807:
586:
61:
996:
word meant simply 'someone whom one cares for' and could therefore refer to both a friend and a relative, but it lost various degrees of the 'friend' sense in the
Scandinavian languages, while it mostly lost the sense of 'relative' in English (the plural
830:
If language A borrowed a word from language B, or both borrowed the word from a third language or inherited it from a common ancestor, and later the word shifted in meaning or acquired additional meanings in at least one of these languages, a
1277:'a funny joke', while in the closely related languages Danish and Norwegian it means 'calm' (as in "he was calm despite all the commotion around him"). However, the Swedish original meaning of 'calm' is retained in some related words such as
835:
of one language will face a false friend when learning the other. Sometimes, presumably both senses were present in the common ancestor language, but the cognate words took on different restricted senses in
Language A and Language B.
2155:
1425:
is also known for shifting the meanings of some words toward those of their
English cognates, but such words are considered false friends in European French. For example,
634:
is a word in a different language that looks or sounds similar to a word in a given language, but differs significantly in meaning. Examples of false friends include
1489:
774:
The origin of the term is as a shortened version of the expression "false friend of a translator", the
English translation of a French expression (
2165:
2091:
2061:
1948:
1660:
1618:
1581:
613:
503:
2174:
2002:
851:, has a different meaning in other European languages, in which it means 'current' or 'up-to-date', and has the logical derivative as a
2047:
2127:
1750:
144:
2115:
2028:
1740:
1223:
1519:
463:
241:
727:, its meaning was restricted to a particular type of fear described as "a neurotic feeling of anxiety and depression". Also,
523:
468:
82:
1103:, but shifts in meaning of words with a shared etymology have in some instances resulted in 'bi-directional false friends':
125:
723:
means 'fear' in a general sense (as well as 'anxiety') in German, but when it was borrowed into
English in the context of
498:
189:
78:
1384:
became the new signifier for "farm" (Weinreich 1963: 49; see "one-to-one correlation between signifiers and referents").
97:
443:
309:
563:
269:
873:
English and
Spanish, both of which have borrowed from Ancient Greek and Latin, have multiple false friends, such as:
1368:
lost its original meaning, "farm", in favor of "factory", owing to the phonetically similar surface-cognate
English
104:
866:'sugared almonds' has acquired a new meaning in English, French and Dutch; in Italian, the corresponding word is
606:
553:
453:
279:
458:
401:
216:
38:
111:
1484:
1437:
1354:'capricious' changed its meaning in American Portuguese to 'humorous', owing to the English surface-cognate
558:
396:
373:
71:
2103:
2194:
714:
508:
475:
428:
344:
324:
304:
206:
184:
179:
2056:, (Palgrave Studies in Language History and Language Change, Series editor: Charles Jones). p. 102.
1825:
93:
284:
1790:
Johnson, Chalmers (1980). "Omote (Explicit) and Ura (Implicit): Translating
Japanese Political Terms".
1433:
1464:
599:
528:
438:
319:
264:
161:
1235:
736:
653:
369:
299:
274:
246:
585:
2053:
1807:
1396:
689:
589:
568:
538:
493:
448:
416:
406:
294:
289:
1016:
are related, which gives rise to false friends such as swapped forms for south and south-west:
2171:
2057:
1944:
1746:
1695:
1666:
1656:
1650:
1624:
1614:
1608:
1577:
1329:
1009:
951:
433:
411:
354:
1685:
1571:
2067:
1799:
1319:
1314:
1249:
1242:
1013:
979:
660:
642:
635:
533:
364:
359:
334:
329:
314:
2159:
2178:
2131:
2124:
2119:
2107:
1474:
1350:—a real new meaning that is then commonly used in a language. For example, the Portuguese
1347:
986:
806:
775:
682:
671:
118:
1692:
False
Friends, or the treacherous pitfalls of English vocabulary (advice for translators)
1326:
independently from an analogous
English construct and with a different intended meaning.
1879:
782:) introduced by Maxime Kœssler and Jules Derocquigny in their 1928 book, with a sequel,
2199:
2112:
1479:
1231:
1100:
993:
832:
743:
in English, making the expressions into false friends in those languages as well as in
717:, which may then develop new meanings not found in the original language. For example,
378:
1850:
2188:
1984:
1703:
1469:
1422:
978:
itself has cognates in the other Germanic languages, but the Scandinavian ones (like
744:
31:
1523:
2151:
2136:
1918:] (in Swedish). Vol. 19. Lund: Swedish Academy. 1950. p. spalt O 1337
1449:
421:
211:
1687:
Les faux amis: ou, Les trahisons du vocabulaire anglais (conseils aux traducteurs)
2146:
1965:
1727:
1544:
1941:
Anglicisms in German: Borrowing, Lexical Productivity, and Written Codeswitching
1459:
1404:
627:
573:
548:
169:
60:
1765:
2095:
1334:
956:
724:
543:
226:
49:
1699:
1670:
1628:
17:
1499:
1494:
1362:
795:
760:
756:
518:
513:
349:
339:
231:
221:
1041:
1034:
1909:
1429:
is commonly used as "eventually" in Quebec but means "perhaps" in Europe.
27:
Words in two languages that sound similar but have very different meanings
1454:
1323:
1285:'worrisome, anxious', literally 'un-calm'. The Danish and Norwegian word
962:
710:
1060:
1264:
45:
2141:
1989:
The Life of Language: Papers in Linguistics in Honor of William Bright
1811:
1607:
Knospe, Sebastian; Onysko, Alexander; Goth, Maik (26 September 2016).
1610:
Crossing Languages to Play with Words: Multidisciplinary Perspectives
236:
1053:
1803:
1230:"domesticated animal" became specialized in descendant languages:
1001:
is still, rarely, used for "kinsfolk", as in the Scottish proverb
810:
An example of a West Slavic shared etymology; in Czech and Slovak
805:
732:
719:
1966:"False friends in converting a text from one script into another"
2100:
852:
731:
meant both 'a place of education' and 'a place for exercise' in
740:
54:
37:"False Friends" redirects here. For the Homeland episode, see
1099:
A high level of lexical similarity exists between German and
798:
point of view, false friends can be created in several ways.
2166:
Die Deutschen und ihr Englisch. The devil lies in the detail
2029:"Conheça as características da terra roxa ou terra vermelha"
1222:
The meanings could diverge significantly. For example, the
859:(or 'actualize') in English means 'to make a reality of'.
763:, i.e., words in two or more languages that look similar (
709:
As well as producing completely false friends, the use of
2049:
Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew
1419:
are still used interchangeably in Brazilian agriculture.
1346:
In bilingual situations, false friends often result in a
747:, where it started out as 'a place for naked exercise'.
700:
Les faux amis: ou, Les trahisons du vocabulaire anglais
1943:. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 52–55.
704:
False friends, or, the betrayals of English vocabulary
1289:
means term (as in school term), but the Swedish word
2003:"Terra roxa: origens e como cuidar do solo vermelho"
954:
also have diverse false friends, many of them being
1972:: 126 – via Belgorod State University DSPACE.
1649:Aronoff, Mark; Rees-Miller, Janie (15 April 2008).
822:means 'hardened cookie (bakery)', while in Russian
713:often results in the use of a word in a restricted
85:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2172:Der DEnglische Patient – Kolumne von Peter Littger
2101:An online hypertext bibliography on false friends
1985:"Wasei eigo: English 'loanwords' coined in Japan"
44:For people who falsely appear to be friends, see
1970:Experientia Est Optima Magistra: Collected Arts.
1655:. New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 698.
2092:wikt:Category:False cognates and false friends
1565:
1563:
1561:
992:) predominantly mean 'relative'. The original
1684:Koessler, Maxime; Derocquigny, Jules (1928).
1602:
1600:
1157:means 'sea', and thus is not a false friend.
607:
8:
2035:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 13 December 2014.
1576:. Helsinki: Suomen E-painos Oy. p. 35.
1332:is replete with pseudo-anglicisms, known as
855:, meaning 'to make current' or 'to update'.
1485:Linguistic interference (language transfer)
1380:, the phonetic adaptation American Italian
847:, which in English is usually a synonym of
1407:. The actual Portuguese word for "red" is
1403:to describe a type of soil similar to the
698:The term was introduced by a French book,
614:
600:
156:
1964:Ruzhenkova, V.; Platoshina, V.V. (2011).
1826:"German and Dutch: similar or different?"
1723:
1721:
145:Learn how and when to remove this message
1159:
1105:
1018:
875:
818:means 'stale bread', while in Ukrainian
771:), but differ significantly in meaning.
2009:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 7 March 2022
1511:
814:means 'fresh bread', whereas in Polish
735:, but its meaning became restricted to
168:
1742:Euro-English: assessing variety status
1490:List of Chinese–Japanese false friends
1376:, 'factory'). Instead of the original
1297:means lunch, while the Norwegian word
1387:Due to the closeness between Italian
7:
1570:Korpela, Jukka K. (12 August 2014).
666:(both meaning 'relatives'); English
504:Conservative and innovative language
83:adding citations to reliable sources
1991:: 123–139 – via ResearchGate.
1728:Austronesian Comparative Dictionary
1694:] (in French). Paris: Vuibert.
1613:. Berlin: De Gruyter. p. 116.
1460:Equivalence in language translation
1322:are new words formed from English
25:
1768:Confetto in Enciclopedia Treccani
1916:The Swedish Academy's Dictionary
1882:dürfen / müssen / sollen / mögen
1853:valse vrienden – Falsche Freunde
1003:Friends agree best at a distance
584:
59:
1432:This phenomenon is analyzed by
1293:means holiday. The Danish word
820:черстве печиво (čerstve pečyvo)
695:, both 'married' and 'poison'.
70:needs additional citations for
1520:"German Loan Words in English"
1:
2142:English/Russian false friends
2137:Italian/English false friends
2113:Spanish/English false friends
1545:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
2125:French/English false friends
2046:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003).
1076:'spirit; ghost' and Finnish
784:Autres Mots anglais perfides
755:False friends are bilingual
444:Functional discourse grammar
310:Ethnography of communication
2158:according to rules in this
2147:English/Dutch false friends
1792:Journal of Japanese Studies
1652:The Handbook of Linguistics
1522:. About.com. Archived from
564:Second-language acquisition
2216:
1939:Onysko, Alexander (2007).
1391:'red soil' and Portuguese
1312:
1262:
1084:'interesting' and Finnish
242:Syntax–semantics interface
43:
36:
29:
1911:Svenska Akademiens Ordbok
1397:Italian farmers in Brazil
554:Philosophy of linguistics
454:Interactional linguistics
1092:'a cleaner' and Finnish
39:False Friends (Homeland)
30:Not to be confused with
2181:(Manager Magazin, 2016)
2168:(tagesspiegel.de, 2015)
1739:Mollin, Sandra (2006),
1573:Introduction to Finnish
1438:phono-semantic matching
1224:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
780:faux amis du traducteur
1983:Miller, Laura (1997).
1745:, Gunter Narr Verlag,
1405:red Mediterranean soil
1372:(cf. Standard Italian
1338:'Japan-made English'.
1088:'amusing' or Estonian
827:
779:
706:), published in 1928.
391:Theoretical frameworks
345:Philosophy of language
325:History of linguistics
1861:(in Dutch and German)
1305:both mean breakfast.
1301:and the Swedish word
1269:In Swedish, the word
809:
751:Definition and origin
285:Conversation analysis
1465:Etymological fallacy
1080:'wife'; or Estonian
890:English translation
884:Spanish translation
767:) or sound similar (
648:'pregnant'; English
529:Internet linguistics
439:Construction grammar
79:improve this article
1161:
1107:
1005:, quoted in 1721).
877:
826:means "stale" again
677:'ask'; and English
464:Systemic functional
259:Applied linguistics
201:General linguistics
2177:2016-10-25 at the
2130:2009-01-29 at the
2118:2008-05-17 at the
2106:2007-04-29 at the
2054:Palgrave Macmillan
2007:Canal Agro Estadão
1434:Ghil'ad Zuckermann
1160:
1106:
876:
828:
569:Theory of language
539:Origin of language
494:Autonomy of syntax
449:Grammaticalization
295:Discourse analysis
290:Corpus linguistics
2063:978-1-4039-1723-2
1950:978-3-11-019946-8
1662:978-0-470-75634-8
1620:978-3-11-046560-0
1583:978-952-6613-26-0
1436:as "(incestuous)
1320:Pseudo-anglicisms
1309:Pseudo-anglicisms
1220:
1219:
1151:
1150:
1070:
1069:
1014:Finnish languages
948:
947:
862:The Italian word
816:czerstwe pieczywo
739:in German and to
624:
623:
412:Distributionalism
355:Psycholinguistics
155:
154:
147:
129:
16:(Redirected from
2207:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2066:. Archived from
2043:
2037:
2036:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1980:
1974:
1973:
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1711:
1702:. Archived from
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1553:
1552:
1547:. etymonline.com
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1516:
1411:. Nevertheless,
1363:American Italian
1315:Pseudo-anglicism
1281:'calmness', and
1275:ett roligt skämt
1162:
1108:
1019:
878:
802:Shared etymology
616:
609:
602:
588:
534:LGBT linguistics
524:Internationalism
499:Compositionality
360:Sociolinguistics
335:Neurolinguistics
330:Interlinguistics
315:Ethnomethodology
157:
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55:
21:
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2185:
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2179:Wayback Machine
2132:Wayback Machine
2120:Wayback Machine
2108:Wayback Machine
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1888:nubeterduits.nl
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1706:on July 9, 2013
1683:
1682:, referring to
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1518:
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1508:
1475:False etymology
1446:
1395:'purple soil',
1348:semantic change
1344:
1342:Semantic change
1317:
1311:
1267:
1261:
1096:'a decorator'.
972:
970:In native words
842:
804:
792:
753:
620:
579:
578:
489:
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392:
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379:Writing systems
270:Anthropological
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2086:External links
2084:
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2052:. Houndmills:
2038:
2020:
1994:
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1480:Folk etymology
1477:
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1462:
1457:
1452:
1445:
1442:
1427:éventuellement
1417:terra vermelha
1343:
1340:
1313:Main article:
1310:
1307:
1263:Main article:
1260:
1257:
1218:
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1201:be allowed to
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994:Proto-Germanic
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833:native speaker
812:čerstvé pečivo
803:
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752:
749:
688:'poison', and
622:
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94:"False friend"
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14:
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2089:
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2070:on 2014-02-01
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1859:uitmuntend.de
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1830:Language Tsar
1827:
1821:
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1809:
1805:
1801:
1798:(1): 89–115.
1797:
1793:
1786:
1783:
1772:. Treccani.it
1771:
1769:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1752:9783823362500
1748:
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1597:
1585:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1546:
1540:
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1526:on 2011-06-07
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1470:False cognate
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1423:Quebec French
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1273:means 'fun':
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759:or bilingual
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745:Ancient Greek
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509:Descriptivism
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476:Structuralism
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96: –
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90:Find sources:
84:
80:
74:
73:
68:This article
66:
62:
57:
56:
51:
47:
40:
33:
32:false cognate
19:
18:False Friends
2154:support for
2152:LanguageTool
2072:. Retrieved
2068:the original
2048:
2041:
2032:
2023:
2011:. Retrieved
2006:
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1988:
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1892:. Retrieved
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1834:. Retrieved
1832:. 2016-11-17
1829:
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1774:. Retrieved
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1708:. Retrieved
1704:the original
1691:
1686:
1674:. Retrieved
1651:
1644:
1632:. Retrieved
1609:
1587:. Retrieved
1572:
1549:. Retrieved
1539:
1528:. Retrieved
1524:the original
1514:
1450:Auto-antonym
1431:
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1132:mere 'lake'
1127:
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1072:Or Estonian
1071:
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989:
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961:
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950:English and
949:
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924:
921:advertencia
916:
906:
903:actualmente
898:
872:
867:
863:
861:
856:
848:
844:
843:
840:In loanwords
829:
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796:etymological
793:
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728:
718:
708:
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685:
678:
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632:false friend
631:
625:
422:Glossematics
402:Constituency
374:interpreting
212:Lexicography
141:
132:
122:
115:
108:
101:
89:
77:Please help
72:verification
69:
2033:Canal Rural
1710:21 December
1676:21 December
1389:terra rossa
1248:'dog', and
1241:'chicken',
1186:like, love
1066:south-west
899:en realidad
639:embarrassed
628:linguistics
574:Terminology
549:Orthography
469:Usage-based
370:Translating
265:Acquisition
170:Linguistics
2189:Categories
2096:Wiktionary
2074:2008-09-17
1908:"Orolig".
1894:2018-02-15
1890:(in Dutch)
1865:2018-02-15
1836:2018-02-15
1776:2014-06-23
1551:2014-04-28
1530:2014-04-28
1506:References
1413:terra roxa
1401:terra roxa
1393:terra roxa
1335:wasei-eigo
1236:Indonesian
1182:houden van
1153:Note that
957:wasei-eigo
917:publicidad
868:coriandoli
769:homophones
765:homographs
761:homographs
757:homophones
741:the latter
737:the former
725:psychology
654:Portuguese
646:embarazado
544:Orismology
429:Functional
417:Generative
407:Dependency
227:Pragmatics
217:Morphology
207:Diachronic
135:March 2013
105:newspapers
50:False flag
1700:999745586
1671:897574627
1629:954201320
1500:Swenglish
1495:Spanglish
1324:morphemes
1094:koristaja
1090:koristaja
1086:huvittava
974:The word
907:currently
895:actually
857:Actualise
824:chyorstvy
794:From the
729:gymnasium
711:loanwords
690:Norwegian
519:Iconicity
514:Etymology
434:Cognitive
397:Formalist
350:Phonetics
340:Philology
232:Semantics
222:Phonology
2175:Archived
2128:Archived
2116:Archived
2104:Archived
1455:Dunglish
1444:See also
1409:vermelha
1378:fattoria
1374:fabbrica
1366:fattoria
1356:humorous
1352:humoroso
1330:Japanese
1291:semester
1287:semester
1259:Homonyms
1171:English
1117:English
1028:English
1022:Estonian
1010:Estonian
963:gairaigo
952:Japanese
939:bizarro
931:bizarre
887:Spanish
881:English
864:confetti
675:demander
657:parentes
320:Forensic
300:Distance
247:Typology
162:a series
160:Part of
1370:factory
1303:frukost
1299:frokost
1295:frokost
1265:Homonym
1255:'pig'.
1250:Gaddang
1243:Cebuano
1165:German
1155:die See
1123:der See
1111:German
1082:huvitav
1025:Finnish
999:friends
980:Swedish
966:words.
935:extraño
925:warning
715:context
664:parenti
661:Italian
652:versus
650:parents
643:Spanish
636:English
275:Applied
185:History
180:Outline
119:scholar
46:Frenemy
2160:format
2060:
1947:
1812:132001
1810:
1749:
1698:
1669:
1659:
1634:10 May
1627:
1617:
1589:10 May
1580:
1283:orolig
1228:*qayam
1212:durven
1192:dürfen
1168:Dutch
1114:Dutch
1061:lounas
1047:south
990:frænde
987:Danish
983:frände
976:friend
845:Actual
790:Causes
776:French
683:German
672:French
668:demand
590:Portal
488:Topics
237:Syntax
121:
114:
107:
100:
92:
2200:Error
2013:7 May
1922:8 May
1914:[
1808:JSTOR
1690:[
1399:used
1382:farma
1271:rolig
1232:Malay
1226:word
1216:dare
1207:wagen
1197:mogen
1177:mögen
1101:Dutch
1078:vaimo
1042:etelä
1035:lõuna
943:brave
733:Latin
720:angst
190:Index
126:JSTOR
112:books
2058:ISBN
2015:2023
1945:ISBN
1924:2017
1747:ISBN
1712:2019
1696:OCLC
1678:2019
1667:OCLC
1657:ISBN
1636:2018
1625:OCLC
1615:ISBN
1591:2018
1578:ISBN
1415:and
1361:The
1253:ayam
1246:ayam
1239:ayam
1147:sea
1138:Meer
1128:meer
1074:vaim
1054:edel
1012:and
1008:The
960:and
853:verb
849:real
693:gift
686:Gift
679:gift
670:and
659:and
641:and
630:, a
372:and
365:Text
98:news
48:and
2094:on
1800:doi
1440:".
1143:zee
626:In
81:by
2191::
2031:.
2005:.
1987:.
1968:.
1926:.
1886:.
1857:.
1828:.
1806:.
1794:.
1720:^
1665:.
1623:.
1599:^
1560:^
1358:.
1279:ro
985:,
870:.
786:.
778::
681:,
164:on
2162:.
2077:.
2017:.
1953:.
1897:.
1884:"
1880:"
1868:.
1855:"
1851:"
1839:.
1814:.
1802::
1796:6
1779:.
1770:"
1766:"
1714:.
1680:.
1638:.
1593:.
1554:.
1533:.
1234:/
702:(
615:e
608:t
601:v
148:)
142:(
137:)
133:(
123:·
116:·
109:·
102:·
75:.
52:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
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