227:
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133:
555:, waste attracts more waste. Therefore, cleaning up existing illegal dumps is a helpful deterrent for additional illegal dumping. The United States Environmental Protection Agency instituted a program to cap open dumps in tribal communities. 1,100 of these dumps exist in the United States and pose health and environmental risks to the surrounding communities. The open dumps are closed off with a clay liner and soil depth accounting for infiltration and erosion. "Native dryland grass" is planted on top of the newly covered dump to prevent erosion and water monitoring wells are installed nearby.
393:
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per bag of garbage thrown out, contribute to illegal dumping. Although the intent of unit pricing is to encourage people to use other forms of waste disposal such as recycling and composting, people often turn to disposing of waste in unauthorised areas to save money. Additionally, weak enforcement of laws prohibiting illegal dumping and a lack of public awareness regarding the environmental, health, and economic dangers of illegal dumping contribute.
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Installation of fake cameras has also been shown to be a deterrent. Police patrols, helicopter and plane surveillance, and community surveillance are also options for increasing risk. A police presence generally deters illegal activity, while US community surveillance depends upon residents reporting known illegal dumpers to law enforcement for a reward. The cities of
1939:
683:. Additionally, the Chinese government has invested in improved e-waste collection and processing. Locally, various Chinese cities have constructed “recycling industrial parks” where e-waste can be processed efficiently and without harm to the environment. Regulations on e-waste have been implemented in the Chinese regions of
243:
The reasons people dump illegally vary; however, research indicates that lack of legal waste disposal options is a primary factor. A shortage of legal disposal options drives demand for waste removal service, increasing prices. Studies also have found unit pricing, which involves charging a set price
498:
waste services to residents to encourage legal disposal. If free or subsidised programs are not feasible due to funding limitations, cities must ensure affordability of waste disposal services. Offering alternative disposal options such as recycling and compost centres is also recommended. Fines or
370:
In addition to decreasing property values and, therefore, tax revenue for governments, illegal dumping costs governments millions of dollars in clean up costs. In the United
Kingdom, the Environmental Protection Agency spends £100–150 million annually to investigate and clean up illegal dump sites.
485:
Cities can implement periodic compliance campaigns, which involve randomly conducted “crackdowns” by law enforcement. Increased police patrols, anti-dumping signage posted in known illegal disposal sites, random inspections of property, and publicity regarding convicted illegal dumpers and the use
666:
generated during dumping, dismantling, and burning throughout the recycling process. Particles emitted are carried through the air and deposited nearby recycling centres and in surrounding areas. Leachates and wastewater infiltrate the soil, drinking water, livestock, and fish, exposing humans to
542:
City governments can implement education campaigns to further mitigate illegal dumping. For example, cities can inform residents and businesses of legal waste disposal avenues through mailed flyers, newspaper and radio announcements, and posters. Posting signs near known illegal dumping sites can
234:
Illegal dumping involves the unauthorised disposal of numerous types of waste. Typical materials dumped include building materials from construction sites, such as drywall, roofing shingles, lumber, brick, concrete, and siding. Other frequently dumped materials include automobile parts, household
725:
is heavily regulated, with most households having on average one 240 litre bin for recyclable waste and one similar bin of non recyclable waste every week; some areas have additional similar or smaller bins for garden, food, or specific recycling waste. Any large rubbish, e.g., old furniture and
591:
The environmental pollution caused by the illegal dumping has resulted in elevated instances of cancer and cancer mortality in the region. In 2014 and 2015, the
Italian government funded health screenings to track the rise in illnesses in Campania. Studies conducted using the data collected from
415:
and beautifying illegal dump sites. Adding aesthetic amenities such as grass, flowers, and benches demonstrates that the site is well maintained, discouraging dumpers. Additionally, increasing community use of the area will adjust locals’ perception of the site from dumping ground to valued open
518:
Cities can also deter illegal dumping by offering disposal options for materials and substances banned from landfills, such as tires, toxic and hazardous waste, and medical waste. The
Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection recommends chipping or shredding tires so that they can be
1593:
SepĂşlveda, Alejandra; Schluep, Mathias; Renaud, Fabrice G.; Streicher, Martin; Kuehr, Ruediger; HagelĂĽken, Christian; Gerecke, Andreas C. (January 2010). "A review of the environmental fate and effects of hazardous substances released from electrical and electronic equipments during recycling:
726:
mattresses, may need to be taken to the local waste depot by the home owner at their own expense, although many councils will collect certain items for free or for a small fee. This leads to some people simply leaving their waste in open public spaces or untended public gardens. This is called
759:
increases, so does the number of individuals and businesses that fly-tip, and the UK government has made it easier for members of the public to report fly-tipping. The fine or punishment is normally defined by the local council that operates in the local area in which the rubbish was dumped.
449:
Increasing offenders’ risk of arrest is also a way to combat illegal dumping. The most common way to accomplish this is through surveillance measures, such as video cameras. Camera footage can help law enforcement officials identify dumpers while also collecting data on peak dumping periods.
383:
Efforts to combat illegal dumping vary in each situation as solutions are crafted with specific community dynamics in mind. However, common approaches include a combination of limiting access to illegal dumping sites, surveillance, enforcement, and increasing access to legal waste disposal
366:
Illegal dumping also negatively affects surrounding property values. Unattractive and odorous accumulations of waste discourage commercial and residential developers from improving communities. Additionally, existing residents may have difficulty “taking pride” in their neighborhoods.
329:; and lymphohematopoietic diseases. Beyond negative health outcomes due to pollution and toxic waste, illegal dumps pose a physical threat. Unstable piles of material and exposed nails threaten harm to humans, specifically children who may be attracted to illegal dumps as play areas.
587:
such as unauthorised burying of toxic waste under places frequented by humans. Frequent fires at dumping sites and illegal waste fires set by residents have resulted in contamination of the air and drinking water. Additionally, the land has deteriorated due to the illegal waste.
264:
or hazardous materials infiltrating soil and drinking water threaten the health of local residents. Additionally, illegal dump sites that catch fire pollute the air with toxic particles. Environmental pollution due to illegal dumping can damage health. Short-term issues include
2368:
638:. Foreign governments often send e-waste to China as the informal sector offers cheaper recycling services. China is not only the “largest e-waste dumping site”, it also generates large amounts of e-waste. In 2006, China produced 1.3 kg of e-waste per capita.
506:
and improving waste storage in high density residential areas provides residents with convenient waste disposal options. Communication of available services is important to the success of such programs. Offering similar accommodations for
419:
Adding barriers such as fencing, rocks, locked gates, and concrete blocks prevents offenders from accessing dump sites with their vehicles, completely deterring illegal dumping or reducing the volume of disposed materials. For example,
1037:
Fly-tipping is taking place on a "massive scale" across the UK, the
Countryside Alliance has warned. Some 2.5m cases of illegal dumping were recorded between April 2005 and 2006, it said, with 1,249,527 incidents reported in Liverpool
424:
erected fences around rural dumping sites prevented vehicles from gaining access. Continued monitoring 12 months later showed that 80% of dump sites protected by the fences experienced negligible illegal waste disposal activity.
670:
In recent years, China has begun to address the informal e-waste sector. At the governmental level, improvements have been made to waste management practices through adoption of
Western management schemes such as those found in
772:
developed a “profile” of the typical illegal dumper. Characteristics of offenders include local residents, construction and landscaping contractors, waste removers, scrap yard operators, and automobile and tire repair shops.
641:
The informal e-waste sector lacks formal government oversight and pays its workers low wages while using recycling practices that expose both workers and the environment to toxic materials. Toxic substances are found in
256:, are designed to contain waste and prevent byproducts infiltrating the surrounding environment, illegal dumping areas do not typically incorporate the same safeguards. Due to this, illegal dumping may sometimes lead to
2425:
2361:
1542:
Chi, Xinwen; Streicher-Porte, Martin; Wang, Mark Y.L.; Reuter, Markus A. (April 2011). "Informal electronic waste recycling: A sector review with special focus on China".
494:
Removing illegal dumpers’ reasons for improperly disposing of waste is also an option for governing bodies. Offenders often dump to save money. Cities can offer free or
400:
Most violators dump waste at night because darkness helps them avoid detection. Consequently, lighting known or potential illegal dumping sites deters the practice. In
199:
by the type and amount of material and/or the manner in which it is discarded. An example of littering could be throwing a cigarette on the ground. However, emptying a
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816:. Open dumps are sometimes removed shortly after they are created, but most will persist for an indefinite period of time when the site is situated in the
2193:
608:
mortality in one of
Campania's districts. The study attributed this increase in cancer and cancer mortality with toxic exposures from the illegal waste.
1001:
888:
730:. In addition, commercial or industrial users may fly-tip to avoid waste handling charges, as will unofficial and unlicensed waste disposal firms.
2455:
1101:
Ichinose, Daisuke; Yamamoto, Masashi (January 2011). "On the relationship between the provision of waste management service and illegal dumping".
408:
lights in dumping “hot spots”. Following installation of the lights, the city received fewer complaints regarding illegal dumping in those areas.
226:
833:
2356:
2203:
144:
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340:. Tires, a material frequently dumped because most municipalities ban their disposal in landfills, provide an ideal breeding ground for
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1791:
218:, meaning "spontaneously or extemporaneously; done as one goes, or during another activity" – to throw away carelessly or casually.
119:
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Effects of illegal dumping include health, environmental, and economic consequences. While legal waste disposal locations, such as
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and disposing in a designated community site. The city also recommends utilizing mail back services to dispose of used syringes.
53:
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2008:
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100:
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instituted free return services for
Chinese customers who wish to dispose of old electronic products from the two companies.
57:
72:
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Triassi, Maria; Alfano, Rossella; Illario, Maddalena; Nardone, Antonio; Caporale, Oreste; Montuori, Paolo (February 2015).
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2013:
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recommends disposing of household hazardous and toxic waste in the nearest community drop off location. For example,
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generated by office buildings, restaurants, schools, and factories will also decrease instances of illegal dumping.
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630:. The informal e-waste sector recycles the majority of e-waste in China, which is supplied through consumption,
1179:"Environmental Pollution from Illegal Waste Disposal and Health Effects: A Review on the "Triangle of Death""
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68:
46:
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635:
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326:
318:
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Senior, Kathryn; Mazza, Alfredo (September 2004). "Italian "Triangle of death" linked to waste crisis".
781:
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Similar rules apply to disposal of medical waste. In Boston, officials recommend storing syringes in a
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are a common punishment for a person caught dumping at an open dump. Open dumps are commonly found in
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According to the BBC, fly-tipping costs councils in
England and Wales more than ÂŁ50m annually (2016).
392:
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1983:
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2033:
1953:
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571:, Italy is Europe's largest illegal waste dump. The area, which encompasses Italian municipalities
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176:
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due to stagnant water collected within. Mosquitos transfer life-threatening diseases, such as
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2018:
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in the UK have led to illegal waste dumping. Materials illegally disposed of can range from
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2003:
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1005:
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Combating illegal dumping also involves promoting legal waste disposal avenues. Offering
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1963:
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onto land, including waste dumped or tipped on a site with no licence to accept waste.
1509:
832:... a multi-family dumpsite of any size or content. Open dumping is illegal under the
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2465:
2125:
1873:
1715:
1054:
Oxford
English Dictionary, online edition, November 2010. Retrieved: 28 January 2011.
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676:
322:
310:
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with no permission in a public or private area can be classified as illegal dumping.
1122:
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1993:
1973:
1918:
898:
841:
821:
733:
647:
605:
345:
270:
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1460:"Proper Use and Disposal of Waste and Syringes" mass.gov. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
2440:
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1928:
1843:
1806:
883:
737:
451:
412:
405:
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opportunities. Listed below are common techniques employed by governing bodies:
294:
35:
1716:"Solid Waste Management | Pacific Southwest: Waste Programs | US EPA"
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recycled in other uses such as highways, playgrounds, and running tracks. The
433:
1623:
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1130:
396:
An attempt to limit access in Guam with a No
Dumping and No Trespassing sign.
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2028:
1767:
1195:
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786:
700:
359:. Outbreaks of fire at illegal dump sites can lead to forest fires, causing
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257:
196:
1938:
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1222:
985:
948:
17:
1998:
1958:
1878:
696:
688:
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597:
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568:
341:
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appliances, household waste, furniture, yard scraps, and medical waste.
1968:
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149:
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172:
143:
131:
1183:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
437:
Sign in Ireland intended to deter illegal dumping, threatening a
580:
1740:
836:(RCRA). The hazards of open dumping can include the release of
1377:"Get a Reward for Reporting Illegal Dumping | City of Oakland"
1023:
651:
29:
626:, or e-waste, presents environmental and health concerns in
856:
such as rodents and insects; and physical hazards such as
1690:"'It fell off the back of the van' - fly-tipping excuses"
1400:"Waste tire management" mass.gov. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
796:
are locations where illegally dumped, abandoned piles of
527:, Massachusetts holds drop off days four times per year.
375:
estimates several million in costs each year nationwide.
499:
charges for clean-up costs can also act as a deterrent.
175:
illegally instead of using an authorised method such as
148:
Illegal dumping in a residential subdivision, north of
1327:"Bureau of Street Services - Illegal dump report form"
1049:
583:, experiences illegal waste disposal practices by the
2418:
2387:
2297:
2149:
1946:
1782:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2426:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
195:Illegal dumping is typically distinguished from
830:
230:Illegally dumped tires on the side of the road.
1752:
1664:"Report fly-tipping or illegal waste dumping"
921:. Brampton.ca. 7 October 2010. Archived from
866:United States Environmental Protection Agency
770:United States Environmental Protection Agency
592:these screenings found elevated instances of
553:United States Environmental Protection Agency
521:United States Environmental Protection Agency
373:United States Environmental Protection Agency
8:
1008:a guide for the public, crimereduction.co.uk
947:. Rdek.bc.ca. 30 August 2011. Archived from
411:Other methods of limiting access include re-
860:, poisonous gases, and/or piercing objects.
214:, meaning "to throw out of a vehicle", and
1759:
1745:
1737:
1212:
1194:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
486:surveillance can deter illegal dumping.
462:all implement similar reporting schemes.
2456:High-level radioactive waste management
910:
1596:Environmental Impact Assessment Review
1437:"Get rid of household hazardous waste"
1352:"Illegal Dumping - City of Sacramento"
1172:
1170:
889:Toxic waste dumping by the 'Ndrangheta
834:Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
1537:
1535:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1096:
1094:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
429:Increase surveillance and enforcement
7:
2471:Sewage regulation and administration
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1638:"Fly Tipping in the United Kingdom"
1078:"Document Display | NEPIS | US EPA"
1019:"UK fly-tipping 'on massive scale'"
804:are left in noticeable quantities.
183:. It is the illegal deposit of any
559:Illegal dumping in Campania, Italy
25:
1471:"Tribal Waste Management Program"
1411:"Household Hazardous Waste (HHW)"
2521:
2520:
2509:
2451:Extended producer responsibility
1937:
1594:Examples from China and India".
260:of the surrounding environment.
136:Illegal dumping at Scales Road,
34:
2009:Mechanical biological treatment
1123:10.1016/j.reseneeco.2010.01.002
355:Tires and electronic waste are
45:needs additional citations for
1306:NSW Environment & Heritage
27:Act of dumping waste illegally
1:
1510:10.1016/s1470-2045(04)01561-x
1103:Resource and Energy Economics
785:Open dump by a rural lane in
301:. Long-term concerns include
1564:10.1016/j.wasman.2010.11.006
852:; the increased presence of
755:As the cost of disposing of
2461:History of waste management
757:household rubbish and waste
543:also help deter offenders.
402:Canada Bay, New South Wales
332:Illegal dumps also attract
2594:
2049:fluorescent lamp recycling
1616:10.1016/j.eiar.2009.04.001
723:Rubbish disposal in the UK
615:
547:Cleaning up existing dumps
248:Effects of illegal dumping
2504:
1935:
1302:"Prevent illegal dumping"
1150:"NC DEQ: Illegal Dumping"
894:Triangle of death (Italy)
618:Electronic waste in China
612:Electronic waste in China
422:Maitland, New South Wales
379:Deterring illegal dumping
239:Causes of illegal dumping
222:Types of materials dumped
210:is derived from the verb
2431:China's waste import ban
1356:www.cityofsacramento.org
469:Anti-dumping signage in
363:and destroying habitat.
1792:Agricultural wastewater
1196:10.3390/ijerph120201216
999:Fly tipping and the law
982:Oxford University Press
748:, much of which may be
179:or using an authorised
2516:Environment portal
2194:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2084:water recycling shower
945:"Illegal Dumping Info"
870:
790:
740:and domestic items to
482:
474:
446:
397:
299:respiratory infections
231:
153:
141:
1884:Municipal solid waste
1864:Industrial wastewater
978:UK English Dictionary
784:
706:Corporations such as
480:
473:, Victoria, Australia
468:
436:
404:, the city installed
395:
229:
171:), is the dumping of
147:
135:
2079:water heat recycling
1984:Garden waste dumping
1004:26 July 2011 at the
490:Provide alternatives
481:Surveillance camera.
271:congenital illnesses
54:improve this article
2578:Environmental crime
2446:Eco-industrial park
2034:appliance recycling
1954:Anaerobic digestion
1899:Post-consumer waste
1797:Biodegradable waste
1608:2010EIARv..30...28S
1556:2011WaMan..31..731C
1498:The Lancet Oncology
1273:on 24 December 2019
1115:2011REEco..33...79I
814:abandoned buildings
622:Illegal dumping of
504:kerbside collection
177:curbside collection
2491:Waste minimisation
2436:Cleaner production
2101:Reusable packaging
2014:Mechanical sorting
1817:Construction waste
1417:. 25 November 2015
858:hypodermic needles
791:
746:construction waste
667:toxic substances.
483:
475:
447:
398:
232:
154:
152:, Ontario, Canada
142:
2555:
2554:
2486:Waste legislation
2395:Sanitation worker
2369:London Convention
2305:Bamako Convention
2096:Resource recovery
2064:textile recycling
2059:plastic recycling
2039:battery recycling
1979:Ecological design
1904:Radioactive waste
1381:www.oaklandca.gov
1263:"Illegal Dumping"
988:on June 27, 2020.
919:"Illegal Dumping"
824:without adequate
789:, Surrey, England
734:Taxes on landfill
565:triangle of death
551:According to the
130:
129:
122:
104:
69:"Illegal dumping"
16:(Redirected from
2585:
2568:Waste management
2524:
2523:
2514:
2513:
2379:OSPAR Convention
2310:Basel Convention
2121:Waste collection
2111:Sewage treatment
2069:timber recycling
2044:bottle recycling
2024:Reclaimed lumber
2019:Photodegradation
1941:
1859:Industrial waste
1827:Electronic waste
1822:Demolition waste
1802:Biomedical waste
1776:waste management
1761:
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1642:Bournemouth Echo
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1544:Waste Management
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1477:. 13 August 2015
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1269:. Archived from
1259:
1253:
1252:
1250:
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1242:epa.illinois.gov
1233:
1227:
1226:
1216:
1198:
1189:(2): 1216–1236.
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984:. Archived from
967:
961:
960:
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956:
941:
935:
934:
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868:
812:, backyards and
624:electronic waste
532:sharps container
513:industrial waste
125:
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62:
38:
30:
21:
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2527:Category: Waste
2508:
2500:
2481:Waste hierarchy
2414:
2405:Waste collector
2383:
2374:Oslo Convention
2293:
2145:
2141:Waste-to-energy
2136:Waste treatment
2106:Right to repair
2004:Landfill mining
1989:Illegal dumping
1942:
1933:
1894:Packaging waste
1889:Open defecation
1849:Hazardous waste
1778:
1765:
1735:
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1236:Batty, Stuart.
1235:
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1148:
1147:
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1100:
1099:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1058:
1051:fly-tipping, n.
1048:
1044:
1030:
1028:
1027:. 19 March 2007
1017:
1016:
1012:
1006:Wayback Machine
997:
993:
969:
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943:
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854:disease vectors
826:public services
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620:
614:
561:
549:
540:
492:
431:
390:
381:
350:West Nile virus
250:
241:
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157:Illegal dumping
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
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15:
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2400:Street sweeper
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2284:United Kingdom
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2171:
2166:
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2155:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2074:tire recycling
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2054:land recycling
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1964:Biodegradation
1961:
1956:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1924:Surface runoff
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1812:Chemical waste
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1788:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1741:
1733:
1732:
1707:
1696:. 30 July 2016
1681:
1670:. 6 April 2017
1655:
1629:
1585:
1550:(4): 731–742.
1531:
1504:(9): 525–527.
1488:
1462:
1453:
1428:
1402:
1393:
1368:
1343:
1331:bss.lacity.org
1318:
1284:
1267:www.dep.pa.gov
1254:
1238:"Open Dumping"
1228:
1166:
1136:
1090:
1056:
1042:
1010:
991:
962:
936:
909:
908:
906:
903:
902:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
874:
871:
862:
778:
775:
765:
762:
742:abandoned cars
719:
718:United Kingdom
716:
681:European Union
616:Main article:
613:
610:
560:
557:
548:
545:
539:
536:
491:
488:
430:
427:
389:
386:
380:
377:
319:cardiovascular
249:
246:
240:
237:
223:
220:
192:
189:
159:, also called
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2590:
2579:
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2563:
2548:
2547:Organizations
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2519:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2466:Landfill fire
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
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2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2315:EU directives
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2289:United States
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
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2240:
2237:
2235:
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2230:
2227:
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2222:
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2217:
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2167:
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2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2126:Waste sorting
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
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2082:
2080:
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2055:
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2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1874:Marine debris
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
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1820:
1818:
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1810:
1808:
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1789:
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1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1750:
1748:
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1739:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1644:. 17 May 2017
1643:
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1621:
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1609:
1605:
1601:
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1397:
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1264:
1258:
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1243:
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1224:
1220:
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1202:
1197:
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1184:
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1145:
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1141:
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1132:
1128:
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1120:
1116:
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1104:
1097:
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1079:
1073:
1071:
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1046:
1043:
1039:
1026:
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1020:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1000:
995:
992:
987:
983:
979:
977:
972:
966:
963:
951:on 2 May 2013
950:
946:
940:
937:
925:on 2 May 2020
924:
920:
914:
911:
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895:
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867:
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827:
823:
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811:
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783:
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771:
764:United States
763:
761:
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751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
729:
724:
717:
715:
713:
709:
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699:province and
698:
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690:
686:
682:
678:
677:United States
674:
668:
665:
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645:
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629:
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619:
611:
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533:
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522:
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510:
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489:
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479:
472:
467:
463:
461:
457:
453:
444:
440:
435:
428:
426:
423:
417:
414:
409:
407:
406:solar powered
403:
394:
387:
385:
378:
376:
374:
368:
364:
362:
358:
353:
352:, to humans.
351:
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124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2419:Other topics
2410:Waste picker
2337:incineration
2116:Urban mining
1994:Incineration
1988:
1974:Durable good
1919:Sharps waste
1879:Mining waste
1724:. Retrieved
1722:. 2009-12-16
1719:
1710:
1698:. Retrieved
1693:
1684:
1672:. Retrieved
1667:
1658:
1646:. Retrieved
1641:
1632:
1602:(1): 28–41.
1599:
1595:
1588:
1547:
1543:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1479:. Retrieved
1474:
1465:
1456:
1444:. Retrieved
1440:
1431:
1419:. Retrieved
1414:
1405:
1396:
1384:. Retrieved
1380:
1371:
1359:. Retrieved
1355:
1346:
1334:. Retrieved
1330:
1321:
1309:. Retrieved
1305:
1275:. Retrieved
1271:the original
1266:
1257:
1245:. Retrieved
1241:
1231:
1186:
1182:
1157:. Retrieved
1153:
1109:(1): 79–93.
1106:
1102:
1081:. Retrieved
1050:
1045:
1036:
1029:. Retrieved
1022:
1013:
994:
986:the original
974:
965:
953:. Retrieved
949:the original
939:
927:. Retrieved
923:the original
913:
899:Urban runoff
842:heavy metals
831:
822:public space
793:
792:
777:Open dumping
767:
754:
732:
727:
721:
705:
669:
640:
621:
606:liver cancer
590:
562:
550:
541:
529:
517:
501:
493:
484:
448:
418:
410:
399:
388:Limit access
382:
369:
365:
354:
346:encephalitis
331:
251:
242:
233:
215:
211:
207:
205:
194:
181:rubbish dump
164:
160:
156:
155:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2441:Downcycling
2388:Occupations
2357:waste water
2254:Switzerland
2244:South Korea
2234:New Zealand
2159:Afghanistan
2131:Waste trade
2091:Repurposing
1929:Toxic waste
1909:Scrap metal
1844:Green waste
1807:Brown waste
1784:Major types
1031:16 December
884:Road debris
738:green waste
728:fly tipping
648:particulate
632:importation
452:Los Angeles
413:landscaping
357:combustible
315:respiratory
208:fly tipping
191:Terminology
165:fly tipping
161:fly dumping
18:Fly tipping
2562:Categories
2496:Zero waste
2298:Agreements
2229:Kazakhstan
2184:Bangladesh
1969:Composting
1854:Heat waste
1839:Food waste
1832:by country
1726:2017-04-11
1441:Boston.gov
1154:deq.nc.gov
905:References
818:wilderness
794:Open dumps
752:or toxic.
703:province.
695:province,
679:, and the
660:wastewater
636:production
602:colorectal
577:Marigliano
509:commercial
496:subsidised
456:Sacramento
216:on the fly
110:April 2017
80:newspapers
2573:Waste law
2476:Upcycling
2342:landfills
2332:framework
2325:Recycling
2320:batteries
2249:Sri Lanka
2209:Hong Kong
2174:Australia
2151:Countries
2029:Recycling
1947:Processes
1768:Biosolids
1624:0195-9255
1572:0956-053X
1518:1470-2045
1205:1661-7827
1131:0928-7655
971:"fly-tip"
787:Tatsfield
750:hazardous
701:Guangdong
664:effluents
644:leachates
538:Education
342:mosquitos
287:dizziness
283:headaches
258:pollution
254:landfills
206:The term
201:trash bin
197:littering
140:, England
2537:Journals
2352:vehicles
2274:Thailand
2264:Tanzania
1999:Landfill
1959:Balefill
1700:11 April
1694:BBC News
1674:11 April
1580:21147524
1526:15384216
1223:25622140
1002:Archived
873:See also
863:—
697:Zhejiang
689:Shanghai
650:matter,
598:lymphoma
594:leukemia
569:Campania
2204:Georgia
2179:Belgium
2169:Armenia
2164:Albania
1720:Epa.gov
1604:Bibcode
1552:Bibcode
1481:12 June
1446:25 June
1421:25 June
1386:12 June
1361:12 June
1336:12 June
1311:12 June
1277:12 June
1247:12 June
1214:4344663
1159:12 June
1111:Bibcode
1083:12 June
955:28 July
929:28 July
844:to the
810:forests
693:Jiangsu
685:Beijing
585:Camorra
471:Glenroy
460:Oakland
416:space.
361:erosion
338:insects
327:nervous
279:anxiety
150:Toronto
94:scholar
2525:
2279:Turkey
2269:Taiwan
2239:Russia
2219:Israel
2189:Brazil
1914:Sewage
1869:Litter
1774:, and
1668:Gov.uk
1648:18 May
1622:
1578:
1570:
1524:
1516:
1475:US EPA
1415:US EPA
1221:
1211:
1203:
1129:
1038:alone.
976:Lexico
879:Litter
838:toxics
820:or in
802:debris
712:Lenovo
675:, the
662:, and
634:, and
600:, and
579:, and
573:Acerra
525:Boston
458:, and
441:3,000
334:vermin
307:kidney
303:cancer
293:; and
291:nausea
275:stress
267:asthma
262:Toxins
138:London
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2542:Lists
2532:Index
2259:Syria
2224:Japan
2214:India
2199:Egypt
1772:waste
850:water
806:Fines
798:waste
708:Nokia
673:Japan
656:fumes
652:ashes
628:China
323:brain
311:liver
185:waste
173:waste
101:JSTOR
87:books
2362:WEEE
2347:RoHS
1702:2017
1676:2017
1650:2017
1620:ISSN
1576:PMID
1568:ISSN
1522:PMID
1514:ISSN
1483:2018
1448:2018
1423:2018
1388:2018
1363:2018
1338:2018
1313:2018
1279:2018
1249:2018
1219:PMID
1201:ISSN
1161:2018
1127:ISSN
1085:2018
1033:2008
957:2013
931:2013
848:and
840:and
800:and
768:The
744:and
710:and
604:and
581:Nola
563:The
511:and
443:fine
371:The
348:and
336:and
305:and
297:and
289:and
277:and
73:news
1612:doi
1560:doi
1506:doi
1209:PMC
1191:doi
1119:doi
1024:BBC
846:air
567:in
295:eye
212:tip
163:or
56:by
2564::
1770:,
1718:.
1692:.
1666:.
1640:.
1618:.
1610:.
1600:30
1598:.
1574:.
1566:.
1558:.
1548:31
1546:.
1534:^
1520:.
1512:.
1500:.
1473:.
1439:.
1413:.
1379:.
1354:.
1329:.
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