are a number of round benthopelagic species belonging to the order
1921:
1825:
1774:
1727:
1698:
1694:
1663:
1659:
1422:
1407:
1308:
1092:
1044:
1032:
918:
901:
886:
820:
811:
720:
693:
689:
643:
623:
570:
444:
397:
283:
205:
35:
1801:
1370:
416:
can be permanent residents of rock pools. But most rock pool animals, such as
6551:
6259:
6049:
6029:
5586:
5353:
5287:
5277:
5198:
5188:
4873:
4841:
4826:
4772:
4745:
4728:
4400:
4335:
4124:
4104:
3888:
3861:
3646:
3559:
2982:
2939:, a new species of damselfish (Pomacentridae) from eastern Papua New Guinea".
2523:
2449:
2382:
2273:
2209:
2205:
2071:
2024:
1876:
1863:
1847:
1837:
1833:
1610:
1549:
1517:
1379:
1110:
1096:
1071:
1055:. Demersal fish live on or near the sea floor, while pelagic fish live in the
943:
922:
873:
849:
803:
791:
776:
742:
697:
627:
562:
536:
520:
436:
356:
279:
250:
201:
189:
17:
3237:
3031:
Dynamics of Marine Ecosystems: Biological-Physical Interactions in the Oceans
2166:
usually found not too far from shore in sandy shallow waters. It is a prized
6521:
6486:
6099:
6079:
5343:
5328:
5313:
5143:
4804:
4750:
4735:
4713:
4696:
4643:
4425:
4330:
4114:
3878:
3871:
3846:
3756:
3427:
2507:
2365:
2321:
2291:
2197:
2167:
2143:
2103:
2054:
2036:
2016:
the sea bed. Benthic fish tend to be "flat", so they can lie on the bottom.
1973:
1950:
1920:
within the family Carangidae. Mainly open water fish, they can follow small
1913:
1898:
1851:
1690:
1655:
1651:
1567:
1458:
1426:
1421:
Most filter-feeding pelagic fish found in coastal waters are small, silvery
1209:
1198:
1122:
1084:
987:
914:
865:
853:
795:
746:
619:
595:
491:
459:
432:
389:
385:
374:
271:
246:
217:
197:
158:
139:
4134:
2294:
are a family, Pinguipedidae, containing 63 species of fishes in the order
806:
photography. Anthias are mostly small, peaceful, beautiful and popular as
6371:
5905:
5895:
5845:
5684:
5546:
5487:
5433:
5428:
5247:
5115:
4777:
4723:
4638:
4375:
4185:
3731:
3726:
3651:
3315:
3287:
3222:
3194:
3166:
2870:
2743:
2693:
2581:
2497:
2311:
2163:
2107:
2005:
1977:
1871:
1809:
1706:
1670:
1474:
1466:
1450:
1442:
1387:
1114:
1102:
1067:
1009:
960:
939:
890:
765:
741:
In tropical waters, coral reef fish live amongst or in close relation to
701:
639:
631:
586:
566:
401:
2836:
Johnson, G.D.; Gill, A.C. (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.).
2212:, which can be just 2 centimetres (0.79 in) long as adults, to the
1961:
Fish that live on or in close association with the sea floor are called
1349:
1028:
6567:
6536:
6466:
6366:
5900:
5715:
5519:
5514:
5492:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5000:
4952:
4846:
4616:
4611:
4385:
4345:
4315:
4293:
3913:
3701:
3601:
2441:
2299:
2256:
2213:
2127:
2115:
2044:
2040:
1855:
1702:
1676:
1647:
1634:
1486:
1462:
1438:
1430:
1241:
1205:
1013:
991:
972:
930:
787:
780:
674:
647:
582:
554:
405:
393:
3456:
2302:
carnivores, feeding on small fish and invertebrates. Examples are the
661:
River estuaries form important staging points during the migration of
606:
flowing into them, and with a free connection to the open sea. These
188:
Coastal fish are the most abundant in the world. They can be found in
5438:
4370:
3696:
3461:
2601:
2586:
2252:
2159:
2081:
2009:
1521:
1213:
1077:
705:
678:
666:
603:
477:
452:
421:
409:
275:
1820:
in most of their habitats, hunting both individually and in schools.
1757:, pound for pound, is one of the hardest fighting fish in the ocean.
1331:
716:
212:
that feed on them. Forage fish thrive in inshore waters where high
5541:
5470:
4880:
2445:
2227:
2111:
2067:
1981:
1944:
1800:
1780:
1621:
1533:
1454:
1446:
1369:
1361:
1106:
1027:
1017:
948:
906:
894:
882:
828:
770:
715:
651:
599:
548:
370:
320:
227:
193:
133:
2066:
mouth to capture its prey. It eats forage fish, and occasionally
6014:
5443:
5385:
5030:
4583:
4574:
3866:
1881:
1529:
1434:
1281:
983:
964:
953:
The yellowfin goatfish changes its colour so it can school with
799:
417:
362:
316:
6120:
5727:
5688:
4547:
4019:
3503:
3465:
5482:
5050:
3928:
3918:
2020:
1997:
1910:. Jack mackerels are an important inshore commercial species.
1841:
670:
635:
427:
Some rock pool fish which are temporary residents include the
185:, which inhabit the deep seas beyond the continental shelves.
29:
598:
are partly enclosed coastal bodies of water with one or more
236: The global continental shelf, highlighted in light blue
3386:
Coastal Waters of the World: Trends, Threats, and Strategies
1548:—fishing boats that use nets to enclose the fish—and can be
1386:. In the ocean these primary producers are mainly a type of
204:
and on or above the continental shelf. Coastal fish include
3402:
Ecology of coastal waters: with implications for management
2452:, in the order Perciformes. Species of grouper include the
2216:, which can reach 150 centimetres (4.9 ft) in length.
2078:, and other large bony fish. They are normally solitary.
1828:
are a group of about 40 species belonging to the family
1485:. In turn, they are preyed on by larger predatory fish,
904:, which can result in problems for the hobby aquarists.
615:
sediment, making estuaries productive natural habitats.
266:, live close to the shore. They are associated with the
4543:
967:. They are typically about 20 cm long, though the
361:
Intertidal fish are fish that move in and out with the
925:
are among about 360 species classified in the family
3440:
Marine Biology 2: Water layering and water movements
3257:
Venom Runs Thick in Fish Families, Researchers Learn
2648:
The World Factbook, CIA. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
1410:, which in turn are eaten by predatory zooplankton.
6560:
6459:
6403:
6300:
6202:
6145:
5948:
5744:
5574:
5507:
5414:
5376:
5367:
5306:
5237:
5124:
5076:
4986:
4911:
4671:
4581:
4434:
4306:
4242:
4204:
4142:
4032:
3949:
3814:
3517:
1916:are a group of nine species belonging to the genus
1418:eat the filter feeders (see diagram at the right).
1035:
can provide shelter and food for shallow water fish
798:", and make up a sizeable portion of the colourful
343:
Intertidal zones can be a volatile habitat for fish
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2074:. In turn, they are preyed on by sharks, like the
841:on its sides, which can confuse prey and predators
3353:Coastal Fish Identification: California to Alaska
2958:Pyle, R.L.; J.L. Earle & B.D. Greene (2008).
1928:can reach 1.8 m in length and weigh 60 kilograms.
200:, near sandy shores and rocky coastlines, around
6542:International Seafood Sustainability Foundation
6168:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
3333:Elliott, Michael and Hemingway, Krystal (2002)
783:. They are hermaphrodite, and swim in "harems".
241:Coastal fish are found in the waters above the
2314:. They are often caught in pots like crayfish.
5700:
4559:
3767:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems
3477:
3130:The world encyclopedia of Fish and Shellfishs
3100:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T3854A10132481.en
2448:in the subfamily Epinephelinae of the family
2320:are a family Centrolophidae of 31 species of
971:, grows to 55 cm. Goatfish are tireless
8:
1844:-like appearance, and large fang-like teeth.
6318:List of commercially important fish species
6163:Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing
3832:Freshwater environmental quality parameters
3238:"Coastal fish - Fish of the open sea floor"
2364:. The young of some species associate with
1425:. Forage fish include fishes of the family
768:for the mangroves and seagrass to root in.
6142:
6117:
5741:
5724:
5707:
5693:
5685:
5373:
4566:
4552:
4544:
4148:
4029:
4016:
3514:
3500:
3484:
3470:
3462:
2960:"Five new species of the damselfish genus
2641:
2639:
2629:
2627:
1896:and the other jack mackerels in the genus
1267:
5111:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water
3098:
2889:. Neptune City, NJ: T.F.H. Publications.
2769:, A.A.A.S. Publ. No. 83, Washington, D.C.
692:, fish that forage for food on land, and
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
6290:Regional fishery management organisation
3251:
3249:
3241:Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
2941:Records of the Western Australian Museum
3433:Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
3025:
3023:
2831:
2829:
2614:
2371:
2092:
1888:). The largest fish in the family, the
1712:
1554:
1270:
1219:
1128:
1091:of fish. They are usually found around
466:
3451:Estuarine Fish Kills in Morth Carolina
3370:Fishes, An Introduction to Ichthyology
2827:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2759:What is an estuary: physical viewpoint
177:. Coastal fish can be contrasted with
3356:New World Publications Incorporated.
3350:Humann, Paul and DeLoach, Ned (2008)
7:
6173:United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement
3445:Notes on Estuarine Fish Reproduction
3075:Pollard, D. & Smith, A. (2009).
3033:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
893:fish. However, most species feed on
58:adding citations to reliable sources
6348:Future of Marine Animal Populations
6225:Fishery Resources Monitoring System
6215:Monitoring control and surveillance
5667:
4938:Electroreception and electrogenesis
4095:Oceanic physical-biological process
3957:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)
3086:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2935:Jenkins, A.P.; G.R. Allen (2002). "
1816:tropical waters. They are powerful
3029:Mann, K.H., Lazier, J.R.N. (2006)
2444:are fish belonging to a number of
2047:, including the highly commercial
1481:(recently hatched fish), often by
1398:. Phytoplankton need sunlight for
25:
6547:Sea Shepherd Conservation Society
6280:National Marine Fisheries Service
6275:European Fisheries Control Agency
1992:(mostly "round" fish) which live
1642:Pelagic fish § Predator fish
1414:then eat the plankton and larger
708:spawning or maturing among them.
262:Nearshore fish, sometimes called
245:that extend from the continental
6193:
5939:
5756:Population dynamics of fisheries
5666:
5655:
5654:
5637:
5636:
4662:
4528:
4527:
4515:
4501:
4133:
3805:
3622:Colored dissolved organic matter
2914:. Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons.
2540:
2526:
2425:
2411:
2390:
2374:
2175:
2151:
2135:
2095:
1762:
1746:
1734:
1715:
1602:
1588:
1574:
1557:
1348:
1330:
1280:
1234:
1222:
1170:
1155:
1143:
1131:
975:feeders, possess a pair of long
723:support flourishing ecosystems,
523:inflated in a defensive response
512:
498:
484:
469:
335:
307:
34:
6477:Aquaculture Stewardship Council
6333:Environmental impact of fishing
4622:Environmental impact of fishing
3967:Latin America and the Caribbean
1260:Pelagic fish § Forage fish
561:is a transition zone between a
45:needs additional citations for
6451:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
5811:Otolith microchemical analysis
4449:Ecological values of mangroves
3992:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
3367:Moyle, PB and Cech, JJ (2004)
2887:Damselfishes of the South Seas
2803:Greenpeace Book of Coral Reefs
2633:Moyle and Cech, 2004, page 572
2621:Moyle and Cech, 2004, page 585
1366:World distribution of plankton
157:, inhabit the sea between the
1:
6446:European Environmental Agency
6436:Grey nurse shark conservation
6343:Destructive fishing practices
5841:Pop-up satellite archival tag
3453:. Retrieved 20 February 2010.
3447:. Retrieved 20 February 2010.
3132:. Hermes House. p. 256.
2840:. San Diego: Academic Press.
2670:. Retrieved 25 February 2010.
1162:Cleaner wrasses working on a
6426:Marine conservation activism
5876:Climate change and fisheries
4707:intramembranous ossification
4469:Marine conservation activism
4454:Fisheries and climate change
3055:Retrieved February 23, 2010.
2794:Moyle and Cech, 2003, p. 50.
1012:water, so they do not enter
946:. A small number eat coral.
942:, and small bottom-dwelling
4464:Human impact on marine life
4341:Davidson Seamount § Ecology
3577:Aquatic population dynamics
3373:5th Ed, Benjamin Cummings.
2255:spines situated behind the
1949:Cod-like fishes, like this
1047:. They can be divided into
745:. Coral reefs form complex
569:marine environment. Due to
169:coastal fish are generally
6671:
6472:Marine Stewardship Council
6265:EU Common Fisheries Policy
5086:Fin and flipper locomotion
5056:Sequential hermaphroditism
4943:Jamming avoidance response
4660:
3436:(updated 23 November 2009)
2276:up to 90 cm, for the
1938:
1639:
1257:
790:are members of the family
734:
618:Fishes that spend time in
580:
443:and its near relative the
350:
6626:Glossary of fishery terms
6621:Index of fishing articles
6611:
6338:Fishing down the food web
6313:Maximum sustainable yield
6191:
6141:
6116:
5937:
5871:Match/mismatch hypothesis
5740:
5723:
5650:
4495:
4151:
4131:
4080:Marine primary production
4028:
4015:
3974:List of marine ecoregions
3803:
3513:
3499:
2983:10.11646/zootaxa.1671.1.2
2937:Neopomacentrus aquadulcis
2663:December 2, 2008, at the
1741:Great barracuda and jacks
1374:Areas of upwelling in red
731:are numerous and diverse.
663:anadromous and catadromus
431:, the pipefish worm, the
6512:Save Our Seas Foundation
6245:Individual fishing quota
6220:Vessel monitoring system
5866:Hydrographic containment
4326:Coastal biogeomorphology
4321:Marine coastal ecosystem
3305:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
3277:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
3212:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
3184:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
3156:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
3053:Encyclopædia Britannica.
2864:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
2757:Pritchard, D. W. (1967)
2733:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
2683:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
2263:. They can also deliver
2057:are fishes of the genus
565:river environment and a
531:long-spined sea scorpion
506:Long-spined sea scorpion
429:long-spined sea scorpion
173:, inhabiting the sunlit
6158:Exclusive economic zone
5836:GIS and aquatic science
5791:Standard weight in fish
5602:Glossary of ichthyology
5164:Diel vertical migration
4234:Paradox of the plankton
4045:Diel vertical migration
3939:Freshwater swamp forest
3657:GIS and aquatic science
3505:General components and
3339:John Wiley & Sons.
3243:. Updated 2 March 2009.
3128:Whiteman, Kate (2000).
2658:Continental shelf areas
1908:Atlantic horse mackerel
1874:are fish of the family
1320:carnivorous zooplankton
6387:Turtle excluder device
6060:Shoaling and schooling
4968:Surface wave detection
4933:Hydrodynamic reception
4607:Diseases and parasites
4060:Large marine ecosystem
3752:Shoaling and schooling
3309:Parapercis hexophtalma
3281:Uranoscopus sulphureus
2866:"Family Pomacentridae"
2838:Encyclopedia of Fishes
2708:Shanny (common blenny)
2597:Shoaling and schooling
2281:Kathetostoma giganteum
2251:; they have two large
2241:
1958:
1821:
1798:
1637:
1375:
1367:
1264:Shoaling and schooling
1036:
957:
911:
842:
784:
732:
665:fish species, such as
612:ecological successions
578:
238:
143:
6411:Marine protected area
6285:Regional fishery body
5911:Census of Marine Life
5806:Catch per unit effort
5106:Undulatory locomotion
4923:Ampullae of Lorenzini
4479:Marine protected area
4406:Salt pannes and pools
4181:Marine larval ecology
4156:Census of Marine Life
4040:Deep scattering layer
3997:San Francisco Estuary
3962:Africa and Madagascar
3787:Underwater camouflage
3567:Aquatic biomonitoring
3507:freshwater ecosystems
3319:. March 2010 version.
3291:. March 2010 version.
3236:Walrond, Carl (2009)
3226:. March 2010 version.
3198:. March 2010 version.
3170:. March 2010 version.
2910:Nelson, J.S. (2006).
2747:. March 2010 version.
2697:. March 2010 version.
2385:perched on coral sand
2231:
2182:The red gurnard is a
2162:is a large left-eyed
2114:. It is preyed on by
1996:the sea bed, such as
1984:, rather than in the
1976:, white fish contain
1948:
1935:Demersal pelagic fish
1906:of this genus is the
1894:Pacific jack mackerel
1804:
1784:
1625:
1373:
1365:
1070:are superbly adapted
1031:
1001:blue-striped snappers
999:goatfish school with
969:dash-and-dot goatfish
955:blue-striped snappers
952:
910:
835:foureye butterflyfish
832:
774:
719:
552:
396:, cnidarians such as
315:The rise and fall of
231:
137:
6250:Minimum landing size
6210:Fisheries management
6185:Magnuson–Stevens Act
6180:Fisheries Convention
5931:Fisheries scientists
5334:Genetically modified
4214:Marine bacteriophage
4176:Marine invertebrates
3383:Hinrichsen D (1999)
3093:: e.T3854A10132481.
3012:Coral Reef Formation
2885:Allen, G.R. (1975).
2874:. July 2007 version.
2720:. Updated July 2005.
1926:yellowtail amberjack
1755:yellowtail amberjack
1701:and small fish like
1355:predatory vertebrate
1249:Coastal pelagic fish
1189:away the sea floor.
1059:away the sea floor.
1024:Other nearshore fish
862:saddle butterflyfish
161:and the edge of the
54:improve this article
6527:Defying Ocean's End
6431:Salmon conservation
6421:Marine conservation
6361:The End of the Line
6354:The Sunken Billions
6323:Sustainable seafood
6308:Sustainable fishery
5921:Fisheries databases
5851:Age class structure
5821:Fisheries acoustics
5139:Aquatic respiration
5026:Life history theory
4090:Ocean fertilization
3899:Trophic state index
3857:Lake stratification
3587:Aquatic respiration
3457:Inshore marine fish
3409:) Wiley-Blackwell.
3336:Fishes in estuaries
3010:Anderson, G (2003)
2912:Fishes of the World
2193:Mail-cheeked fishes
1394:which drift in the
1005:goldsaddle goatfish
868:wings. Their deep,
858:lined butterflyfish
408:such as the common
243:continental shelves
142:, a coastal species
6616:Outline of fishing
6235:Fisheries observer
5886:Aquatic ecosystems
4978:Weberian apparatus
4356:Intertidal wetland
4351:Intertidal ecology
4219:Marine prokaryotes
4161:Deep-sea community
4055:Iron fertilization
3978:Specific examples
3904:Upland and lowland
3822:Freshwater biology
3687:Microbial food web
3597:Aquatic toxicology
3540:Aquatic adaptation
3493:Aquatic ecosystems
3407:Studies in ecology
3261:The New York Times
2713:2012-07-04 at the
2687:Penetopteryx nanus
2534:Marine life portal
2512:Atlantic wreckfish
2500:(in earlier times
2433:Atlantic wreckfish
2400:Centrolophus niger
2342:pelagic butterfish
2334:imperial blackfish
2330:southern driftfish
2242:
1990:benthopelagic fish
1968:Demersal fish are
1959:
1822:
1799:
1791:vulnerable species
1771:largehead hairtail
1638:
1514:California Current
1376:
1368:
1037:
958:
912:
843:
810:. They are mainly
785:
733:
579:
400:, arthropods like
373:, or are found in
353:intertidal ecology
239:
144:
6642:
6641:
6638:
6637:
6634:
6633:
6598:Threatened sharks
6497:Ocean Conservancy
6482:Friend of the Sea
6112:
6111:
6108:
6107:
6020:Lobster fisheries
5965:Diversity of fish
5761:Shifting baseline
5730:Fisheries science
5682:
5681:
5592:Fish common names
5503:
5502:
5134:Aquatic predation
4958:Capacity for pain
4687:Age determination
4541:
4540:
4522:Oceans portal
4491:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4366:Hydrothermal vent
4302:
4301:
4191:Seashore wildlife
4022:Marine ecosystems
4011:
4010:
4007:
4006:
3777:Thermal pollution
3742:Ramsar Convention
3682:Microbial ecology
3642:Fisheries science
3582:Aquatic predation
3395:978-1-55963-383-3
3379:978-0-13-100847-2
3345:978-0-632-05733-7
3079:Carcharias taurus
2921:978-0-471-25031-9
2896:978-0-87666-034-8
2765:G. H. Lauf (ed.)
2494:yellowfin grouper
1840:, giving them an
1384:primary producers
1360:
1359:
1272:marine food chain
1016:or the mouths of
814:feeders. Anthias
802:seen swarming in
414:common periwinkle
249:, and around the
163:continental shelf
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
6662:
6578:Marine pollution
6382:Cetacean bycatch
6377:Incidental catch
6197:
6143:
6118:
6085:Humboldt current
5943:
5861:Trophic cascades
5801:Data storage tag
5786:Fish measurement
5781:Stock assessment
5742:
5725:
5709:
5702:
5695:
5686:
5670:
5669:
5658:
5657:
5640:
5639:
5374:
4666:
4597:Ethnoichthyology
4568:
4561:
4554:
4545:
4531:
4530:
4524:
4520:
4519:
4510:
4508:Lakes portal
4506:
4505:
4504:
4474:Marine pollution
4166:Deep-water coral
4149:
4137:
4070:Marine chemistry
4030:
4017:
3934:Freshwater marsh
3827:Freshwater biome
3809:
3525:Acoustic ecology
3515:
3501:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3463:
3321:
3320:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3271:
3265:
3253:
3244:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3160:Boreogadus saida
3150:
3144:
3143:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3072:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3047:
3041:
3027:
3018:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2991:
2985:. Archived from
2968:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2833:
2804:
2801:
2795:
2792:
2786:
2776:
2770:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2727:
2721:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2677:
2671:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2634:
2631:
2622:
2619:
2550:
2545:
2544:
2536:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2429:
2415:
2397:The rudderfish (
2394:
2378:
2304:redbanded weever
2269:ambush predators
2179:
2155:
2139:
2099:
1787:sand tiger shark
1766:
1750:
1738:
1719:
1628:bluefin trevally
1606:
1596:Atlantic herring
1592:
1578:
1561:
1526:Humboldt Current
1506:Benguela Current
1502:Northwest Africa
1352:
1334:
1284:
1268:
1254:Plankton feeding
1238:
1226:
1178:Common triplefin
1174:
1159:
1147:
1135:
1119:seagrass meadows
1041:seagrass meadows
994:and other small
816:shoal and school
762:mangrove forests
758:seagrass meadows
749:with tremendous
658:in the estuary.
516:
502:
488:
473:
377:or under rocks.
339:
311:
301:Intertidal zones
288:seagrass meadows
235:
224:Coastal habitats
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
6670:
6669:
6665:
6664:
6663:
6661:
6660:
6659:
6645:
6644:
6643:
6630:
6607:
6603:Threatened rays
6583:Mercury in fish
6556:
6455:
6441:Shark sanctuary
6399:
6296:
6230:Catch reporting
6198:
6189:
6137:
6104:
6010:Krill fisheries
5975:Coral reef fish
5960:Ocean fisheries
5951:
5944:
5935:
5776:Condition index
5747:
5736:
5719:
5713:
5683:
5678:
5646:
5570:
5499:
5410:
5363:
5302:
5233:
5126:
5120:
5072:
5016:Ichthyoplankton
4982:
4914:
4907:
4903:Digital Library
4898:Teleost leptins
4837:Shark cartilage
4761:pharyngeal slit
4756:pharyngeal arch
4692:Anguilliformity
4677:
4675:
4667:
4658:
4577:
4572:
4542:
4537:
4514:
4513:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4483:
4444:Coral bleaching
4430:
4411:Seagrass meadow
4308:Marine habitats
4298:
4272:Coral reef fish
4238:
4224:Marine protists
4200:
4138:
4129:
4100:Ocean turbidity
4075:Marine food web
4024:
4003:
3945:
3884:River ecosystem
3837:Freshwater fish
3810:
3801:
3607:Bioluminescence
3592:Aquatic science
3509:
3495:
3490:
3426:Walrond, Carl.
3423:
3399:Mann KH (2000)
3330:
3325:
3324:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3264:22 August 2006.
3254:
3247:
3235:
3231:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3059:
3048:
3044:
3028:
3021:
3009:
3005:
2995:
2993:
2992:on 21 July 2011
2989:
2966:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2897:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2848:
2835:
2834:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2777:
2773:
2756:
2752:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2715:Wayback Machine
2706:
2702:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2665:Wayback Machine
2656:
2652:
2644:
2637:
2632:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2572:Marine habitats
2557:Coral reef fish
2546:
2539:
2532:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2436:
2430:
2421:
2419:Malabar grouper
2416:
2407:
2395:
2386:
2379:
2350:Tasmanian ruffe
2278:giant stargazer
2265:electric shocks
2238:ambush predator
2187:
2180:
2171:
2156:
2147:
2140:
2131:
2100:
1943:
1937:
1777:
1767:
1758:
1751:
1742:
1739:
1730:
1720:
1644:
1620:
1613:
1607:
1598:
1593:
1584:
1579:
1570:
1562:
1510:southern Africa
1404:carbon fixation
1378:At the base of
1285: Sun
1274:
1266:
1256:
1251:
1244:
1239:
1230:
1227:
1180:
1175:
1166:
1160:
1151:
1148:
1139:
1136:
1115:mangrove stands
1026:
808:ornamental fish
739:
737:Coral reef fish
729:Coral reef fish
714:
712:Coral reef fish
685:Mangrove swamps
593:
547:
524:
517:
508:
503:
494:
489:
480:
474:
435:and the common
382:intertidal zone
367:intertidal zone
359:
349:
348:
347:
346:
345:
344:
340:
331:
330:
329:
328:
326:intertidal zone
323:
312:
303:
302:
296:
294:Intertidal fish
268:intertidal zone
260:
237:
233:
226:
175:epipelagic zone
171:epipelagic fish
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6668:
6666:
6658:
6657:
6647:
6646:
6640:
6639:
6636:
6635:
6632:
6631:
6629:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6612:
6609:
6608:
6606:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6573:Fish slaughter
6570:
6564:
6562:
6561:Related issues
6558:
6557:
6555:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6502:Ocean Outcomes
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6463:
6461:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6416:Marine reserve
6413:
6407:
6405:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6397:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6357:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6304:
6302:
6301:Sustainability
6298:
6297:
6295:
6294:
6293:
6292:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6206:
6204:
6200:
6199:
6192:
6190:
6188:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6176:
6175:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6149:
6147:
6139:
6138:
6131:sustainability
6121:
6114:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6106:
6105:
6103:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6065:Marine habitat
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6025:Shrimp fishery
6022:
6017:
6015:Kelp fisheries
6012:
6007:
6002:
6000:Crab fisheries
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5956:
5954:
5946:
5945:
5938:
5936:
5934:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5881:Marine biology
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5831:Coded wire tag
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5771:Fish mortality
5768:
5763:
5758:
5752:
5750:
5738:
5737:
5734:wild fisheries
5728:
5721:
5720:
5718:science topics
5714:
5712:
5711:
5704:
5697:
5689:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5676:
5664:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5644:
5634:
5629:
5628:
5627:
5622:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5578:
5576:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5568:
5567:
5566:
5561:
5551:
5550:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5529:
5528:
5527:
5522:
5511:
5509:
5505:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5496:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5475:
5474:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5448:
5447:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5420:
5418:
5416:Wild fisheries
5412:
5411:
5409:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5382:
5380:
5371:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5339:Hallucinogenic
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5310:
5308:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5244:
5242:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5214:Schooling fish
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5174:Filter feeders
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5149:Bottom feeders
5146:
5141:
5136:
5130:
5128:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5082:
5080:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5068:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4992:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4919:
4917:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4894:
4893:
4888:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4871:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4795:Leydig's organ
4792:
4791:
4790:
4788:pharyngeal jaw
4785:
4775:
4770:
4769:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4741:branchial arch
4733:
4732:
4731:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4710:
4709:
4704:
4694:
4689:
4683:
4681:
4669:
4668:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4588:
4586:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4563:
4556:
4548:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4525:
4511:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4440:
4438:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4312:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4262:Saltwater fish
4259:
4257:Marine reptile
4254:
4248:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4229:Marine viruses
4226:
4221:
4216:
4210:
4208:
4206:Microorganisms
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4196:Wild fisheries
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4152:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4110:Thorson's rule
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4065:Marine biology
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4036:
4034:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3976:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3924:Brackish marsh
3921:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3852:Lake ecosystem
3849:
3844:
3842:Hyporheic zone
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3692:Microbial loop
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3637:Eutrophication
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3617:Cascade effect
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3545:Aquatic animal
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3521:
3519:
3511:
3510:
3504:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3448:
3442:
3437:
3428:"Coastal fish"
3422:
3421:External links
3419:
3418:
3417:
3397:
3389:Island Press.
3381:
3365:
3348:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3303:Froese, Rainer
3294:
3275:Froese, Rainer
3266:
3255:Grady, Denise
3245:
3229:
3210:Froese, Rainer
3201:
3182:Froese, Rainer
3173:
3154:Froese, Rainer
3145:
3138:
3120:
3106:
3067:
3057:
3042:
3019:
3015:Marine Science
3003:
2950:
2927:
2920:
2902:
2895:
2877:
2862:Froese, Rainer
2853:
2846:
2805:
2796:
2787:
2771:
2750:
2737:Cottus bubalis
2731:Froese, Rainer
2722:
2700:
2681:Froese, Rainer
2672:
2650:
2635:
2623:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2537:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2505:
2438:
2437:
2431:
2424:
2422:
2417:
2410:
2408:
2396:
2389:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2315:
2259:and above the
2226:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2189:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2172:
2157:
2150:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2132:
2101:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2079:
2052:
2049:Alaska pollock
1980:only in their
1939:Main article:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1890:giant trevally
1886:white trevally
1868:leatherjackets
1860:horse mackerel
1845:
1818:apex predators
1806:Giant trevally
1779:
1778:
1768:
1761:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1733:
1731:
1724:jolthead porgy
1721:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1688:
1674:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1608:
1601:
1599:
1594:
1587:
1585:
1582:European sprat
1580:
1573:
1571:
1563:
1556:
1538:Somali Current
1498:Canary Current
1491:marine mammals
1483:filter feeding
1457:), as well as
1416:predatory fish
1412:Filter feeders
1400:photosynthesis
1390:, microscopic
1358:
1357:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1277:
1276:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1202:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1169:
1167:
1161:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1100:
1082:
1075:
1025:
1022:
824:hermaphrodites
735:Main article:
713:
710:
608:brackish water
591:brackish water
575:eutrophication
546:
545:Estuarine fish
543:
542:
541:
534:
526:
525:
518:
511:
509:
504:
497:
495:
490:
483:
481:
475:
468:
465:
464:
456:
342:
341:
334:
333:
332:
314:
313:
306:
305:
304:
300:
299:
298:
297:
295:
292:
259:
258:Nearshore fish
256:
232:
225:
222:
149:, also called
128:
127:
69:"Coastal fish"
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
18:Estuarine fish
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6667:
6656:
6653:
6652:
6650:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6613:
6610:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6593:Shark finning
6591:
6589:
6588:Shark culling
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6565:
6563:
6559:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6517:Sea Around Us
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6492:Seafood Watch
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6464:
6462:
6458:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6408:
6406:
6402:
6396:
6394:
6393:Shrimp-Turtle
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6362:
6358:
6356:
6355:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6299:
6291:
6288:
6287:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6255:Pulse fishing
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6207:
6205:
6201:
6196:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6174:
6171:
6170:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6153:Fisheries law
6151:
6150:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6123:Fisheries law
6119:
6115:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6005:Eel fisheries
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5995:Cod fisheries
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5980:Demersal fish
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5957:
5955:
5953:
5947:
5942:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5856:Trophic level
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5753:
5751:
5749:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5726:
5722:
5717:
5710:
5705:
5703:
5698:
5696:
5691:
5690:
5687:
5675:
5674:
5665:
5663:
5662:
5653:
5652:
5649:
5643:
5642:more lists...
5635:
5633:
5630:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5597:Fish families
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5582:Aquarium life
5580:
5579:
5577:
5573:
5565:
5564:fleshy-finned
5562:
5560:
5557:
5556:
5555:
5552:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5534:
5533:
5532:Cartilaginous
5530:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5506:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5479:
5476:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5452:
5449:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5426:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5419:
5417:
5413:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5379:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5366:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5305:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5241:
5236:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5169:Electric fish
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5123:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5075:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4989:
4985:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4916:
4910:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4882:
4879:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4800:Mauthner cell
4798:
4796:
4793:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4734:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4719:Chromatophore
4717:
4715:
4712:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4674:
4670:
4665:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4585:
4580:
4576:
4569:
4564:
4562:
4557:
4555:
4550:
4549:
4546:
4534:
4526:
4523:
4518:
4512:
4509:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4416:Sponge ground
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4381:Marine biomes
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4295:
4292:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4282:Demersal fish
4280:
4278:
4277:Deep-sea fish
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4252:Marine mammal
4250:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4241:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4136:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4018:
4014:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3808:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3782:Trophic level
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3747:Sediment trap
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3722:Phytoplankton
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3572:Aquatic plant
3570:
3568:
3565:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3535:Anoxic waters
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3487:
3482:
3480:
3475:
3473:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3415:9780865425507
3412:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3363:
3362:9781878348432
3359:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3295:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3282:
3276:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3233:
3230:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3217:
3216:Psetta maxima
3211:
3205:
3202:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3161:
3155:
3149:
3146:
3141:
3139:1-84309-666-8
3135:
3131:
3124:
3121:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3080:
3071:
3068:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3039:1-4051-1118-6
3036:
3032:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3007:
3004:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2965:
2963:
2954:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2931:
2928:
2923:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2903:
2898:
2892:
2888:
2881:
2878:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2849:
2847:0-12-547665-5
2843:
2839:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2784:0-19-852508-7
2781:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2704:
2701:
2696:
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2688:
2682:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2662:
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2651:
2647:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2615:
2608:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2562:Demersal fish
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2548:Oceans portal
2543:
2538:
2535:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2428:
2423:
2420:
2414:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2362:white warehou
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2318:Medusa fishes
2316:
2313:
2309:
2308:yellow weaver
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2261:pectoral fins
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2093:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1963:demersal fish
1956:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1941:Demersal fish
1934:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1826:Cutlassfishes
1824:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1795:IUCN Red List
1792:
1788:
1783:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1744:
1737:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1660:cutlassfishes
1657:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1617:
1612:
1605:
1600:
1597:
1591:
1586:
1583:
1577:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1546:purse seiners
1543:
1542:Western India
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1392:phytoplankton
1389:
1385:
1381:
1372:
1364:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1337:filter feeder
1333:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:phytoplankton
1294:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1237:
1232:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1179:
1173:
1168:
1165:
1164:dragon wrasse
1158:
1153:
1146:
1141:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1049:demersal fish
1046:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1002:
997:
996:invertebrates
993:
989:
985:
981:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
956:
951:
947:
945:
941:
937:
932:
928:
927:Pomacentridae
924:
920:
916:
909:
905:
903:
899:
896:
892:
888:
884:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
846:Butterflyfish
840:
836:
831:
827:
825:
822:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
782:
778:
773:
769:
767:
763:
759:
754:
752:
748:
744:
738:
730:
726:
725:paradoxically
722:
718:
711:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
686:
682:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
659:
657:
654:increase the
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
626:) need to be
625:
621:
616:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
592:
588:
584:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
559:Klamath River
556:
551:
544:
538:
535:
532:
528:
527:
522:
515:
510:
507:
501:
496:
493:
487:
482:
479:
472:
467:
461:
457:
454:
450:
449:
448:
446:
442:
441:common blenny
438:
434:
430:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
358:
354:
338:
327:
322:
318:
310:
293:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
264:littoral fish
257:
255:
252:
248:
244:
230:
223:
221:
219:
216:results from
215:
211:
210:predator fish
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
186:
184:
183:offshore fish
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
141:
136:
132:
124:
121:
113:
110:February 2021
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
6404:Conservation
6392:
6359:
6352:
6135:conservation
6090:Algal blooms
6075:Water column
5990:Pelagic fish
5970:Coastal fish
5969:
5916:OSTM/Jason-2
5891:Bioeconomics
5826:Acoustic tag
5796:Fish counter
5671:
5659:
5559:spiny-finned
5508:Major groups
5252:
5229:Intelligence
5209:Scale eaters
5154:Cleaner fish
5036:Mouthbrooder
4988:Reproduction
4963:Schreckstoff
4948:Lateral line
4864:Swim bladder
4854:Spiral valve
4783:hyomandibula
4766:pseudobranch
4649:Hypoxia in -
4436:Conservation
4287:Pelagic fish
4267:Coastal fish
4266:
4171:Marine fungi
3909:Water garden
3792:Water column
3737:Productivity
3712:Pelagic zone
3672:Macrobenthos
3662:Hydrobiology
3632:Ecohydrology
3431:
3406:
3401:
3385:
3369:
3352:
3335:
3314:
3308:
3297:
3286:
3280:
3269:
3259:
3240:
3232:
3221:
3215:
3204:
3193:
3187:
3176:
3165:
3159:
3148:
3129:
3123:
3109:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3070:
3060:
3052:
3045:
3030:
3014:
3006:
2994:. Retrieved
2987:the original
2974:
2970:
2961:
2953:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2911:
2905:
2886:
2880:
2869:
2856:
2837:
2799:
2790:
2774:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2742:
2736:
2725:
2717:
2703:
2692:
2686:
2675:
2668:Earth trends
2667:
2653:
2617:
2592:Pelagic fish
2577:Moorish idol
2398:
2285:fish markets
2280:
2243:
2210:velvetfishes
2184:mail-cheeked
2124:ringed seals
2058:
2013:
2002:benthic fish
1993:
1967:
1960:
1917:
1904:type species
1897:
1875:
1830:Trichiuridae
1814:Indo-Pacific
1685:grunt fishes
1645:
1495:
1420:
1396:water column
1377:
1353:
1335:
1307:herbivorous
1187:water column
1183:
1061:
1057:water column
1053:pelagic fish
1045:kelp forests
1038:
1033:Kelp forests
977:chemosensory
959:
913:
902:sea anemones
883:corallivores
844:
837:has a false
786:
755:
751:biodiversity
740:
683:
660:
624:river mouths
617:
594:
426:
398:sea anemones
379:
360:
284:kelp forests
263:
261:
240:
214:productivity
187:
182:
179:oceanic fish
178:
155:neritic fish
154:
151:inshore fish
150:
147:Coastal fish
146:
145:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
6655:Marine fish
6328:Overfishing
6240:Catch share
6070:Marine snow
6055:Sardine run
6040:Fish screen
6035:Fish ladder
5985:Forage fish
5673:WikiProject
5632:Prehistoric
5616:Threatened
5307:Other types
5204:Sardine run
5179:Forage fish
5159:Corallivory
5011:Development
4996:Bubble nest
4869:physoclisti
4859:Suckermouth
4832:Root effect
4654:Ichthyology
4421:Sponge reef
4396:Rocky shore
4391:Oyster reef
4361:Kelp forest
4244:Vertebrates
4144:Marine life
4120:Viral shunt
4085:Marine snow
3987:Maharashtra
3894:Stream pool
3797:Zooplankton
3717:Photic zone
3677:Meiobenthos
3530:Algal bloom
3115:"John dory"
2567:Forage fish
2504:were used).
2405:medusa fish
2381:A speckled
2346:New Zealand
2298:. They are
2296:Perciformes
2292:Sandperches
2267:. They are
2220:Red gurnard
2206:caudal fins
2198:carnivorous
2076:dusky shark
2033:Pacific cod
2012:which live
1922:forage fish
1838:caudal fins
1775:cutlassfish
1728:porgi grunt
1699:cephalopods
1695:crustaceans
1664:forage fish
1536:), and the
1469:. They use
1423:forage fish
1408:zooplankton
1380:food chains
1309:zooplankton
1229:Grey mullet
1195:grey mullet
1111:coral reefs
1097:dorsal fins
1093:coral reefs
988:crustaceans
944:crustaceans
919:anemonefish
887:zooplankton
874:dorsal fins
821:protogynous
812:zooplankton
743:coral reefs
721:Coral reefs
694:archer fish
690:mudskippers
644:forage fish
642:, and some
571:land runoff
537:Lumpsuckers
476:Australian
451:The common
324:defines an
280:coral reefs
251:coral reefs
206:forage fish
202:coral reefs
190:tidal pools
6552:Greenpeace
6260:Slot limit
6203:Management
6127:management
6095:Dead zones
6050:Salmon run
6030:Eel ladder
5926:Institutes
5766:Fish stock
5288:Groundfish
5283:Freshwater
5278:Euryhaline
5263:Coral reef
5199:Salmon run
5189:Paedophagy
5091:Amphibious
5078:Locomotion
4886:pharyngeal
4874:physostome
4827:Photophore
4773:Glossohyal
4746:gill raker
4729:dorsal fin
4679:physiology
4401:Salt marsh
4336:Coral reef
4125:Whale fall
4105:Photophore
3982:Everglades
3950:Ecoregions
3889:Stream bed
3862:Macrophyte
3815:Freshwater
3647:Food chain
3560:Water bird
3405:(Vol 8 of
3328:References
3188:Zeus faber
2947:: 379–382.
2478:saddletail
2450:Serranidae
2383:sand perch
2352:, and the
2326:barrelfish
2245:Stargazers
2072:cuttlefish
2027:, such as
2025:Gadiformes
2008:) such as
1970:white fish
1914:Amberjacks
1877:Carangidae
1852:amberjacks
1808:are great
1656:amberjacks
1640:See also:
1630:sizing up
1611:Baltic Sea
1550:overfished
1518:California
1258:See also:
1210:cormorants
1199:seine nets
1085:Triplefins
1072:groundfish
961:Goatfishes
936:farmerfish
923:damselfish
850:bannerfish
804:coral reef
792:Serranidae
777:sea goldie
747:ecosystems
628:euryhaline
581:See also:
563:freshwater
521:lumpsucker
445:butterfish
437:lumpsucker
390:ecosystems
386:rock pools
375:rock pools
357:tidal pool
351:See also:
270:, or with
247:shorelines
138:Schooling
80:newspapers
6522:WorldFish
6487:SeaChoice
6100:Fish kill
6080:Upwelling
6045:Migration
5952:fisheries
5746:Fisheries
5537:chimaeras
5424:Predatory
5401:Salmonids
5359:Whitefish
5349:Poisonous
5324:Diversity
5258:Coldwater
5194:Predatory
5184:Migratory
5144:Bait ball
5127:behaviour
5046:Pregnancy
5041:Polyandry
4815:papillare
4810:Operculum
4805:Meristics
4751:gill slit
4714:Cleithrum
4644:Fish kill
4634:Fear of -
4627:- as food
4617:Fisheries
4602:Evolution
4592:Diversity
4426:Tide pool
4331:Cold seep
4115:Upwelling
3879:Rheotaxis
3872:Fish pond
3847:Limnology
3772:Substrate
3757:Siltation
3627:Dead zone
2767:Estuaries
2761:. p. 3–5
2508:Wreckfish
2502:longlines
2498:gill nets
2366:jellyfish
2322:perciform
2234:stargazer
2168:food fish
2144:John Dory
2104:polar cod
2089:trawlers.
2055:John Dory
2037:morid cod
1974:oily fish
1972:. Unlike
1951:morid cod
1899:Trachurus
1812:found in
1691:Barracuda
1652:barracuda
1635:anchovies
1632:schooling
1626:Predator
1618:Predatory
1568:anchovies
1565:Schooling
1471:schooling
1467:halfbeaks
1459:anchovies
1443:pilchards
1427:Clupeidae
1402:to power
1275:(typical)
1123:estuaries
1103:Seahorses
1014:estuaries
931:estuarine
915:Clownfish
878:tail fins
870:laterally
866:butterfly
854:coralfish
796:reef fish
702:halfbeaks
656:diversity
640:salmonids
632:mangroves
620:estuaries
596:Estuaries
567:saltwater
492:Rock goby
460:rock goby
433:rock goby
402:barnacles
272:estuaries
218:upwelling
198:estuaries
159:shoreline
140:threadfin
6649:Category
6532:HERMIONE
6460:Advocacy
6372:Discards
5906:FishBase
5896:EconMult
5846:EcoSCOPE
5661:Category
5612:Smallest
5525:lampreys
5488:flatfish
5478:Demersal
5434:mackerel
5429:billfish
5369:Commerce
5298:Tropical
5273:Demersal
5268:Deep-sea
5224:Venomous
5116:RoboTuna
5066:triggers
5061:Spawning
5021:Juvenile
5006:Egg case
4639:FishBase
4533:Category
4459:HERMIONE
4376:Mangrove
4186:Seagrass
3732:Pleuston
3727:Plankton
3707:Particle
3652:Food web
3316:FishBase
3288:FishBase
3223:FishBase
3195:FishBase
3167:FishBase
2977:: 3–31.
2871:FishBase
2744:FishBase
2711:Archived
2694:FishBase
2661:Archived
2582:Monkfish
2520:See also
2338:Japanese
2312:blue cod
2249:venomous
2202:pectoral
2164:flatfish
2128:seabirds
2116:narwhals
2108:plankton
2029:Atlantic
2006:flatfish
1872:trevally
1856:pompanos
1810:gamefish
1707:pilchard
1671:Mackerel
1487:seabirds
1475:plankton
1451:menhaden
1439:sardines
1431:herrings
1388:plankton
1382:are the
1150:Flatfish
1138:Seahorse
1068:Flatfish
1010:brackish
992:molluscs
940:plankton
891:aquarium
766:sediment
698:snappers
648:herrings
646:such as
587:mangrove
412:and the
406:molluscs
394:seaweeds
371:seashore
321:seashore
208:and the
6568:CalCOFI
6537:PROFISH
6467:FishAct
6367:Bycatch
5901:Ecopath
5816:Biomass
5748:science
5716:Fishery
5607:Largest
5520:hagfish
5515:Jawless
5493:pollock
5466:sardine
5461:herring
5456:anchovy
5406:Tilapia
5396:Octopus
5391:Catfish
5378:Farming
5293:Pelagic
5253:Coastal
5240:habitat
5096:Walking
5001:Clasper
4953:Otolith
4915:systems
4913:Sensory
4847:ganoine
4822:Papilla
4673:Anatomy
4612:Fishing
4386:Mudflat
4346:Estuary
4316:Bay mud
4294:Seabird
4050:f-ratio
4033:General
3914:Wetland
3702:Neuston
3667:Hypoxia
3612:Biomass
3602:Benthos
3518:General
2996:1 March
2971:Zootaxa
2962:Chromis
2515:fishes.
2470:Goliath
2442:Grouper
2403:) is a
2300:benthic
2257:opercle
2236:is an
2214:Lingcod
2120:belugas
2063:eyespot
2045:pollock
2041:haddock
2000:, and
1953:have a
1918:Seriola
1793:on the
1703:anchovy
1681:snapper
1677:Porgies
1648:porgies
1524:), the
1512:), the
1504:), the
1463:capelin
1242:Garfish
1214:gannets
1206:garfish
980:barbels
973:benthic
839:eyespot
788:Anthias
781:anthias
675:herring
604:streams
583:estuary
557:of the
555:estuary
519:Smooth
369:of the
365:in the
276:lagoons
167:pelagic
94:scholar
6507:Oceana
6270:EU MLS
5625:sharks
5542:sharks
5471:sprats
5451:Forage
5439:salmon
5319:Coarse
5101:Flying
4973:Vision
4928:Barbel
4842:Scales
4702:dermal
4582:About
4371:Lagoon
3697:Nekton
3555:Mammal
3550:Insect
3413:
3393:
3377:
3360:
3343:
3136:
3037:
2918:
2893:
2844:
2782:
2602:Weever
2587:NaGISA
2486:Warsaw
2474:Nassau
2446:genera
2358:silver
2354:common
2344:, the
2336:, the
2253:poison
2160:turbot
2082:Turbot
2010:plaice
1955:barbel
1902:. The
1834:pelvic
1522:Oregon
1455:sprats
1262:, and
1105:are a
1089:family
1087:are a
1078:Wrasse
1018:rivers
898:polyps
800:fishes
779:is an
706:tarpon
704:, and
679:plaice
667:salmon
652:sprats
600:rivers
589:, and
478:blenny
453:blenny
422:shrimp
410:limpet
404:, and
234:
194:fjords
96:
89:
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75:
67:
5587:Blind
5575:Lists
5354:Rough
5219:Sleep
5125:Other
4891:shark
4881:Teeth
3762:Spawn
3065:1445.
3050:Porgy
2990:(PDF)
2967:(PDF)
2646:World
2609:Notes
2490:white
2482:tiger
2466:giant
2458:comet
2454:black
2112:krill
2086:brill
2068:squid
1982:liver
1882:reefs
1864:scads
1848:Jacks
1773:is a
1726:is a
1673:scom*
1540:(off
1534:Chile
1528:(off
1516:(off
1508:(off
1500:(off
1447:hilsa
1107:genus
984:worms
965:reefs
895:coral
876:with
553:This
418:crabs
319:on a
317:tides
101:JSTOR
87:books
6395:case
6133:and
5950:Wild
5732:and
5620:rays
5554:Bony
5547:rays
5444:tuna
5386:Carp
5344:Oily
5329:Game
5314:Bait
5248:Cave
5031:Milt
4736:Gill
4724:Fins
4697:Bone
4584:fish
4575:Fish
3867:Pond
3411:ISBN
3391:ISBN
3375:ISBN
3358:ISBN
3341:ISBN
3134:ISBN
3091:2009
3035:ISBN
2998:2010
2975:1671
2916:ISBN
2891:ISBN
2842:ISBN
2780:ISBN
2492:and
2360:and
2348:and
2340:and
2310:and
2232:The
2204:and
2158:The
2142:The
2126:and
2110:and
2102:The
2084:and
2070:and
2059:Zeus
2043:and
2031:and
1994:near
1978:oils
1870:and
1836:and
1785:The
1769:The
1753:The
1722:The
1705:and
1658:and
1532:and
1530:Peru
1520:and
1489:and
1477:and
1465:and
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1441:and
1435:shad
1212:and
1204:The
1193:The
1121:and
1117:and
1051:and
1043:and
921:and
900:and
860:and
852:and
833:The
775:The
760:and
677:and
671:eels
669:and
650:and
636:eels
622:(or
529:The
458:The
380:The
363:tide
355:and
196:and
73:news
6146:Law
5483:cod
5238:By
5051:Roe
4778:Jaw
4676:and
3929:Fen
3919:Bog
3095:doi
2979:doi
2763:in:
2718:BBC
2462:gag
2021:Cod
1998:cod
1986:gut
1842:eel
1683:or
1479:fry
602:or
181:or
153:or
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2306:,
2274:cm
2122:,
2118:,
2039:,
2035:,
2014:on
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