323:
107:
250:'s government in the late 1940s, and it was largely respected by both parties—and to the gain of both parties—until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. While the Finnish political and intellectual elite mostly understood the term to refer more to the foreign policy problems of other countries, and meant mostly for domestic consumption in the speaker's own country, many ordinary Finns considered the term highly offensive. The Finnish political cartoonist
38:
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with the Soviet Union in April 1948, under which
Finland was obliged to resist armed attacks by "Germany or its allies" against Finland, or against the Soviet Union through Finland, and, if necessary, ask for Soviet military aid to do so. At the same time, the agreement recognised Finland's desire to
508:
was formally submitted on 18 May, and after all 30 NATO members ratified the application, Finland became the 31st member of NATO on 4 April 2023. The notion of "end of
Finlandization" has been applied both to the changing circumstances resulting from the end of the Cold War and to Finland's decision
457:
The censorship never took the form of purging. Possession or use of anti-Soviet books was not banned, but the reprinting and distribution of such materials was prohibited. Especially in the realm of radio and television self-censorship, it was sometimes hard to tell whether the motivations were even
400:
Only after the ascent of
Mikhail Gorbachev to Soviet leadership in 1985 did mass media in Finland gradually begin to criticise the Soviet Union more. When the Soviet Union allowed non-communist governments to take power in Eastern Europe, Gorbachev suggested they could look to Finland as an example
63:) is the process by which one powerful country makes a smaller neighboring country refrain from opposing the former's foreign policy rules, while allowing it to keep its nominal independence and its own political system. The term means "to become like Finland", referring to the influence of the
90:. It is commonly used in reference to Finland's policies in relation to the Soviet Union during the Cold War, but it can refer more generally to similar international relations, such as Denmark's attitude toward Germany between 1871 and 1940, or the policies of the Swiss government towards
223:
Finns have, and had, a wide variety of reactions to the term "Finlandization". Some have perceived the term as blunt criticism, stemming from an inability to understand the practicalities of how a small nation needs to deal with an adjacent superpower without losing its
409:
Between 1944 and 1946, the Soviet part of the allied control commission demanded that
Finnish public libraries should remove from circulation more than 1,700 books that were deemed anti-Soviet, and bookstores were given catalogs of banned books. The
180:
United States foreign policy experts consistently feared that
Western Europe would be Finlandized by the Soviet Union, leading to a situation in which these key allies would no longer support the United States against the Soviet Union. The theory of
480:
in 1991 and the end of the Cold War, the Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948 was replaced by a new bilateral treaty between
Finland and the Russian Federation on a more equal footing, ending the Paasikivi-Kekkonen doctrine. Finland joined the
232:
first gained sovereignty; and because of the precarious power balance eastwards, springing from a geographically extended yet sparsely populated state with a traditionally imperialist superpower right across the border.
384:
and took neutral positions on Soviet overseas initiatives. By keeping very cool relations to NATO and western military powers in general, Finland could fend off Soviet pressure for affiliation to the Warsaw Pact.
286:
against the Soviet Union, in which the Finns thwarted the Soviet attempt to conquer
Finland, albeit with the cession of 9% of Finnish territory; and finally in 1940, a rapprochement with
240:: to survive. On the other hand, the threat of the Soviet Union was used also in Finland's domestic politics in a way that possibly deepened Finlandization (playing the so-called
397:
and pro-Soviet attitudes. Most of the elite of media and politics shifted their attitudes to match the values that the
Soviets were thought to favor and approve.
393:
From the political scene following the post-1968 radicalisation, the Soviet adaptation spread to the editors of mass media, sparking strong forms of self-control,
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436:
219:
In April 1970, a
Finnish stamp was issued in honour of the 100th anniversary of the birth of Vladimir Lenin and the Lenin Symposium held that year in Tampere.
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949:
282:
1918–1920; a non-ratified alliance with Poland in 1922; association with the neutralist and democratic
Scandinavian countries in the 1930s ended by the 1939
1713:
462:, also utilized it to censor songs they deemed inappropriate for other reasons, such as some of those featuring sexual innuendo or references to alcohol.
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political. For example, once a system of blacklisting recordings had been introduced, individual policy makers within the national broadcaster,
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Despite these changes, Finland initially remained militarily non-aligned and attempted to retain good relations with Russia. However, the 2022
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86:
countries, it referred to the decision of a country not to challenge a more powerful neighbour in foreign politics, while maintaining national
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138:, reflecting feared effects of withdrawal of US troops from Germany. It came to be used in the debate of the NATO countries in response to
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program of NATO in 1994, there has been increasing cooperation with NATO, including interoperability and participation in NATO missions.
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provided support for the idea that if the United States was not able to provide strong and credible support for the
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830:"The golden age of Finnish public libraries: institutional, structural and ideological background since the 1960s"
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290:, the only power able and willing to help Finland against the expansionist Soviet Union, which led to Finland's
228:. These practicalities existed primarily because of the lingering effect of Russian rule in the time before the
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843:"Valtioneuvosto ja presidentti viimeistelivät Nato-ratkaisun – ulkoministeri Haavisto allekirjoitti hakemuksen"
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feared the Finlandization of Japan and South Korea to China, because of its growing influence and power.
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caused a dramatic increase of public and political support in Finland for full membership in NATO. The
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The term has also been used in discussing other countries, for example as a potential outcome of the
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In the 1990s, Finlandization was also discussed as a potential strategy that the Soviet Union under
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In Germany, the term was used mainly by proponents of closer adaptation to US policies, chiefly
702:"Helsinki Syndrome: The Parachronistic Renaissance of Finlandization in International Politics"
154:, the term has been used in Finland for the post-1968 radicalisation in the latter half of the
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political debate of the late 1960s and 1970s. As the term was used in West Germany and other
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A tale of polar diplomacy and suppressed sorrow: The end of an era for Finland and the world
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The Silenced Media: The Propaganda War Between Russia and the West in Northern Europe
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761:"Gorbachev, in Finland, Disavows Any Right of Regional Intervention (Published 1989)"
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likewise banned movies that it considered to be anti-Soviet. Banned movies included
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Finland's foreign politics before this deal had been varied: independence from
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Ekholm, Kai (2001). "Political Censorship in Finnish Libraries in 1944–1946".
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once explained Finlandization as "the art of bowing to the East without
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669:"Former Japanese Prime Minister ShinzĹŤ Abe on U.S.-Japanese Relations"
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674:. No. The Capital Hilton Washington, DC. Hudson Institute.
947:'Finlandization" in action: Helsinki's experience with Moscow"
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759:
Keller, Bill; Times, Special To the New York (1989-10-26).
362:
Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance
236:
The reason Finland engaged in Finlandization was primarily
872:. Finnish Government 3 April 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
735:"Finns Don't Wish 'Finlandization' on Ukraine (or Anyone)"
643:
International Relations Theory and the End of the Cold War
48:
in 1960 during Kekkonen's state visit to the Soviet Union.
994:—review by David McDuff of the same book by Esko Salminen
969:
by Bruce Walker, re-evaluating the Finlandization concept
646:. Columbia University Press. pp. 146–148, 155–157.
577:
Kurt Birrenbach and the Evolution of German Atlanticism
165:
may have attempted to revise its relationship with the
938:"Finland's Relations with the Soviet Union, 1940–1986"
345:
of 1947, Finland succeeded in retaining democracy and
246:, 'east card'). Finland made such a deal with
169:
states from 1989 to 1991, as a way to transition from
380:
As a consequence, Finland did not participate in the
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conflicts, allowing the country to adopt a policy of
278:(without official declaration of war) alongside the
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model, which was precluded by the fall of the USSR.
114:, translator Kustaa Loikkanen and General Secretary
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599:Fields, Marek (2019). "Into a New Era, 1961–1970".
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and especially for its good relations with the East
530:. USA: Random House Trade Paperbacks. p. 26.
640:Lebow, Richard Ned; Risse-Kappen, Thomas (1995).
558:"The Meaning of a U.S.-Russia Summit in Helsinki"
689:. National Cable Satellite Corporation. C-SPAN.
389:Self-censorship and excessive Soviet adaptation
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193:and the U.S.–Japan alliance could collapse.
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353:were guided by the doctrine formulated by
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601:Defending Democracy in Cold War Finland
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437:One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich
329:was one of the influential figures in
1719:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
888:Foreign Affairs Insights & Review
882:Md Himel Rahman (February 12, 2023).
144:normalise relations with East Germany
7:
956:presented at the Web site of the CIA
412:Finnish Board of Film Classification
118:talking, at Kekkonen's 60th birthday
733:Jason Horowitz (February 9, 2022).
908:Bradley Reynolds (April 6, 2023).
884:"THE DE-FINLANDIZATION OF FINLAND"
491:Common Foreign and Security Policy
292:re-entry into the Second World War
25:
960:"Three Cheers for Balkanization!"
580:. New York: COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY.
67:on Finland's policies during the
1754:Power (international relations)
685:Abe, Shinzo (15 October 2010).
667:Abe, Shinzo (15 October 2010).
574:Baurkot, Samuel J. Jr. (2014).
556:Standish, Reid (28 June 2018).
478:dissolution of the Soviet Union
1714:Finland–Soviet Union relations
1133:History of independent Finland
274:in 1917; participation in the
102:Origin and international usage
1:
1734:Metaphors referring to places
560:. The Atlantic Monthly Group.
74:The term is often considered
1739:Political history of Finland
450:(1986), by Finnish director
440:(1970), by Finnish director
27:Concept in political science
502:Russian invasion of Ukraine
351:Finland's foreign relations
304:Paasikivi–Kekkonen doctrine
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1764:Film censorship in Finland
1388:Government-owned companies
1059:Finland under Swedish rule
981:of a book by Esko Salminen
910:"Finland's Long Road West"
719:10.1177/2336825X1702500103
526:Kaplan, Robert D. (2015).
506:application for membership
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1399:National income agreement
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1091:Golden Age of Finnish Art
851:(in Finnish). 17 May 2022
609:10.1163/9789004416420_009
189:positions of its allies,
1709:Finland–Russia relations
1275:Administrative divisions
700:Juntunen, Tapio (2017).
427:The Manchurian Candidate
152:fall of the Soviet Union
30:Not to be confused with
1106:Finland in World War II
1096:Independence of Finland
828:Mäkinen, Ilkka (2001).
796:Libraries & Culture
78:. It originated in the
687:"U.S.-Japan Relations"
472:Finland–NATO relations
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319:
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1744:Political terminology
808:10.1353/lac.2001.0008
495:Partnership for Peace
466:End of Finlandization
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262:Historical background
218:
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40:
1729:Former vassal states
1724:Former client states
1704:Cold War terminology
1636:World Heritage Sites
985:"The Silent Estate?"
603:. pp. 350–388.
493:. Since joining the
430:(1962), directed by
420:(1961), directed by
355:Juho Kusti Paasikivi
317:Juho Kusti Paasikivi
110:Finland's President
1749:Politics of Finland
940:by Peter Botticelli
205:Russo-Ukrainian War
175:sphere of influence
150:. Later, after the
148:Dual-Track Decision
124:Franz Josef Strauss
1429:Telecommunications
1069:Great Northern War
990:2019-10-03 at the
965:2021-02-27 at the
952:2016-03-04 at the
766:The New York Times
739:The New York Times
432:John Frankenheimer
360:Finland signed an
343:Paris Peace Treaty
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298:Paasikivi doctrine
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211:Finnish perception
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914:The Wilson Center
653:978-0-231-10195-0
618:978-90-04-41642-0
537:978-0-8129-8480-4
276:Russian Civil War
196:As early as 2010
128:Richard Löwenthal
116:Nikita Khrushchev
94:until the end of
16:(Redirected from
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447:Born American
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382:Marshall Plan
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313:Urho Kekkonen
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156:Urho Kekkonen
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112:Urho Kekkonen
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61:suomettuminen
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42:Urho Kekkonen
39:
33:
32:Finnicization
19:
1669:Bibliography
1586:The Kalevala
1585:
1560:Coat of arms
1545:Architecture
1480:Demographics
1404:Nordic model
1378:Central bank
1300:Human rights
1280:Constitution
1127:
973:
917:. Retrieved
913:
903:
891:. Retrieved
887:
877:
865:
853:. Retrieved
846:
837:
824:
802:(1): 51–57.
799:
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778:. Retrieved
764:
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744:February 10,
742:. Retrieved
738:
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712:(1): 55–83.
709:
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521:
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475:
456:
452:Renny Harlin
445:
442:Caspar Wrede
435:
425:
422:Billy Wilder
415:
408:
399:
392:
379:
359:
340:
288:Nazi Germany
265:
235:
222:
202:
195:
183:bandwagoning
179:
173:to a looser
160:
140:Willy Brandt
121:
96:World War II
92:Nazi Germany
73:
65:Soviet Union
52:
51:
1373:Agriculture
1217:Urban areas
1121:Lapland War
1086:Grand Duchy
1081:Finnish War
977:—review by
401:to follow.
373:during the
367:great power
333:during the
258:the West".
238:Realpolitik
226:sovereignty
167:Warsaw Pact
88:sovereignty
80:West German
1698:Categories
1580:Literature
1495:Healthcare
1332:Parliament
1295:Government
1111:Winter War
1064:Cudgel War
1054:Prehistory
780:2021-03-16
476:After the
470:See also:
460:Yleisradio
405:Censorship
371:neutrality
341:After the
302:See also:
284:Winter War
243:idänkortti
198:Shinzo Abe
76:pejorative
1604:Mythology
1500:Languages
1485:Education
1439:Transport
1342:President
1305:Judiciary
1285:Elections
1242:Jyväskylä
1195:Provinces
1148:Geography
1101:Civil War
816:152952804
775:0362-4331
627:212811095
294:in 1941.
163:Gorbachev
1678:Category
1575:Folklore
1517:Religion
1465:Abortion
1424:Taxation
1414:Startups
1394:Industry
1320:Military
1263:Politics
1249:Wildlife
1222:Helsinki
1038:articles
988:Archived
963:Archived
950:Archived
832:. p. 131
375:Cold War
335:Cold War
69:Cold War
1655:Outline
1565:Cuisine
1532:Culture
1510:Swedish
1505:Finnish
1453:Society
1434:Tourism
1361:Economy
1227:Tampere
1200:Regions
1175:Islands
1170:Geology
1046:History
1034:Finland
256:mooning
57:Finnish
1683:Portal
1555:Cinema
1540:Anthem
1392:
1383:Energy
1212:Rivers
1036:
919:May 9,
893:May 9,
855:18 May
814:
773:
650:
625:
615:
534:
444:, and
1662:Index
1631:Sport
1626:Sauna
1599:Music
1594:Media
1490:Finns
1470:Crime
1232:Turku
1205:Ă…land
1180:Lakes
812:S2CID
672:(PDF)
623:S2CID
513:Notes
230:Finns
158:era.
1570:Flag
1325:NATO
1237:Oulu
921:2023
895:2023
857:2022
771:ISSN
746:2022
648:ISBN
613:ISBN
532:ISBN
487:1995
315:and
191:NATO
134:and
84:NATO
44:and
1550:Art
1310:Law
848:Yle
804:doi
714:doi
605:doi
582:doi
485:in
1700::
912:.
886:.
845:.
810:.
800:36
798:.
769:.
763:.
737:.
710:25
708:.
704:.
621:.
611:.
566:^
546:^
454:.
434:,
424:,
377:.
207:.
130:,
98:.
71:.
59::
1026:e
1019:t
1012:v
945:"
923:.
897:.
859:.
818:.
806::
783:.
748:.
722:.
716::
656:.
629:.
607::
588:.
584::
540:.
55:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
