473:, Vogt described the excrescences associated with FCD as drop-like in appearance in 1921. In 1924, Graves then provided an extremely detailed explanation of the endothelial elevations visible with slit lamp biomicroscopy. A patient with unilateral epithelial dystrophy and bilateral endothelial changes was described by the Friedenwalds in 1925; subsequent involvement of the second eye led them to emphasize that endothelial changes preceded epithelial changes. As only a subset of patients with endothelial changes proceeded to epithelial involvement, Graves stated on 19 October 1925 to the New York Academy of Medicine that "Fuchs' epithelial dystrophy may be a very late sequel to severer cases of the deeper affection".
164:
424:. Hypertonic saline draws water out of the cornea through osmosis. When using a hairdryer, the patient is instructed to hold it at an arm's length or directed across the face in a cold setting, to dry out the epithelial blisters. This can be done two or three times a day. Scleral lenses can improve vision when it is affected by irregularities on the surface of the cornea, but may stress the corneal endothelium.
309:, the phenotype, or clinical experience of patients with Fuchs dystrophy may reflect the combination of genetic contributors to the disease. Some genetic lesions correlate with more severe disease and earlier onset. Therefore, some individuals may experience symptoms of the disease at a much earlier age, while others may not experience symptoms until late in life.
280:
loss may be aggravated or accelerated by intraocular trauma or surgery. A common scenario involves prolonged corneal swelling or edema following cataract surgery or other types of ocular surgery. Hence, patients with a history of Fuchs' dystrophy may be at a greater risk of corneal edema after ocular surgery as they have fewer functioning endothelial cells.
48:
411:, and specular microscopy are additional imaging techniques that can identify the presence of guttae and quantify the thickness of the cornea. While corneal thickness can be a valuable indicator of how the cornea is changing over time, it is affected by multiple factors and is not adequate itself as a screening tool to diagnose Fuchs dystrophy.
209:
As a progressive, chronic condition, signs and symptoms of Fuchs dystrophy gradually progress over decades of life, starting in middle age. Early symptoms include blurry vision upon wakening which improves during the morning, as fluid retained in the cornea is unable to evaporate through the surface
430:
is the definitive treatment for FECD. The most common types of surgery for FECD are
Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) and Descemet's membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK), which account for over half of corneal transplants in the United States. Injection of cultured
250:
and loss of vision. The corneal endothelial cell layer and its basement membrane (Descemet's membrane) act as a barrier to hydration of the corneal stroma by aqueous humor and are "pump" cells of the cornea that function to maintain hydration of the cornea at a specific level that maintains corneal
217:
In the late stages of the disease, the cornea is unable to maintain its fluid content and blisters, known as bullae, form on the surface of the cornea. These cause foreign body sensations and can be painful. The cornea may not heal from such epithelial defects, until corneal transplantation is able
279:
there are genetic and environmental modifiers that determine the degree to which members of the same family express the disease. There is reasonable evidence of associations between transcription factor 4 (TCF4) genetic polymorphisms and risk of Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy (FED). Endothelial cell
213:
In moderate stages of the disease, an increase in guttae and swelling in the cornea can contribute to changes in vision and decreased sharpness throughout the day. Contrast sensitivity may be affected. The change in the refractive index of the cornea may result in subtle refractive shifts, which
439:
Few studies have examined the prevalence of FECD on a large scale. First assessed in a clinical setting, Fuchs himself estimated the occurrence of dystrophia epithelialis corneae to be one in every 2000 patients; a rate that is likely reflective of those who progress to advanced disease.
460:
bullae, or blisters, which he labeled 'dystrophia epithelialis corneae'. It was characterized by late onset, slow progression, decreased visual acuity in the morning, lack of inflammation, diffuse corneal opacity, intense centrally, and roughened epithelium with vesicle-like features.
1063:
1048:
3995:
283:
FECD is classified into 4 stages, from early signs of guttae formation to end-stage subepithelial scarring. Diagnosis is made by biomicroscopic examination in the clinic. Other modalities, such as corneal thickness measurement
419:
Non-surgical treatments of FECD may be used to treat symptoms of early disease. Medical management includes topical hypertonic saline, the use of a hairdryer to dehydrate the precorneal tear film, and therapeutic soft
259:
and numerous guttae. Corneal endothelial cells in end-stage FED are reduced in number and appear attenuated, causing progressive stromal edema (swelling). Progressive endothelial cell loss causes relative influx of
200:
and is slightly more common in women than in men. Although early signs of Fuchs dystrophy are sometimes seen in people in their 30s and 40s, the disease rarely affects vision until people reach their 50s and 60s.
468:
resulted after a number of observations in the 1920s. Crystal-like features of the endothelium were noted by Kraupa in 1920, who suggested that the epithelial changes were dependent on the endothelium. Using a
3988:
440:
Cross-sectional studies suggest a relatively higher prevalence of disease in
European countries relative to other areas of the world. Fuchs dystrophy rarely affects individuals under 50 years of age.
923:
873:
Kinoshita, Shigeru; Koizumi, Noriko; Ueno, Morio; Okumura, Naoki; Imai, Kojiro; Tanaka, Hiroshi; Yamamoto, Yuji; Nakamura, Takahiro; Inatomi, Tsutomu; Bush, John; Toda, Munetoyo (2018-03-15).
400:
The diagnosis of Fuchs dystrophy is often made with slit lamp biomicroscopy. With direct illumination, the clinician can visualize guttae, the characteristic pathological changes in disease.
3981:
4908:
3456:
1177:
3030:
2357:
2919:
295:
The exact pathogenesis is unknown but factors include endothelial cell apoptosis, sex hormones, inflammation, and aqueous humor flow and composition. Mutations in
1754:
4800:
2426:
2352:
3366:
3190:
1318:
255:
clarity through precise spatial arrangement of collagen fibers. In FED, Descemet's membrane is grossly thickened with accumulation of abnormal wide-spaced
3180:
456:(1851â1930), after whom it is named. In 1910, Fuchs first reported 13 cases of central corneal clouding, loss of corneal sensation and the formation of
4163:
5010:
3266:
4404:
4234:
4105:
1328:
1224:
5005:
4595:
4095:
3844:
3607:
1366:
3763:
3449:
3409:
3025:
2374:
2369:
2194:
1333:
1295:
1209:
1204:
4127:
3306:
3150:
1290:
1170:
846:"Descemet's membrane endothelial keratoplasty versus Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty for corneal endothelial failure"
4567:
783:
McGlumphy, EJ; Yeo, WS; Riazuddin, SA; Al-Saif, A; Wang, J; Eghrari, AO; Meadows, DN; Emmert, DG; Katsanis, N; Gottsch, JD (December 2010).
431:
endothelial cells is under investigation and in a series of 11 patients in Japan with bullous keratopathy, was able to clear corneal edema.
210:
of the eye when the lids are closed overnight. As the disease worsens, the interval of blurry morning vision extends from minutes to hours.
4886:
4476:
4198:
4179:
4100:
3882:
3387:
2234:
1265:
1242:
4553:
3271:
3250:
2912:
2347:
1078:
55:
Fuchs corneal dystrophy. Light microscopic appearance of the cornea showing numerous excrescences (guttae) on the posterior surface of
4112:
2342:
2229:
1796:
1214:
577:
3973:
3442:
3175:
1957:
1016:
482:
135:
2097:
4203:
2062:
1163:
4122:
4090:
3626:
3485:
3371:
2637:
2155:
2067:
1021:
4712:
4137:
3963:
2905:
2057:
1786:
4950:
4581:
4974:
3831:
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2150:
2041:
1907:
4362:
4035:
4681:
4623:
4609:
3911:
3561:
2548:
2239:
2224:
404:
4183:
4262:
1436:
1394:
1359:
4738:
4208:
3114:
3065:
2974:
299:, a major component of Descemet's membrane secreted by endothelial cells, have been linked to the early-onset FECD.
4085:
2364:
2160:
2134:
2092:
2087:
1952:
1825:
1813:
1769:
1275:
1219:
72:
4912:
4900:
4872:
4423:
4329:
3397:
3076:
2431:
1830:
5000:
4928:
4781:
4637:
4509:
4193:
3849:
3729:
3654:
3593:
3424:
2543:
2337:
2184:
2029:
1776:
1285:
1280:
4733:
4188:
693:
Eghrari, AO; McGlumphy, EJ; Iliff, BW; Wang, J; Emmert, D; Riazuddin, SA; Katsanis, N; Gottsch, JD (June 2012).
4818:
3589:
2082:
2053:
1677:
1642:
1092:
264:
into the cornea, leading to swelling (corneal stromal edema), which results in blurred vision. Eventually, the
4495:
4343:
4117:
3896:
3839:
3777:
3648:
3533:
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2553:
2307:
2107:
1627:
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306:
4904:
4728:
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3045:
3004:
2822:
2792:
2727:
2722:
2449:
1727:
1592:
1352:
1305:
1247:
654:"Inheritance of a novel COL8A2 mutation defines a distinct early-onset subtype of Fuchs corneal dystrophy"
276:
243:
56:
2897:
4776:
4448:
4390:
4376:
4213:
4142:
3925:
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3806:
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2765:
2441:
3434:
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4348:
4008:
2538:
2124:
2119:
2077:
1892:
1808:
453:
227:
163:
2843:
2717:
2517:
2400:
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2180:
2144:
2129:
1984:
1544:
1067:
518:
408:
289:
247:
231:
4490:
4287:
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2999:
2454:
2204:
2112:
2036:
1989:
1801:
1737:
1722:
1582:
1531:
946:
285:
235:
64:
3721:
742:
Meadows, DN; Eghrari, AO; Riazuddin, SA; Emmert, DG; Katsanis, N; Gottsch, JD (December 2009).
4548:
4268:
4030:
3735:
3344:
3020:
3015:
2797:
2694:
2459:
2319:
2102:
1759:
1665:
1234:
1187:
1132:
1103:
995:
904:
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724:
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492:
193:
152:
68:
832:
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4004:
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3139:
3041:
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1587:
1474:
1464:
1257:
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88:
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3836:
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3519:
3491:
3095:
2652:
2616:
2580:
2199:
2024:
2011:
1945:
1902:
1820:
1632:
1564:
1484:
1469:
1143:
785:"Age-severity relationships in families linked to FCD2 with retroillumination photography"
4301:
4051:
3392:
2882:
2734:
2679:
2522:
2290:
2219:
2001:
1971:
1917:
1871:
1742:
1615:
1549:
1539:
1072:
1017:
Facts About the Cornea and
Corneal Disease - The National Eye Institute (United States)
990:
965:
809:
784:
719:
694:
629:
594:
542:
513:
486:
570:
The Wills eye manual: office and emergency room diagnosis and treatment of eye disease
214:
affected individuals may experience as a small change in their eyeglass prescription.
4994:
4651:
4273:
3792:
3185:
2937:
2802:
2657:
2597:
2314:
2262:
2209:
2139:
2048:
1935:
1912:
1840:
1749:
1554:
1459:
595:"Association of TCF4 polymorphisms and Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy: a meta-analysis"
275:
The inheritance of FECD is complex and polymorphic such that although inheritance is
261:
157:
17:
950:
2667:
2495:
1876:
1791:
1699:
1577:
1572:
1517:
1512:
421:
252:
1097:
3919:
3130:
2866:
2817:
2760:
2755:
2712:
2690:
2601:
2592:
2512:
2490:
2302:
2274:
2072:
1940:
1781:
1602:
1479:
1431:
1378:
1310:
1127:
465:
47:
1108:
4523:
3696:
3575:
2787:
2750:
2674:
2662:
2606:
2567:
2473:
2409:
2388:
2278:
1637:
1502:
1195:
1057:
858:
845:
710:
611:
457:
265:
1155:
900:
744:"Progression of Fuchs corneal dystrophy in a family linked to the FCD1 locus"
620:
572:(4th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 80.
4969:
2838:
2812:
2686:
2632:
2620:
2505:
2500:
2485:
2481:
2019:
1717:
1694:
1507:
1454:
1449:
1426:
1344:
1138:
470:
272:
of epithelial edema ("bullae") may be particularly painful when they burst.
197:
999:
908:
875:"Injection of Cultured Cells with a ROCK Inhibitor for Bullous Keratopathy"
818:
769:
728:
679:
638:
551:
464:
A shift to the understanding of FECD as primarily a disease of the corneal
891:
874:
532:
268:
also becomes edematous, resulting in more severe visual impairment. Focal
2929:
2877:
2642:
2176:
1979:
1610:
800:
760:
743:
670:
653:
303:
256:
1040:
3905:
3890:
3876:
3862:
3825:
3800:
3786:
3771:
3757:
3743:
3715:
3662:
3601:
3555:
3505:
3358:
2933:
2704:
2647:
2189:
1996:
1927:
1897:
1887:
1494:
942:
449:
363:
269:
695:"Prevalence and severity of fuchs corneal dystrophy in Tangier Island"
4764:
4759:
4384:
4370:
4315:
4295:
4132:
3690:
3676:
3634:
3620:
3583:
3569:
3499:
2807:
1709:
1686:
1406:
1052:
1025:
981:
343:
296:
4880:
4789:
4645:
4617:
4603:
4589:
4575:
4561:
4356:
4323:
3541:
3527:
3513:
3403:
2779:
4894:
4866:
4670:
4517:
4503:
4484:
4470:
4456:
4442:
4417:
4398:
4337:
4309:
4281:
3949:
3944:
3166:
3105:
3086:
3056:
2954:
1859:
1421:
1086:
1083:
383:
377:
357:
337:
321:
60:
3977:
3438:
2901:
2864:
2260:
1663:
1392:
1348:
1159:
94:
127:
121:
833:
https://www.allaboutvision.com/contacts/scleral-lenses.htm
109:
652:
Gottsch JD, Sundin OH, Liu SH, et al. (June 2005).
292:, and specular microscopy can be used in conjunction.
136:
124:
112:
100:
97:
91:
1030:
568:
Kunimoto, Derek; Kunal
Kanitkar; Mary Makar (2004).
118:
115:
106:
4961:
4936:
4927:
4858:
4838:
4831:
4811:
4747:
4721:
4705:
4696:
4662:
4534:
4434:
4254:
4247:
4227:
4172:
4151:
4073:
4064:
4044:
4023:
4016:
3936:
3817:
3707:
3477:
3380:
3357:
3337:
3321:
3288:
3259:
3243:
3221:
3199:
3165:
3129:
3104:
3085:
3055:
2989:
2953:
2944:
2831:
2778:
2743:
2703:
2615:
2566:
2531:
2472:
2440:
2408:
2387:
2328:
2273:
2169:
2010:
1970:
1926:
1867:
1858:
1708:
1685:
1676:
1601:
1563:
1530:
1493:
1414:
1405:
1304:
1256:
1233:
1194:
1118:
1034:
242:(meaning a drop-like appearance) and thickening of
151:
103:
79:
37:
32:
4909:Ectrodactylyâectodermal dysplasiaâcleft syndrome 3
2353:arteritic anterior (AAION or arteritic AION)
593:Li, Dan; Peng, XiaoYan; Sun, HuiYu (2015-01-01).
789:Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
748:Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
964:Eghrari, Allen O; John D Gottsch (April 2010).
931:Albrecht von Graefe's Archiv fĂźr Ophthalmologie
4801:Yemenite deaf-blind hypopigmentation syndrome
3989:
3450:
2913:
1360:
1171:
831:Jedlicka, Jason, OD, Scleral Contact Lenses,
563:
561:
8:
2427:Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
3191:Transient bullous dermolysis of the newborn
1755:Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy
1319:Congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy
67:beneath ectopically placed intraepithelial
4933:
4835:
4702:
4251:
4070:
4020:
3996:
3982:
3974:
3457:
3443:
3435:
3181:Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa
2950:
2920:
2906:
2898:
2861:
2625:
2414:
2405:
2283:
2270:
2257:
1864:
1682:
1673:
1660:
1411:
1402:
1389:
1367:
1353:
1345:
1178:
1164:
1156:
1031:
218:to restore the endothelial pump function.
162:
46:
41:Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD)
29:
3950:Mitochondrial pyruvate carrier deficiency
989:
890:
857:
808:
759:
718:
669:
628:
610:
541:
531:
4405:Posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy
4235:Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1
1329:Posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy
1225:Subepithelial mucinous corneal dystrophy
844:Stuart AJ, Virgili G, Shortt AJ (2016).
314:
4596:Anterior segment mesenchymal dysgenesis
3845:Recessive multiple epiphyseal dysplasia
3608:Congenital endothelial dystrophy type 2
504:
3026:Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita
1334:X-linked endothelial corneal dystrophy
1296:Schnyder crystalline corneal dystrophy
1210:Gelatinous drop-like corneal dystrophy
1205:Epithelial basement membrane dystrophy
403:Scheimpflug imaging, anterior segment
4128:X-linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita
3307:Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy
3151:Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy
1291:Posterior amorphous corneal dystrophy
448:The condition was first described by
7:
4180:Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome
3388:Congenital stromal corneal dystrophy
2235:Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy
1266:Congenital stromal corneal dystrophy
75:. From a review by Klintworth, 2009.
4554:Iridogoniodysgenesis, dominant type
3272:Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia
3251:Schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia
2358:non-arteritic anterior (NAION)
2195:Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
178:Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy
2230:Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis
1215:Lisch epithelial corneal dystrophy
25:
3267:WeissenbacherâZweymĂźller syndrome
3176:Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica
3031:Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia,
1958:Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
924:"Dystrophia epithelialis corneae"
699:American Journal of Ophthalmology
483:Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis
5011:Diseases named after discoverers
4568:Lymphedemaâdistichiasis syndrome
4164:Trichoârhinoâphalangeal syndrome
4138:Familial partial lipodystrophy 3
3655:Thyroid dyshormonogenesis type 1
3367:Junctional epidermolysis bullosa
2063:Central retinal artery occlusion
87:
4832:(0) Other transcription factors
4123:Estrogen insensitivity syndrome
4091:Androgen insensitivity syndrome
3832:Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia 4
3627:Glucose-galactose malabsorption
3372:Laryngoonychocutaneous syndrome
2068:Branch retinal artery occlusion
1797:Terrien's marginal degeneration
1243:ReisâBucklers corneal dystrophy
879:New England Journal of Medicine
5006:Disorders of sclera and cornea
4713:Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome
4118:PHA1AD pseudohypoaldosteronism
2098:Bietti's crystalline dystrophy
2058:Central retinal vein occlusion
1787:Pellucid marginal degeneration
1:
4975:Atrichia with papular lesions
3764:AllanâHerndonâDudley syndrome
3683:Lysinuric protein intolerance
3229:Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia
2151:Vitelliform macular dystrophy
2042:Posterior vitreous detachment
1908:Persistent pupillary membrane
4682:Popliteal pterygium syndrome
4624:Enlarged vestibular aqueduct
4463:Waardenburg syndrome 1&3
4248:(3) Helix-turn-helix domains
4007:relating to deficiencies of
3912:Acrodermatitis enteropathica
3562:Arterial tortuosity syndrome
2638:Leber's congenital amaurosis
2549:Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
2240:Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease
2225:Persistent fetal vasculature
2156:Leber's congenital amaurosis
658:Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci
405:optical coherence tomography
4782:Premature ovarian failure 7
4638:Premature ovarian failure 3
4510:Congenital hypothyroidism 2
3594:Hereditary elliptocytosis 4
1437:Meibomian gland dysfunction
234:with accumulation of focal
192:), is a slowly progressing
186:Fuchs endothelial dystrophy
5027:
4929:Transcription coregulators
4699:with minor groove contacts
4086:Thyroid hormone resistance
3590:Hereditary spherocytosis 4
2161:Birdshot chorioretinopathy
2135:Central serous retinopathy
1953:Focal choroidal excavation
1826:Corneal neovascularization
1643:Subconjunctival hemorrhage
1276:Granular corneal dystrophy
1220:Meesmann corneal dystrophy
966:"Fuchs' corneal dystrophy"
850:Cochrane Database Syst Rev
196:that usually affects both
73:Periodic acid-Schiff stain
4951:RubinsteinâTaybi syndrome
4777:SRY XY gonadal dysgenesis
4582:BamforthâLazarus syndrome
4194:Duane-radial ray syndrome
4143:SF1 XY gonadal dysgenesis
3959:
3850:Atelosteogenesis, type II
3420:
2873:
2860:
2628:
2544:Convergence insufficiency
2417:
2286:
2269:
2256:
2185:Primary juvenile glaucoma
2030:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
1672:
1659:
1445:
1401:
1388:
1379:Diseases of the human eye
1286:Macular corneal dystrophy
1281:Lattice corneal dystrophy
859:10.1002/14651858.CD012097
711:10.1016/j.ajo.2011.11.033
612:10.1186/s12886-015-0055-6
54:
45:
4819:Cleidocranial dysostosis
4036:SaethreâChotzen syndrome
2054:Ocular ischemic syndrome
937:(3). Springer: 478â508.
4796:Waardenburg syndrome 4c
4496:Coloboma of optic nerve
4344:Tooth and nail syndrome
4184:PallisterâHall syndrome
3534:Fanconi-Bickel syndrome
2964:Osteogenesis imperfecta
2554:One and a half syndrome
2308:Foster Kennedy syndrome
1271:Fleck corneal dystrophy
428:Corneal transplantation
4739:Ulnarâmammary syndrome
4697:(4) β-Scaffold factors
4677:Van der Woude syndrome
4209:TownesâBrocks syndrome
4082:Intracellular receptor
3548:Fructose malabsorption
3279:Type XI collagenopathy
3115:EhlersâDanlos syndrome
3066:EhlersâDanlos syndrome
3046:Type II collagenopathy
2975:EhlersâDanlos syndrome
2793:Argyll Robertson pupil
1593:Periorbital cellulitis
1248:Thiel-Behnke dystrophy
512:Klintworth GK (2009).
290:confocal biomicroscopy
176:, also referred to as
4913:Limbâmammary syndrome
4901:RappâHodgkin syndrome
4873:PittâHopkins syndrome
4449:Papillorenal syndrome
4424:MowatâWilson syndrome
4330:Nailâpatella syndrome
4214:Acrocallosal syndrome
3964:solute carrier family
3926:African iron overload
3855:Diastrophic dysplasia
3398:UrbachâWiethe disease
3235:(types 2, 3, & 6)
3077:SackâBarabas syndrome
2981:(types 1, 2, & 7)
2766:Scintillating scotoma
2432:KearnsâSayre syndrome
2375:Toxic and nutritional
2348:posterior (PION)
1831:KayserâFleischer ring
970:Expert Rev Ophthalmol
922:Fuchs, Ernst (1910).
892:10.1056/NEJMoa1712770
533:10.1186/1750-1172-4-7
514:"Corneal dystrophies"
307:heterogeneous disease
18:Fuch's dystrophy
4755:Campomelic dysplasia
4734:LiâFraumeni syndrome
4219:Myotonic dystrophy 2
4189:DenysâDrash syndrome
4009:transcription factor
3897:Von Gierke's disease
3778:Von Gierke's disease
2539:Conjugate gaze palsy
2410:Paralytic strabismus
2343:anterior (AION)
2125:Retinitis pigmentosa
2120:Macular degeneration
1893:Intermediate uveitis
1809:Keratoconjunctivitis
1022:Fuchs' dystrophy
801:10.1167/iovs.10-5187
761:10.1167/iovs.09-3568
671:10.1167/iovs.04-0937
228:degenerative disease
59:and the presence of
4549:Axenfeld syndrome 3
4363:Axenfeld syndrome 1
4302:SPD1 synpolydactyly
4067:DNA-binding domains
2844:Childhood blindness
2823:Parinaud's syndrome
2393:Extraocular muscles
2181:Ocular hypertension
2145:Epiretinal membrane
2130:Retinal haemorrhage
1985:Congenital cataract
1306:Descemet's membrane
519:Orphanet J Rare Dis
409:confocal microscopy
244:Descemet's membrane
232:corneal endothelium
57:Descemet's membrane
4905:HayâWells syndrome
4729:HoltâOram syndrome
4491:Gillespie syndrome
4410:Fuchs' dystrophy 3
4288:Currarino syndrome
3613:Fuchs' dystrophy 4
3329:Bullous pemphigoid
3000:Hypochondrogenesis
2370:Leber's hereditary
2037:Retinal detachment
1990:Childhood cataract
1802:Post-LASIK ectasia
1583:Orbital cellulitis
1532:Lacrimal apparatus
1119:External resources
943:10.1007/BF01986362
485:(a disease of the
277:autosomal dominant
205:Signs and symptoms
65:corneal epithelium
4988:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4854:
4853:
4827:
4826:
4692:
4691:
4269:Ohtahara syndrome
4243:
4242:
4113:Kennedy's disease
4060:
4059:
4031:Feingold syndrome
4017:(1) Basic domains
4005:Genetic disorders
3971:
3970:
3736:Gitelman syndrome
3492:Episodic ataxia 6
3432:
3431:
3353:
3352:
3345:Knobloch syndrome
3121:(types 1 & 2)
3072:(types 3 & 4)
3021:Marshall syndrome
3016:Stickler syndrome
2895:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2798:Marcus Gunn pupil
2774:
2773:
2695:Visual impairment
2562:
2561:
2468:
2467:
2455:Fourth-nerve (IV)
2383:
2382:
2320:Optic disc drusen
2252:
2251:
2248:
2247:
1966:
1965:
1854:
1853:
1760:Corneal dystrophy
1655:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1526:
1525:
1342:
1341:
1198:and subepithelial
1188:corneal dystrophy
1153:
1152:
599:BMC Ophthalmology
493:Ocular straylight
393:
392:
194:corneal dystrophy
171:
170:
69:basement membrane
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
5018:
5001:Collagen disease
4934:
4836:
4703:
4274:Lissencephaly X2
4252:
4159:Barakat syndrome
4071:
4021:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3975:
3869:Pendred syndrome
3641:Renal glycosuria
3466:Genetic disorder
3459:
3452:
3445:
3436:
3425:fibrous proteins
3410:DFNA8/12, DFNB21
3314:
3311:
3303:
3300:
3296:Bethlem myopathy
3276:
3236:
3233:
3214:
3211:
3207:Fuchs' dystrophy
3158:
3155:
3147:
3144:
3140:Bethlem myopathy
3122:
3119:
3073:
3070:
3042:Kniest dysplasia
3037:
3036:(Strudwick type)
3034:
3011:
3008:
2982:
2979:
2971:
2968:
2951:
2946:Collagen disease
2922:
2915:
2908:
2899:
2862:
2626:
2617:Vision disorders
2576:Refractive error
2518:Brown's syndrome
2474:Other strabismus
2460:Sixth-nerve (VI)
2450:Oculomotor (III)
2422:Ophthalmoparesis
2415:
2406:
2397:Binocular vision
2330:Optic neuropathy
2296:optic papillitis
2284:
2271:
2258:
2147:(Macular pucker)
1865:
1846:Band keratopathy
1683:
1674:
1661:
1588:Orbital lymphoma
1475:Blepharophimosis
1465:Blepharochalasis
1412:
1403:
1390:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1346:
1324:Fuchs' dystrophy
1180:
1173:
1166:
1157:
1032:
1004:
1003:
993:
982:10.1586/eop.10.8
961:
955:
954:
928:
919:
913:
912:
894:
885:(11): 995â1003.
870:
864:
863:
861:
841:
835:
829:
823:
822:
812:
795:(12): 6298â302.
780:
774:
773:
763:
739:
733:
732:
722:
690:
684:
683:
673:
649:
643:
642:
632:
614:
590:
584:
583:
565:
556:
555:
545:
535:
509:
452:ophthalmologist
315:
167:
166:
140:
134:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
117:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
99:
96:
93:
50:
33:Fuchs' dystrophy
30:
21:
5026:
5025:
5021:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5016:
5015:
4991:
4990:
4989:
4980:
4957:
4923:
4850:
4846:Kabuki syndrome
4823:
4807:
4743:
4717:
4698:
4688:
4658:
4530:
4430:
4239:
4223:
4168:
4147:
4066:
4065:(2) Zinc finger
4056:
4040:
4012:
4011:or coregulators
4002:
3972:
3967:
3955:
3932:
3837:Achondrogenesis
3813:
3722:Crohn's disease
3703:
3669:Hartnup disease
3520:De Vivo disease
3473:
3463:
3433:
3428:
3416:
3376:
3349:
3333:
3317:
3312:
3309:
3301:
3298:
3284:
3274:
3255:
3239:
3234:
3231:
3217:
3212:
3209:
3195:
3161:
3156:
3153:
3145:
3142:
3125:
3120:
3117:
3100:
3096:Alport syndrome
3081:
3071:
3068:
3051:
3035:
3032:
3009:
3006:
3005:Achondrogenesis
2985:
2980:
2977:
2969:
2966:
2940:
2926:
2896:
2887:
2869:
2848:
2827:
2770:
2739:
2699:
2653:Color blindness
2619:
2611:
2558:
2532:Other binocular
2527:
2464:
2436:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2379:
2324:
2277:
2265:
2244:
2200:Ocular hypotony
2165:
2025:Chorioretinitis
2006:
1962:
1946:Chorioretinitis
1922:
1903:Rubeosis iridis
1881:
1850:
1821:Corneal opacity
1777:Corneal ectasia
1704:
1668:
1647:
1633:Pseudopterygium
1597:
1559:
1522:
1489:
1485:Ankyloblepharon
1441:
1397:
1384:
1383:
1373:
1343:
1338:
1309:
1300:
1252:
1229:
1190:
1184:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1144:article/1193591
1114:
1113:
1043:
1013:
1008:
1007:
963:
962:
958:
926:
921:
920:
916:
872:
871:
867:
852:(3): CD012097.
843:
842:
838:
830:
826:
782:
781:
777:
741:
740:
736:
692:
691:
687:
651:
650:
646:
592:
591:
587:
580:
567:
566:
559:
511:
510:
506:
501:
479:
446:
437:
417:
398:
312:Genes include:
224:
207:
174:Fuchs dystrophy
161:
147:
138:
90:
86:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5024:
5022:
5014:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4993:
4992:
4986:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4955:
4954:
4953:
4940:
4938:
4931:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4842:
4840:
4833:
4829:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4815:
4813:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4804:
4803:
4798:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4779:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4725:
4723:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4709:
4707:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4686:
4685:
4684:
4679:
4666:
4664:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4551:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4526:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4493:
4481:
4480:
4479:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4426:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4407:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4367:
4366:
4365:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4271:
4258:
4256:
4249:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4161:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4088:
4077:
4075:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4052:Tietz syndrome
4048:
4046:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4033:
4027:
4025:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3993:
3986:
3978:
3969:
3968:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3834:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3470:Solute carrier
3464:
3462:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3439:
3430:
3429:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3400:
3395:
3393:Raine syndrome
3390:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3363:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3304:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3269:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3172:
3170:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3148:
3136:
3134:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3111:
3109:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3092:
3090:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3062:
3060:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3039:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2972:
2960:
2958:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2938:scleroproteins
2927:
2925:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2902:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2883:Onchocerciasis
2880:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2784:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2735:Quadrantanopia
2732:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2709:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2680:Oguchi disease
2672:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2629:
2623:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2595:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2572:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2523:Duane syndrome
2520:
2515:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2493:
2488:
2478:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2446:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2418:
2412:
2403:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2334:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2291:Optic neuritis
2287:
2281:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2220:Phthisis bulbi
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2103:Coats' disease
2100:
2095:
2093:of prematurity
2090:
2085:
2080:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2051:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2016:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
2002:Ectopia lentis
1999:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1976:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1938:
1932:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1860:Vascular tunic
1856:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1743:Photokeratitis
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1714:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1691:
1689:
1680:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1616:Conjunctivitis
1613:
1607:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1569:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1550:Dacryocystitis
1547:
1542:
1540:Dacryoadenitis
1536:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1499:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1418:
1416:
1409:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1349:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1315:
1313:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1262:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1239:
1237:
1235:Bowman's layer
1231:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1201:
1199:
1192:
1191:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1175:
1168:
1160:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1135:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1100:
1089:
1075:
1060:
1044:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1035:Classification
1029:
1028:
1019:
1012:
1011:External links
1009:
1006:
1005:
976:(2): 147â159.
956:
914:
865:
836:
824:
775:
754:(12): 5662â6.
734:
705:(6): 1067â72.
685:
644:
585:
579:978-0781742078
578:
557:
503:
502:
500:
497:
496:
495:
490:
478:
475:
445:
442:
436:
433:
422:contact lenses
416:
413:
397:
394:
391:
390:
387:
380:
375:
371:
370:
367:
360:
355:
351:
350:
347:
340:
335:
331:
330:
327:
324:
319:
223:
220:
206:
203:
169:
168:
155:
149:
148:
146:
145:
83:
81:
77:
76:
52:
51:
43:
42:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5023:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4976:
4972:
4971:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4960:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4926:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4883:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4868:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4857:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4834:
4830:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4810:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4746:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4720:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4704:
4701:
4695:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4672:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4661:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4250:
4246:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4069:
4063:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4019:
4015:
4010:
4006:
3999:
3994:
3992:
3987:
3985:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3966:
3965:
3958:
3951:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3793:Salla disease
3791:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3460:
3455:
3453:
3448:
3446:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3427:
3426:
3419:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3308:
3305:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3280:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3186:Bart syndrome
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3152:
3149:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3075:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2976:
2973:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2923:
2918:
2916:
2911:
2909:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2803:Adie syndrome
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2658:Achromatopsia
2656:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2598:Anisometropia
2596:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2401:Accommodation
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2315:Optic atrophy
2313:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2215:Keratomycosis
2213:
2211:
2210:Globe rupture
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2140:Macular edema
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2049:Retinoschisis
2047:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1936:Choroideremia
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1913:Iridodialysis
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1841:Arcus senilis
1839:
1837:
1836:Haab's striae
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1750:Corneal ulcer
1748:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1728:acanthamoebic
1726:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1678:Fibrous tunic
1675:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1555:Xerophthalmia
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1460:Lagophthalmos
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1001:
997:
992:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
960:
957:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
925:
918:
915:
910:
906:
902:
898:
893:
888:
884:
880:
876:
869:
866:
860:
855:
851:
847:
840:
837:
834:
828:
825:
820:
816:
811:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
779:
776:
771:
767:
762:
757:
753:
749:
745:
738:
735:
730:
726:
721:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
689:
686:
681:
677:
672:
667:
664:(6): 1934â9.
663:
659:
655:
648:
645:
640:
636:
631:
626:
622:
618:
613:
608:
604:
600:
596:
589:
586:
581:
575:
571:
564:
562:
558:
553:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
525:
521:
520:
515:
508:
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498:
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491:
488:
484:
481:
480:
476:
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472:
467:
462:
459:
455:
451:
443:
441:
434:
432:
429:
425:
423:
414:
412:
410:
406:
401:
395:
388:
386:
385:
381:
379:
376:
373:
372:
368:
366:
365:
361:
359:
356:
353:
352:
349:1p34.3-p32.3
348:
346:
345:
341:
339:
336:
333:
332:
328:
325:
323:
320:
317:
316:
313:
310:
308:
305:
300:
298:
297:collagen VIII
293:
291:
287:
281:
278:
273:
271:
267:
263:
262:aqueous humor
258:
254:
249:
248:corneal edema
246:, leading to
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
221:
219:
215:
211:
204:
202:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
165:
159:
158:Ophthalmology
156:
154:
150:
143:
142:
132:
85:
84:
82:
80:Pronunciation
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
53:
49:
44:
40:
36:
31:
19:
4968:
4962:Corepressor:
4943:
4937:Coactivator:
4893:
4879:
4865:
4788:
4769:
4669:
4644:
4630:
4616:
4602:
4588:
4574:
4560:
4541:
4516:
4502:
4483:
4469:
4455:
4441:
4416:
4409:
4397:
4383:
4369:
4355:
4336:
4322:
4308:
4294:
4280:
4261:
3961:
3943:
3918:
3904:
3889:
3875:
3861:
3824:
3799:
3785:
3770:
3756:
3742:
3728:
3714:
3689:
3675:
3661:
3647:
3633:
3619:
3612:
3600:
3582:
3568:
3554:
3540:
3526:
3512:
3498:
3484:
3468:, membrane:
3422:
3402:
3206:
2970:(types IâIV)
2928:Diseases of
2693: /
2689: /
2668:Monochromacy
2600: /
2496:Heterophoria
2484: /
2183: /
2179: /
2083:hypertensive
2056: /
1877:Ciliary body
1792:Keratoglobus
1764:
1700:Episcleritis
1578:Enophthalmos
1573:Exophthalmos
1518:Trichomegaly
1513:Distichiasis
1415:Inflammation
1323:
1137:
1126:
1102:
1091:
1077:
1062:
1047:
973:
969:
959:
934:
930:
917:
882:
878:
868:
849:
839:
827:
792:
788:
778:
751:
747:
737:
702:
698:
688:
661:
657:
647:
602:
598:
588:
569:
523:
517:
507:
463:
447:
438:
435:Epidemiology
426:
418:
402:
399:
382:
362:
342:
311:
301:
294:
282:
274:
225:
216:
212:
208:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
172:
2818:Cycloplegia
2761:Photophobia
2756:Hemeralopia
2713:Hemianopsia
2691:Vision loss
2602:Aniseikonia
2593:Astigmatism
2513:Cyclotropia
2491:Hypertropia
2303:Papilledema
2275:Optic nerve
2108:Sickle cell
2088:Purtscher's
2073:Retinopathy
1941:Choroiditis
1782:Keratoconus
1603:Conjunctiva
1480:Xanthelasma
1432:Blepharitis
1311:endothelial
1128:MedlinePlus
466:endothelium
454:Ernst Fuchs
304:genetically
288:), in-vivo
38:Other names
4995:Categories
3697:Cystinuria
3576:Cystinuria
2936:and other
2867:Infections
2788:Anisocoria
2751:Asthenopia
2744:subjective
2728:homonymous
2723:bitemporal
2675:Nyctalopia
2663:Dichromacy
2607:Presbyopia
2568:Refraction
2389:Strabismus
2279:Optic disc
1638:Pinguecula
1503:Trichiasis
1196:Epithelial
1104:DiseasesDB
499:References
458:epithelial
369:20p13-p12
286:pachymetry
266:epithelium
236:outgrowths
226:FECD is a
4859:Ungrouped
3962:see also
3472:disorders
3423:see also
2839:Nystagmus
2813:Mydriasis
2687:Blindness
2633:Amblyopia
2621:Blindness
2581:Hyperopia
2506:Exophoria
2501:Esophoria
2486:Exotropia
2482:Esotropia
2020:Retinitis
1718:Keratitis
1695:Scleritis
1628:Pterygium
1508:Madarosis
1455:Ectropion
1450:Entropion
1427:Chalazion
1186:Types of
1139:eMedicine
901:0028-4793
621:1471-2415
471:slit lamp
415:Treatment
396:Diagnosis
153:Specialty
3899:, GSD-Ib
3780:, GSD-Ic
3313:(type 2)
3302:(type 2)
3213:(type 1)
3157:(type 1)
3146:(type 1)
3010:(type 2)
2930:collagen
2878:Trachoma
2643:Diplopia
2338:Ischemic
2263:Pathways
2177:Glaucoma
2078:diabetic
1980:Cataract
1918:Synechia
1770:Meesmann
1738:Exposure
1723:herpetic
1621:allergic
1611:Chemosis
1545:Epiphora
1000:20625449
951:44720855
909:29539291
819:20811064
770:19608546
729:22321803
680:15914606
639:26087656
552:19236704
526:(1): 7.
477:See also
450:Austrian
389:10p11.2
270:blisters
257:collagen
141:-trÉ-fee
4610:ACD/MPV
3945:SLC54A1
3920:SLC40A1
3906:SLC39A4
3891:SLC37A4
3883:CDOG 2C
3877:SLC35C1
3863:SLC26A4
3840:type 1B
3826:SLC26A2
3801:SLC17A8
3787:SLC17A5
3772:SLC17A3
3758:SLC16A2
3744:SLC16A1
3730:SLC12A3
3716:SLC11A1
3663:SLC6A19
3602:SLC4A11
3556:SLC2A10
3506:SPATCCM
3359:Laminin
2934:laminin
2718:binasal
2705:Anopsia
2648:Scotoma
2442:palsies
2205:Red eye
2190:Floater
1997:Aphakia
1928:Choroid
1898:Hyphema
1888:Uveitis
1495:Eyelash
1098:D005642
991:2897712
810:3055756
720:4154491
630:4474332
543:2695576
444:History
364:SLC4A11
253:stromal
238:called
230:of the
63:in the
4945:CREBBP
4765:MODY 5
4760:MODY 3
4524:STHAG3
4477:MODY 9
4385:POU3F4
4377:DFNA15
4371:POU4F3
4316:MODY 4
4296:HOXD13
4204:MRX 89
4199:MODY 7
4133:MODY 1
3807:DFNA25
3691:SLC7A9
3677:SLC7A7
3649:SLC5A5
3635:SLC5A2
3621:SLC5A1
3584:SLC4A1
3570:SLC3A1
3542:SLC2A5
3528:SLC2A2
3514:SLC2A1
3500:SLC1A4
3486:SLC1A3
3338:COL18:
3322:COL17:
3310:
3299:
3289:COL12:
3275:
3260:COL11:
3244:COL10:
3232:
3210:
3154:
3143:
3118:
3069:
3033:
3007:
2978:
2967:
2808:Miosis
2586:Myopia
2365:Kjer's
2113:photic
2012:Retina
1765:Fuchs'
1733:fungal
1710:Cornea
1687:Sclera
1470:Ptosis
1407:Eyelid
1395:Adnexa
1258:Stroma
1133:007295
1087:610158
1084:136800
1073:371.57
1026:Curlie
998:
988:
949:
907:
899:
817:
807:
768:
727:
717:
678:
637:
627:
619:
605:: 61.
576:
550:
540:
378:189909
374:FECD6
358:610206
354:FECD4
344:COL8A2
338:136800
334:FECD1
329:Locus
240:guttae
184:) and
160:
144:
137:fooks-
4887:TNDM1
4881:ZFP57
4790:SOX10
4646:FOXP3
4632:FOXL2
4618:FOXI1
4604:FOXF1
4590:FOXE3
4576:FOXE1
4562:FOXC2
4543:FOXC1
4391:DFNX2
4357:PITX2
4324:LMX1B
3937:51-60
3818:21-40
3708:11-20
3404:TECTA
3381:Other
3222:COL9:
3200:COL8:
2832:Other
2780:Pupil
2170:Other
1814:sicca
1666:Globe
1565:Orbit
1109:31163
1058:H18.5
947:S2CID
927:(PDF)
326:Gene
318:Type
302:As a
222:Cause
61:cysts
4917:OFC8
4895:TP63
4867:TCF4
4812:4.11
4671:IRF6
4652:IPEX
4518:PAX9
4504:PAX8
4485:PAX6
4471:PAX4
4457:PAX3
4443:PAX2
4418:ZEB2
4399:ZEB1
4349:OFC5
4338:MSX1
4310:PDX1
4282:MNX1
4106:CAIS
4101:MAIS
4096:PAIS
3750:HHF7
3478:1-10
3167:COL7
3131:COL6
3106:COL5
3087:COL4
3057:COL3
2991:COL2
2955:COL1
1972:Lens
1872:Iris
1422:Stye
1093:MeSH
1079:OMIM
1068:9-CM
996:PMID
905:PMID
897:ISSN
815:PMID
766:PMID
725:PMID
676:PMID
635:PMID
617:ISSN
574:ISBN
548:PMID
487:iris
384:ZEB1
322:OMIM
198:eyes
182:FECD
4839:0.6
4771:SF1
4748:4.7
4722:4.3
4706:4.2
4663:3.5
4535:3.3
4435:3.2
4263:ARX
4255:3.1
4228:2.5
4173:2.3
4152:2.2
4084:):
4074:2.1
4045:1.3
4024:1.2
1308:and
1064:ICD
1049:ICD
1024:at
986:PMC
978:doi
939:doi
887:doi
883:378
854:doi
805:PMC
797:doi
756:doi
715:PMC
707:doi
703:153
666:doi
625:PMC
607:doi
538:PMC
528:doi
190:FED
139:DIS
4997::
4970:HR
2932:,
1142::
1131::
1107::
1096::
1082::
1071::
1056::
1053:10
994:.
984:.
972:.
968:.
945:.
935:76
933:.
929:.
903:.
895:.
881:.
877:.
848:.
813:.
803:.
793:51
791:.
787:.
764:.
752:50
750:.
746:.
723:.
713:.
701:.
697:.
674:.
662:46
660:.
656:.
633:.
623:.
615:.
603:15
601:.
597:.
560:^
546:.
536:.
522:.
516:.
407:,
95:uË
71:.
4977:)
4973:(
4915:/
4911:/
4907:/
4903:/
4182:/
4080:(
3997:e
3990:t
3983:v
3952:)
3948:(
3592:/
3458:e
3451:t
3444:v
3281:)
3277:(
3169::
3133::
3108::
3089::
3059::
3048:)
3044:(
2993::
2957::
2921:e
2914:t
2907:v
1368:e
1361:t
1354:v
1179:e
1172:t
1165:v
1066:-
1051:-
1041:D
1002:.
980::
974:5
953:.
941::
911:.
889::
862:.
856::
821:.
799::
772:.
758::
731:.
709::
682:.
668::
641:.
609::
582:.
554:.
530::
524:4
489:)
284:(
188:(
180:(
131:/
128:i
125:f
122:É
119:r
116:t
113:s
110:ÉŞ
107:d
104:Ë
101:s
98:k
92:f
89:/
20:)
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