565:. Tang troops attacked the fortress as many as six or seven times per day, but the defenders repulsed them each time. As days and weeks passed, Emperor Taizong several times considered abandoning the siege of Ansi to advance deeper into Goguryeo, but Ansi was deemed to pose too great of a threat to abandon during the expedition. Eventually, Tang staked everything on the construction of a huge mound, but it was captured and successfully held by the defenders despite three days of frantic assaults by Tang troops.
542:(6 million liters) of grain. General Li Shiji then proceeded toward Liaodong (Yodong) Fortress and crushed a Goguryeo relief army of 40,000 troops. He was joined by Emperor Taizong and his armored cavalry a few days later. They together laid siege to Liaodong Fortress, capturing it too with surprising ease on 16 June with incendiary projectiles and favorable winds, allowing Tang troops to breach the fortress walls.
50:
271:
496:
605:
food reserves were needed and more warships had to be built. Since the
Jiannan Circuit had not been involved in the war before, Tang officials suggested building ships in that area. The Emperor agreed and sent Qiang Wei to build them. However, it became apparent that the people of the Jiannan Circuit were not capable ship builders, so it was only responsible for supplying timber.
427:, but because the army was exhausted, Baekje lost the battle and the king himself died. Silla gained access to the Yellow Sea, which provided a gateway to communicate with China. This created conditions for the relationship between Silla and the Chinese dynasties to gradually tighten and by the 7th century, it became an alliance, threatening Goguryeo from both sides.
553:. Emperor Taizong was alerted to a large relief army, consisting of Koreans and Malgal, and totaling 150,000 troops. He sent General Li Shiji with 15,000 troops to lure the Goguryeo forces, while another Tang force commanded by Zhangsun Wuji and other generals would secretly flank the enemy troops from behind. On 20 July, the two sides
446:, after conquering the Eastern Turks in 630 and several small polities along the Silk Road in 640, started to turn his attention to Goguryeo. Goguryeo was no longer as powerful as it used to be, but it was still a major force in the region. Emperor Taizong had a personal ambition to defeat Goguryeo and was determined to succeed where
461:, one of the great nobles of Goguryeo, because Yeongnyu considered him a threat. However, the plot was foiled and Yeon Gaesomun killed the king along with opposing officials, then made Yeongnyu's nephew Bojang the new King of Goguryeo. From that point, Yeon Gaesomun held de facto control of Goguryeo through his puppet
604:
In 647, after normalizing relations, Emperor
Taizong once again severed ties with Goguryeo and prepared 30,000 troops for an expedition. This time he ordered to launch small-scale attacks on Goguryeo in order to weaken the kingdom. Some Tang officials advised that, for such an expedition, one year's
576:
approached as early as
October. Exacerbated by worsened conditions for the Tang army due to the weather getting considerably colder with winter approaching and diminishing provisions, Emperor Taizong was compelled to order a withdrawal from Goguryeo on 13 October, but left behind an extravagant gift
557:
and the Tang army came out victorious. Most of the
Goguryeo troops dispersed after their defeat. The remaining Goguryeo troops fled to a nearby hill, but surrendered the very next day after a Tang encirclement. The Tang forces took 36,800 troops captive. Of these prisoners, the Tang forces sent 3500
608:
In 649, Emperor
Taizong died. Before his death, he ordered the campaign to be canceled. After Tang Gaozong ascended the throne, Tang launched a series of wars against Goguryeo and Baekje. In 660, the coalition of Tang and Silla destroyed Baekje. In 666, Yeon Gaesomun died and Goguryeo's power
522:
in April 645. Emperor
Taizong personally commanded 10,000 armored cavalry, and would join and reinforce Li Shiji's army during the expedition. At sea, a great fleet of 500 ships transported an additional 40,000 conscripted soldiers and 3,000 military gentlemen (volunteers from the elite of
545:
On 27 June, the Tang army arrived at Baiyan (Baekam) Fortress. On July 2, the
Goguryeo commander surrendered the fortress to Tang. Emperor Taizong ordered that the city must not be looted and its citizens must not be enslaved.
480:
because her state was under attack by the
Goguryeo–Baekje alliance. Emperor Taizong sent an official called Xiangli Xuanjiang (相里玄獎) to demand Goguryeo and Baekje cease their attacks on Silla, but Yeon Gaesomun refused.
438:
mobilized an army of up to a million men to attack
Goguryeo but failed miserably. The wars with Goguryeo severely weakened the Sui dynasty and further destabilized of the Sui dynasty government, hastening its collapse.
396:, subdued neighboring kingdoms and achieved a loose unification of the Korean peninsula. In the end of the 5th century, this period of prosperity goes to an end, and Goguryeo began to decline due to internal strife.
1156:
The
Minzhong Temple is known today as the Fayuan Temple in Beijing. The temple was built by Emperor Li Shimin to mourn and salvage the lost souls in his failed attempt to conquer Goguryeo.
613:, and in 668, finally vanquished the divided kingdom, which had been plagued by violent dissension, numerous defections, and widespread demoralization following the death of Yeon Gaesomun.
510:'s murder of the Goguryeo king as a pretext, and began preparations for an invasion in 644. On land, an army of 60,000 Tang soldiers and an unspecified number of tribal forces gathered at
538:
farther north and surprised their opponents. On 16 May, they laid siege to Gaimou (Kaemo) Fortress and captured it in only 11 days, seizing 20,000 people and 100,000
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severely weakened due to succession crisis. The Tang–Silla alliance mounted a fresh invasion of Goguryeo in 667, aided by the defector
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A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East : From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East
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officers and chieftains to China, executed 3300 Mohe troops, and eventually released the rest of the ordinary Goguryeo soldiers.
1927:
1912:
577:
for the commander of Ansi Fortress. Tang Taizong's retreat was difficult and many of his soldiers died as they were hit by a
434:
and Goguryeo. Sui dynasty launched a total of 4 invasions, in 598, 612, 613 and 614, but all were defeated. Notably, in 612,
1922:
1917:
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Die Übernahme der chinesischen Kultur in Japans Altertums: kultureller Wandel im innen- und aussenpolitischen Kontext
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Despite the victory, the Tang army could not breach the Ansi Fortress, which was defended by the forces of
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41:
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Goguryeo forces managed to hold the fort for months. In addition, because the battle was fought in the
17:
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Human Security and the Chinese State: Historical Transformations and the Modern Quest for Sovereignty
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392:, who ruled the kingdom from 391 to 413. Under his reign, Goguryeo became one of the great powers in
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Wars between Tang dynasty and kingdoms of Korean Peninsula, including Goguryeo, Silla and Baekje.
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and defeating large armies in his path, Emperor Taizong appeared poised to march on the capital
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Averting Global War: Regional Challenges, Overextension, and Options for American Strategy
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at the time. Emperor Taizong withdrew after more than 60 days of battle and unsuccessful
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Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors: Culture, Power, and Connections, 580-800
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101:
601:, the oldest temple in Beijing, to commemorate his soldiers who died in Goguryeo.
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The Eurasian Way of War: Military Practice in Seventh-Century China and Byzantium
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On 1 May, General Li Shiji's troops entered Goguryeo territory, crossed the
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and drove its forces out of the region, thus securing for itself the whole
1610:
Lee, Injae; Miller, Owen; Park, Jinhoon; Yi, Hyun-Hae (15 December 2014).
327:. The Tang forces were commanded by Emperor Taizong himself, and generals
1593:
A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict
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East Asia at the Center: Four Thousand Years of Engagement with the World
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East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Volume I: To 1800
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and conquer Goguryeo, but could not overcome the strong defenses at
1439:
Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2013).
424:
412:
404:
359:
316:
109:
581:. Taizong himself tended to the injuries of the Turkic generals
75:
Liaodong Peninsula, Korean Peninsula, Bohai Sea, and Yellow Sea
589:, who were both wounded during the campaign against Goguryeo.
472:
attacked Silla and captured around 40 strongpoints. In 643,
1091:
1089:
799:
797:
430:
At the end of the 6th century, wars broke out between the
54:
Map of the first conflict of the Goguryeo–Tang War in 645.
1709:
A Concise History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present
1690:
The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World
1148:"Record of Restoring the Buddha Relic at Minzhong Temple"
946:
944:
1785:
Atrocities: The 100 Deadliest Episodes in Human History
1118:
1116:
1047:
1045:
1043:
531:) from the Liaodong Peninsula to the Korean Peninsula.
423:
basin. Furiously, the king of Baekje decided to attack
1064:
1062:
1060:
784:
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457:
along with a number of courtiers planned to execute
773:
710:
380:had enjoyed nearly 700 years of independence since
1479:Intercultural Economic Analysis: Theory and Method
1270:Yi Hyŏn-hŭi, Park Sung-soo & Yun Nae-hyŏn 2005
864:Yi Hyŏn-hŭi, Park Sung-soo & Yun Nae-hyŏn 2005
1802:Yi Hyŏn-hŭi; Park Sung-soo; Yun Nae-hyŏn (2005).
1378:] (in Traditional Chinese). Vol. 卷199上.
1152:Museum of the Institute of History and Philology
388:. Goguryeo reached its peak during the reign of
27:645 military campaign between Goguryeo and Silla
1010:
518:and surroundings) under the command of General
34:
8:
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1631:Korea and East Asia: The Story of a Phoenix
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1205:Encyclopedia of China: History and Culture
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549:On 18 July, the Tang army arrived outside
407:, allied with each other and attacked the
31:
1481:. Springer Science & Business Media.
192:
181:
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143:
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494:
1842:Historical Dictionary of Medieval China
1745:Tucker, Spencer C. (23 December 2009).
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839:
727:
703:
687:Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks
667:Protectorate General to Pacify the East
622:
255:
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35:First conflict of the Goguryeo–Tang War
18:First campaign in the Goguryeo–Tang War
1629:Lee, Kenneth B.; Yi, Kong-bok (1997).
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899:
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1764:Turnbull, Stephen (20 October 2012).
1413:Traditional Korea: A Cultural History
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1202:Perkins, Dorothy (19 November 2013).
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1707:Seth, Michael J. (21 January 2016).
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1168:Haw, Stephen G. (22 November 2006).
1107:
923:
597:In 645, Emperor Taizong founded the
399:In 551, the two southern countries,
384:defeated all the opposition and the
1411:Cho, Wan-je; Joe, Wanne J. (1972).
1022:
25:
1654:(in German). LIT Verlag Münster.
1515:Graff, David (2 September 2003).
1392:Bedeski, Robert (12 March 2007).
774:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2013
342:In 645, after capturing multiple
1933:History of China–Korea relations
1517:Medieval Chinese Warfare 300-900
1477:Guo, Rongxing (29 August 2009).
311:led a military campaign against
269:
48:
1908:Wars involving the Tang dynasty
1669:Middleton, John (1 June 2015).
1458:Embree, Ainslie Thomas (1988).
302:
1869:] (in Chinese). 中山大学出版社 .
1867:Introduction to Korean studies
1787:. W. W. Norton & Company.
1726:Skaff, Jonathan Karam (2012).
1671:World Monarchies and Dynasties
1633:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
1614:. Cambridge University Press.
1557:. Cambridge University Press.
1555:The Cambridge History of Japan
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1840:Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009).
1460:Encyclopedia of Asian history
1424:. Columbia University Press.
1415:. Chungʼang University Press.
1236:Jaivin, Linda (15 May 2014).
1844:. Rowman & Littlefield.
1825:. Harvard University Press.
1766:Japanese Castles AD 250–1540
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1595:. Indiana University Press.
1553:Hall, John Whitney (1988).
1171:Beijing – A Concise History
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1576:(2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO.
1174:. Routledge. p. 171.
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369:
292:The first conflict of the
1768:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
1420:Cohen, Warren I. (2000).
354:, which was commanded by
319:and punish Generalissimo
277:
124:
95:
58:
47:
39:
1496:Graff, David A. (2016).
1369:
453:Meanwhile, in Goguryeo,
1928:Emperor Taizong of Tang
1913:Wars involving Goguryeo
1783:White, Matthew (2011).
1688:Paine, Lincoln (2014).
476:requested aid from the
474:Queen Seondeok of Silla
444:Emperor Taizong of Tang
1859:Wei, Zhijiang (2008).
1823:A New History of Korea
1612:Korean History in Maps
1538:. Palgrave Macmillan.
1534:Gardner, Hall (2007).
500:
125:Commanders and leaders
1648:Miyata, Nana (2012).
1572:Kim Djun Kil (2014).
555:descended into battle
498:
1923:7th century in China
1804:New History of Korea
1591:Kim Jinwung (2012).
1574:The History of Korea
1443:. Cengage Learning.
390:Gwanggaeto the Great
1821:Yi Ki-baek (1984).
1154:. Academia Sinica.
436:Emperor Yang of Sui
344:Goguryeo fortresses
323:for the killing of
1918:Invasions of Korea
1692:. Atlantic Books.
1272:, p. 222–240.
1242:. Reaktion Books.
1098:, p. 197-198.
1081:Cho & Joe 1972
1037:, p. 196-197.
842:, p. 158-159.
501:
315:in 645 to protect
1876:978-7-306-03167-9
1851:978-0-8108-6053-7
1832:978-0-674-61576-2
1813:978-89-88095-85-0
1775:978-1-84908-073-6
1756:978-1-85109-672-5
1737:978-0-19-973413-9
1718:978-1-4422-3518-2
1699:978-1-78239-357-3
1680:978-1-317-45158-7
1661:978-3-643-11329-0
1640:978-0-275-95823-7
1621:978-1-107-09846-6
1602:978-0-253-00078-1
1583:978-1-61069-582-4
1526:978-1-134-55353-2
1507:978-1-317-23708-2
1488:978-1-4419-0849-0
1450:978-1-111-80815-0
1403:978-1-134-12597-5
1282:Kim Djun Kil 2014
1069:Lee & Yi 1997
987:Kim Djun Kil 2014
975:Kim Djun Kil 2014
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294:Goguryeo–Tang War
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442:In 7th century,
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286:At least 200,000
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1806:. Jimoondang.
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1344:, p. 280.
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1112:
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1085:
1073:
1056:
1054:, p. 197.
1039:
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1025:, p. 224.
1015:
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991:
979:
967:
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940:
928:
916:
904:
892:
880:
868:
866:, p. 201.
856:
844:
832:
820:
808:
793:
791:, p. 196.
778:
776:, p. 106.
763:
761:, p. 134.
751:
749:, p. 406.
739:
726:
725:
723:
720:
718:
717:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
689:
684:
679:
677:Silla–Tang War
674:
669:
663:
661:
658:
655:
654:
638:
621:
620:
618:
615:
594:
591:
486:
483:
470:Uija of Baekje
415:then betrayed
411:basin region.
370:Main article:
367:
364:
305: 626–649
288:
287:
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225:
127:
126:
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98:
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68:
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56:
55:
45:
44:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1945:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
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1886:
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1863:
1857:
1853:
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1843:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1824:
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1815:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1794:9780393081923
1790:
1786:
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1777:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1673:. Routledge.
1672:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1613:
1608:
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1564:9780521223522
1560:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1545:9780230608733
1541:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1519:. Routledge.
1518:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1500:. Routledge.
1499:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1469:9780684188997
1465:
1461:
1456:
1452:
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1437:
1433:
1431:9780231502511
1427:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1396:. Routledge.
1395:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1377:
1376:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1343:
1338:
1335:
1332:, p. 67.
1331:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1311:
1308:, p. 51.
1307:
1302:
1299:
1296:, p. 47.
1295:
1290:
1287:
1284:, p. 46.
1283:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1263:
1251:
1249:9781780233000
1245:
1241:
1240:
1232:
1229:
1217:
1215:9781135935696
1211:
1208:. Routledge.
1207:
1206:
1198:
1195:
1183:
1181:9781134150335
1177:
1173:
1172:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1137:, p. 95.
1136:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1110:, p. 44.
1109:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1083:, p. 16.
1082:
1077:
1074:
1071:, p. 16.
1070:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1016:
1013:, p. 37.
1012:
1007:
1004:
1001:, p. 50.
1000:
995:
992:
988:
983:
980:
977:, p. 42.
976:
971:
968:
965:, p. 90.
964:
959:
956:
952:
947:
945:
941:
938:, p. 47.
937:
932:
929:
926:, p. 41.
925:
920:
917:
914:, p. 44.
913:
908:
905:
902:, p. 57.
901:
896:
893:
890:, p. 43.
889:
884:
881:
878:, p. 38.
877:
872:
869:
865:
860:
857:
854:, p. 35.
853:
848:
845:
841:
836:
833:
829:
824:
821:
817:
812:
809:
806:, p. 48.
805:
800:
798:
794:
790:
785:
783:
779:
775:
770:
768:
764:
760:
755:
752:
748:
743:
740:
736:
735:Turnbull 2012
731:
728:
721:
715:
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707:
704:
698:
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675:
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665:
664:
659:
652:
648:
642:
639:
636:
632:
626:
623:
616:
614:
612:
611:Yeon Namsaeng
606:
602:
600:
592:
590:
588:
584:
580:
575:
571:
566:
564:
559:
556:
552:
551:Ansi Fortress
547:
543:
541:
537:
532:
530:
526:
521:
517:
513:
509:
508:Yeon Gaesomun
505:
497:
492:
491:Siege of Ansi
484:
482:
479:
475:
471:
468:In 642, King
466:
464:
460:
459:Yeon Gaesomun
456:
455:King Yeongnyu
451:
449:
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428:
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365:
363:
361:
357:
353:
352:Ansi Fortress
349:
345:
340:
338:
337:Zhangsun Wuji
334:
330:
326:
325:King Yeongnyu
322:
321:Yeon Gaesomun
318:
314:
310:
299:
296:started when
295:
285:
282:
281:
276:
272:
267:
263:
258:
252:
247:
241:
237:
233:
229:
228:Yeon Gaesomun
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
195:
189:
184:
178:
177:Ashina She'er
174:
169:
163:
159:
155:
151:
150:Zhangsun Wuji
146:
140:
136:
132:
129:
128:
123:
120:
116:
113:
111:
107:
103:
100:
99:
94:
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69:
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62:
61:
57:
51:
46:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
1866:
1861:
1841:
1822:
1803:
1784:
1765:
1749:. ABC-CLIO.
1746:
1727:
1708:
1689:
1670:
1650:
1630:
1611:
1592:
1573:
1554:
1535:
1516:
1497:
1478:
1462:. Scribner.
1459:
1440:
1421:
1412:
1393:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1352:Bibliography
1337:
1325:
1313:
1301:
1289:
1277:
1265:
1253:. Retrieved
1238:
1231:
1219:. Retrieved
1204:
1197:
1185:. Retrieved
1170:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1142:
1130:
1103:
1076:
1030:
1018:
1006:
994:
982:
970:
963:Bedeski 2007
958:
931:
919:
907:
895:
883:
871:
859:
847:
840:Gardner 2007
835:
823:
818:, p. 7.
811:
754:
742:
737:, p. 8.
730:
711:
706:
645:present-day
641:
629:present-day
625:
607:
603:
596:
567:
563:Yang Manchun
560:
548:
544:
539:
533:
502:
478:Tang dynasty
467:
452:
450:had failed.
448:Emperor Yang
441:
429:
398:
375:
356:Yang Manchun
341:
309:Tang dynasty
291:
232:Yang Manchun
199:Ashina Mishe
158:Yuchi Jingde
96:Belligerents
40:Part of the
29:
1730:. OUP USA.
1366:Jiù Tángshū
900:Miyata 2012
747:Tucker 2009
587:Ashina Simo
463:King Bojang
432:Sui dynasty
386:Han dynasty
266:Sun Dae-eum
236:Go Jeong-ui
219:Yang Shidao
203:Zhishi Sili
188:Ashina Simo
154:Zhang Liang
1897:Categories
1342:Paine 2014
1318:Graff 2003
1255:2 November
1221:2 November
1187:2 November
1135:Skaff 2012
1123:Graff 2003
1096:Graff 2003
1052:Graff 2003
1035:Graff 2003
951:White 2011
789:Graff 2003
759:Graff 2016
694:References
536:Liao River
489:See also:
382:Dongmyeong
366:Background
333:Li Daozong
223:Xue Rengui
215:Zhang Jian
211:Liu Hongji
207:Cen Wenben
173:Xue Wanbei
139:Li Daozong
1885:307268069
1294:Seth 2016
1108:Seth 2016
924:Seth 2016
593:Aftermath
583:Qibi Heli
579:snowstorm
421:Han River
409:Han River
394:East Asia
348:Pyongyang
307:) of the
262:Go Jug-li
251:Go Hyejin
240:Go Yeonsu
162:Qibi Heli
1023:Wei 2008
660:See also
651:Liaoning
647:Liaoyang
635:Liaoning
525:Chang'an
520:Li Shiji
514:(modern
378:Goguryeo
376:In 642,
372:Goguryeo
329:Li Shiji
313:Goguryeo
278:Strength
135:Li Shiji
115:Goguryeo
85:Goguryeo
71:Location
1239:Beijing
529:Luoyang
516:Beijing
512:Youzhou
283:113,000
253: (
242: (
190: (
179: (
164: (
141: (
87:victory
66:645–648
1883:
1873:
1848:
1829:
1810:
1791:
1772:
1753:
1734:
1715:
1696:
1677:
1658:
1637:
1618:
1599:
1580:
1561:
1542:
1523:
1504:
1485:
1466:
1447:
1428:
1400:
1385:Modern
1246:
1212:
1178:
722:Modern
714:(199上)
631:Fushun
574:winter
485:Course
417:Baekje
401:Baekje
335:, and
268:
81:Result
1865:[
1862:韩国学概论
1372:[
1357:Early
699:Early
506:used
425:Silla
413:Silla
405:Silla
360:siege
317:Silla
110:Silla
1881:OCLC
1871:ISBN
1846:ISBN
1827:ISBN
1808:ISBN
1789:ISBN
1770:ISBN
1751:ISBN
1732:ISBN
1713:ISBN
1694:ISBN
1675:ISBN
1656:ISBN
1635:ISBN
1616:ISBN
1597:ISBN
1578:ISBN
1559:ISBN
1540:ISBN
1521:ISBN
1502:ISBN
1483:ISBN
1464:ISBN
1445:ISBN
1426:ISBN
1398:ISBN
1257:2016
1244:ISBN
1223:2016
1210:ISBN
1189:2016
1176:ISBN
617:Note
585:and
527:and
403:and
119:Mohe
102:Tang
63:Date
1903:645
1370:舊唐書
540:shi
256:POW
245:POW
193:WIA
182:WIA
167:WIA
144:WIA
1899::
1879:.
1150:.
1115:^
1088:^
1059:^
1042:^
943:^
796:^
781:^
766:^
649:,
633:,
572:,
465:.
362:.
339:.
331:,
303:r.
1887:.
1854:.
1835:.
1816:.
1797:.
1778:.
1759:.
1740:.
1721:.
1702:.
1683:.
1664:.
1643:.
1624:.
1605:.
1586:.
1567:.
1548:.
1529:.
1510:.
1491:.
1472:.
1453:.
1434:.
1406:.
1259:.
1225:.
1191:.
300:(
259:)
248:)
196:)
185:)
170:)
147:)
20:)
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