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Marshall's work about where specialized pastoralism began to help her make her argument about how being so close to animals may have affected their health. The specialization of pastoralism would have opened up the people to new diseases that they otherwise would not have been exposed to before.
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who study pastoralism in Africa. Her article from 2002 with
Elisabeth Hildebrand, "Cattle Before Crops: The Beginnings of Food Production in Africa," has been cited 279 times (as of December 2016). Albano Beja-Pereira et al. also use her paper in their article "The Origin of European Cattle: Evidence
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system, while specialized pastoralism developed farther south 2000 years ago. The steadying of the climate 3,000 years ago may have been one of the reasons that this specialization may have started to occur because the people could now rely on certain seasons to do certain things and could move their
254:. The reason that cattle were so useful is because they allow pastoralists to adapt to changing climates. Even though pastoralism took root in Africa, Marshall points out that herding also contributed to the unequal spread of food. Pastoralism is also more labor-intensive and unpredictable than
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groups. Identifying pastoralist sites is not always easy: pastoralists tend to not leave well-defined sites behind after they move on, and what they do leave behind does not always preserve well. In East Africa, the thing that tends to differentiate the two is the type of
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in East Africa. The specialization may have occurred because of the increased pastoral production opportunities in East Africa at that time. There are certain groups in East Africa that have been, and still are, very specialized pastoralists; groups like the
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238:. This early food production may have led to the current distribution of wealth. The Neolithic in Africa, however, went differently. Instead of people becoming sedentary farmers, many peoples in Africa became
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From Modern and
Ancient DNA" from 2006. They acknowledge that cattle may have been domesticated from Africa first, and they use Marshall's research to help figure out where the cattle seen in the European
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in this area are associated with both hunter-gatherers and pastoralists, although interaction between pastoralists and hunter-gatherer groups blurs these lines and makes it much harder for
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to distinguish the two from each other. Marshall argues that the amount of dung that accumulates in corrals can also distinguish pastoralist and hunter-gatherer sites. However, dung is
278:. These groups are basically fully reliant on their herded cattle, sheep, and goats with little to no hunting-and-gathering and fishing practices. Marshall's research at the site of
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Shahack-Gross, Ruth; Marshall, Fiona; Weiner, Steve (2003). "Geo-Ethnoarchaeology of
Pastoral Sites: The Identification of Livestock Enclosures in Abandoned Maasai Settlements".
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Beja-Pereira, Albano; Caramelli, David; Lalueza-Fox, Carles; Vernesi, Cristiano; Ferrand, Nuno; Casoli, Antonella; Goyache, Felix; Royo, Luis J.; Conti, Serena (May 23, 2006).
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Her 1990 article "The Origin of
Specialized Pastoral Production in East Africa" has been cited more than 100 times (as of December 2016). This paper has been used by the same
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250:. Marshall has examined the question of why ancient peoples domesticated wild plants and animals. Cattle were the first domesticates in North Africa around 10,000-8000
182:. She has also conducted ethnoarchaeological research on factors that affect body part representation in archaeological sites, and on foraging ways of life amongst
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Marshall, Fiona; Pilgram, Tom (1991). "Meat versus within-bone nutrients: Another look at the meaning of body part representation in archaeological sites".
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in 1986. She is currently the James W. and Jean L. Davis
Professor in Arts and Sciences at Washington University in St. Louis. She is also a member of the
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were typically broken. Her theory, supported by observation of fracture patterns, is that these bones were broken in order to get the bone grease inside.
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select a site that might have been a pastoralist site, that they choose a site that is away from the water sources because some things, like
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settlements accordingly. Another important factor may have been interaction between pastoralists and the hunter-gatherer groups around them.
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sites to see what the people at those sites were eating. Looking at the bones that are represented at a site can help the
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determine whether the site is a butchery site or a habitation site. Marshall looked at the bones that were discovered at
246:. Africa did eventually develop food production in farming, it was just later than the rest of the world at around 4000
207:
859:
Gifford-Gonzalez, Diane (2000). "Animal
Disease Challenges to the Emergence of Pastoralism in Sub-Saharan Africa".
575:
Marshall, Fiona; Hildebrand, Elisabeth (2002). "Cattle Before Crops: The
Beginnings of Food Production in Africa".
258:, which is why Marshall believes that it was more patchy throughout Africa rather than taking it all over at once.
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342:, Kenya, which were almost all from the domesticated cattle, sheep, and goats. Marshall found that the cattle
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in her paper "Animal
Disease Challenges to the Emergence of Pastoralism in Sub-Saharan Africa".
242:. But this pastoralism did not spread throughout all of Africa; it was more sporadic around the
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started in southwest Asia about 10,000 years ago, leading to higher populations, cities, and
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Marshall also looks at the difference between the archaeological remains left behind by
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Marshall, Fiona (1990). "Origins of
Specialized Pastoral Production in East Africa".
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743:"Cattle Before Crops: The Beginnings of Food Production in Africa – Google Scholar"
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that would have looked at the one mentioned above. This paper has been cited by
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Along with food production, she analyzes the arrival of specialized
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Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
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A native of Kenya, Fiona Marshall received her PhD from the
830:"Origins of specialized pastoral production in East Africa"
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Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
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which decomposes over time. Marshall suggests that when
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Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
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Another thing she does is look at animal bones from
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Fiona Marshall works on Pastoral Neolithic sites in
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American Association for the Advancement of Science
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709:Journal of Archaeological Science
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204:University of California-Berkeley
396:"Where's the love for donkeys?"
18:Fiona Marshall (pharmacologist)
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944:American women archaeologists
861:African Archaeological Review
637:10.1525/aa.1990.92.4.02a00020
508:anthropology.artsci.wustl.edu
450:anthropology.artsci.wustl.edu
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208:National Academy of Sciences
16:For the pharmacologist, see
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625:American Anthropologist
589:10.1023/A:1019954903395
483:alumni.artsci.wustl.edu
685:10.1006/jasc.2002.0853
372:Diane Gifford-Gonzalez
186:people of the western
23:American archaeologist
361:archaeological record
256:hunting-and-gathering
236:social stratification
162:. She has excavated
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456:on November 4, 2016
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350:Influence on others
50:Academic background
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263:pastoralism
38:Nationality
918:Categories
839:August 29,
421:The Source
383:References
344:long bones
214:, and the
82:Discipline
56:Alma mater
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332:Neolithic
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198:Biography
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309:Ceramics
276:Rendille
222:Research
41:American
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717:Bibcode
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305:lithics
288:herding
272:Samburu
192:Laetoli
180:donkeys
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127:.artsci
120:Website
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274:, and
268:Maasai
244:Sahara
210:, the
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593:S2CID
284:Kenya
184:Okiek
877:ISSN
841:2021
812:PMID
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541:2020
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