63:
cone of a standardized weight and tip angle is positioned so that its tip just touches a soil sample. The cone is released for a determined period of time, usually 5s, so that it may penetrate the soil. Several standards around the globe exist. Main differences are related to the cone tip angle and
68:
of the soil which allows the cone to penetrate a determined depth during that period of time. The penetration depth at which the liquid limit is measured depends on the standard and method adopted. For example, one of the most recognized standards is the BS 1377. The
British standard defines the
69:
liquid limit as the water content of a soil at which a 80g, 30º cone penetrates 20mm. Because it is difficult to obtain a test with exactly 20 mm penetration, the procedure is performed multiple times for a range of water contents and the results are
129:
211:
236:
720:
48:
and less variable with different operators. Other advantages of the fall cone test include the alternative to estimate the undrained
44:) and first mentioned in the Russian standard GOST 5184 from 1949. It is often preferred to the Casagrande method because it is more
639:
656:. Civil engineering > Earthworks. Excavations. Foundation construction. Underground works. British Standards Institution. 1990.
168:
The fall cone factor can vary between 0.5 and 1.33. It can be estimated as proposed by Llano-Serna and
Contreras:
82:
569:
613:
Hansbo, S (1957). "A new approach to the determination of the shear strength of clay by the fall cone test".
173:
144:
74:
49:
696:
651:
668:
688:
653:
BS 1377-2:1990, Methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes. Classification tests
635:
592:
221:
680:
584:
37:
29:
60:
240:
Equivalent rate of rotation when measuring the undrained shear strength using the mini
77:
for each one of those measured water content can be computed as proposed by Hansbo:
714:
700:
65:
45:
70:
33:
588:
241:
692:
669:"The effect of surface roughness and shear rate during fall-cone calibration"
596:
684:
248:
A summary of different existing standards is shown in the table below:
28:, is an alternative method to the Casagrande method for measuring the
36:
proposed in 1942 by the
Russian researcher Piotr Vasiljev (
667:
Llano-Serna, Marcelo A.; Contreras, Luis F. (2019-03-15).
224:
176:
85:
230:
205:
123:
64:cone mass. The liquid limit is defined as the
8:
570:"Theoretical analysis of the fall cone test"
512:Cone penetration depth at liquid limit (mm)
223:
198:
175:
124:{\displaystyle c_{u}={\frac {KQ}{h^{2}}}}
113:
99:
90:
84:
420:Relationship used during interpretation
250:
560:
206:{\displaystyle K=0.37+0.1\ln {\omega }}
7:
608:
606:
14:
631:Powrie, W., Spon Press, 2004,
568:Houlsby, G. T. (1 June 1982).
1:
73:. Furthermore, the undrained
737:
589:10.1680/geot.1982.32.2.111
721:Soil shear strength tests
59:In the Fall cone test, a
41:
633:Soil Mechanics - 2nd ed
231:{\displaystyle \omega }
52:of a soil based on the
685:10.1680/jgeot.18.P.222
615:R. Swed. Geotech. Inst
330:CAN/BNQ 2501-092-M-86
232:
207:
125:
22:cone penetrometer test
233:
208:
165:= Penetration depth.
126:
222:
174:
153:= Fall cone factor;
83:
252:
251:
228:
203:
121:
54:fall cone factor K
26:Vasiljev cone test
20:, also called the
552:
551:
119:
728:
705:
704:
664:
658:
657:
648:
642:
629:
623:
622:
610:
601:
600:
574:
565:
321:ISO/TS 17892-12
253:
237:
235:
234:
229:
212:
210:
209:
204:
202:
130:
128:
127:
122:
120:
118:
117:
108:
100:
95:
94:
43:
736:
735:
731:
730:
729:
727:
726:
725:
711:
710:
709:
708:
666:
665:
661:
650:
649:
645:
630:
626:
612:
611:
604:
572:
567:
566:
562:
557:
338:Cone angle (°)
247:
220:
219:
172:
171:
159:= Cone weight;
140:
109:
101:
86:
81:
80:
61:stainless steel
42:Пё́тр Васи́льев
12:
11:
5:
734:
732:
724:
723:
713:
712:
707:
706:
679:(4): 332–342.
659:
643:
624:
602:
583:(2): 111–118.
559:
558:
556:
553:
550:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
509:
508:
503:
498:
488:
478:
461:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
417:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
379:Cone mass (g)
376:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
335:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
319:
316:
313:
310:
307:
306:NF P 94-052-1
304:
301:
298:
294:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
266:
263:
260:
257:
227:
201:
197:
194:
191:
188:
185:
182:
179:
145:shear strength
138:
116:
112:
107:
104:
98:
93:
89:
75:shear strength
50:shear strength
18:Fall cone test
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
733:
722:
719:
718:
716:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
663:
660:
655:
654:
647:
644:
641:
640:0-415-31156-X
637:
634:
628:
625:
620:
616:
609:
607:
603:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
571:
564:
561:
554:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
510:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
493:
489:
487:
483:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
462:
460:
456:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
419:
418:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
377:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
336:
332:
329:
326:
323:
320:
318:SD128-007-84
317:
314:
311:
308:
305:
302:
300:GOST 5184-49
299:
296:
295:
291:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
258:
255:
254:
249:
245:
243:
239:
225:
216:
213:
199:
195:
192:
189:
186:
183:
180:
177:
169:
166:
164:
160:
158:
154:
152:
148:
146:
142:
134:
131:
114:
110:
105:
102:
96:
91:
87:
78:
76:
72:
67:
66:water content
62:
57:
55:
51:
47:
39:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
676:
673:Géotechnique
672:
662:
652:
646:
632:
627:
618:
614:
580:
577:Géotechnique
576:
563:
505:
500:
495:
491:
485:
481:
475:
471:
467:
463:
458:
454:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
274:New Zealand
246:
218:
217:
214:
170:
167:
162:
161:
156:
155:
150:
149:
136:
135:
132:
79:
71:interpolated
58:
53:
30:Liquid Limit
25:
21:
17:
15:
34:soil sample
555:References
324:SS 027120
271:Australia
242:shear vane
46:repeatable
701:134061032
693:0016-8505
597:0016-8505
333:JGS 0142
315:NZS 4402
297:Standard
226:ω
200:ω
196:
143:ndrained
715:Category
327:NS 8002
312:AS 1289
309:IS 2720
303:BS 1377
256:Country
621:: 7–47.
536:20, 10
403:80, 60
362:30, 60
289:Canada
286:Norway
283:Sweden
265:France
259:Russia
215:where,
133:where,
38:Russian
24:or the
699:
691:
638:
595:
470:, log
457:- log
292:Japan
277:China
268:India
244:test.
697:S2CID
573:(pdf)
548:11.5
501:h - w
350:30.5
32:of a
689:ISSN
636:ISBN
593:ISSN
506:h -w
490:log
480:log
453:log
280:ISO
184:0.37
16:The
681:doi
585:doi
545:10
542:10
539:10
533:17
530:20
527:20
524:20
521:17
518:20
515:10
449:h-w
444:h-w
439:h-w
434:h-w
429:h-w
424:h-w
415:60
412:60
409:60
406:60
400:76
397:80
394:80
391:80
388:80
385:80
382:76
374:60
371:60
368:60
365:60
359:30
356:30
353:30
347:30
344:30
341:30
262:UK
190:0.1
141:= U
56:.
717::
695:.
687:.
677:70
675:.
671:.
619:14
617:.
605:^
591:.
581:32
579:.
575:.
494:-
484:-
474:-
466:-
193:ln
147:;
40::
703:.
683::
599:.
587::
496:w
492:h
486:w
482:h
476:w
472:h
468:w
464:h
459:w
455:h
238:=
187:+
181:=
178:K
163:h
157:Q
151:K
139:u
137:c
115:2
111:h
106:Q
103:K
97:=
92:u
88:c
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.