3905:
1831:
141:
2008:
298:
609:) for the development from Proto-Finno-Ugric to Proto-Ugric. Similar sound laws are required for other languages as well. Thus, the origin and raising of long vowels may actually belong at a later stage, and the development of these words from Proto-Uralic to Proto-Ugric can be summarized as simple loss of
3394:
Rootsi, Siiri; Zhivotovsky, L. A.; Baldovic, M.; Kayser, M.; Kutuev, I. A.; Khusainova, R.; Bermisheva, M. A.; Gubina, M.; Fedorova, S. A.; Ilumäe, A. M.; Khusnutdinova, E. K.; Voevoda, M. I.; Osipova, L. P.; Stoneking, M.; Lin, A. A.; Ferak, V.; Parik, J.; Kivisild, T.; Underhill, P. A.; Villems, R.
1946:
The linguistic reconstruction of the Finno-Ugric language family has led to the postulation that the ancient Proto-Finno-Ugric people were ethnically related, and that even the modern Finno-Ugric-speaking peoples are ethnically related. Such hypotheses are based on the assumption that heredity can be
417:
Traditionally, the main set of evidence for the genetic proposal of Proto-Finno-Ugric has come from vocabulary. A large amount of vocabulary (e.g. the numerals "one", "three", "four" and "six"; the body-part terms "hand", "head") is only reconstructed up to the Proto-Finno-Ugric level, and only words
1951:
and ethnic admixture, a relatively frequent and common occurrence both in recorded history and most likely also in prehistory, confuses the picture and there is no straightforward relationship, if at all, between linguistic and genetic affiliation. Still, the premise that the speakers of the ancient
770:
According to Häkkinen (1983) the alleged Proto-Finno-Ugric loanwords are disproportionally well-represented in
Hungarian and the Permic languages, and disproportionally poorly represented in the Ob-Ugric languages; hence it is possible that such words have been acquired by the languages only after
283:
spoken in
Siberia, or even that none of the Finno-Ugric, Finno-Permic, or Ugric branches has been established. Received opinion is that the easternmost (and last discovered) Samoyed had separated first and the branching into Ugric and Finno-Permic took place later, but this reconstruction does not
1880:
in
Estonia. The members of the Finno-Ugric Peoples' Consultative Committee include: the Erzyas, Estonians, Finns, Hungarians, Ingrian Finns, Ingrians, Karelians, Khants, Komis, Mansis, Maris, Mokshas, Nenetses, Permian Komis, Saamis, Tver Karelians, Udmurts, Vepsians; Observers: Livonians, Setos.
429:. (The Finno-Ugric group is usually dated to approximately 4,000 years ago, the Samoyedic a little over 2,000.) Proponents of the traditional binary division note, however, that the invocation of extensive contact influence on vocabulary is at odds with the grammatical conservatism of Samoyedic.
418:
with a
Samoyedic equivalent have been reconstructed for Proto-Uralic. That methodology has been criticised, as no coherent explanation other than inheritance has been presented for the origin of most of the Finno-Ugric vocabulary (though a small number has been explained as old loanwords from
406:, suggesting that Finno-Ugric might not be a historical grouping but a geographical one, with Samoyedic being distinct by lexical borrowing rather than actually being historically divergent. It has been proposed that the area in which Proto-Finno-Ugric was spoken reached between the
718:
The relation of the Finno-Permic and the Ugric groups is adjudged remote by some scholars. On the other hand, with a projected time depth of only 3,000 to 4,000 years, the traditionally accepted Finno-Ugric grouping would be far younger than many major families such as
783:
among the Finno-Ugric languages are particularly distinct from the
Samoyedic languages: only the numerals "2", "5", and "7" have cognates in Samoyedic, while also the numerals, "1", "3", "4", "6", "10" are shared by all or most Finno-Ugric languages.
1987:
diversities compared to more southern populations. North
Eurasian Finno-Ugric-speaking populations possess unique genetic features due to complex genetic changes shaped by molecular and population genetics and adaptation to the areas of
1974:, showed that the Finno-Ugric-speaking populations do not retain genetic evidence of a common founder. Most possess an amalgamation of West and East Eurasian gene pools that may have been present in central Asia, with subsequent
1982:
among speakers of various branches of Finno-Ugric. Not all branches show evidence of a single founder effect. North
Eurasian Finno-Ugric-speaking populations were found to be genetically a heterogeneous group showing lower
1959:, and sometimes N2, is almost specific though certainly not restricted to Uralic- or Finno-Ugric-speaking populations, especially as high frequency or primary paternal haplogroup. These haplogroups branched from
440:, ) has not been conclusively shown to occur in the traditional Proto-Uralic lexicon, but it is attested in some of the Proto-Finno-Ugric material. Another feature attested in the Finno-Ugric vocabulary is that
1907:(IFUSCO) is organised annually by students of Finno-Ugric languages to bring together people from all over the world who are interested in the languages and cultures. The first conference was held in 1984 in
2898:
1838:
In the Finno-Ugric countries of
Finland, Estonia and Hungary that find themselves surrounded by speakers of unrelated tongues, language origins and language history have long been relevant to
216:. Its once commonly accepted status as a subfamily of Uralic is based on criteria formulated in the 19th century and is criticized by some contemporary linguists such as Tapani Salminen and
746:, within which they believe Finno-Permic may be as distant from Ugric as from Turkic. However, this approach has been rejected by nearly all other specialists in Uralic linguistics.
689:
The Finno-Ugric group is not typologically distinct from Uralic as a whole: the most widespread structural features among the group all extend to the
Samoyedic languages as well.
4036:
1970:
A study of the Finno-Ugric-speaking peoples of northern
Eurasia (i.e., excluding the Hungarians), carried out between 2002 and 2008 in the Department of Forensic Medicine at the
2078:
1904:
742:
Some linguists criticizing the Finno-Ugric genetic proposal, especially Angela Marcantonio, also question the validity of the entire Uralic family, instead proposing a
4262:
3397:"European Journal of Human Genetics – Abstract of article: A counter-clockwise northern route of the Y-chromosome haplogroup N from Southeast Asia towards Europe"
1915:
425:
The Samoyedic group has undergone a longer period of independent development, and its divergent vocabulary could be caused by mechanisms of replacement such as
4248:
771:
the initial dissolution of the Uralic family into individual dialects, and that the scarcity of loanwords in Samoyedic results from its peripheric location.
3601:
3694:
455:
proposed for this stage are few and remain open to interpretation. Sammallahti (1988) proposes five, following Janhunen's (1981) reconstruction of Proto-
247:, as commonly happens when a language family is expanded with further discoveries. Before the 20th century, the language family might be referred to as
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1471:
The numbers '9' and '8' in Finnic through Mari are considered to be derived from the numbers '1' and '2' as '10–1' and '10–2'. One reconstruction is *
3044:
3070:
2346:
Hajdú, Péter (1998). "A magyar–ugor vs. altaji összehasonlítótól az uráli nyelvészetig (via finnugor)". In Domokos, Péter; Csepregi, Márta (eds.).
3444:
2801:
Kulonen, Ulla-Maija (2004). "Myyttejä uralistiikasta. Angela Marcantonio. The Uralic Language Family: Facts, Myths and Statistics". Book review.
315:
3569:
3531:
3512:
3352:
2874:
2679:
2632:
2497:
2465:
2359:
2260:
2224:
2138:
1844:
735:. But the grouping is far from transparent or securely established. The absence of early records is a major obstacle. As for the Finno-Ugric
2330:
703:
Modern linguistic research has shown that Volgaic languages is a geographical classification rather than a linguistic one, because the
3553:
Oja, Vilja (2007). "Color naming in Estonian and cognate languages". In: MacLaury, Robert E.; Paramei, Galina V.; Dedrick, Don (Ed.).
3182:
3152:
3372:
2848:
2426:
1594:. Some other peoples that speak Finno-Ugric languages have been assigned formerly autonomous republics within Russia. These are the
381:
362:
466:: development of long vowels from the cluster of vowel plus a particular syllable-final element, of unknown quality, symbolized by
334:
2646:
2585:
2073:
437:
2515:
Häkkinen, Jaakko 2009: Kantauralin ajoitus ja paikannus: perustelut puntarissa. – Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Aikakauskirja 92.
3687:
2160:
341:
319:
1487:
is an Indo-European loan; the difference between /t/ and /d/ is not phonemic, unlike in Indo-European. Another analysis is *
3663:"Ethnic origins of Finno-Ugric nations and modern Finno-Ugric nationalism in the Russian Federation" by Konstantin Zamyatin
1963:, which probably spread north, then west and east from Northern China about 12,000–14,000 years before present from father
4438:
4433:
4428:
3747:
3466:
1627:
2988:
4443:
3344:
Grammatical Proof of the Affinity of the Hungarian Language with Languages of Fennic Origin: (Gottingen Dieterich, 1799)
2818:"Sprachwissenschaftliche Spiegelfechterei (Angela Marcantonio: The Uralic language family. Facts, myths and statistics)"
2380:
3018:
348:
1911:
in Germany. IFUSCO features presentations and workshops on topics such as linguistics, ethnography, history and more.
2519:
4073:
3547:
2767:
Georg, Stefan (2004). "Marcantonio, Angela: The Uralic Language Family. Facts, Myths and Statistics". Book review.
402:, a common ancestor of all Uralic languages except for the Samoyedic languages, are largely indistinguishable from
3126:
2966:
2782:
Kallio, Petri (2004). "The Uralic Language Family: Facts, Myths and Statistics. Angela Marcantonio". Book review.
743:
330:
308:
271:
The validity of Finno-Ugric as a phylogenic grouping is under challenge, with some linguists maintaining that the
4418:
4257:
3680:
3298:
2063:
728:
3254:"The 11th International Congress for Finno-Ugric Studies: Finno-Ugric Peoples and Languages in the 21st Century"
3230:
2936:
2153:
Tapani Salminen, "The rise of the Finno-Ugric language family." In Carpelan, Parpola, & Koskikallio (eds.),
4423:
4369:
4152:
4147:
3841:
3712:
3590:
2432:
2189:
2048:
463:
2134:
Collins English Dictionary – Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved 4 September 2012 from website:
3204:
4189:
4157:
3858:
2418:
1591:
764:
720:
648:
614:
2881:, the Hungarian word for "one" is an internal development, i.e. it is not related to the Proto-Finno-Ugric
4364:
4282:
4277:
4175:
3935:
3741:
3653:
3100:
3040:
2276:
2181:
1971:
864:
456:
444:
now behaves as a neutral vowel with respect to front-back vowel harmony, and thus there are roots such as
395:
272:
93:
3066:
4395:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4101:
3619:
2068:
2022:
708:
3904:
4068:
4027:
2053:
2043:
884:
879:
1559:(0.85 million). Majorities of three (the Hungarians, Finns, and Estonians) inhabit their respective
4206:
4096:
4014:
2135:
1919:
1897:
1599:
810:
704:
419:
355:
280:
244:
213:
4325:
4134:
4124:
4063:
3729:
3426:
1639:
899:
221:
3463:"Living on the edge : Population genetics of Finno-Ugric-speaking humans in North Eurasia"
4332:
4289:
3913:
3886:
3870:
3853:
3848:
3735:
3609:
3565:
3527:
3508:
3418:
3348:
2918:
2870:
2844:
2685:
2675:
2638:
2628:
2577:
2544:
2493:
2485:
2461:
2455:
2422:
2355:
2280:
2256:
2220:
2212:
2155:
Early contacts between Uralic and Indo-European: linguistic and archaeological considerations.
2058:
1960:
1956:
1839:
854:
844:
805:
732:
724:
239:, which originally referred to the entire family, is sometimes used as a synonym for the term
229:
2352:
From the Hungarian-Ugric vs. Altaic comparative study to Uralic linguistics (via Finno-Ugric)
4272:
4142:
4083:
3995:
3985:
3836:
3829:
3814:
3809:
3762:
3720:
3703:
3595:
3500:
3408:
2910:
2749:
2716:
2292:
2248:
2033:
859:
849:
839:
820:
800:
767:
are present in most or all of the Finno-Ugric languages, while being absent from Samoyedic.
698:
684:
569:
426:
225:
209:
158:
74:
2535:
Aikio, Ante (2012), "On Finnic long vowels, Samoyed vowel sequences, and Proto-Uralic *x",
2377:
Problems in the taxonomy of the Uralic languages in the light of modern comparative studies
1830:
4300:
4294:
4164:
4116:
4106:
4045:
3892:
3792:
3647:
3639:
3276:
3174:
3148:
2523:
2384:
2164:
2142:
2013:
1865:
1512:
894:
874:
825:
638:
276:
99:
69:
58:
3504:
3368:
3253:
2252:
1587:
613:(if it existed in the first place at all; vowel length only surfaces consistently in the
3564:(Indiana University Uralic and Altaic Series: Volume 131). Indiana Univ Research, 1977,
4389:
4318:
4243:
4236:
4227:
4220:
4214:
4169:
4022:
3954:
3941:
3929:
3880:
3863:
3779:
3767:
3752:
3643:
1989:
1979:
1948:
1889:
1789:
1747:
1583:
889:
869:
815:
712:
411:
399:
54:
50:
2613:
2562:
1918:
is the largest scientific meeting of scientists studying the culture and languages of
140:
4412:
4182:
4091:
4055:
3959:
3875:
3819:
3799:
3785:
3656:
3635:
3631:
3627:
2737:
2354:]. Urálisztikai tanulmányok (in Hungarian). Budapest: ELTE, BFT. pp. 56–62.
2240:
1975:
1964:
1893:
1607:
780:
3430:
3757:
2721:
2704:
1816:
1762:
1695:
1650:
1635:
1603:
1560:
1540:
1508:
452:
403:
3990:
3980:
3948:
3824:
2158:
1908:
1784:
3342:
2753:
538:
Shortening of long vowels in closed syllables and before a subsequent open vowel
4000:
3964:
3252:
Gulyás, Nikolett F.; Janurik, Boglárka; Mus, Nikolett; Tánczos, Orsolya (2011).
2038:
1967:(haplogroup O being the most common Y-chromosome haplogroup in Southeast Asia).
1779:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1707:
1700:
1619:
297:
3668:
Online unified platform of the Libraries of the Finno-Ugric Republics of Russia
3462:
2007:
3493:
Bakró-Nagy, Marianne; Laakso, Johanna; Skribnik, Elena, eds. (24 March 2022).
3175:"Press Statements by President Vladimir Putin, leaders of Finland and Hungary"
2914:
2406:
2389:
2003:
1774:
1544:
473:
407:
217:
62:
3772:
2992:
2922:
2705:"Angela Marcantonio, The Uralic Language Family: Facts, Myths and Statistics"
2689:
2674:. Publications of the Philological Society. Vol. 35. Oxford: Blackwell.
2642:
2581:
2548:
2374:
1947:
traced through linguistic relatedness, although it must be kept in mind that
3623:
3413:
3396:
3014:
1984:
1849:
1757:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1655:
1595:
1552:
484:
127:
113:
109:
17:
4032:
3662:
3422:
2296:
1869:
1794:
1642:
was set up for a region of high Komi habitation outside the Komi Republic.
119:
2516:
2312:"Conceptualizing language kinship or How Finnocentric is Finno-Ugricity?"
1923:
1857:
1853:
1799:
1752:
1685:
1615:
1576:
1556:
787:
Below are the numbers 1 to 10 in several Finno-Ugric languages. Forms in
760:
736:
3321:
The official site of 14th International Congress for Finno-Ugric Studies
1511:
for certain Finno-Ugric languages can be compared and contrasted at the
3122:
2962:
2030: – International auxiliary language based on Finno-Ugric languages
2027:
1935:
1861:
1806:
1767:
1735:
1712:
1690:
1623:
1611:
1572:
1568:
1564:
322: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3494:
1468:
The number '2' descends in Ugric from a front-vocalic variant *kektä.
3557:. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins B V Publ. pp. 189–209.
3317:"Congressus XIV Internationalis Fenno-Ugristarum. August 2025, Tartu"
3222:
2940:
2311:
1993:
1927:
1922:, held every five years. The first congress was organized in 1960 in
1811:
1740:
1631:
3613:
2413:. In Bakró-Nagy, Marianne; Laakso, Johanna; Skribnik, Elena (eds.).
2410:
2177:
3672:
3594:
2157:
Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne 242; Helsinki 2001. 385–396.
3550:
15th ed.: Languages of the World: Uralic languages. Chicago, 1990.
3208:
2817:
2490:
The Uralic languages – Description, history and foreign influences
1952:
proto-language were ethnically homogeneous is generally accepted.
1931:
1877:
1873:
1852:
in the Komi Republic in Russia, the 2nd World Congress in 1996 in
1829:
1680:
1660:
1548:
3303:
The official site of Estonian Non-Profit Organisation Fenno-Ugria
2963:"Statutes of the Consultative Committee of Finno-Ugrian peoples"
2899:"The Mordvins: Dilemmas of Mobilization in a Biethnic Community"
759:
One argument in favor of the Finno-Ugric grouping has come from
3676:
3092:
2136:
http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/Finno-Ugric
208:) is a traditional linguistic grouping of all languages in the
2882:
1010:
675:"thumb", though involving Proto-Uralic derivational elements.
291:
263:
came into general use in the late 19th or early 20th century.
200:
3555:
Anthropology of Color: Interdistiplinary multilevel modeling
1645:
Some of the ethnicities speaking Finno-Ugric languages are:
179:
2939:. World Congress of the Finno-Ugric Peoples. Archived from
173:
3667:
3151:. Press Release from the Kremlin in Russia. 19 July 2007.
3277:"The 12th International Congress for Finno-Ugric Studies"
2738:"The Uralic Language Family. Facts, Myths and Statistics"
1575:, while a large minority of Mordvins inhabit the federal
621:
has been alternatively interpreted instead as a lowering
188:
182:
167:
3562:
Studies in Finno-Ugric Linguistics: In Honor of Alo Raun
3316:
2841:
Suomen kielen vanhimmasta sanastosta ja sen tutkimisesta
1955:
Modern genetic studies have shown that the Y-chromosome
727:, and would be about the same age as, for instance, the
2672:
The Uralic Language Family: Facts, Myths and Statistics
3093:"Finno-Ugric Peoples' Consultative Committee, Members"
2348:
125 éves a Budapesti Finnugor Tanszék: jubileumi kötet
2332:
Einführung in die finnisch-ugrische Sprachwissenschaft
739:, most of what has been said about it is speculation.
585:
Sammallahti (1988) further reconstructs sound changes
3577:
The Nordic Languages. Their Status and Interrelations
3299:"13th International Congress for Finno-Ugric Studies"
3067:"The VIII(8th) World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples"
3041:"The VII (7th) World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples"
2335:(in German). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. p. 1.
2188:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 3–4.
191:
170:
164:
161:
984:
185:
4342:
4310:
4205:
4133:
4115:
4082:
4054:
4013:
3973:
3921:
3912:
3719:
3149:"International Festival of the Finno-Ugric Peoples"
977:
963:
197:
176:
126:
108:
87:
68:
44:
34:
3205:"IFUSCO comes back to "fatherland" from Syktyvkar"
2219:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 155.
1834:Proposed flag of the Finno-Ugric-speaking peoples.
3605:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). pp. 388–393.
970:
3654:The Finno-Ugrics: The dying fish swims in water
3099:. Finno-Ugric Peoples' Consultative Committee.
2965:. Finno-Ugric Peoples' Consultative Committee.
2937:"7th World Congress of the Finno-Ugric Peoples"
2607:
2605:
1003:
2486:"Historical Phonology of the Uralic languages"
2079:International Finno-Ugric Students' Conference
1916:International Congress for Finno-Ugric Studies
1905:International Finno-Ugric Students' Conference
956:
942:
936:
929:
3688:
1930:, the next congress is planned to be held in
1892:of Russia, and visited by Finnish President,
1590:and it consists of the northern parts of the
922:
916:
909:
791:do not descend from the reconstructed forms.
8:
3275:Georgieva, Ekaterina; Mus, Nikolett (2015).
2563:"The primary laryngeal in Uralic and beyond"
2401:
2399:
1876:in Finland, and the 8th Congress in 2021 in
284:have strong support in the linguistic data.
3630:Interface in Russian and English, texts in
3610:Swadesh lists for the Finno-Ugric languages
3097:World Congresses of the Finno-Ugric Peoples
2184:; Laakso, Johanna; Skribnik, Elena (eds.).
259:or with a variety of other names. The name
4130:
3918:
3695:
3681:
3673:
2213:"Finnish among the Finno-Ugrian languages"
1926:, the last congress took place in 2022 in
949:
220:. The three most spoken Uralic languages,
3622:by the Finno-Ugric Information Center in
3412:
3123:"Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura (in Finnish)"
2989:"The Congress of the Finno-Ugric Peoples"
2720:
1543:that speak Finno-Ugric languages are the
382:Learn how and when to remove this message
3496:The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages
3179:Press Release from the Kremlin in Russia
2415:The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages
2245:The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages
1872:in Hungary, the 7th Congress in 2016 in
1864:in Estonia, the 5th Congress in 2008 in
1860:in Finland, the 4th Congress in 2004 in
1856:in Hungary, the 3rd Congress in 2000 in
793:
647:Janhunen (2007, 2009) notes a number of
3575:Vikør, Lars S. (ed.): Fenno-Ugric. In:
3542:Historical Linguistics: An Introduction
2621:Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia
2570:Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia
2537:Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia
2457:Historical linguistics: an introduction
2387:; the clade has also been abandoned by
2285:Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire
2127:
2091:
1868:in Russia, the 6th Congress in 2012 in
3021:from the original on 19 September 2016
2614:"Proto-Uralic – what, where and when?"
2517:http://www.sgr.fi/susa/92/hakkinen.pdf
699:Uralic languages § Classification
651:innovations in Finno-Ugric, including
532:in open syllables before a subsequent
31:
3375:from the original on 17 November 2010
3281:Finno-Ugric Languages and Linguistics
3258:Finno-Ugric Languages and Linguistics
3125:. Finno-Ugrian Society (in English).
2843:(PhD) (in Finnish). Turun yliopisto.
2652:from the original on 18 November 2012
2511:
2509:
2479:
2477:
2435:from the original on 10 December 2021
2192:from the original on 10 December 2021
1845:World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples
86:
7:
3579:. Novus Press, pp. 62–74, 1993.
3103:from the original on 2 February 2017
2869:(in Hungarian). Tinta. p. 167.
2591:from the original on 15 October 2013
2186:Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages
1579:within Russia (Russian Federation).
320:adding citations to reliable sources
3524:Fenno-Ugric Vocabulary: An Etymolog
3465:. University of Helsinki, Finland.
3047:from the original on 17 August 2021
1886:Festival of the Finno-Ugric Peoples
1826:International Finno-Ugric societies
232:, are all included in Finno-Ugric.
27:Subdivision of the Uralic languages
4394:Languages between parentheses are
3544:. Edinburgh University Press 1998.
3505:10.1093/oso/9780198767664.001.0001
3469:from the original on 19 March 2021
3401:European Journal of Human Genetics
2897:Iurchenkov, Valerii (March 2001).
2253:10.1093/oso/9780198767664.002.0013
25:
3223:"IFUSCO XXXVII Prague 2022 | FAQ"
3185:from the original on 31 July 2020
3155:from the original on 31 July 2020
3129:from the original on 3 March 2018
3073:from the original on 11 July 2021
2969:from the original on 31 July 2020
2310:Sommer, Łukasz (1 January 2023).
448:"to remove the hair from hides".
3903:
3233:from the original on 28 May 2023
2074:Proto-Uralic homeland hypotheses
2006:
1896:, and Hungarian Prime Minister,
707:are more closely related to the
438:voiceless postalveolar fricative
296:
157:
139:
2217:Mood in the Languages of Europe
985:
978:
307:needs additional citations for
4398:of the language on their left.
3620:Finno-Ugric Electronic Library
3591:Eliot, Charles Norton Edgcumbe
2769:Finnisch-Ugrische Mitteilungen
2722:10.1080/00437956.2003.11432539
422:or its immediate successors).
1:
3369:"Where do Finnish come from?"
3347:. John Benjamins Publishing.
2822:Finnisch-ugrische Forschungen
2736:Bakro-Nagy, Marianne (2005).
2098:Variants of the name include
1638:of Russia. A once-autonomous
1628:Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
2754:10.1016/j.lingua.2004.01.008
2670:Marcantonio, Angela (2002).
3499:. Oxford University Press.
2784:Anthropological Linguistics
2492:. BRILL. pp. 478–554.
2484:Sammallahti, Pekka (1988).
1582:The indigenous area of the
685:Uralic languages § Typology
617:.) The proposed raising of
546:, predating the raising of
4460:
3227:ifusco2022.ff.cuni.cz/faq/
2460:. MIT Press. p. 405.
2247:: liv–lvi. 24 March 2022.
1012:
971:
957:
950:
696:
682:
4380:
3901:
3710:
3341:Sámuel Gyarmathi (1983).
2915:10.1080/00905990120036394
2488:. In Denis, Sinor (ed.).
2411:"Chapter 1: Proto-Uralic"
2375:Salminen, Tapani (2002):
2064:Pre-Finno-Ugric substrate
1980:recurrent founder effects
1503:Finno-Ugric Swadesh lists
1499:being the negative verb.
1030:gen. kahe, part. kaht(e)
1025:gen. kahden, part. kahta
964:
943:
937:
930:
923:
917:
910:
829:
824:
809:
804:
799:
796:
763:. Several loans from the
275:are as distinct from the
145:The Finno-Ugric languages
138:
70:Linguistic classification
39:
3842:Siberian Ingrian Finnish
3713:List of Uralic languages
3522:Björn Collinder (1977).
3461:Pimenoff, Ville (2008).
2991:. Russia. Archived from
2839:Häkkinen, Kaisa (1983).
2816:Laakso, Johanna (2004).
2049:Uralo-Siberian languages
1888:was hosted by President
509:"to swallow" (→ Finnish
464:Compensatory lengthening
3602:Encyclopædia Britannica
3548:Encyclopædia Britannica
3414:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201748
2884:
2612:Janhunen, Juha (2009),
2561:Janhunen, Juha (2007),
2522:14 October 2017 at the
2454:Campbell, Lyle (2004).
2419:Oxford University Press
2383:13 January 2019 at the
2211:Tommola, Hannu (2010).
1592:Fennoscandian Peninsula
1479:, respectively, where *
765:Indo-European languages
615:Baltic-Finnic languages
601:(merging with original
331:"Finno-Ugric languages"
2297:10.3406/rbph.2012.8272
2281:"The Uralic Languages"
2163:30 August 2017 at the
1972:University of Helsinki
1835:
1004:
744:Ural–Altaic hypothesis
273:Finno-Permic languages
210:Uralic language family
102:(traditional grouping)
96:(traditional grouping)
3614:Swadesh-list appendix
2865:Zaich, Gábor (2006).
2329:Décsy, Guyla (1965).
2069:Proto-Finnic language
2023:Baltic Finnic peoples
1833:
709:Finno-Samic languages
693:Classification models
279:as they are from the
243:, which includes the
4439:Languages of Hungary
4434:Languages of Estonia
4429:Languages of Finland
3748:Northeastern coastal
3596:"Finno-Ugrian"
3560:Sinor, Denis (ed.):
3371:. 19 November 2014.
2903:Nationalities Papers
2703:Aikio, Ante (2003).
2277:Bakró-Nagy, Marianne
2182:Bakró-Nagy, Marianne
2176:Aikio, Ante (2019).
2141:11 June 2012 at the
2054:Old Hungarian script
2044:Comb Ceramic culture
398:a Proto-Finno-Ugric
316:improve this article
4444:Languages of Russia
3612:(from Wiktionary's
1942:Population genetics
1920:Finno-Ugric peoples
1842:. In 1992, the 1st
1630:was set up for the
1600:Republic of Karelia
1555:(1.1 million), and
991:ik/ikyt/iktyt/ikte
705:Mordvinic languages
679:Structural features
483:are then raised to
420:Proto-Indo-European
281:Samoyedic languages
245:Samoyedic languages
214:Samoyedic languages
3730:Bjarmian languages
3659:, 20 December 2005
2867:Etimológiai szótár
2805:(2/2004): 314–320.
1836:
1640:Komi-Permyak Okrug
1577:Mordovian Republic
629:in Samoyedic (PU *
4406:
4405:
4390:extinct languages
4201:
4200:
4074:Northwestern Mari
4009:
4008:
3570:978-0-933070-00-4
3533:978-3-87118-187-0
3514:978-0-19-182151-6
3395:(February 2007).
3354:978-90-272-0976-4
2876:978-963-7094-01-9
2771:. 26/27: 155–168.
2681:978-0-631-23170-7
2634:978-952-5667-11-0
2499:978-90-04-07741-6
2467:978-0-262-53267-9
2361:978-963-463-213-9
2262:978-0-19-876766-4
2226:978-90-272-0587-2
2059:Old Permic script
1884:In 2007, the 1st
1848:was organized in
1840:national identity
1539:The four largest
1466:
1465:
1051:kok/kokyt/koktyt
750:Common vocabulary
659:, (vs. Samoyedic
524:Raising of short
392:
391:
384:
366:
150:
149:
16:(Redirected from
4451:
4419:Uralic languages
4266:
4252:
4131:
4040:
3919:
3907:
3830:Siberian Finnish
3776:
3704:Uralic languages
3697:
3690:
3683:
3674:
3606:
3598:
3540:Campbell, Lyle:
3537:
3526:. Buske Verlag.
3518:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3416:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3211:on 16 June 2018.
3207:. Archived from
3201:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3181:. 19 July 2007.
3171:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3011:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2995:on 6 August 2020
2985:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2943:on 17 March 2019
2933:
2927:
2926:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2880:
2861:
2855:
2854:
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2830:
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2813:
2807:
2806:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2748:(7): 1053–1062.
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2657:
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2551:
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2513:
2504:
2503:
2481:
2472:
2471:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2421:. pp. 3ff.
2403:
2394:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2291:(3): 1001–1027.
2273:
2267:
2266:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2173:
2167:
2151:
2145:
2132:
2115:
2096:
2034:Finnic languages
2016:
2011:
2010:
1898:Ferenc Gyurcsány
1624:Mari El Republic
1563:in Europe, i.e.
1547:(14.5 million),
1015:
1014:
1007:
988:
987:
981:
980:
974:
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967:
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920:
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427:language contact
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4454:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4424:History of Ural
4409:
4408:
4407:
4402:
4401:
4376:
4370:Proto-Samoyedic
4338:
4306:
4260:
4246:
4197:
4153:Southern Khanty
4148:Northern Khanty
4129:
4111:
4078:
4050:
4030:
4028:Shoksha dialect
4005:
3969:
3908:
3899:
3854:Karelian proper
3770:
3715:
3706:
3701:
3589:
3586:
3534:
3521:
3515:
3492:
3489:
3487:Further reading
3484:
3483:
3472:
3470:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3447:
3445:"Journals Home"
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3086:
3076:
3074:
3069:. Fenno-Ugria.
3065:
3064:
3060:
3050:
3048:
3043:. Fenno-Ugria.
3039:
3038:
3034:
3024:
3022:
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2837:
2833:
2820:. Book review.
2815:
2814:
2810:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2740:. Book review.
2735:
2734:
2730:
2707:. Book review.
2702:
2701:
2697:
2682:
2669:
2668:
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2655:
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2524:Wayback Machine
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2385:Wayback Machine
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2165:Wayback Machine
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2143:Wayback Machine
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2124:
2119:
2118:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2014:language portal
2012:
2005:
2002:
1996:North Eurasia.
1944:
1866:Khanty-Mansiysk
1828:
1823:
1616:Udmurt Republic
1551:(6.5 million),
1537:
1513:Rosetta Project
1505:
1339:kandaš/kandaše
1029:
1024:
934:
914:
833:
831:
777:
757:
752:
701:
695:
687:
681:
639:Proto-Samoyedic
388:
377:
371:
368:
325:
323:
313:
301:
290:
277:Ugric languages
269:
257:Finno-Hungarian
212:except for the
196:
160:
156:
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118:
59:Northern Europe
46:
28:
23:
22:
15:
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11:
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4190:Southern Mansi
4186:
4179:
4172:
4170:Northern Mansi
4162:
4161:
4160:
4158:Eastern Khanty
4155:
4150:
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3753:South Estonian
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3584:External links
3582:
3581:
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3485:
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3407:(2): 204–211.
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2715:(3): 401–412.
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2417:. Oxford, UK:
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2302:
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2241:"Introduction"
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2178:"Proto-Uralic"
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748:
713:Mari languages
697:Main article:
694:
691:
683:Main article:
680:
677:
583:
582:
581:
580:
536:
522:
521:
520:
519:
518:
494:respectively.
432:The consonant
412:Ural Mountains
400:proto-language
396:reconstructing
390:
389:
372:September 2022
304:
302:
295:
289:
286:
268:
265:
148:
147:
144:
136:
135:
130:
124:
123:
116:
106:
105:
104:
103:
97:
89:
85:
84:
83:
82:
72:
66:
65:
48:
42:
41:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4456:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4397:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4343:Reconstructed
4341:
4335:
4334:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4284:
4283:Tundra Nenets
4281:
4279:
4278:Forest Nenets
4276:
4275:
4274:
4271:
4267:
4264:
4259:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4245:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4183:Eastern Mansi
4180:
4178:
4177:
4176:Western Mansi
4173:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4047:
4044:
4038:
4034:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3906:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3774:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3742:Laiuse Romani
3739:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3698:
3693:
3691:
3686:
3684:
3679:
3678:
3675:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3657:The Economist
3655:
3652:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3628:Komi Republic
3625:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3597:
3592:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3529:
3525:
3520:
3516:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3468:
3464:
3457:
3454:
3446:
3440:
3437:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3390:
3387:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3361:
3356:
3350:
3346:
3345:
3337:
3334:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3271:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3245:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3141:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3085:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3059:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3033:
3020:
3016:
3015:"Fenno-Ugria"
3010:
3007:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2893:
2890:
2886:
2878:
2872:
2868:
2863:According to
2860:
2857:
2852:
2850:951-642-445-7
2846:
2842:
2835:
2832:
2827:
2824:(in German).
2823:
2819:
2812:
2809:
2804:
2797:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2778:
2775:
2770:
2763:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2732:
2729:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2673:
2666:
2663:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2450:
2447:
2434:
2430:
2428:9780198767664
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2371:
2368:
2363:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2339:
2334:
2333:
2325:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2269:
2264:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2228:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2204:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2085:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1976:genetic drift
1973:
1968:
1966:
1965:haplogroup NO
1962:
1958:
1957:haplogroup N3
1953:
1950:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1894:Tarja Halonen
1891:
1887:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1608:Komi Republic
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1561:nation states
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1541:ethnic groups
1534:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1509:Swadesh lists
1502:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1386:indeš/indeše
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1116:három, harm-
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1009:
1006:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
983:
976:
969:
962:
955:
948:
928:
908:
905:
904:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
860:Northern Sámi
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
837:
827:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
807:
802:
801:Baltic Finnic
795:
792:
790:
785:
782:
774:
772:
768:
766:
762:
754:
749:
747:
745:
740:
738:
734:
731:subfamily of
730:
726:
722:
721:Indo-European
716:
714:
710:
706:
700:
692:
690:
686:
678:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
645:
643:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
578:
574:
571:
570:Northern Sámi
567:
563:
559:
555:
554:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
495:
493:
489:
486:
482:
478:
475:
471:
470:
469:
465:
462:
461:
460:
458:
454:
453:sound changes
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
430:
428:
423:
421:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
386:
383:
375:
364:
361:
357:
354:
350:
347:
343:
340:
336:
333: –
332:
328:
327:Find sources:
321:
317:
311:
310:
305:This section
303:
299:
294:
293:
287:
285:
282:
278:
274:
266:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
205:
154:
142:
137:
134:
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
115:
111:
107:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
90:
81:
78:
77:
76:
73:
71:
67:
64:
60:
56:
52:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4385:
4360:Proto-Finnic
4350:Proto-Uralic
4331:
4324:
4317:
4299:
4256:
4242:
4235:
4226:
4219:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4102:Komi-Permyak
3974:Western Sámi
3947:
3940:
3928:
3922:Eastern Sámi
3885:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3740:
3728:
3600:
3576:
3561:
3554:
3541:
3523:
3495:
3471:. Retrieved
3456:
3439:
3404:
3400:
3389:
3377:. Retrieved
3363:
3343:
3336:
3324:. Retrieved
3320:
3311:
3302:
3293:
3284:
3280:
3270:
3261:
3257:
3247:
3235:. Retrieved
3226:
3217:
3209:the original
3199:
3187:. Retrieved
3178:
3169:
3157:. Retrieved
3143:
3131:. Retrieved
3117:
3105:. Retrieved
3096:
3087:
3075:. Retrieved
3061:
3049:. Retrieved
3035:
3023:. Retrieved
3009:
2997:. Retrieved
2993:the original
2983:
2971:. Retrieved
2957:
2945:. Retrieved
2941:the original
2931:
2909:(1): 85–95.
2906:
2902:
2892:
2866:
2859:
2840:
2834:
2825:
2821:
2811:
2802:
2796:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2768:
2762:
2745:
2741:
2731:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2671:
2665:
2654:, retrieved
2624:
2620:
2593:, retrieved
2573:
2569:
2556:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2489:
2456:
2449:
2437:. Retrieved
2414:
2388:
2376:
2370:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2331:
2324:
2316:Academia.edu
2315:
2305:
2288:
2284:
2271:
2244:
2235:
2216:
2206:
2194:. Retrieved
2185:
2171:
2154:
2149:
2130:
2111:
2108:Fenno-Ugrian
2107:
2103:
2100:Finno-Ugrian
2099:
2094:
1969:
1961:haplogroup N
1954:
1945:
1913:
1902:
1885:
1883:
1843:
1837:
1696:Tornedalians
1651:Baltic Finns
1644:
1586:is known as
1581:
1538:
1506:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1462:luka/kümmen
1457:
1440:
1435:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1067:
1062:
1057:
788:
786:
778:
769:
758:
741:
717:
702:
688:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
649:derivational
646:
641:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
584:
576:
575:, Hungarian
572:
568:"tongue" (→
565:
561:
557:
551:
547:
543:
539:
533:
529:
525:
514:
513:, Hungarian
510:
506:
502:
498:
491:
487:
480:
476:
467:
457:Finno-Permic
450:
445:
441:
433:
431:
424:
416:
404:Proto-Uralic
394:Attempts at
393:
378:
369:
359:
352:
345:
338:
326:
314:Please help
309:verification
306:
270:
260:
256:
252:
248:
240:
236:
234:
152:
151:
132:
94:Finno-Permic
88:Subdivisions
79:
47:distribution
40:Finno-Ugrian
29:
18:Finno-Ugrian
4326:Meshcherian
4261: [
4247: [
4069:Meadow Mari
4031: [
3771: [
3017:. Estonia.
2407:Aikio, Ante
2112:Ugro-Finnic
2104:Fenno-Ugric
2039:Volga Finns
1719:Meshchyoras
1708:Volga Finns
1584:Sámi people
885:Komi-Zyrian
880:Meadow Mari
261:Finno-Ugric
237:Finno-Ugric
153:Finno-Ugric
80:Finno-Ugric
35:Finno-Ugric
4413:Categories
4365:Proto-Sámi
4097:Komi-Yazva
3650:languages.
3479:PhD thesis
2828:: 296–307.
2790:: 486–490.
2390:Ethnologue
2122:References
1775:Hungarians
1545:Hungarians
1493:kakt-e-ksa
1315:kahdeksan
1292:šym/šymyt
1268:seitsemän
1245:kud/kudyt
1198:vič/vizyt
1151:nyl/nylyt
1104:kum/kumyt
865:Inari Sámi
408:Baltic Sea
342:newspapers
218:Ante Aikio
63:North Asia
45:Geographic
4396:varieties
4388:indicate
4207:Samoyedic
4125:Hungarian
4064:Hill Mari
4015:Mordvinic
3887:Krevinian
3825:Meänkieli
3815:Fingelska
3624:Syktyvkar
3077:17 August
3051:17 August
2923:0090-5992
2803:Virittäjä
2690:803186861
2643:0355-0230
2582:0355-0230
2549:0355-0230
1985:haplotype
1938:in 2025.
1909:Göttingen
1850:Syktyvkar
1758:Besermyan
1725:Muromians
1676:Livonians
1671:Karelians
1666:Izhorians
1656:Estonians
1596:Karelians
1553:Estonians
1525:Hungarian
1515:website:
1507:100-word
1489:ykt-e-ksa
1477:kak+teksa
1362:yhdeksän
1342:kökjamys
1307:śäjććemä
1139:njeallje
1068:kettő/két
900:Hungarian
811:Mordvinic
761:loanwords
755:Loanwords
711:than the
667:"side" →
655:"hare" →
235:The term
222:Hungarian
128:Glottolog
110:ISO 639-2
4355:homeland
4333:Muromian
4290:Nganasan
4135:Ob-Ugric
3996:Southern
3986:Northern
3871:Livonian
3849:Karelian
3736:Estonian
3593:(1911).
3473:12 April
3467:Archived
3431:19265287
3423:17149388
3379:22 March
3373:Archived
3326:12 March
3231:Archived
3183:Archived
3153:Archived
3127:Archived
3101:Archived
3071:Archived
3045:Archived
3019:Archived
2967:Archived
2647:archived
2586:archived
2520:Archived
2433:Archived
2409:(2019).
2381:Archived
2279:(2012).
2190:Archived
2161:Archived
2139:Archived
2000:See also
1924:Budapest
1858:Helsinki
1854:Budapest
1753:Permians
1557:Mordvins
1535:Speakers
1521:Estonian
1495:, with *
1473:yk+teksa
1410:kymmenen
1392:ontolow
1345:ńololow
1318:kaheksa
1042:kyeh´ti
941:, part.
921:, part.
855:Livonian
845:Estonian
737:Urheimat
669:*peel-ka
657:*ńoma-la
558:*ńäxl+mä
451:Regular
410:and the
230:Estonian
4386:Italics
4258:Karagas
3893:Kukkuzi
3837:Ingrian
3810:Finnish
3793:Kraasna
3189:15 July
3159:15 July
3133:15 July
3107:15 July
3025:15 July
2999:15 July
2973:13 July
2947:15 July
2028:Budinos
1936:Estonia
1862:Tallinn
1807:Ugrians
1780:Székely
1768:Udmurts
1736:Mokshas
1713:Meryans
1626:). The
1612:Udmurts
1573:Estonia
1569:Finland
1565:Hungary
1517:Finnish
1398:kilenc
1395:jarťaŋ
1383:veçksə
1380:vejkse
1365:üheksa
1336:kafksə
1333:kavkso
1330:käävci
1327:gávcci
1324:kōdõks
1321:katõsa
1283:čiččâm
1274:säidse
1271:seitse
1260:*kuute
1233:guhtta
1213:*viite
1186:vihtta
1166:*neljä
1119:*kolme
1092:golbma
1072:*kakta
1039:guokte
840:Finnish
797:Number
775:Numbers
733:Nilotic
729:Eastern
725:Semitic
579:, etc.)
573:njalbmi
562:*ńäälmä
507:*ńeeli-
503:*ńääli-
499:*ńäxli-
356:scholar
288:Origins
249:Finnish
226:Finnish
55:Central
51:Eastern
4311:Others
4301:Yurats
4295:Selkup
4273:Nenets
4228:Koibal
4143:Khanty
4107:Udmurt
4084:Permic
4046:Moksha
3955:Kildin
3942:Kainuu
3930:Akkala
3721:Finnic
3648:Moksha
3640:Udmurt
3568:
3530:
3511:
3429:
3421:
3351:
3287:(1–2).
3264:(1–2).
3237:28 May
2921:
2873:
2847:
2742:Lingua
2688:
2678:
2656:24 May
2641:
2631:
2580:
2547:
2496:
2464:
2439:18 May
2425:
2358:
2259:
2223:
2196:18 May
2110:, and
1994:Arctic
1990:Boreal
1928:Vienna
1870:Siófok
1812:Khanty
1785:Csángó
1741:Erzyas
1632:Khanty
1618:) and
1571:, and
1527:, and
1389:ökmys
1377:oovce
1374:ovcci
1371:īdõks
1368:ütesä
1351:nyolc
1301:łapət
1295:śiźim
1289:śiśäm
1286:śiśem
1280:čieža
1248:kvajt
1236:kuttâ
1221:kuusi
1189:vittâ
1174:viisi
1142:nelji
1133:nelli
1127:neljä
1113:xołəm
1110:xūrum
1101:kolmə
1098:kolmo
1095:kulmâ
1089:kuolm
1080:kolme
1048:kaftə
1045:kavto
944:üht(e)
895:Khanty
875:Moksha
834:Ugric
832:Finno-
830:Proto-
821:Permic
789:italic
673:*pelka
665:*pexli
566:*ńälmä
511:niele-
446:*niwa-
358:
351:
344:
337:
329:
267:Status
241:Uralic
228:, and
75:Uralic
4319:Merya
4265:]
4251:]
4244:Taygi
4237:Mator
4221:Kamas
4215:Enets
4165:Mansi
4117:Ugric
4039:]
4023:Erzya
3960:Skolt
3936:Inari
3881:Votic
3864:Ludic
3859:Livvi
3800:Leivu
3786:Ludza
3780:Tartu
3775:]
3768:Mulgi
3644:Erzya
3448:(PDF)
3427:S2CID
2883:*
2650:(PDF)
2617:(PDF)
2595:5 May
2589:(PDF)
2566:(PDF)
2350:[
2180:. In
2086:Notes
1932:Tartu
1878:Tartu
1874:Lahti
1817:Mansi
1800:Palóc
1701:Kvens
1691:Votes
1681:Setos
1661:Finns
1636:Mansi
1588:Sápmi
1549:Finns
1529:Erzya
1481:teksa
1475:and *
1441:keməń
1436:kemeń
1432:love
1429:logi
1420:kümme
1415:kümme
1348:niwł
1277:seis
1242:kotə
1239:koto
1227:kuuś
1224:kuus
1195:veťä
1192:veƭe
1180:viiś
1177:viis
1163:négy
1157:ńila
1148:ńiľä
1145:ńiľe
1136:nēļa
1130:neli
1107:kuim
1086:kolm
1083:kolm
1058:kitig
1036:kakš
1033:katś
1023:kaksi
1011:*
997:akwa
979:vejke
935:gen.
918:yhden
915:gen.
890:Mansi
870:Erzya
826:Ugric
661:*ńomå
653:*ńoma
635:*lomə
577:nyelv
556:E.g.
517:etc.)
497:E.g.
472:Long
363:JSTOR
349:books
253:Ugric
100:Ugric
4092:Komi
4056:Mari
3991:Pite
3981:Lule
3949:Kemi
3914:Sámi
3876:Veps
3820:Kven
3763:Võro
3758:Seto
3646:and
3636:Komi
3632:Mari
3566:ISBN
3528:ISBN
3509:ISBN
3475:2019
3419:PMID
3381:2010
3349:ISBN
3328:2024
3239:2023
3191:2016
3161:2016
3135:2016
3109:2016
3079:2021
3053:2021
3027:2016
3001:2016
2975:2016
2949:2016
2919:ISSN
2885:ükte
2871:ISBN
2845:ISBN
2709:Word
2686:OCLC
2676:ISBN
2658:2012
2639:ISSN
2629:ISBN
2597:2010
2578:ISSN
2545:ISSN
2494:ISBN
2462:ISBN
2441:2020
2423:ISBN
2356:ISBN
2257:ISBN
2221:ISBN
2198:2020
1992:and
1978:and
1914:The
1903:The
1790:Jász
1763:Komi
1748:Sámi
1731:Mari
1686:Veps
1634:and
1620:Mari
1604:Komi
1485:deka
1483:cf.
1454:jaŋ
1451:low
1448:das
1401:N/A
1354:N/A
1304:hét
1298:sāt
1257:hat
1254:xot
1251:xōt
1230:kūž
1207:wet
1201:vit
1183:vīž
1160:ńał
1154:ńoľ
1054:kyk
1028:kaks
1013:ükte
994:öťi
972:ohtâ
965:okta
924:yhtä
911:yksi
850:Võro
816:Mari
806:Sámi
779:The
642:*jom
631:lumi
550:and
515:nyel
490:and
479:and
474:open
335:news
133:None
57:and
4001:Ume
3965:Ter
3501:doi
3409:doi
2911:doi
2750:doi
2746:115
2717:doi
2625:258
2574:253
2541:264
2293:doi
2249:doi
1795:Kun
1610:),
1602:),
1491:, *
1458:tíz
1445:lu
1425:kim
1406:10
1210:öt
1204:at
1063:kat
1005:egy
986:fkä
958:ikš
951:ütś
938:ühe
931:üks
723:or
663:),
644:).
591:*ee
587:*oo
552:*ee
548:*ää
528:to
492:*ee
488:*oo
485:mid
481:*ää
477:*aa
318:by
180:juː
120:fiu
4415::
4263:ru
4249:ru
4037:ru
4035:;
4033:de
3773:et
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3638:,
3634:,
3626:,
3599:.
3507:.
3425:.
3417:.
3405:15
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3283:.
3279:.
3260:.
3256:.
3229:.
3225:.
3177:.
3095:.
2917:.
2907:29
2905:.
2901:.
2826:58
2788:46
2786:.
2744:.
2713:54
2711:.
2684:.
2645:,
2637:,
2627:,
2623:,
2619:,
2604:^
2584:,
2576:,
2572:,
2568:,
2543:,
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2398:^
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2289:90
2287:.
2283:.
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2243:.
2215:.
2106:,
2102:,
1934:,
1900:.
1567:,
1531:.
1523:,
1519:,
1359:9
1312:8
1265:7
1218:6
1171:5
1124:4
1077:3
1020:2
1000:i
906:1
715:.
671:→
637:→
633:→
627:*o
625:→
623:*u
619:*o
611:*x
607:*ä
605:,
603:*a
599:*ä
597:,
595:*a
593:→
589:,
564:→
560:→
544:*ä
542:,
540:*a
534:*i
530:*u
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442:*i
434:*š
414:.
255:,
251:,
224:,
204:-/
201:uː
195:,-
174:oʊ
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3357:.
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3081:.
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3029:.
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198:ˈ
192:k
189:ɪ
186:r
183:ɡ
177:ˈ
171:n
168:ɪ
165:f
162:ˌ
159:/
155:(
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