40:, of the sensor signal is analyzed. The stages following the sensor in a FES system typically contain filters and preamplifier(s) to extract and amplify the stochastic signal components, which are usually microscopic temporal fluctuations that are orders of magnitude weaker than the sensor signal. Then selected statistical properties of the amplified
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During the 1990s, several authors (for example, Bruno Neri and coworkers, Peter
Gottwald and Bela Szentpali) had proposed using the spectrum of measured noise to obtain information about ambient chemical conditions. However, the first systematic proposal for a generic
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are analyzed, and a corresponding pattern is generated as the stochastic fingerprint of the sensed agent. Often the power density spectrum of the stochastic signal is used as output pattern however FES has been proven effective with more advanced methods, too, such as
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During the years, FES has been developed and demonstrated in many studies with various types of sensors and agents in chemical and biological systems. Bacteria have also been detected and identified by FES, either by their odor in air, or by the
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L.B. Kish; G. Schmera; C. Kwan; J. Smulko; P. Heszler; C.G. Granqvist (2007). MacUcci, Massimo; Vandamme, Lode K.; Ciofi, Carmine; Weissman, Michael B. (eds.). "Fluctuation-enhanced sensing".
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Robert
Mingesz; Zoltan Gingl; Akos Kukovecz; Zoltan Konya; Krisztian Kordas; Hannu Moilanen (2011). "Compact USB measurement and analysis system for real-time fluctuation enhanced sensing".
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of the
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine has proven mathematically that adsorption–desorption fluctuations during odor primary reception can be used for improving selectivity.
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utilizing chemical sensors in FES mode, and the related mathematical analysis with experimental demonstration, were carried out only in 1999 by
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197:"Extracting information from noise spectra of chemical sensors: single sensor electronic noses and tongues"
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Hung-Chih Chang; L.B. Kish; M.D. King; C. Kwan (2009). "Fluctuation-enhanced sensing of bacterial odors".
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Vidybida, A. K. (2003). "Adsorption–desorption noise can be used for improving selectivity".
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Chang, Hung-Chih; Kish, Laszlo; King, Maria; Kwan, Chiman (5 January 2010).
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368:. Noise and Fluctuations in Circuits, Devices, and Materials.
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Summary of three FES-related patents on the US Navy website.
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18:Fluctuation-Enhanced Sensing
95:In the period of 2006–2009
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101:Texas A&M University
113:higher-order statistics
49:higher-order statistics
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97:Signal Processing Inc
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127:patent site below).
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68:, Robert Vajtai and
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332:10.3390/s100100361
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