37:
815:, with the optimal conditions for toxin production being low temperatures, 5–8 °C (41–46 °F), darkness, and a slightly acidic environment (pH around 5.6). Notably, the specific types of mycotoxins produced depend on the species in question, and significant diversity exists among species in this respect. This diversity of secondary metabolite synthesis and the respective genes involved is thought to have arisen via
490:. It is a fast-growing fungus, usually able to grow up to 8-8.8 cm in diameter within four days. Its optimal growth temperature ranges from 22.5–27.5 °C (72.5–81.5 °F), with the minimum and maximum temperatures required for growth being 2.5–7 °C (36.5–44.6 °F) and 35 °C (95 °F), respectively. The minimum humidity level required for vegetative growth is 88%.
950:
diseases jeopardize crop viability as well as releasing potentially hazardous mycotoxins, their management and control is relevant to agriculture and public health. Field management is a useful control measure, as alternating wheat cultivation with that of other crop types that are not susceptible to
937:
attacks. Although whether or not intentional biological warfare actually took place remains unclear, soil analyses of the affected areas indicate the presence of above-normal levels of tricothecenes, as well as types of tricothecenes that are not usually produced by naturally occurring microorganisms
893:
contamination of wheat itself during the preharvest period, so the likelihood of mycotoxins being present in consumer-ready cereal products is relatively low. In the 1940s, however, reported outbreaks of alimentary toxic aleukia (ATA) (the depletion of leukocytes, the causative agent of which was
959:
species colonization. Moreover, appropriate ploughing techniques can be implemented to eliminate the layer of fungi that accumulates on soil and consequently prevent the propagation of fusaria. Irrigation control can also significantly limit water-mediated dispersion of pathogenic
286:, but there have since been several different classification systems that reach different conclusions, and consensus around this has been difficult to establish, perhaps in part because research focuses predominantly on the agriculturally or botanically more significant fusaria.
717:
itself causes only wheat head blight, this disease is a significant concern in the agricultural industry, as crop yield losses due to head blight can be extensive. In Russia for example, head blight has in past years been responsible for 25 to 50% reductions in crop yield.
1392:
Chelkowski, J.; Malgorzata, M.; Kwasna, H.; Visconti, A.; Golinski, P. (1989). "Fusarium sporotrichioides Sherb., Fusarium tricinctum (Corda) Sacco and
Fusarium poae (Peck) Wollenw. - Cultural Characteristics, Toxinogenicity and Pathogenicity Towards Cereals".
266:
were identified by the 1930s, however, upon further analysis, these were narrowed down to 65 different species. Despite this reduction in the recognised number of species, differentiating one from the other remained difficult and unclear.
592:
As conidial morphology can vary depending not only on factors such as temperature, but also on the components of the growth medium, precision, and consistency in the production and use of growth media is important.
1578:
Ma, Li-Jun; Geiser, David M.; Proctor, Robert H.; Rooney, Alejandro P.; O'Donnell, Kerry; Trail, Frances; Gardiner, Donald M.; Manners, John M.; Kazan, Kemal (8 September 2013). "Fusarium
Pathogenomics".
509:. These are small molecules with a high affinity for iron, that are produced by other soil-dwelling microorganisms and act as their iron-delivery system, thus interfering with the uptake of iron by
1508:
Schilling, A. G.; Moller, E. M.; Geiger, H. H. (1996). "Polymerase chain reaction-based assays for species-specific detection of
Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium graminearum and F. avenaceum".
343:
families. As each species produces a different pattern of peaks, this technique allows accurate species identification, and has successfully been applied to several fusaria, including
537:, which are now carefully considered in its identification. The fact that these polyphialides produce pyriform as well as fusiform microconidia is a further distinctive feature of
529:
species have hooks or notches whilst others do not, but these differences are not always sufficient to distinguish closely related fusaria from one another. A feature unique to
906:, including immune suppression, necrosis, and hemorrhaging from the throat, nose, and skin. Although Snyder and Hansen classified the causative agent of the outbreak as
713:
includes species that cause several crop diseases, including ear rot in maize, and head blight in wheat, thus contributing to significant crop yield reduction. Although
378:
population each species constitutes fluctuating depending on extant weather conditions, as for example, colder weather hinders the growth of dominant species such as
633:
specifically, sequences of known genes of the species have been used to study potential virulence genes in other fusaria, for example in the characterisation of the
617:
species include oatmeal agar and potato sucrose agar, on which the main distinguishing characteristics of the species surface after roughly 10 to 14 days of growth.
580:(RFLP) are also useful in the differentiation of fusaria, as differences in base-pair sequence cause the sample DNA sequences to be fragmented at different sites by
1791:
1843:
761:
are usually more prevalent in these areas. Favourable temperature and humidity conditions are associated with an increased likelihood of infection of wheat by
609:
for the fusaria. Although its formulation is now considered somewhat outdated, PCNB has historically been useful for the rapid distinction between different
1899:
933:
has been suspected in the case of the controversial Soviet air attacks on several
Southeast Asian countries in the 1970s and 1980s, referred to as the
799:, resulting in a scaliness and discolouration. The infection usually spreads to other areas of the wheat head in favourable environmental conditions.
577:
734:, and several Fusaria have been shown to contribute to the rotting of certain fruits and vegetables in suboptimal storage conditions. In the case of
1765:
569:
889:, represent a concern for human health due to the possibility of contamination of cereal grains, although efforts are usually made to reduce the
459:(referred to as subglobose), that are usually 5-7 μm in diameter, whilst their macroconidia are slightly curved and usually have three to five
328:
1623:
1429:
1373:
584:, resulting in DNA fragments of different lengths. This identification method is particularly useful for screening large numbers of samples.
202:
in wheat, consequently being of notable agricultural and economic importance. The species is ecologically widespread, being found across
1477:"Refinement of PCR-detection of Fusarium avenaceum and evidence from DNA marker studies for phenetic relatedness to Fusarium tricinctum"
841:
in mammals, as well as causing intestinal damage and acting as an emetic in trout and birds, respectively. Other mycotoxins produced by
1562:
1038:
479:
1178:
1150:
1366:
Fusarium : A pictorial guide to the identification of
Fusarium species according to the taxonomic system of Snyder and Hansen
282:
and cultured them for subsequent analysis of their genetic variation. Their work indicated the existence of 9 distinct species of
1909:
525:
from other fusaria is mainly based on differences in conidial morphology. For example, the basal cells of macroconidia in some
1459:
1341:
1295:
1252:
1120:
1082:
259:
1830:
894:
ingested during food consumption) in parts of what was then the USSR were thought to have occurred via the ingestion of
678:
270:
Lacking a satisfactory system of classification and identification with which to organise these many, seemingly similar
573:
1848:
557:
348:
36:
902:. ATA has a notably severe pathology and significantly different clinical manifestations in comparison to other
816:
601:
species, but its use is limited by the fact that sporulation can take up to two months on this medium. Peptone
262:
in 1809, prior to the recognition of fungal involvement in plant disease. Over a thousand different species of
693:
is a hard metal, this has applications for the production of small cutting tools. A further example includes
467:
that are 7 to 15 μm in diameter, and serve as an important feature for their distinction from other fusaria.
1914:
1904:
765:
species, with higher humidity being more conducive to infection, especially during the flowering period, or
602:
391:
1681:
812:
131:
386:
to dominate. In contrast to other taxonomically-related fusaria that are mainly found on cereal crops,
981:
1858:
1757:
1726:
674:
638:
634:
594:
222:-derived mycotoxins can have repercussions for human health in the case of the ingestion of infected
199:
833:. NT-1 and NT-2 toxins are inhibitors of protein synthesis, whilst nivalenol is a skin irritant and
505:
as carbon sources for growth. Fusarial growth is also iron-dependent, and is therefore inhibited by
278:
Snyder and Hansen collected samples of various fusaria from laboratories worldwide, isolated single
1822:
581:
299:
930:
320:
153:
31:
1796:
290:
exemplifies these classification difficulties, as it is usually designated as belonging to the
226:. One such example includes the outbreak of alimentary toxic aleukia (ATA) in Russia, of which
1894:
1866:
1713:
1619:
1596:
1558:
1455:
1425:
1369:
1337:
1291:
1248:
1174:
1146:
1116:
1078:
1034:
858:
682:
650:
243:
1871:
1588:
1517:
1488:
1402:
606:
420:
is usually white in early growth, but syellow, brownish, red, pink, or purple later on. The
336:
291:
576:
for use in PCR that will consequently only amplify the DNA sequence of a specific species.
673:
have applications for biotechnology through their usefulness as hosts in which to express
406:
78:
533:
compared to taxonomically related species is the presence of multiporous cells, known as
1592:
825:
produces the mycotoxins neosolaniol, nivalenol, NT-1 toxin, NT-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and
1752:
1406:
911:
830:
464:
215:
189:
1031:
Mycotoxins : detection methods, management, public health, and agricultural trade
1888:
1493:
1476:
914:
903:
654:
425:
402:
332:
629:
species provide useful model systems for research in molecular biology. Considering
1718:
1329:
861:
and consequently the breakdown of carbohydrates. Nontoxic secondary metabolites of
854:
850:
605:(PCNB) medium, historically known as Nash medium, is considered the most effective
506:
437:
198:
species responsible for damaging crops, in particular causing a condition known as
1835:
1817:
1778:
1640:
934:
870:
785:
750:
542:
340:
294:
Sporotrichiella, along with other similar species such as the more well-studied
275:
98:
88:
1704:
697:, which has been used for the synthesis of silver, but similar applications of
556:
Over the past years, advances in molecular biology and the introduction of the
874:
866:
846:
773:
211:
68:
1739:
837:, and can cause bone marrow degeneration. T-2 toxin is associated with skin
826:
781:
690:
502:
367:
207:
48:
1600:
853:
damage in mammals and interferes with chlorophyll retention in plants, and
374:
are often found colonising the same area, with the proportion of the total
1314:
Samson, Robert A.; Hoekstra, Ellen S.; van
Oorschot, Connie A. N. (1981).
230:-infected crop was suspected to be the cause. Although current studies on
1804:
1698:
1521:
838:
834:
796:
766:
753:, as well as Eastern and Northern Europe, although other species such as
534:
478:
carries out both sexual and asexual mechanisms of reproduction, with its
456:
441:
433:
363:
203:
194:
108:
1538:
King, A.D.; Pitt, John I.; Beuchat, Larry R.; Corry, Janet E.L. (1986).
242:
has found several applications as a model system for experimentation in
1770:
792:
494:
445:
370:
regions, usually in the soil or on wheat. Several members of the genus
313:
223:
1783:
1665:
Wannemacher, R. W.; Wiener, S. L. (1997). "Trichothecene
Mycotoxins".
1368:(2nd ed.). University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
885:
Trichothecene mycotoxins such as HT-2 and T-2 toxin, both produced by
1809:
1475:
Turner, A. S.; Lees, A. K.; Rezanoora, H. N.; Nicholsona, P. (1998).
1169:
Hawksworth, D. L.; Kirk, P. M.; Sutton, B. C.; Pegler, D. N. (2008).
899:
647:
498:
460:
449:
421:
279:
186:
58:
1675:
1744:
1669:. Washington D.C.: Office of The Surgeon General, TMM Publications.
964:
species, ultimately reducing the likelihood of crop contamination.
613:
species in soil samples. Other media used for the identification of
436:, and may form reddish- or yellow-brown clusters of hyphae, called
1029:
Leslie, John F.; Bandyopadhyay, Ranajit; Visconti, Angelo (2008).
235:
549:
are a crucial characteristic in its distinction from the similar
455:
Members of this species have irregularly shaped, almost globular
1731:
1679:
1334:
Plant–Microbe
Interactions: Molecular and Genetic Perspectives
731:
1203:
Die
Fusarien - Ihre Beschreibung, Schadwirkung und Bekämpfung
749:
is one of the most common causative agents of head blight in
390:
is often soil-dwelling. Furthermore, other non-pathogenic or
1288:
Microfungi on land plants : an identification handbook
234:
are somewhat limited in comparison to other species in the
1143:
Fusarium : Genomics, Molecular and
Cellular Biology
653:
has been a particularly useful approach to studying the
568:
can be identified through the cloning and sequencing of
1245:
Fusarium : mycotoxins, taxonomy, and pathogenicity
513:
species and consequently preventing their germination.
1614:
Cole, R. J.; Schweikert, M. A.; Jarvis, B. B. (2003).
564:
species a far more precise process. Today, species of
304:, although other classification systems have placed
1688:
1667:Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare
784:. The infection of spikelets results in a loss of
448:, whilst reddish-brown clusters turn yellow under
440:. Yellow sporodochia turn purple upon addition of
1073:Domsch, K. H.; Gams, W.; Anderson, T. H. (1993).
772:Fusarium head blight is caused by the release of
738:, the affected produce includes peas and apples.
730:also cause the discolouration of cereals such as
351:is usually used as a less expensive alternative.
1318:. Utrecht: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures.
1540:Methods for the Mycological Examination of Food
1171:Ainsworth & Bisby's dictionary of the fungi
258:was first characterised by the German botanist
1115:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
661:Applications to biochemistry and biotechnology
621:Experimental applications in molecular biology
169:Fusarium sporotrichiella var. sporotrichioides
1173:(2nd ed.). Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CABI.
1077:(Reprint 1980. ed.). Eching: IHW-Verl.
1024:
1022:
921:, a conclusion supported by several sources.
677:, whilst others are used in the synthesis of
8:
1223:. Surrey: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux.
1201:Wollenweber, H. W.; Reinking, O. A. (1935).
1141:Brown, Daren W.; Proctor, Robert H. (2013).
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
316:morphology to other species in the section.
1553:Rai, Mahendra; Bridge, Paul Dennis (2009).
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1676:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
869:(an important cell membrane constituent),
331:, with each of the peaks on the resulting
210:regions, and is a significant producer of
20:
1492:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1364:Toussoun, T. A.; Nelson, Paul E. (1976).
1309:
1307:
1205:. Berlin: Verlagsbuchhandlung Paul Parey.
1164:
1162:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
925:Fusarium mycotoxins as biological weapons
578:Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms
1616:Handbook of secondary fungal metabolites
521:In earlier work, the differentiation of
312:section, based on the similarity of its
1533:
1531:
1387:
1385:
1266:
1264:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1214:
1212:
1145:. Norfolk, UK: Caister Academic Press.
972:
929:The use of trichothecene mycotoxins as
780:species, which damage wheat kernels or
397:species are frequently found alongside
1290:(New ed.). Slough: Richmond Pub.
560:(PCR) have made the identification of
329:high-performance liquid chromatography
1424:(3rd ed.). Dordrecht: Springer.
7:
1859:477c992d-04b1-420c-950c-c57916fa08d9
1420:Pitt, J. I.; Hocking, A. D. (1985).
1136:
1134:
1132:
705:Agricultural and economic importance
517:Identification and detection methods
463:. Many have numerous brown, globose
1593:10.1146/annurev-micro-092412-155650
428:, but can have up to eight nuclei.
218:. Although mainly infecting crops,
1900:Fungal tree pathogens and diseases
1454:. Wallingford: CAB International.
1407:10.1111/j.1439-0434.1989.tb04910.x
1275:. Suttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag.
14:
1645:FAO Corporate Document Repository
1033:(. ed.). Wallingford: CABI.
865:include various sterols, such as
597:(PDA) is widely used for growing
1494:10.1046/j.1365-3059.1998.00250.x
1316:Introduction to Food-borne Fungi
1286:Ellis, M.B.; Pamela, J. (1997).
1271:Domsch, K. H.; Gams, W. (1970).
1113:Molds, mushrooms, and mycotoxins
795:extend from the kernel wall, or
35:
1641:"An Introduction to Mycotoxins"
1452:Applications of PCR in Mycology
1111:Christensen, Clyde M. (1975).
811:species produce mycotoxins as
788:, whilst in infected kernels,
643:. Moreover, the generation of
1:
1581:Annual Review of Microbiology
881:Implications for human health
685:production can be induced in
1332:; Nester, Eugene W. (1986).
980:Index Fungorum Partnership.
1931:
946:Considering the fact that
382:, allowing others such as
1690:Fusarium sporotrichioides
1557:. Wallingford, UK: CABI.
1542:. New York: Plenum Press.
1395:Journal of Phytopathology
982:"Global Species Database"
955:diseases interferes with
558:polymerase chain reaction
493:This species uses mainly
476:Fusarium sporotrichioides
418:Fusarium sporotrichioides
360:Fusarium sporotrichioides
349:thin-layer chromatography
240:Fusarium sporotrichioides
182:Fusarium sporotrichioides
159:
152:
141:Fusarium sporotrichioides
137:
130:
32:Scientific classification
30:
25:Fusarium sporotrichioides
23:
1075:Compendium of soil fungi
817:horizontal gene transfer
588:Media for identification
432:usually has many aerial
162:Fusarium sporotrichiella
123:F. sporotrichioides
1910:Fungi described in 1915
1422:Fungi and food spoilage
1336:. New York: Macmillan.
1247:. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
1243:Chełkowski, J. (1989).
603:pentachloronitrobenzene
471:Growth and reproduction
942:Control and management
347:. For larger samples,
1450:Bridge, P.D. (2000).
857:, which inhibits the
813:secondary metabolites
572:fragments to produce
172:(Sherb.) Bilai (1953)
1618:. Oxford: Academic.
1522:10.1094/phyto-86-515
1273:Pilze aus Agrarböden
742:Fusarium head blight
675:recombinant proteins
635:trichodiene synthase
595:potato dextrose agar
430:F. sportotrichioides
335:being detected by a
319:More currently, the
250:History and taxonomy
200:Fusarium head blight
919:F. sporotrichioides
887:F. sporotrichioides
863:F. sporotrichioides
843:F. sporotrichioides
829:, all of which are
823:F. sporotrichioides
803:Fusarium mycotoxins
790:F. sporotrichioides
747:F. sporotrichioides
736:F. sporotrichioides
720:F. sporotrichioides
715:F. sporotrichioides
699:F. sporotrichioides
671:F. sporotrichioides
665:Several species of
645:F. sporotrichioides
631:F. sporotrichioides
582:restriction enzymes
547:F. sporotrichioides
539:F. sporotrichioides
531:F. sporotrichioides
523:F. sporotrichioides
444:substances such as
399:F. sporotrichioides
388:F. sporotrichioides
345:F. sporotrichioides
306:F. sporotrichioides
288:F. sporotrichioides
232:F. sporotrichioides
228:F. sporotrichioides
220:F. sporotrichioides
1221:The Genus Fusarium
1219:Booth, C. (1971).
931:biological weapons
362:are found in many
1882:
1881:
1867:Open Tree of Life
1682:Taxon identifiers
1625:978-0-12-179460-6
1431:978-0-387-92207-2
1375:978-0-271-01225-4
917:identified it as
859:citric acid cycle
683:zirconium dioxide
339:and grouped into
327:is studied using
244:molecular biology
192:, one of various
178:
177:
173:
166:
16:Species of fungus
1922:
1875:
1874:
1862:
1861:
1852:
1851:
1839:
1838:
1836:BMSSYS0000006952
1826:
1825:
1813:
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1799:
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1774:
1773:
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1747:
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1636:
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1611:
1605:
1604:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1555:Applied mycology
1550:
1544:
1543:
1535:
1526:
1525:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1472:
1466:
1465:
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1411:
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1347:
1326:
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1301:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1268:
1259:
1258:
1240:
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1216:
1207:
1206:
1198:
1185:
1184:
1166:
1157:
1156:
1138:
1127:
1126:
1108:
1089:
1088:
1070:
1045:
1044:
1026:
997:
996:
994:
992:
977:
912:mycotoxicologist
701:remain elusive.
657:of the fusaria.
607:selective medium
403:phylogenetically
337:photodiode array
171:
164:
143:
40:
39:
21:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1885:
1884:
1883:
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1855:
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1842:
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1816:
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1790:
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1777:
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1756:
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1743:
1738:
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1717:
1712:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1684:
1674:
1664:
1663:
1659:
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1647:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1537:
1536:
1529:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1481:Plant Pathology
1474:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1449:
1448:
1439:
1432:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1391:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1363:
1362:
1351:
1344:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1313:
1312:
1305:
1298:
1285:
1284:
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1270:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1242:
1241:
1228:
1218:
1217:
1210:
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1199:
1188:
1181:
1168:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1140:
1139:
1130:
1123:
1110:
1109:
1092:
1085:
1072:
1071:
1048:
1041:
1028:
1027:
1000:
990:
988:
979:
978:
974:
970:
944:
927:
883:
849:, which causes
807:All pathogenic
805:
744:
707:
681:. For example,
663:
623:
590:
519:
473:
415:
407:species complex
357:
310:Arthrosporiella
252:
214:, particularly
167:
148:
145:
139:
126:
79:Sordariomycetes
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1928:
1926:
1918:
1917:
1915:Fungus species
1912:
1907:
1905:Wheat diseases
1902:
1897:
1887:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1863:
1853:
1840:
1827:
1814:
1801:
1788:
1775:
1762:
1749:
1736:
1723:
1710:
1694:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1673:
1672:
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1631:
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1606:
1587:(1): 399–416.
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1564:978-1845935344
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1545:
1527:
1510:Phytopathology
1500:
1487:(3): 278–288.
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986:Index Fungorum
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831:trichothecenes
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801:
743:
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706:
703:
662:
659:
640:F. graminearum
622:
619:
589:
586:
518:
515:
472:
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465:chlamydospores
414:
411:
356:
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216:trichothecenes
190:plant pathogen
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938:in the area.
936:
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920:
916:
915:Abraham Joffe
913:
909:
908:F. tricinctum
905:
904:mycotoxicoses
901:
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722:, along with
721:
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695:F. semitectum
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548:
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535:polyphialides
532:
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401:as part of a
400:
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392:opportunistic
389:
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333:chromatograph
330:
326:
323:of the genus
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
302:
301:F. tricinctum
297:
293:
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274:species, the
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147:Sherb. (1915)
144:
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132:Binomial name
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1666:
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1648:. Retrieved
1644:
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989:. Retrieved
985:
975:
961:
956:
952:
947:
945:
928:
918:
907:
895:
890:
886:
884:
862:
855:moniliformin
842:
822:
821:
808:
806:
789:
777:
771:
769:, of wheat.
762:
759:F. avenaceum
758:
754:
746:
745:
735:
728:F. avenaceum
727:
723:
719:
714:
710:
708:
698:
694:
687:F. oxysporum
686:
670:
666:
664:
644:
639:
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626:
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614:
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598:
591:
565:
561:
555:
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546:
543:blastospores
538:
530:
526:
522:
520:
510:
507:siderophores
492:
487:
483:
475:
474:
457:microconidia
454:
452:conditions.
429:
426:trinucleated
424:are usually
417:
416:
398:
394:
387:
383:
380:F. avenaceum
379:
375:
371:
359:
358:
344:
324:
318:
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287:
283:
271:
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239:
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193:
181:
180:
179:
168:
165:Bilai (1953)
161:
160:
140:
138:
122:
121:
109:
24:
18:
1818:NatureServe
1779:iNaturalist
1650:10 November
1516:: 515–522.
935:yellow rain
871:campesterol
786:chlorophyll
751:Scandinavia
480:teleomorphs
438:sporodochia
384:F. culmorum
341:chromophore
276:mycologists
260:Johann Link
99:Nectriaceae
89:Hypocreales
1889:Categories
1461:0851992331
1343:0029479908
1297:0855462469
1254:0444874682
1122:0816607435
1084:3980308383
991:16 October
968:References
898:-infected
875:sitosterol
867:ergosterol
847:butenolide
774:mycotoxins
709:The genus
669:including
541:, and the
488:Gibberella
482:including
413:Morphology
254:The genus
212:mycotoxins
69:Ascomycota
65:Division:
1823:2.1152278
1639:Pitt, J.
957:Fusarium
827:T-2 toxin
782:spikelets
691:zirconium
689:, and as
651:libraries
615:Fusarium
611:Fusarium
503:raffinose
368:temperate
208:temperate
117:Species:
55:Kingdom:
49:Eukaryota
1895:Fusarium
1805:MycoBank
1797:11396134
1753:Fungorum
1705:Q5114748
1699:Wikidata
1601:24024636
962:Fusarium
953:Fusarium
948:Fusarium
896:Fusarium
891:Fusarium
845:include
839:necrosis
809:Fusarium
797:pericarp
778:Fusarium
767:anthesis
763:Fusarium
711:Fusarium
667:Fusarium
637:gene in
627:Fusarium
625:Several
599:Fusarium
566:Fusarium
562:Fusarium
527:Fusarium
511:Fusarium
442:alkaline
405:similar
395:Fusarium
376:Fusarium
372:Fusarium
364:tropical
325:Fusarium
321:taxonomy
314:conidial
284:Fusarium
272:Fusarium
264:Fusarium
256:Fusarium
204:tropical
195:Fusarium
154:Synonyms
110:Fusarium
95:Family:
45:Domain:
1771:5252098
1732:1030609
793:mycelia
755:F. poae
724:F. poae
574:primers
495:maltose
484:Nectria
446:ammonia
434:mycelia
355:Ecology
308:in the
296:F. poae
292:section
224:cereals
105:Genus:
85:Order:
75:Class:
1872:264393
1856:NZOR:
1810:145064
1784:379806
1758:145064
1745:FUSASR
1622:
1599:
1561:
1458:
1428:
1372:
1340:
1294:
1251:
1177:
1149:
1119:
1081:
1037:
910:, the
900:millet
873:, and
835:emetic
648:mutant
499:starch
450:acidic
422:hyphae
280:spores
187:fungal
1792:IRMNG
1719:6JSVL
776:from
461:septa
236:genus
185:is a
59:Fungi
1849:5514
1844:NCBI
1766:GBIF
1740:EPPO
1652:2015
1620:ISBN
1597:PMID
1559:ISBN
1456:ISBN
1426:ISBN
1370:ISBN
1338:ISBN
1292:ISBN
1249:ISBN
1175:ISBN
1147:ISBN
1117:ISBN
1079:ISBN
1035:ISBN
993:2015
757:and
732:oats
726:and
570:RAPD
501:and
486:and
366:and
298:and
206:and
1831:NBN
1727:EoL
1714:CoL
1589:doi
1518:doi
1489:doi
1403:doi
1399:124
545:of
1891::
1869::
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1768::
1755::
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1701::
1643:.
1595:.
1585:67
1583:.
1530:^
1514:86
1512:.
1485:47
1483:.
1479:.
1440:^
1397:.
1384:^
1352:^
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984:.
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995:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
