243:
37:
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Yoko
Hattori, Yoko; Keisuke Nagai1, Keisuke; Shizuka Furukawa1, Shizuka; Xian-Jun Song, Xian-Jun; Ritsuko Kawano, Ritsuko; Hitoshi Sakakibara, Hitoshi; Jianzhong Wu, Jianzhong; Takashi Matsumoto, Takashi; Atsushi Yoshimura, Hidemi Kitano, Makoto Matsuoka, Hitoshi Mori & Motoyuki Ashikar, Atsushi;
297:, with the ability to withstand prolonged periods of around 14 days beneath a flooded plain. The submergence tolerance ability of this variety is conferred by the presence of the Sub1A gene, introgressed from the Indian cultivar FR13A into the flood-vulnerable (but high yielding) cultivar Swarna.
61:
people in
Southeast Asia including Northeastern India rely on deepwater rice for their sustenance. Two adaptations permit the rice to thrive in deeper water, floating rice and traditional talls. Traditional talls are varieties that are grown at water depths between 50 and 100 cm (20 and
320:, allowing the plant to survive with limited oxygen and sunlight unlike its standard variety relatives. Given that the presence of the Sub1A gene does not impact upon the quality or quantity of the rice obtained, this variety has been very popular, with 1.7 million hectares of land in
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which causes the rapid growth in the plant. When the plant reaches the surface, the ethylene gas can escape as normal and the rapid growth stops. Research continues to enhance the ability to cope with increasing water depth. Rice will drown if submerged for too long.
62:
39 in) and have developed to be taller and have longer leaves than standard rice. Floating rice grows in water deeper than 100 cm through advanced elongation ability. This means when a field where rice is growing floods, accelerated growth in the
259:
on top of the water. The stems are hollow and this allows gas to be exchanged between the plant and the atmosphere. Once the flooding ends, the plant is left lying on the ground. The nodes at the top of the plant then start growing upwards towards due to
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conditions before floods arrive. During this stage, the plants can also suffer due to competition from weeds. Sudden flooding, where a large volume of water enters the field in a short time, can lead to a high level of seedling death.
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Floating rice is planted in dry ground and allowed to establish as young plants. The area becomes flooded which triggers the rice's elongation ability. This means when a field where rice is growing floods, accelerated growth in the
176:. The nature of the flood is important for success of deepwater rice, with timing and the rate of rise of water affecting survival and crop density. Generally, the flood water comes from rainfall or rises in the
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into the air, but when floating rice is submerged in water, this process is disrupted as the gas moves more slowly into water. This leads to a buildup of ethylene in the plant. This triggers the production of a
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A new type of rice that can survive total submersion for more than two weeks has passed its field tests with "flying colours," say researchers, and is now close to official release.
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646:
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Debrata, P.; Sarkar, R.K. (2012). "Role of Non-Structural
Carbohydrate and its Catabolism Associated with Sub 1 QTL in Rice Subjected to Complete Submergence".
113:, a state in Northeast India and other Northeast Indian states. In other regions of Mainland Southeast Asia, the main areas of cultivation are in Burma in the
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Swarna Sub1 effectively enters a dormant, energy-conserving state upon being submerged in a flooded rice paddy, a process that involves the finely controlled
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Deepwater rice is cultivated less in West Africa than in Asia, with about 4,700 km (1,800 sq mi). Areas it is grown include the
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Deepwater rice is a staple food grown on roughly 90,000 km (35,000 sq mi) of land. The main areas where it is grown are in
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Floating rice faces additional problems due to the depth and time of the water in which it grows. Water conditions such as
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people rely on its production for their livelihood. In South-East Asia, the main area deepwater rice is grown in the
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Kitano, Hidemi; Matsuoka, Makoto; Mori, Hitoshi; Ashikari, Motoyuki (20 August 2009). "The ethylene response factors
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happen, this would affect the pattern of flooding, causing deeper floods over a wider area and eroding the coast.
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57:) grown in flooded conditions with water more than 50 cm (20 in) deep for at least a month. More than
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having Swarna Sub1 and other flood-resistant varieties used instead of conventional rice crops.
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180:. In places with low rainfall, water overspilling from rivers can flood rice-producing areas.
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230:, of the wetland rice ecologies, producing approximately one third of emissions compared to
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442:"Production of rice and associated crops in deeply flooded areas of the Chao Phraya delta"
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409:. Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory. Archived from
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When seeds are sown directly into the soil, the seeds and young plants can be damaged by
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The elongation is triggered when the plant is submerged through a mechanism involving
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768:" International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) (2013). Retrieved October 31, 2013.
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of the stem allows the plant to keep some of its foliage on top of the water. The
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748:, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Retrieved October 31, 2013.
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553:"In Some Rice Varieties, Genes Fuel Fast Growth When the Water Pours In"
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Natural disasters can also damage or destroy deepwater rice crops.
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damaged 122,782 hectares of deepwater rice in Burma. If predicted
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110:
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35:
48:
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Hans, Kende; Esther van der Knaap; Hyung-Taeg Cho (1998).
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Rice research and development in the flood-prone ecosystem
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are particularly a problem in Asia. For example, in 2008,
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is the main type of deepwater rice, although varieties of
407:"Deepwater Rice: A Model Plant to Study Stem Elongation"
522:"Water Buffaloes Needed in Cyclone-hit Burma, Says FAO"
479:"Community-based fish Culture in Seasonal Floodplains"
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A recent cultivar named Swarna Sub1 was developed via
662:"Waterproof rice passes international field tests"
271:gas. Ethylene is normally produced by plants and
255:of the stem allows the plant to keep some of its
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398:
200:and temperature can adversely affect the crop.
759:Best minds meet to help crops survive flooding
101:including Northeastern India, where more than
630:Received 23 April 2009; Accepted 30 June 2009
8:
641:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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40:A farmer inspecting a crop of deepwater rice
805:Principles and Practices of Rice Production
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668:from the original on February 21, 2021
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660:Abaño, Imelda V. (December 5, 2008).
379:International Rice Research Institute
246:Researchers checking on floating rice
7:
588:allow rice to adapt to deep water".
481:. Penang, Malaysia: WorldFish Center
551:Fountain, Henry (August 21, 2009).
477:Prein, Mark; Madan M. Dey (2006).
25:
528:. June 19, 2008. Archived from
222:Deepwater rice emits the least
1:
802:De Datta, Surajit K. (1981).
787:. Int. Rice Res. Inst.book.
156:Deepwater rice is grown in
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371:Bhuiyan, Sadiq I. (2004).
29:
738:Climate change-ready rice
711:10.1017/S0014479712000397
295:marker-assisted selection
158:tropical monsoon climates
699:Experimental Agriculture
238:Floating rice adaptation
808:. Int. Rice Res. Inst.
781:Catling, David (1992).
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318:alcohol dehydrogenase
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148:grow deepwater rice.
144:basin. Some areas in
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30:Further information:
314:starch phosphorylase
610:10.1038/nature08258
602:2009Natur.460.1026H
596:(7258): 1026–1030.
152:Cultivation methods
81:have been found in
784:Rice in Deep Water
764:2016-01-01 at the
744:2013-11-01 at the
558:The New York Times
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42:
815:978-0-471-09760-0
794:978-971-22-0005-2
511:De Datta, p. 249.
502:De Datta, p. 244.
388:978-971-22-0197-4
205:Tropical cyclones
47:are varieties of
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115:Irrawaddy Delta
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228:greenhouse gas
217:climate change
209:Cyclone Nargis
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99:Southeast Asia
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78:O. s. japonica
45:Deepwater rice
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18:Floating rice
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670:. Retrieved
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637:cite journal
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411:the original
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172:and natural
162:river deltas
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87:Assam Plains
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69:O. s. indica
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54:Oryza sativa
52:
44:
43:
334:Upland rice
282:gibberellin
262:gravitropic
232:paddy field
178:water table
166:floodplains
142:Niger River
123:Chao Phraya
107:Brahmaputra
103:100 million
59:100 million
32:Paddy field
345:References
302:metabolism
253:internodes
198:turbulence
170:backswamps
168:mainly in
164:and their
109:valley in
93:Production
64:internodal
672:March 17,
450:4 January
213:sea level
827:Category
762:Archived
742:Archived
719:86192842
666:Archived
618:19693083
586:SNORKEL2
582:SNORKEL1
328:See also
310:amylases
273:diffused
269:ethylene
135:Cambodia
119:Thailand
73:cultivar
626:4428878
598:Bibcode
564:3 March
536:3 March
485:7 March
417:3 March
306:enzymes
280:called
278:hormone
257:foliage
224:methane
190:drought
146:Ecuador
131:Vietnam
121:in the
812:
791:
717:
624:
616:
590:Nature
385:
234:rice.
184:Issues
174:levees
127:Mekong
715:S2CID
622:S2CID
445:(PDF)
322:India
308:such
117:, in
111:Assam
83:Burma
833:Rice
810:ISBN
789:ISBN
674:2013
647:link
643:link
614:PMID
584:and
566:2011
538:2011
487:2011
452:2013
419:2011
383:ISBN
316:and
226:, a
133:and
125:and
85:and
49:rice
707:doi
606:doi
594:460
304:of
129:in
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51:(
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