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Great Tew Circle

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were also significant. According to the writings of Hyde (as Lord Clarendon), the gatherings and discussions themselves were modelled on those of Cicero and Erasmus, with guests being welcome to differ on points of view. Discourse also took place around the dinner table, with Clarendon likening the
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Participation in any actual dialogues as described by Hyde is problematic to establish; and the time scale has different points on it, though a beginning date of 1634 (Martinich) seems to be agreed widely. After about 1640 the troubled political situation overshadowed theoretical discussion and
232:. It has also been argued that these are two sides to the understanding of the period of the term "Socinian". The eirenic style was understood by Puritan opponents as Arminian rhetoric, and they moved away from compromise with it, to polemic and contemplation of war. 421:
Since Great Tew was best known as an open house for Oxford scholars, and Falkland's contacts included a group centred on London and the court, it is artificial at best to assign membership in the circle to some who are known to have associated with the group.
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referred to the Circle as "A college situate in a purer air", referring to its pursuit of truth away from the partisan passions of the town. The house was the property of the noble Cary family, and the circle was brought together by
582:, who had lost his Essex rectory during the Civil war. He later wrote her biography (1648, in the form of an exchange of letters). It has been suggested that the household was run on lines similar to the 243:, in the attitude that there is no single basis for essential and true beliefs. The distinction now usual between the Cambridge Platonists and other Latitudinarians is a conventional one, introduced by 260:, 1638), literary works and translation in a humanist vein, and the political line pursued by Falkland and Hyde in 1640–1, attempting to find a middle position between Puritan and Laudian extremes. 1216:
The Religion of Protestants, a safe way to salvation, or, An answer to a booke entitle Mercy and truth, or, Charity maintain'd by Catholiques, which pretends to prove the contrary
429:. Whether Hobbes actually visited Great Tew is unclear; he possibly did so in 1634. His associations with the circle through friendships are more certain in a London context. 943:
John Locke, Toleration and Early Enlightenment Culture: Religious Intolerance and Arguments for Religious Toleration in Early Modern and 'Early Enlightenment' Europe
529:, the followers of Jonson; and others of the Circle were also in the Tribe. Falkland also gave the first of the poetical tributes in the 1638 Oxford memorial volume 2132:
The holy life and death of the lady Letice, vi-countess Falkland, with the returnes of spiritual comfort and grief in a devout soul. Repr. (of part of the 1648 ed.)
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and a commitment to rational dialogue on religion. This analysis has been challenged from the direction of the Circle's political thought, with its commitment to
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Latitudinarianism and didacticism in eighteenth century literature: moral theology in Fielding, Sterne, and Goldsmith
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The major theologians of the circle (Chillingworth, Hales, Taylor) have regularly been claimed as precursors of the
61:, the future 1st Earl of Clarendon, who after 1660 would become known as a leading statesman, and then a historian. 1678:
The discontented cavalier: the work of Sir John Suckling in its social, religious, political, and literary contexts
475: 57:, who became 2nd Viscount Falkland on the death of his father in 1633. The most prominent of those taking part was 2186: 481: 583: 822:
The Church of England and Christian antiquity: the construction of a confessional identity in the 17th century
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Hales and Chillingworth have been identified with an "Oxford School of rational theology", containing also
1941: 505:, biographer of Hooker, not likely to have participated at Great Tew, but close to a number of the Circle. 324: 289: 2108: 256:
writing. The influence of the circle can be traced in theological production (especially Chillingworth's
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with its Protestant defeats of the 1620s and Catholic expansion; but also of the doctrines of the
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In the vexed religious climate of the time, the Circle was heterodox, inclining to sympathy with
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and William Page. It has been said that, despite the political difference over the defence of
194: 182: 145: 1990: 1718: 1567: 1377: 1182: 1144: 1009: 786: 752: 705: 567:, around the Cavendishes, with which Hobbes was more closely associated than with Great Tew. 224:
Trevor-Roper supported the claims of the Great Tew group to the eirenic moral high ground on
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The Revolt of the Provinces: Conservatives and Radicals in the English Civil War 1630–1650
1935: 564: 335: 284: 239:, a term anachronistic before 1660. They are now considered to have paved the way for the 149: 128:
because of the place the latter made for the use of reason in Biblical interpretation and
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Anglicanism and the Christian Church: theological resources in historical perspective
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The transformation of Anglicanism, 1643-1660: with special reference to Henry Hammond
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Exploiting Erasmus: the Erasmian legacy and religious change in early modern England
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of 1643, fighting recklessly on the royalist side, some 30 miles south of Great Tew
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Chillingworth was influenced by Acontius, and the Circle read Acontius alongside
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The Evolving Reputation of Richard Hooker: An examination of responses 1600–1714
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A social history of truth: civility and science in seventeenth-century England
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Kim Ian Parker; Canadian Corporation for Studies in Religion (1 March 2004).
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was a group of clerics and literary figures who gathered in the 1630s at the
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The Temper of the Seventeenth Century in English Literature (1904), p. 136;
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Reason and Religion in the English Revolution: The Challenge of Socinianism
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Reason and Religion in the English Revolution: The Challenge of Socinianism
132:. These writers formed part of the broader Christian humanist tradition of 1146:
Enlightenment and Religion: Rational Dissent in Eighteenth-Century Britain
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on religious matters. Falkland and Chillingworth had been seared by the "
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was on good terms with members of the circle, and visited Great Tew;
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Seventeenth Century Men of Latitude; forerunners of the new theology
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Katherine Jones was someone common to the Great Tew Circle and the
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a more attractive option to deal with the challenge of skepticism.
513: 262: 92:; this approach fitted with political views that were essentially 68: 193:) of Socinus himself. The context, as explained by the historian 1871:
Literary circles and cultural communities in Renaissance England
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Literary circles and cultural communities in Renaissance England
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Literature and Religious Culture in Seventeenth-Century England
548:, there is no clear distinction between the Great Tew line and 1184:
Latitudinarianism in the seventeenth-century Church of England
457:, who moved to England from Ireland after the 1641 rebellion. 73:
Late engraving (1811) of Lord Falkland, after a portrait by
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John Duncon; Lettice Cary (viscountess Falkland.) (1760).
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Women, gender, and radical religion in early modern Europe
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Allen, Elizabeth. "Cary , Lettice, Viscountess Falkland".
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Among those mentioned as being in Falkland's circle are:
1995:. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 73. 1058:
The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Philosophy
169:("philosophical-" or "theological feast") to Erasmus's 2045:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 144 note 49. 1061:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1034 and 399. 563:. Robert Payne was a central figure in the so-called 104:, for his mother, and found the tolerant approach of 1289: 1287: 1285: 1283: 474:, friends and neighbours of Falkland, linked to the 120:
Major influences on the thinking of the circle were
1448:Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon (12 February 2009). 1713:The Politics of tragicomedy: Shakespeare and after 1710: 900: 185:, a Socinian. They found greater relevance in the 108:attractive. He organised the circle with his wife 96:. The central religious figure of the Circle was 1254:BrĂĽckmann, Patricia C. "Cressy, Hugh Paulinus". 556:were leaders of the "Country Alliance" of 1640. 533:, and others of the Circle who contributed were 1043:From Counter-Reformation to Glorious Revolution 1958:Aspects of English Protestantism, c. 1530-1700 699: 697: 1905:The Facts On File Companion to British Poetry 1874:. University of Missouri Press. p. 178. 1681:. Associated University Presse. p. 175. 1451:The History of the Rebellion: A New Selection 1014:. Cambridge University Press. pp. lxxx. 710:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 63–5. 673:. University of Missouri Press. p. 174. 525:Falkland himself is identified as one of the 27:British group of clerics and literary figures 8: 2076:Historical Dictionary of Hobbes's Philosophy 1961:. Manchester University Press. p. 279. 1789:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1648:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1606:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1521:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1488:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1421:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1349:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1316:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1310:Chernaik, Warren. "Chillingworth, William". 1260:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1095:. University of Toronto Press. p. 212. 859:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 570:The widowed Lady Falkland (Lettice) took in 488:, on the Great Tew–Oxford axis of the 1630s. 217:, the Circle found in the use by Grotius of 2118:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. 1382:. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. p. 17. 946:. Cambridge University Press. p. 324. 907:. Manchester University Press ND. pp.  628: 626: 624: 622: 100:. Falkland himself had a Catholic convert, 1572:. Cambridge University Press. p. 23. 1149:. Cambridge University Press. p. 20. 791:. Cambridge University Press. p. 22. 213:crisis" of skepticism rampant. Opposed to 1249: 1247: 1245: 1243: 1241: 1239: 1237: 1235: 1233: 980:. Cambridge University Press. p. 6. 1454:. Oxford University Press. p. 489. 1410: 1408: 1406: 1305: 1303: 1301: 1299: 1143:Knud Haakonssen, ed. (2 November 2006). 825:. Oxford University Press. p. 215. 1786:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1709:Gordon McMullan; Jonathan Hope (1992). 1645:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1603:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1518:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1485:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1418:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1346:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1313:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1257:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 856:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 636:Humanism and the Rhetoric of Toleration 618: 1783:Hegarty, A. J. "Potter, Christopher". 358:Charles Cotton (died 1658), father of 267:Memorial to Falkland, who died at the 1831:. Taylor & Francis. p. 348. 1343:Underdown, David. "Raleigh, Walter". 1055:Daniel Garber; Michael Ayers (2003). 455:Katherine Jones, Viscountess Ranelagh 46:in southern England, and in London. 7: 1908:. Infobase Publishing. p. 452. 1600:Donaldson, Ian. "Jonson, Benjamin". 819:Jean-Louis Quantin (25 April 2009). 739:Arminianism in the Church of England 88:", and in any case opposed to rigid 2073:Juhana Lemetti (16 December 2011). 1828:Thomas Hobbes: critical assessments 1482:Duffin, Anne. "Godolphin, Sidney". 1415:Jagger, Nicholas. "Carew, Thomas". 1379:The biblical politics of John Locke 462:Thomas Coventry, 1st Baron Coventry 1515:Ellison, James. "Sandys, George". 751:Patrick MĂĽller (19 January 2009). 521:, Viscountess Falkland, as a widow 189:of Acontius than in the theology ( 25: 2154:Nicholas Ferrar of Little Gidding 1569:The Cambridge Companion to Hobbes 1089:Gregory D. Dodds (9 April 2009). 788:The Cambridge Companion to Hobbes 639:. Penn State Press. p. 144. 2182:History of the Church of England 2115:Dictionary of National Biography 2079:. Scarecrow Press. p. 352. 1642:Norbrook, David. "May, Thomas". 1556:Martinich, pp. 63–4, and p. 217. 1177:Martin Ignatius Joseph Griffin; 667:Ted-Larry Pebworth, ed. (2000). 552:in theology. Falkland, Hyde and 205:in an environment of increasing 974:Sarah Mortimer (4 March 2010). 940:John Marshall (30 March 2006). 704:Sarah Mortimer (4 March 2010). 177:Tolerance, eirenicism, latitude 1566:Tom Sorell (26 January 1996). 785:Tom Sorell (26 January 1996). 633:Gary Remer (31 January 2008). 1: 102:Elizabeth Cary, Lady Falkland 1803:UK public library membership 1749:Sylvia Monica Brown (2007). 1662:UK public library membership 1620:UK public library membership 1535:UK public library membership 1502:UK public library membership 1435:UK public library membership 1363:UK public library membership 1330:UK public library membership 1274:UK public library membership 899:John William Packer (1969). 873:UK public library membership 510:Relationship to other groups 75:Cornelis Janssens van Ceulen 1868:Ted-Larry Pebworth (2000). 440:associated with the circle. 2203: 1902:Virginia Brackett (2008). 757:. Peter Lang. p. 17. 476:Virginia Company of London 1989:Paul D. L. Avis (2002). 1955:Nicholas Tyacke (2001). 1825:Preston T. King (1993). 1181:; Lila Freedman (1992). 584:Little Gidding community 2172:Early modern philosophy 2109:"Duncon, Eleazar"  1675:Robert Wilcher (2007). 397:Politicians and lawyers 269:first battle of Newbury 258:Religion of Protestants 163:Convivium Philosophicum 2177:History of Oxfordshire 2039:Steven Shapin (1994). 1795:10.1093/ref:odnb/22607 1755:. BRILL. p. 289. 1717:. Routledge. pp.  1654:10.1093/ref:odnb/18423 1612:10.1093/ref:odnb/15116 1527:10.1093/ref:odnb/24651 1494:10.1093/ref:odnb/10881 1355:10.1093/ref:odnb/23040 1227:Malcolm, p.92 note 53. 1124:Edward Augustus George 865:10.1093/ref:odnb/66709 522: 272: 77: 1427:10.1093/ref:odnb/4842 1322:10.1093/ref:odnb/5308 1266:10.1093/ref:odnb/6676 1187:. BRILL. p. 12. 1008:Reid Barbour (2002). 517: 295:William Chillingworth 266: 247:in the 19th century. 167:Convivium Theologicum 98:William Chillingworth 72: 2156:(1938), note p. 231. 1547:Martinich, pp. 63–4. 1179:Richard Henry Popkin 300:Hugh Paulinus Cressy 241:Cambridge Platonists 226:religious toleration 171:Convivium Religiosum 1041:Hugh Trevor-Roper, 921:. GGKEY:2UELGKR2ZUF 597:Hobbes: A Biography 554:Sir John Colepepper 203:contra-Remonstrants 142:Sebastian Castellio 1815:Malcolm, pp. 74–5. 1632:Martinich, p. 217. 1293:Martinich, p. 103. 542:Christopher Potter 537:, May and Digges. 523: 273: 197:, was that of the 173:("godly feast")." 78: 2086:978-0-8108-5065-1 2052:978-0-226-75018-7 2002:978-0-567-08745-4 1968:978-0-7190-5392-4 1915:978-1-4381-0835-3 1881:978-0-8262-1317-4 1838:978-0-415-08081-1 1801:(Subscription or 1762:978-90-04-16306-5 1728:978-0-415-06403-3 1688:978-0-87413-996-9 1660:(Subscription or 1618:(Subscription or 1579:978-0-521-42244-4 1533:(Subscription or 1500:(Subscription or 1461:978-0-19-160777-6 1433:(Subscription or 1389:978-0-88920-450-8 1361:(Subscription or 1328:(Subscription or 1272:(Subscription or 1194:978-90-04-09653-0 1156:978-0-521-02987-2 1102:978-0-8020-9900-6 1068:978-0-521-53720-9 1021:978-0-521-00664-4 987:978-0-521-51704-1 953:978-0-521-65114-1 918:978-0-7190-0381-3 871:(Subscription or 832:978-0-19-955786-8 798:978-0-521-42244-4 764:978-3-631-59116-1 717:978-0-521-51704-1 680:978-0-8262-1317-4 646:978-0-271-02811-8 607:Aspects of Hobbes 595:A. 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Martinich, 381:Sir John Suckling 199:Thirty Years' War 195:Hugh Trevor-Roper 183:Johannes Crellius 146:Bernardino Ochino 86:Arminian humanism 16:(Redirected from 2194: 2187:Literary circles 2157: 2150: 2144: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2126: 2120: 2119: 2111: 2104: 2098: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2070: 2064: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2036: 2030: 2020: 2014: 2013: 2011: 2009: 1986: 1980: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1952: 1946: 1933: 1927: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1899: 1893: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1865: 1859: 1858:Malcolm, p. 325. 1856: 1850: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1822: 1816: 1813: 1807: 1806: 1798: 1780: 1774: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1716: 1706: 1700: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1672: 1666: 1665: 1657: 1639: 1633: 1630: 1624: 1623: 1615: 1597: 1591: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1563: 1557: 1554: 1548: 1545: 1539: 1538: 1530: 1512: 1506: 1505: 1497: 1479: 1473: 1472: 1470: 1468: 1445: 1439: 1438: 1430: 1412: 1401: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1373: 1367: 1366: 1358: 1340: 1334: 1333: 1325: 1307: 1294: 1291: 1278: 1277: 1269: 1251: 1228: 1225: 1219: 1212: 1206: 1205: 1203: 1201: 1174: 1168: 1167: 1165: 1163: 1140: 1134: 1120: 1114: 1113: 1111: 1109: 1086: 1080: 1079: 1077: 1075: 1052: 1046: 1039: 1033: 1032: 1030: 1028: 1005: 999: 998: 996: 994: 971: 965: 964: 962: 960: 937: 931: 930: 928: 926: 906: 896: 890: 885:Michael Brydon, 883: 877: 876: 868: 850: 844: 843: 841: 839: 816: 810: 809: 807: 805: 782: 776: 775: 773: 771: 748: 742: 735: 729: 728: 726: 724: 701: 692: 691: 689: 687: 664: 658: 657: 655: 653: 630: 449:Sir John Vaughan 371:Sidney Godolphin 138:George Cassander 134:Jacobus Acontius 32:Great Tew Circle 21: 2202: 2201: 2197: 2196: 2195: 2193: 2192: 2191: 2162: 2161: 2160: 2152:A. 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Index

Falkland circle
manor house
Great Tew
Oxfordshire
Lord Clarendon
Lucius Cary
Edward Hyde

Cornelis Janssens van Ceulen
Socinianism
Arminian humanism
Calvinism
royalist
William Chillingworth
Elizabeth Cary, Lady Falkland
Erasmus
Lettice
Hugo Grotius
Richard Hooker
church polity
Jacobus Acontius
George Cassander
Sebastian Castellio
Bernardino Ochino
Faustus Socinus
patristic
Jean Daillé
Johannes Crellius
eirenicism
Unitarianism

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