29:, of the sensor signal is analyzed. The stages following the sensor in a FES system typically contain filters and preamplifier(s) to extract and amplify the stochastic signal components, which are usually microscopic temporal fluctuations that are orders of magnitude weaker than the sensor signal. Then selected statistical properties of the amplified
48:
During the 1990s, several authors (for example, Bruno Neri and coworkers, Peter
Gottwald and Bela Szentpali) had proposed using the spectrum of measured noise to obtain information about ambient chemical conditions. However, the first systematic proposal for a generic
35:
are analyzed, and a corresponding pattern is generated as the stochastic fingerprint of the sensed agent. Often the power density spectrum of the stochastic signal is used as output pattern however FES has been proven effective with more advanced methods, too, such as
76:
During the years, FES has been developed and demonstrated in many studies with various types of sensors and agents in chemical and biological systems. Bacteria have also been detected and identified by FES, either by their odor in air, or by the
414:
353:
L.B. Kish; G. Schmera; C. Kwan; J. Smulko; P. Heszler; C.G. Granqvist (2007). MacUcci, Massimo; Vandamme, Lode K.; Ciofi, Carmine; Weissman, Michael B. (eds.). "Fluctuation-enhanced sensing".
133:
Robert
Mingesz; Zoltan Gingl; Akos Kukovecz; Zoltan Konya; Krisztian Kordas; Hannu Moilanen (2011). "Compact USB measurement and analysis system for real-time fluctuation enhanced sensing".
73:
of the
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine has proven mathematically that adsorption–desorption fluctuations during odor primary reception can be used for improving selectivity.
429:
78:
53:
utilizing chemical sensors in FES mode, and the related mathematical analysis with experimental demonstration, were carried out only in 1999 by
160:
434:
58:
185:
101:
89:
37:
186:"Extracting information from noise spectra of chemical sensors: single sensor electronic noses and tongues"
263:
Hung-Chih Chang; L.B. Kish; M.D. King; C. Kwan (2009). "Fluctuation-enhanced sensing of bacterial odors".
372:
307:
93:
30:
24:
439:
388:
362:
297:
264:
245:
227:
166:
138:
113:
109:
66:
62:
335:
156:
218:
Vidybida, A. K. (2003). "Adsorption–desorption noise can be used for improving selectivity".
409:
380:
325:
315:
237:
200:
148:
50:
376:
311:
69:), in 2001, after learning about the published scheme. In 2003, Alexander Vidybida from
330:
285:
54:
23:) is a specific type of chemical or biological sensing where the stochastic component,
241:
204:
423:
392:
105:
97:
170:
249:
152:
284:
Chang, Hung-Chih; Kish, Laszlo; King, Maria; Kwan, Chiman (5 January 2010).
70:
339:
232:
320:
384:
65:. The name "fluctuation-enhanced sensing" was created by John Audia (
88:(Chiman Kwan) developed a portable FES device in collaboration with
367:
302:
269:
143:
357:. Noise and Fluctuations in Circuits, Devices, and Materials.
415:
Summary of three FES-related patents on the US Navy website.
135:
85:
112:) related FES projects were led by Gabor Schmera (see the
286:"Binary fingerprints at fluctuation-enhanced sensing"
184:Kish L, Vajtai R, Granqvist C (November 2000).
8:
71:Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics
366:
329:
319:
301:
268:
231:
142:
410:FES website at Texas A&M University.
125:
7:
137:. Vol. 21. pp. 385–388.
14:
193:Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical
220:Sensors and Actuators A:Physical
430:Biological techniques and tools
1:
242:10.1016/S0924-4247(03)00355-8
205:10.1016/S0925-4005(00)00586-4
104:for FES purposes were led by
17:Fluctuation-enhanced sensing
84:In the period of 2006–2009
456:
81:" method in liquid phase.
153:10.1109/ICNF.2011.5994350
90:Texas A&M University
102:higher-order statistics
38:higher-order statistics
100:). Efforts to explore
92:(Laszlo B. Kish) and
86:Signal Processing Inc
435:Laboratory equipment
116:patent site below).
94:University of Szeged
57:, Robert Vajtai and
377:2007SPIE.6600E..0VK
312:2010Senso..10..361C
321:10.3390/s100100361
110:United States Navy
96:(Zoltan Gingl and
67:United States Navy
63:Uppsala University
385:10.1117/12.726838
162:978-1-4577-0189-4
447:
397:
396:
370:
355:SPIE Proceedings
350:
344:
343:
333:
323:
305:
281:
275:
274:
272:
260:
254:
253:
235:
215:
209:
208:
190:
181:
175:
174:
146:
130:
455:
454:
450:
449:
448:
446:
445:
444:
420:
419:
406:
401:
400:
352:
351:
347:
283:
282:
278:
262:
261:
257:
233:physics/0212088
217:
216:
212:
188:
183:
182:
178:
163:
132:
131:
127:
122:
51:electronic nose
46:
12:
11:
5:
453:
451:
443:
442:
437:
432:
422:
421:
418:
417:
412:
405:
404:External links
402:
399:
398:
345:
296:(1): 361–373.
276:
255:
226:(3): 233–237.
210:
199:(1–2): 55–59.
176:
161:
124:
123:
121:
118:
59:C.G. Granqvist
55:Laszlo B. Kish
45:
42:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
452:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
427:
425:
416:
413:
411:
408:
407:
403:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
369:
364:
360:
356:
349:
346:
341:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
313:
309:
304:
299:
295:
291:
287:
280:
277:
271:
266:
259:
256:
251:
247:
243:
239:
234:
229:
225:
221:
214:
211:
206:
202:
198:
194:
187:
180:
177:
172:
168:
164:
158:
154:
150:
145:
140:
136:
129:
126:
119:
117:
115:
111:
107:
106:Janusz Smulko
103:
99:
98:Peter Heszler
95:
91:
87:
82:
80:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
43:
41:
39:
34:
33:
28:
27:
22:
18:
358:
354:
348:
293:
289:
279:
258:
223:
219:
213:
196:
192:
179:
134:
128:
83:
75:
47:
31:
25:
20:
16:
15:
424:Categories
361:: 66000V.
120:References
108:. SPAWAR (
440:Olfaction
393:119601788
368:0705.0160
303:0912.5212
270:0901.3100
144:1102.2446
340:22315545
171:41705045
373:Bibcode
331:3270846
308:Bibcode
290:Sensors
250:9340741
114:US Navy
44:History
391:
338:
328:
248:
169:
159:
79:SEPTIC
389:S2CID
363:arXiv
298:arXiv
265:arXiv
246:S2CID
228:arXiv
189:(PDF)
167:S2CID
139:arXiv
32:noise
26:noise
359:6600
336:PMID
157:ISBN
381:doi
326:PMC
316:doi
238:doi
224:107
201:doi
149:doi
61:at
21:FES
426::
387:.
379:.
371:.
334:.
324:.
314:.
306:.
294:10
292:.
288:.
244:.
236:.
222:.
197:71
195:.
191:.
165:.
155:.
147:.
40:.
395:.
383::
375::
365::
342:.
318::
310::
300::
273:.
267::
252:.
240::
230::
207:.
203::
173:.
151::
141::
77:"
19:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.