4329:: "Microorganisms found in failed endodontically treated teeth have either remained in the root canal from previous treatment or have entered since treatment via leakage. ... Those remaining from the original microbiota would need to have maintained viability throughout treatment procedures, including exposure to disinfectants, and thereafter adapted to a root canal environment in which the availability of a variety of nutrients is more limited because of lack of pulp tissue. This might occur as a result of an inability of chemomechanical instrumentation procedures to completely debride the root canal system in a single visit and because of the inaccessible locations of bacteria in isthmuses, accessory canals, and apical regions of canals. While it is considered that many such remaining bacteria will be unable to cause harm once entombed by the obturation material, there is little evidence for this".
978:, or using steroid drugs—there remained a lack of carefully controlled studies definitely establishing adverse systemic effects. Conversely, some if few studies have investigated effects of systemic disease on root-canal therapy's outcomes, which tend to worsen with poor glycemic control, perhaps via impaired immune response, a factor largely ignored until recently, but now recognized as important. Still, even by 2010, "the potential association between systemic health and root canal therapy has been strongly disputed by dental governing bodies and there remains little evidence to substantiate the claims".
511:, teeth routinely host bacteria producing potent toxins. Transplanting the teeth into healthy rabbits, Price and his researchers duplicated heart and arthritic diseases. Although Price noted often seeing patients "suffering more from the inconvenience and difficulties of mastication and nourishment than they did from the lesions from which their physician or dentist had sought to give them relief", his 1925 debate with John P Buckley was decided in favor of Price's position: "practically all infected pulpless teeth should be extracted". As chairman of the
2819:: "C Edmund Kells was a dental pioneer who championed the use of X-rays in dentistry during the late 19th century and early 20th century. 'The X-ray in dental practice' is a paper read by Dr Kells at a 1919 Association meeting in New Orleans. Much of the paper discusses focal infection theory, which Dr Kells argued was leading to the unnecessary extraction of teeth. He also made it clear that dental X-rays should be used to enhance dentistry, and not to encourage the 'mania for extracting devitalized teeth' " .
716:
of infection—revealed immune cells or other host cells but no bacteria. Fish theorized that by removing the infectious nidus, dentists would permit recovery from the infection This reasoning and conclusion by Fish became the basis for successful root-canal treatment. Still, endodontic therapy of the era indeed posed substantial risk of failure, and fear of focal infection crucially motivated endontologists to develop new and improved technology and techniques.
303:, Kellogg yearly received several thousand patients, including US Presidents and celebrities, at his huge resort, advertised as the "University of Health". But in the 1910s, as North American medical schools emulated the German model—that is, "scientific medicine"—medical doctors who recognized "focal infection" were hinting a scientific basis versus the older, alleged "health faddists" like medical doctor Kellogg and like minister
629:, the originator and pioneer of dental X-ray, delivered a lecture, published in 1920 in the association's journal, largely discussing focal infection theory, which Kells condemned as a "crime". Kells stressed that X-ray technology is to improve dentistry, not to enhance the "mania of extracting devitalized teeth". Kells urged dentists to reject physicians' prescriptions of tooth extractions.
4614:
442:, by 1906 performing some 5,000 surgeries a year, over 50% intra-abdominal, a tremendous number at the time, with unusually low mortality and morbidity. Though originally distancing themselves from routine medicine and skeptical of laboratory data, they later recruited Edward Rosenow from Chicago to help improve Mayo Clinic's diagnosis and care and to enter
4602:
857:
of local tissues, and distinguished that from focal infection theory—which they assert was evaluated and disproved by the 1940s. Others have found focal infection theory's scientific evidence still slim, but have conceded that evolving science might establish it. Yet select
American authors affirm the return of a modest theory of focal infection.
712:, but no consistent cures by tonsillectomies or tooth extractions. They commented, "Focal infection is a splendid example of a plausible medical theory which is in danger of being converted by its enthusiastic supporters into the status of an accepted fact." Newly a critic, Cecil alleged that foci were "anything readily accessible to surgery".
732:'s landmark pronouncements of 30 years earlier as widely misinterpreted, they summarized that "the removal of infectious dental focal infections in the hope of influencing remote or general symptoms of disease must still be regarded as an experimental procedure not devoid of hazard". By 1940, Louis I Grossman's textbook
526:, dental radiography to feed the "mania of extracting devitalized teeth". Even Price was cited as an authoritative source espousing conservative intervention at focal infections. Kells, too, advocated conservative dentistry. Many dentists were "100 percenters", extracting every tooth exhibiting either
3041:
Robert T Morris: "The matter of focal infections is one of the very new subjects of the day which men are taking up with a great deal of interest but are going ahead perhaps with incomplete knowledge and not comprehending the range and scope of the entire subject; consequently this subject is falling
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crossreaction with host biomolecules, while some seemingly find progressive invasion of local tissues compatible with focal infection theory. Acknowledging that beyond epidemiological associations, successful intervention is needed to establish causality, they emphasize that biological explanation is
715:
In 1939, E W Fish published landmark findings that would revive endodontics. Fish implanted bacteria into guinea pigs' jaws, and reported that four zones of reaction consequently developed. Fish reported that the first zone was the zone of infection, whereas the other three zones—surrounding the zone
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simultaneously published his book in 1922. Despite skepticism in the profession, psychiatrists sustained pressure to match Cotton's treatments, as patients would ask why they were being denied curative treatment. Other patients were pressured or compelled into the treatment without their own consent.
856:
associations between dental infections and systemic diseases, American dentistry scholars have been cautious, some seeking successful intervention to confirm causality. Some
American sources emphasized epidemiology's inability to determine causality, categorized the phenomena as progressive invasion
480:
Although physicians had already interpreted pus within a bodily compartment as a systemic threat, pus from infected tooth roots often drained into the mouth and thereby was viewed as systemically inconsequential. Amid focal infection theory, it was concluded that that was often the case—while immune
77:
Drawing severe criticism in the 1930s, focal infection theory—whose popularity zealously exceeded consensus evidence—was discredited in the 1940s by research attacks that drew overwhelming consensus of this sweeping theory's falsity. Thereupon, dental restorations and endodontic therapy became again
613:
Addressing the
Eastern Medical Society in December 1918, New York City physician Robert Morris had explained that focal infection theory had drawn much interest but that understanding was incomplete, while the theory was earning disrepute through overzealousness of some advocates. Morris called for
760:
tolled the era's end by stating that "many patients with diseases presumably caused by foci of infection have not been relieved of their symptoms by removal of the foci", that "many patients with these same systemic diseases have no evident focus of infection", and that "foci of infection are as
33:
and common ones, are caused by focal infections. In present medical consensus, a focal infection is a localized infection, often asymptomatic, that causes disease elsewhere in the host, but focal infections are fairly infrequent and limited to fairly uncommon diseases. (Distant injury is focal
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disease resembles classic focal infection theory. In 1986, it was noted that, "in spite of a decline in recognition of the focal-infection theory, the association of decayed teeth with systemic disease is taken very seriously". Eventually, the theory of focal infection drew reconsideration.
364:
for stricter requirements on dentistry licensing. Still, Hunter's lecture—as later recalled—"ignited the fires of focal infection". Ten years later, he proudly accepted that credit. And yet, read carefully, his lecture asserts a sole cause of oral sepsis: dentists who instruct patients to
287:, based in London, drew from Metchnikoff and clinical observation to identify "chronic intestinal stasis"—in lay terms, intractable constipation—presumably, "flooding of the circulation with filthy material". Reporting surgical treatment in 1908, Lane eventually offered total
291:, but later favored simply surgical release of colonic "kinks", and in 1925, abandoning surgery, began promoting prevention and intervention by diet and lifestyle, how Lane secured his contemporary reputation as a crank. Since 1875, in the American state Michigan, physician
939:. Conventional belief is that microorganisms within inaccessible regions of a tooth's roots are rendered harmless once entrapped by the filling material, although little evidence supports this. A H Rogers in 1976 and E H Ehrmann in 1977 had dismissed any relation between
121:
injury—that might occur simultaneously and even interact. Meanwhile, focal infection theory has gained renewed attention, as dental infections apparently are widespread and significant contributors to systemic diseases, although mainstream attention is on ordinary
485:, could result. By 1930, excision of focal infections was considered a "rational form of therapy" undoubtedly resolving many cases of chronic diseases. Its inconsistent effectiveness was attributed to unrecognized foci—perhaps inside internal organs—that the
3050:, taking all evidence judicially, will eventually give the medical profession the basic facts and what is valuable in the subject. Right now one might utter a warning to the general medical profession against taking too active an interest in the subject." .
4584:
Highlighting publications and findings by Price, by Meinig, and by Haley, holistic dentist Mark A Breiner advises not routine extraction of root-filled teeth, but routine monitoring, and extraction only when the tooth seems to especially impair health
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common in apparently healthy persons as in those with disease". Although some support extended into the late 1950s, focal infection vanished as the primary explanation of chronic, systemic diseases, and the theory was generally abandoned in the 1950s.
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traced to asymptomatic endodontic infection. In any event, the predominant view is that shunning endodonthic therapy or routinely extracting endodontically treated teeth to treat or prevent systemic diseases remains unscientific and misguided.
1297:
Nils Skaug & Vidar Bakken, ch 8 "4Systemic complications of endodontic infections", subchapter "Chronic periapical infections as the origin of metastatic infections", in Gunnar
Bergenholtz, Preben Hørsted-Bindslev & Claes Reit, eds,
753:
notes, "Many authorities who formerly felt that focal infection was an important etiologic factor in systemic disease have become skeptical and now recommend less radical procedures in the treatment of such disorders". A 1952 editorial in
73:
was countered by tonsillectomies and tooth extractions, including of endodontically treated teeth and even of apparently healthy teeth, newly popular approaches—sometimes leaving individuals toothless—to treat or prevent diverse diseases.
803:
With the 1950s introduction of antibiotics, attempts to explain unexplained diseases via bacterial etiology seemed all the more unlikely. By the 1970s, however, it was established that antibiotics could trigger bacteria switch to their
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into disrepute in certain fields because of the over-enthusiasm of some of the advocates of focal infection theory in relation to distant demonstration—endocarditis, rheumatism, gastric ulcer, cholecystitis, various forms of neuritis,
989:
metabolism. Seeking to sterilize the tooth interior, some dentists, both alternative and conventional, have applied laser technology. Although endodontic therapy can fail and eventually often does, dentistry scholars maintain that it
843:
teeth were L forms, thought nonexistent by bacteriologists of his time and widely overlooked into the 21st century. Apparently, dental infections, including by uncultured or cryptic microorganisms, contribute to systemic diseases.
923:
claims that the scientific evidence establishing existence of jawbone cavitations is overwhelming and even published in textbooks, the diagnosis and related treatment remain controversial, and allegations of quackery persist.
955:
and of Price, some dentistry scholars reasserted that the claims were evaluated and disproved by the 1940s. Yet Meinig was but one of at least three authors who in the early 1990s independently renewed the concern.
614:
facts and explanation from scientists before physicians continued investing so steeply in it, already triggering vigorous disputes and embittering divisions among clinicians as well as uncertainty among patients.
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Cotton had his two sons' teeth extracted as preventive healthcare—although each later committed suicide. In the 1930s, however, focal infection fell from psychiatry as an explanation, Cotton having died in 1933.
49:
might lead to secondary infections at sites particularly susceptible to such microbial species or toxin. Commonly alleged foci were diverse—appendix, urinary bladder, gall bladder, kidney, liver, prostate, and
632:
Focal infection theory's elegance suggested simple application, but the surgical removals brought meager "cure" rate, occasional disease worsening, and inconsistent experimental results. Still, the lack of
781:
claiming cures of chronic diseases like arthritis after extraction of infected or root-filled teeth, and despite lack of scientific evidence, "dental focal infection theory never died". In fact, severe
3077:
Jacobsohn PH, Kantor ML, Pihlstrom BL (2013). "The X-ray in dentistry, and the legacy of C. Edmund Kells: A commentary on Kells CE. The X-ray in dental practice. J Natl Dent Assoc 1920;7(3):241-272".
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vanished except in
Trenton until Cotton—who used publicity and word of mouth, kept the 30% death rate unpublicized, and passed a 1925 investigation by New Jersey Senate—died by heart attack in 1933.
1646:
In 1876, employing innovative bacteriology protocols more stringently reductionist than previous bacteriology techniques, Koch confirmed that a recurrently suspected bacterial species—later named
653:. As colleagues of Kirby, two researchers—bacteriologist Nicolas Kopeloff and psychiatrist Clarence Cheney—ventured from Ward's Island to Trenton, New Jersey, to investigate Cotton's practice.
4634:
4321:
J Craig
Baumgartner, José F Siqueira Jr, Christine M Sedgley & Anil Kishen, ch 7 "Microbiology of endodontic disease", in John I Ingle, Leif K Bakland & J Craig Baumgartner, eds,
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J Craig
Baumgartner, José F Siqueira Jr, Christine M Sedgley & Anil Kishen, ch 7 "Microbiology of endodontic disease", in John I Ingle, Leif K Bakland & J Craig Baumgartner, eds,
582:
and to extract the tonsils and the teeth, but also to remove the appendix, gall bladder, spleen, stomach, colon, cervix, ovaries, and testicles, while Cotton claimed up to 85% cure rate.
985:, whereas a new material, Biocalex, drew initial optimism even in alternative dentistry, but Biocalex-filled teeth were later reported by Boyd Haley to likewise seep toxic byproducts of
562:
Near the turn of the 20th century, psychiatry's predominant explanations of schizophrenia's causation, besides heredity, were focal infection and autointoxication. In 1907, psychiatrist
130:. Despite some doubts renewed in the 1990s by conventional dentistry's critics, dentistry scholars maintain that endodontic therapy can be performed without creating focal infections.
673:'s psychiatric surgeries ineffective: those who improved were already so prognosed, and others improved without surgery. Publishing two papers, the team presented the findings at the
481:
response prevented dissemination from the focus—but that immunity could fail to contain the infection, that dissemination from the focus could ensue, and that systemic disease, often
860:
European sources find it more certain that dental infections drive systemic diseases, at least by driving systemic inflammation, and probably, among other immunologic mechanisms, by
182:
As progressively more diseases drew an infectious hypothesis that led to a pathogen discovery, conjectures grew that virtually all diseases are infectious. In 1890, German dentist
94:, and even tooth extraction, too—as foci of infection causing chronic and systemic diseases. In mainstream dentistry and medicine, the primary recognition of focal infection is
736:
flatly rejected the methods and conclusions made earlier by Weston Price and especially by Edward
Rosenow. Amid improvements in endodontics and medicine, including release of
210:, found new outlet in medical bacteriology, a pillar of the new "scientific medicine". Around 1900, British surgeons, still knife-happy, were urging "surgical bacteriology".
570:
in the
American state New Jersey. Influenced by focal infection theory's medical popularity, Cotton identified focal infections as the main causes of dementia praecox (now
820:—became the entities expected in the theory of focal infection. Yet until the 1980s, such researchers were scarce, largely due to scarce funding for such investigations.
1975:
Immunology's early feuding over whether immunity is innate or is acquired reflected limited perspectives. As later elucidated, antibody molecules, which are secreted by
3480:
Nikos Donos & Francesco D'Aiuto, ch 3 "Periodontitis: A modern clinical perspective", in Brian
Henderson, Michael Curtis, Robert Seymour & Nikolaos Donos, eds,
3671:
696:'s researches had been criticized for allegedly "faulty bacterial technique". In the 1930s and 1940s, researchers and editors dismissed the studies of Price and of
515:'s research division, Price was a leading influence on the dentistry profession's opinion. Into the late 1930s, textbook authors relied on Price's 1923 treatise.
4134:
Somma F, Castagnola R, Bollino D, Marigo L (2010). "Oral inflammatory process and general health. Part 1: The focal infection and the oral inflammatory lesion".
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and Curt Pendergrass reporting finding especially high levels of bacterial toxins in root-filled teeth. Although such possibility appears especially likely amid
756:
503:
1580:
Pizzo G, Guiglia R, Lo Russo L, Campisi G (2010). "Dentistry and internal medicine: From the focal infection theory to the periodontal medicine concept".
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151:, in ancient Greece, had reported cure of an arthritis case by tooth extraction. Yet focal infection, as such, appeared in modern medicine in 1877, when
408:
Medical School, this time printed in book format. Billings thus popularized intervention by tonsillectomy and tooth extraction. A pupil of Billings,
3237:
550:
nearly vanished from American dental education. Some dentists held that root canal therapy should be criminalized and penalized with six months of
465:
cast support. As Hopkins' chief physician, Barker was a pivotal convert propelling the theory to the center of American routine medical practice.
284:
4546:"Outcome of primary root canal treatment: Systematic review of the literature—part 1. Effects of study characteristics on probability of success"
461:, who became a prominent proponent of focal infection theory. Although many of the Hopkins medical faculty remained skeptics, Barker's colleague
534:, and extracted apparently healthy teeth, too, as suspected foci, leaving many persons toothless. A 1926 report published by several authors in
728:
and W Paul Havens, published in January 1940, was perhaps the most influential criticism of focal infection theory. Recasting British surgeon
45:
An ancient concept that took modern form around 1900, focal infection theory was widely accepted in medicine by the 1920s. In the theory, the
920:
247:
42:.) Focal infection theory, rather, so explained virtually all diseases, including arthritis, atherosclerosis, cancer, and mental illnesses.
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446:
via experimental bacteriology. Rosenow influenced Charles Mayo, who by 1914 published to support focal infection theory alongside Rosenow.
167:—a set of laboratory methods to isolate, culture, and multiply a single bacterium of one species—whereby Koch announced discovery of the "
222:
adopted Robert Koch's bacteriology protocols, but soon directed them to developing the first modern vaccines, and ultimately introduced
3236:
Henry W Crowe & Herbert G Franking, "Aetiology continued: Dental infections and degenerative diseases—a review and commentary", pp
1417:, 4th edn (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1986), ch 13 "Dental needs and resources", § "Systemic infection of dental origin",
1052:
Jed J Jacobson & Sol Silverman Jr, ch 17 "Bacterial infections", in Sol Silverman, Lewis R Eversole & Edmond L Truelove, eds,
585:
Despite Cotton's death rate of some 30%, his fame rapidly spread through America and Europe, and the asylum drew influx of patients.
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2530:
246:—whom Pasteur granted an entire floor of the Pasteur Institute, once it opened in 1888. Later the institute's director and a 1908
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held that extraction alone was often insufficient, and urged teamwork by dentistry and medicine. Rosenow developed the principle
1841:
Shanon Patel & Justin J Barnes, "Introduction: How has endodontics developed?", in Shanon Patel & Justin J Barnes, eds,
3961:
Otomo-Corgel J, Pucher JJ, Rethman MP, Reynolds MA (2012). "State of the science: Chronic periodontitis and systemic health".
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109:
Entering the 21st century, scientific evidence supporting general relevance of focal infections remained slim, yet evolved
262:—and as did Pasteur, too, that nutrition influences immunity. Metchnikoff brought to France its first yogurt cultures for
4592:
404:, and published it in 1912 as an article for the American medical community. In 1916, Billings lectured in California at
1142:
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The Defective, Delinquent, and Insane: The Relation of Focal Infections to their Causation, Treatment and Prevention
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needed atop both, and the biological aspect is thoroughly established already, such that general healthcare, as for
592:
194:, and other conditions—to the oral infections. In 1894, Miller became the first to identify bacteria in samples of
3261:"Clinical and experimental observations on focal infection, with an analysis of 200 cases of rheumatoid arthritis"
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Noll Richard (Apr 2004). "Historical review: Autointoxication and focal infection theories of dementia praecox".
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634:
4257:
Healing Joint Pain Naturally: Safe and Effective Ways to Treat Arthritis, Fibromyalgia, and Other Joint Diseases
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Ford PJ, Yamazaki K, Seymour GJ (2007). "Cardiovascular and oral disease interactions: What is the evidence?".
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In 1911, the year that Frank Billings lectured on focal infection to the Chicago Medical Society, unsuspected
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Clinical Diagnosis of Diseases of the Mouth: A Guide for Students and Practitioners of Dentistry and Medicine
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280:. Metchnikoff reasoned that the colon functions as a "vesitigal cesspool" that stores waste but is unneeded.
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Ronald T Lewis, ch 25 "Soft tissue infection and loss of abdominal wall substance", in Robert Bendavid, ed,
596:
401:
296:
34:
infection's key principle, whereas in ordinary infectious disease, the infection itself is systemic, as in
3892:
Peter Mullany, Philip Warburton & Elaine Allan, ch 9 "The human oral metagenome", Karen E Nelson, ed,
870:
567:
2262:
Hobart A Reimann & Paul Havens (1940). "Focal infection and systemic disease: A critical appraisal".
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and in alternative medicine, but conventional dentists generally conclude them nonexistent. Although the
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had targeted "bowel sepsis"—an allegedly prime cause of degeneration and disease—at his health resort,
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641:'s claims of up to 85% success treating schizophrenia and manic depression, Cotton's major critic was
234:. In 1886, Pasteur welcomed to Paris the emigration from Russia by international scientific celebrity
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Treatment Without Consent: Law, Psychiatry and the Treatment of Mentally Disordered People since 1845
2337:"Agglutination of the pleomorphic Streptococcus isolated from epidemic poliomyelitis by immune serum"
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38:, or the initially infected site is readily identifiable and invasion progresses contiguously, as in
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422:, whereby a bacterium can drastically change form and perhaps evade conventional detection methods.
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340:, obscure fevers, nervous disturbances of all kinds from mental depression to actual lesions of the
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continued highlighting sites of dental treatment—still endodontic therapy, but, more recently, also
2096:
1561:, 2nd edn (New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, 2008), ch 13 "Periodontal medicine", esp
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453:'s medical school, launched in 1894 as America's first to teach "scientific medicine", the eminent
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Despite the general theory's demise, focal infection remained a formal, if rare, diagnosis, as in
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and tooth extractions that apparently cured infections of distant organs. Replacing Hunter's term
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attributed a set of oral diseases to infections, and attributed a set of extraoral diseases—as of
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Whole-Body Dentistry: A Complete Guide to Understanding the Impact of Dentistry on Total Health
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Whole-Body Dentistry: A Complete Guide to Understanding the Impact of Dentistry on Total Health
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Thomas J Pallasch & Michael J Wahl (2003). "Focal infection: New age or ancient history?".
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Rogers AH (Aug 1976). "The oral cavity as a source of potential pathogens in focal infection".
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The Micro-Organisms of the Human Mouth: The Local and General Diseases Which Are Caused by Them
897:, which claims that conventional tooth extraction routinely leaves within the tooth socket the
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3797:"As-yet-uncultivated oral bacteria: Breadth and association with oral and extra-oral diseases"
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seeping infectious and toxic material. Sometimes forming elsewhere in bones after injury or
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2764:, 2nd edn (Philadelphia: Blackiston's Son & Co, 1936), pp 39 & 110; Louis V Hayes,
637:, among present criticism, was normal at the time—except in New York City. Around 1920, at
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Thomas C Galloway (1957). "Relation of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy to poliomyelitis".
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2016:
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as flawed by insufficient controls, by massive doses of bacteria, and by contamination of
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416:, whereby microorganisms have affinities for particular organs, and also espoused extreme
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110:
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Oral Sepsis as a Cause of Septic Gastritis, Toxic Neuritis, and Other Septic Conditions
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1656:, which thus became the first mammalian disease scientifically explained as infectious.
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3184:"Studies in focal infection: Its presence and elimination in the functional psychoses"
2956:"Surgery for the treatment of psychiatric illness: The need to test untested theories"
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Goymerac B, Woollard G (2004). "Focal infection: A new perspective on an old theory".
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Pallasch TJ, Wahl MJ (2000). "The focal infection theory: Appraisal and reappraisal".
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teeth routinely being foci of infection, although these dentists have been accused of
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Haley B (1996). "Root canal teeth contain toxins according to new and old research".
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with alternate allocation of patients, Nicolas Kopeloff, Clarence Cheney, and George
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4517:
Mohammadi Zahed (Feb 2009). "Laser applications in endodontics: An update review".
4461:
2291:"Chronic focal infections and their etiologic relations to arthritis and nephritis"
1239:
982:
836:
824:
792:
788:
482:
267:
251:
156:
152:
95:
3861:
3688:
Potgieter Marnie; Bester Janette; Kell Douglas B; Pretorius Etheresia (Jul 2015).
681:
questioned most of Cotton's data, and later helped steer American psychiatry into
4290:"A critical look at cavitational osteopathosis, NICO, and 'biological dentistry'"
4013:
3617:
3425:
3004:
2766:
2760:
2709:
2321:
1828:
3372:, in Michael G Newman, Henry Takei, Perry R Klokkevold & Fermin A Carranza,
2147:
2008:
940:
890:
778:
741:
737:
547:
439:
385:
341:
207:
160:
148:
118:
103:
4613:
4174:
3150:
1593:
2895:
2352:
2024:
2012:
999:
959:
916:
902:
813:
783:
551:
274:'s toxic seepage causing degenerative disease, the putative phenomenon termed
227:
195:
114:
99:
4222:
3008:(Princeton/London: Princeton University Press/Oxford University Press, 1922).
2971:
2634:
2630:
2056:
Chen TS, Chen PS (1989). "Intestinal autointoxication: A medical leitmotif".
877:, a stance matched in Indian literature. Thus, there has emerged the concept
823:
Despite the limited funding, research established that L forms can adhere to
795:
study, as the species usually involved is present throughout the human body.
501:
of Cleveland, Ohio, published a landmark book, then a related article in the
171:" in 1882, fully premising the modern principle of focal infection. In 1884,
117:
of infection, metastatic toxic injury, and, as recently revealed, metastatic
4047:"The oral-systemic disease connection: An update for the practicing dentist"
3928:
3705:
3632:"The oral cavity as a reservoir of bacterial pathogens for focal infections"
3047:
3022:
2710:"Resolved: that practically all infected pulpless teeth should be extracted"
1761:"The oral-systemic disease connection: An update for the practicing dentist"
1495:
967:
865:
832:
744:, a backlash to the "orgy" of tooth extractions and tonsillectomies ensued.
686:
486:
333:
288:
263:
239:
16:
Historical concept that many chronic diseases are caused by focal infections
4571:
4530:
4241:
4182:
4147:
4117:
4073:
4031:
3982:
3947:
3879:
3830:
3812:
3723:
3657:
3460:
3410:
3355:
3168:
3098:
2989:
2903:
2798:
2200:
2182:
2123:"Medicine in the USA: Historical vignettes. XX. The Flexner report of 1910"
2110:
2091:
1782:
1707:
1601:
1541:
1514:
1397:
1356:
1338:
1247:
1187:
352:
are those which owe their origin to or are gravely complicated by the oral
4360:
2122:
2111:"The Flexner report and the standardization of American medical education"
2077:
1861:"An introduction to the study of the bacteriopathology of the dental pulp"
1731:
1693:
542:
had published in the 1890s—advocated extraction of known healthy teeth to
4395:
3998:"Prelude to oral microbes and chronic diseases: Past, present and future"
3912:"Thesis, antithesis, and synthesis in periodontal and systemic interlink"
3599:
3223:
3199:
2568:
1626:
971:
936:
912:
361:
255:
39:
3614:
Cell Wall-Deficient Bacteria: Basic Principles and Clinical Significance
3242:
2647:
Price WA (1925). "Dental infections and related degenerative diseases".
2360:
82:
retained mainstream recognition as fostering systemic disease. But only
4374:
Ehrmann EH (Oct 1977). "Focal infection—the endodontic point of view".
4279:, International Academy of Oral Medicine & Toxicology, 27 Jul 2014.
1653:
817:
337:
55:
35:
3559:
Bacterial Disease Mechanisms: An Introduction to Cellular Microbiology
3518:(Washington DC: Department of the Army Headquarters, 20 Sep 1971), pp
356:
produced by these gold traps of sepsis." Thus, he apparently indicted
4410:
ch 3 "Microbiology of endodontics and asepsis in endodontic practice"
3630:
Gendron Renée, Grenier Daniel, Maheu-Robert Léo-François (Jul 2000).
2004:
2000:
828:
827:
and thereby disseminate from foci within internal organs such as the
353:
226:
in 1885. Its success funded Pasteur's formation of the globe's first
69:
2596:
2472:
2441:
2410:
2396:
2290:
1797:
1030:
Recent Advances in Tonsils and Mucosal Barriers of the Upper Airways
3246:(New York/London: Humphrey Milford/Oxford University Press, 1927),
1684:
1667:
4092:"Relationship between periodontal infections and systemic disease"
3539:, 2nd edn (Shelton CT: People's Medical Publishing House, 2009),
2541:, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Website access: 21 Sep 2013.
2517:, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Website access: 23 Sep 2013.
1956:
Metchnikoff and the Origins of Immunology: From Metaphor to Theory
994:
be performed without creating focal infections. And even by 2010,
438:
had built an international reputation for surgical skill at their
203:
4090:
Seymour GJ, Ford PJ, Cullinan MP, Leishman S, Yamazaki K (2007).
2245:, 2nd edn (Shelton CT: People's Medical Publishing House, 2009),
3690:"The dormant blood microbiome in chronic, inflammatory diseases"
2770:(Brooklyn NY: Dental Items of Interest Publishing, 1935), p 389.
2597:"Peridental infection as a causative factor in nervous diseases"
380:
Focal infection theory's modern era really began with physician
54:—but most commonly were oral. Besides dental decay and infected
29:
is the historical concept that many chronic diseases, including
4491:(Fairfield CT: Quantum Health Press, 2011), pp 168–69, 174–175.
3135:"A brief history of placebos and clinical trials in psychiatry"
3113:
The Encyclopedia of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders
2857:
C Murray, ch 48 "Endontology and general systemic health", §§ "
677:'s 1922 and 1923 annual meetings. At Johns Hopkins University,
591:
heralded "high hope". Cotton made a European lecture tour, and
179:, imported the German model, "scientific medince", to America.
175:, tasked to design the medical department at the newly forming
4544:
Ng YL, Mann V, Rahbaran S, Lewsey J, Gulabivala K (Dec 2007).
2039:
secreted by B cells—while yet other lymphocytes, specifically
1435:
1024:, 2nd edn (Cambridge University Press, 2015), and Yomamoto T,
360:. Incriminating their execution, rather, his American critics
2031:. Further, innate immunity also includes soluble components—
831:, or from oral tissues and the intestines, especially during
578:). Cotton routinely prescribed surgery not only to clean the
3313:(Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1940), ch 2, reprinted in
2375:
ch 43 "Elective localization of bacteria in the animal body"
1708:"William Henry Welch (1850–1934): The road to Johns Hopkins"
4408:
J Craig Baumgartner, Leif K Bakland & Eugene I Sugita,
3896:(New York, Dordrecht, Heidelberg, London: Springer, 2011),
2383:(Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press, 1928), pp 576–89.
250:, Metchnikoff believed, as did his German immunology rival
4206:"Periodontitis and systemic diseases: A literature review"
1912:
Madhouse: A Tragic Tale of Megalomania and Modern Medicine
2011:—themselves a subset of white blood cells, also known as
4499:
4497:
4136:
European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences
1732:"Germs, Dr. Billings, and the theory of focal infection"
1668:"Germs, Dr. Billings, and the theory of focal infection"
4478:(Fairfield CT: Quantum Health Press, 2011), pp 171–174.
3578:
Hunter N (Oct 1977). "Focal infection in perspective".
1459:(Charlottesvi4lle VA: Hampton Roads Publishing, 1999),
921:
International Academy of Oral Medicine & Toxicology
113:
had established a third possible mechanism—altogether,
4435:
4433:
1559:
Essentials of Clinical Periodontology and Periodontics
430:
Since 1889, in the American state Minnesota, brothers
4590:
1457:
Uninformed Consent: The Hidden Dangers in Dental Care
915:, jawbone cavitations are recognized as foci also in
126:, not on hypotheses of stealth infections via dental
4260:(New York: Broadway Books, 2001); Shirley MacLaine,
1451:
1449:
1447:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
4303:
Stay away from 'holistic' and 'biological' dentists
3553:
3551:
3549:
2325:(New York & London: D Appleton & Co, 1918).
1845:, 2nd edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013),
497:In 1923, upon some 25 years of researches, dentist
2785:Kracher CM (2000). "C. Edmund Kells (1856-1928)".
2380:The Newer Knowledge of Bacteriology and Immunology
1950:
1948:
1946:
1432:"Tragic results when dental care is out of reach"4
927:Huggins and many biological dentists also espouse
522:was first revealed by dental X-ray. Introduced by
4635:Diseases of oral cavity, salivary glands and jaws
3683:
3681:
3557:Michael Wilson, Rod McNab & Brian Henderson,
3499:Abdominal Wall Hernias: Principles and Management
3325:under "The endo file cabinet: Textbook excerpts:
2863:Effects of general systemic health on endodontics
2473:"Mouth infection as a source of systemic disease"
2442:"Mouth infection as a source of systemic disease"
2411:"Mouth infection as a source of systemic disease"
2257:
2255:
3844:Li X, Kolltveit KM, Tronstad L, Olsen I (2000).
3501:(New York, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2001),
3321:(Suppl):S18-S24, available at Robert Kaufmann's
3182:Kopeloff Nicolas, Cheney Clarence O (Oct 1922).
1302:, 2nd ed. (West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010),
625:, held in New Orleans its annual meeting, where
477:announced that oral sepsis was "coming of age".
4423:, 5th edn (Hamilton Ontario: BC Decker, 2002),
4419:, in John Ide Ingle & Leif K Bakland, eds,
4376:Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, and Oral Pathology
4341:Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, and Oral Pathology
4325:, 6th edn (Hamilton Ontario: BC Decker, 2008),
4277:"IAOMT position paper on jawbone osteonecrosis"
4085:
4083:
3745:, 3rd edn (Boca Raton FL: CRC Press, 2000), pp
3616:(Reading MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing, 1982),
3580:Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, and Oral Pathology
3561:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002),
3476:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3376:, 11th edn (St Louis: Saunders/Elsevier, 2012).
2043:, bridge innate immunity and adaptive immunity.
1477:Nchaitanya Babu & Andreajoan Gomes (2011).
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1122:, 6th edn (Hamilton Ontario: BC Decker, 2008),
332:, Hunter declared, "The worst cases of anemia,
202:. Yet ancient and folk concepts, entrenched as
4317:
4315:
4204:Arigbede AO, Babatope BO, Bamidele MK (2012).
3573:
3571:
2865:", in Michael Baumann & Rudolf Beer, eds,
2677:, Vol 1 (Cleveland: Penton Publishing, 1923),
1958:(New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), pp
1625:, 2nd edn (Edinburgh, London, New York, etc.:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
808:. Eluding detection by traditional methods of
473:, too, lent support. In 1921, British surgeon
4129:
4127:
3996:Atanasova Kalina R, Yilmaz Ă–zlem (Jul 2015).
3423:Joseph M Dougherty & Anthony J Lamberti,
3206:Kopeloff Nicolas, Kirby George H (Oct 1923).
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
998:methods had rendered no consensus reports of
566:became director of the psychiatric asylum at
270:microorganisms, which allegedly fostered the
8:
3846:"Systemic diseases caused by oral infection"
3743:Cell Wall Deficient Forms: Stealth Pathogens
3670:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3059:C Edmund Kells, "X-ray in dental practice",
2399:", Mayo Clinic, Website access: 21 Sep 2013.
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1228:Journal of the California Dental Association
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
708:and D Murray Angevine reported 200 cases of
400:, Billings in November 1911 lectured at the
159:poison' ". The prior year's breakthrough by
4210:Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology
3916:Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology
3910:Akshata KR, Ranganath A, Nichani V (2012).
3441:Journal of the American Medical Association
3391:Journal of the American Medical Association
3384:
3382:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2877:
2875:
2649:Journal of the American Medical Association
2601:Journal of the American Medical Association
2477:Journal of the American Medical Association
2446:Journal of the American Medical Association
2415:Journal of the American Medical Association
2264:Journal of the American Medical Association
2027:but also by a third subset of lymphocytes:
1483:Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology
757:Journal of the American Medical Association
504:Journal of the American Medical Association
4054:Journal of the American Dental Association
3737:
3735:
3733:
3344:Journal of the American Dental Association
3285:Journal of the American Dental Association
3079:Journal of the American Dental Association
3061:Journal of the National Dental Association
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2829:Journal of the Canadian Dental Association
2780:
2778:
2776:
2714:Journal of the American Dental Association
2015:—as their base of residence is peripheral
1914:(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005),
1765:Journal of the American Dental Association
1754:
1752:
1750:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1479:"Systemic manifestations of oral diseases"
1409:
1407:
1372:"Focal infection, a medico-dental problem"
750:Journal of the American Dental Association
457:was succeeded as professor of medicine by
4561:
4231:
4221:
4107:
4021:
3963:Journal of Evidence-based Dental Practice
3937:
3927:
3869:
3820:
3713:
3647:
3283:Fish E Wilfred (1939). "Bone infection".
3259:Russell L Cecil & D Murray Angevine,
3158:
3037:
3035:
2979:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2576:
2190:
1832:(Leipzig: Verlag von Georg Thieme, 1892).
1798:"The human mouth as a focus of infection"
1772:
1683:
1623:Cranial Manipulation: Theory and Practice
1504:
1494:
1387:
1346:
1177:
1018:See, for example, David Schlossberg, ed,
981:The traditional root-filling material is
3482:Periodontal Medicine and Systems Biology
3429:, 3rd edn (St Louis: Mosby, 1954), p 231
2960:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
2702:, not giving that precise summary, cite
2590:
2588:
2377:, in Edwin O Jordan & I S Falk, eds
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
1553:
1551:
1155:
1153:
1151:
4597:
2708:Price Weston A, Buckley John P (1925).
2698:, 6th edn (Hamilton: BC Decker, 2006),
2511:The Lewellys Franklin Barker Collection
2391:
2389:
2051:
2049:
1940:, Springer Nature Limited, 28 Sep 2020.
1026:"Triggering role of focal infection..."
1011:
893:, sparking severe controversy, spawned
724:The review and "critical appraisal" by
266:microorganisms to suppress the colon's
3663:
3484:(West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009),
3368:Philip M Preshaw & John J Taylor,
2884:World Journal of Biological Psychiatry
2812:
2810:
2808:
1221:
1219:
1217:
2637:(Cleveland: Penton Publishing, 1923).
2335:Edward C Rosenow; Hazel Gray (1918).
1954:Alfred I Tauber & Leon Chernyak,
1926:
1924:
1726:
1724:
1582:European Journal of Internal Medicine
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1135:Paul R Stillman & John O McCall,
1056:(Hamilton Ontario: BC Decker, 2002),
7:
3208:"Focal infection and mental disease"
2675:Dental Infections, Oral and Systemic
2627:Dental Infections, Oral and Systemic
2307:10.1001/archinte.1912.00060160087007
2155:(10):598–602, especially pp 599–600.
2058:Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology
1932:"The first live attenuated vaccines"
1166:Canadian Medical Association Journal
812:, bacterial L forms and the similar
647:New York State Psychiatric Institute
507:in 1925. Price concluded that after
328:. In 1910, lecturing in Montreal at
111:understandings of disease mechanisms
4096:Clinical Microbiology and Infection
2869:, 2nd edn (New York: Thieme, 2010).
2787:Journal of the History of Dentistry
2515:Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives
2167:"Oral sepsis as a cause of disease"
1455:Hal A Huggins & Thomas E Levy,
1141:, (New York: Macmillan Co, 1922), "
791:to dentistry has entered doubt via
765:Revival and evolution (1990s–2010s)
604:Criticism and decline (1930s–1950s)
299:. Having, in fact, coined the term
3374:Carranza's Clinical Periodontology
2761:A Text-book of Operative Dentistry
2322:Focal Infection: The Lane Lectures
2135:The two faces of medical education
1415:Principles of Dental Public Health
1323:"The coming of age of oral sepsis"
1138:A Textbook of Clinical Periodontia
777:. Meanwhile, by way of continuing
704:teeth during extraction. In 1938,
102:and infect the heart, perhaps its
66:were blamed as foci. The putative
19:For the epidemiology concept, see
14:
3795:Siqueira JF Jr, Rôças IN (2013).
2739:British Journal of Dental Science
2219:(London: Cassell & Co, 1901).
747:K A Easlick's 1951 review in the
134:Rise and popularity (1890s–1930s)
4612:
4600:
4563:10.1111/j.1365-2591.2007.01322.x
4550:International Endodontic Journal
4454:10.1034/j.1601-1546.2003.00002.x
4109:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01798.x
3453:10.1001/jama.1957.02970420001001
3403:10.1001/jama.1952.03680050056016
3370:ch 21 "Periodontal pathogenesis"
2661:10.1001/jama.1925.02660300012006
2613:10.1001/jama.1914.02570230037013
2557:Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases
2489:10.1001/jama.1914.02570230036012
2458:10.1001/jama.1914.02570230035011
2427:10.1001/jama.1914.02570230034010
2276:10.1001/jama.1940.02810010003001
2070:10.1097/00004836-198908000-00017
943:and focal infection. At dentist
675:American Psychiatric Association
163:, a fellow German, had launched
4309:, accessed online: 17 Sep 2013.
4254:Examples: Ellen Hodgson Brown,
4066:10.14219/jada.archive.2006.0401
3297:10.14219/jada.archive.1939.0156
3091:10.14219/jada.archive.2013.0092
2758:Examples: William H O McGehee,
2726:10.14219/jada.archive.1925.0307
2528:The William S Thayer Collection
2121:(17):2139–2140. Lester S King,
2035:and, more recently identified,
1774:10.14219/jada.archive.2006.0401
1714:(Bayl Univ Med Cent), 2011 Jul;
1376:California and Western Medicine
574:) and of manic depression (now
4266:(New York: Atria Books, 2007).
4045:Barnett Michael L (Oct 2006).
3894:Metagenomics of the Human Body
3757:lists for p 289 a citation of
3332:, Accessed online 17 Feb 2014.
3212:American Journal of Psychiatry
3188:American Journal of Psychiatry
3139:Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
2341:Journal of Infectious Diseases
1240:10.1080/19424396.2000.12223068
471:Cecil's Essentials of Medicine
78:favored. Untreated endodontic
1:
3975:10.1016/S1532-3382(12)70006-4
3862:10.1128/CMR.13.4.547-558.2000
3850:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
3781:, 3rd edn (CRC Press, 2000),
3649:10.1016/S1286-4579(00)00391-9
3330:: Chapter on focal infection"
2295:Archives of Internal Medicine
1843:The Principles of Endodontics
1814:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)01387-9
1028:, in Harabuchi Y et al, eds,
324:blamed many disease cases on
283:Abdominal surgery's pioneer,
4519:International Dental Journal
4388:10.1016/0030-4220(77)90309-7
4353:10.1016/0030-4220(76)90131-6
4014:10.1016/j.micinf.2015.03.007
3801:Journal of Oral Microbiology
3592:10.1016/0030-4220(77)90308-5
2133:(8):1079–1086. A I Tauber, "
1999:'s two principal mediators,
1672:Clinical Infectious Diseases
384:, based in Chicago, and his
155:reported "dissemination of '
64:endodontically treated teeth
3266:Annals of Internal Medicine
1054:Essentials of Oral Medicine
1021:Clinical Infectious Disease
951:, discussing researches of
852:At the 1990s' emergence of
787:Conversely, attribution of
771:idiopathic scrotal gangrene
623:National Dental Association
619:American Dental Association
538:—a dentistry journal where
513:American Dental Association
4656:
4507:(Quantum Health, 2011), pp
4175:10.1308/135576107780556806
3807:: 10.3402/jom.v5i0.21077.
3151:10.1177/070674371105600402
2954:Wessely S (October 2009).
2165:Hunter, W (28 July 1900).
1594:10.1016/j.ejim.2010.07.011
905:, then, forming a jawbone
889:During the 1980s, dentist
839:'s identified "toxins" in
663:controlled clinical trials
635:controlled clinical trials
593:Princeton University Press
18:
4292:, Quackwatch, 4 Apr 2010.
3694:FEMS Microbiology Reviews
3514:Technical Manual #8-225:
2896:10.1080/15622970410029914
2859:The 'focal infection' era
1300:Textbook of Endodontology
873:, must address prevalent
320:In 1900, British surgeon
4223:10.4103/0972-124X.106878
3426:Textbook of Bacteriology
3021:(London & New York:
2972:10.1258/jrsm.2009.09k038
2551:Copeman WSC (Sep 1965).
2023:is mediated not only by
558:Psychiatric promulgation
451:Johns Hopkins University
230:research institute, the
218:In 1877, French chemist
177:Johns Hopkins University
3929:10.4103/0972-124X.99257
2353:10.1093/infdis/22.4.345
2289:Frank Billings (1912).
2171:British Medical Journal
1496:10.4103/0973-029X.84477
1327:British Medical Journal
597:Oxford University Press
402:Chicago Medical Society
316:Hunter on "oral sepsis"
297:Battle Creek Sanitarium
4263:Sage-ing While Age-ing
4002:Microbes and Infection
3813:10.3402/jom.v5i0.21077
3761:Dent Amalgam Merc Synd
3636:Microbes and Infection
3328:Grossman's Endodontics
3315:Journal of Endodontics
2183:10.1136/bmj.2.2065.215
2019:. On the other hand,
1465:ch 13 "Focal infection
1461:ch 12 "The cavitation"
1339:10.1136/bmj.1.3154.859
933:endodontically treated
871:cardiovascular disease
841:endodontically treated
568:Trenton State Hospital
426:Preeminent recognition
376:Billings & Rosenow
27:Focal infection theory
3706:10.1093/femsre/fuv013
2090:Philip A. Mackowiak,
1826:Willoughby D Miller,
1143:ch 18 Focal infection
414:elective localization
4505:Whole-Body Dentistry
3224:10.1176/ajp.80.2.149
3200:10.1176/ajp.79.2.139
2704:Buckley–Price debate
2569:10.1136/ard.24.5.502
2029:natural killer cells
1767:. 137 Suppl: 5S–6S.
1706:Barry D. Silverman,
1441:website, 26 Jun 2012
976:rheumatoid arthritic
964:compromised immunity
899:periodontal ligament
895:biological dentistry
885:Dental controversies
879:periodontal medicine
848:Periodontal medicine
810:medical microbiology
720:End of the focal era
710:rheumatoid arthritis
702:endontically treated
564:Henry Andrews Cotton
532:endodontic treatment
346:rheumatic infections
165:medical bacteriology
88:biological dentistry
84:alternative medicine
4323:Ingle's Endodontics
4163:Primary Dental Care
3612:Gerald J Domingue,
3389:"Focal Infection".
2696:Ingle's Endodontics
2471:Rosenow EC (1914).
2409:Billings F (1914).
2397:Mayo Clinic history
2100:, 2013 Nov 13;1:52.
2097:Front Public Health
2033:complement proteins
1930:Caroline Barranco,
1759:Barnett ML (2006).
1666:Gibbons RV (1998).
1557:Shantipriya Reddy,
1120:Ingle's Endodontics
987:anaerobic bacterial
966:—as in individuals
949:Root Canal Cover-Up
901:that often becomes
875:periodontal disease
775:angioneurotic edema
621:'s forerunner, the
499:Weston Andrew Price
406:Stanford University
358:dental restorations
293:John Harvey Kellogg
184:Willoughby D Miller
173:William Henry Welch
124:periodontal disease
98:, if oral bacteria
60:dental restorations
4415:2011-08-16 at the
4301:Stephen Barrett, "
3397:(5): 490–1. 1952.
3323:EndoExperience.com
3311:Root Canal Therapy
3309:Louis I Grossman,
3133:Shorter E (2011).
2533:2013-09-22 at the
2373:Edward C Rosenow,
1859:Miller WD (1894).
1796:Miller WD (1891).
1649:Bacillus anthracis
1370:Wisner FP (1925).
835:. Perhaps some of
734:Root Canal Therapy
645:, director of the
588:The New York Times
520:periapical disease
509:root canal therapy
469:, famed author of
311:Medical popularity
285:Sir Arbuthnot Lane
200:root canal therapy
47:focus of infection
21:Focus of infection
4442:Endodontic Topics
4288:Stephen Barrett,
4102:(Suppl 4): 3–10.
3969:(3 Suppl): 20–8.
3779:Stealth Pathogens
3516:Dental Specialist
2595:Craig CB (1914).
2553:"Russell L Cecil"
2007:, are subsets of
1997:Acquired immunity
1985:acquired immunity
1977:activated B cells
1808:(3546): 340–342.
1530:General Dentistry
1413:James M Dunning,
1321:Hunter W (1921).
1162:"Focal infection"
1160:Graham D (1931).
862:molecular mimicry
799:Stealth pathogens
679:Phyllis Greenacre
546:focal infection.
540:Willoughby Miller
455:Sir William Osler
330:McGill University
260:acquired immunity
232:Pasteur Institute
198:. Miller advised
169:tubercle bacillus
4647:
4617:
4616:
4605:
4604:
4603:
4596:
4586:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4565:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4514:
4508:
4501:
4492:
4487:Mark A Breiner,
4485:
4479:
4474:Mark A Breiner,
4472:
4466:
4465:
4437:
4428:
4406:
4400:
4399:
4371:
4365:
4364:
4336:
4330:
4319:
4310:
4299:
4293:
4286:
4280:
4273:
4267:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4235:
4225:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4131:
4122:
4121:
4111:
4087:
4078:
4077:
4051:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4025:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3941:
3931:
3907:
3901:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3873:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3824:
3792:
3786:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3741:Lida H Mattman,
3739:
3728:
3727:
3717:
3685:
3676:
3675:
3669:
3661:
3651:
3627:
3621:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3575:
3566:
3555:
3544:
3533:
3527:
3512:
3506:
3495:
3489:
3478:
3465:
3464:
3436:
3430:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3386:
3377:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3339:
3333:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3280:
3274:
3257:
3251:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3203:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3162:
3130:
3124:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3074:
3068:
3057:
3051:
3039:
3030:
3015:
3009:
3002:Henry A Cotton,
3000:
2994:
2993:
2983:
2951:
2916:
2915:
2879:
2870:
2855:
2836:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2803:
2802:
2782:
2771:
2756:
2750:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2706:on the subject:
2688:
2682:
2673:Weston A Price,
2671:
2665:
2664:
2644:
2638:
2625:Weston A Price,
2623:
2617:
2616:
2592:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2548:
2542:
2524:
2518:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2440:Mayo CH (1914).
2437:
2431:
2430:
2406:
2400:
2393:
2384:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2332:
2326:
2319:Frank Billings,
2317:
2311:
2310:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2259:
2250:
2239:
2220:
2213:William Hunter,
2211:
2205:
2204:
2194:
2162:
2156:
2107:
2101:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2053:
2044:
2017:lymphoid tissues
1973:
1967:
1952:
1941:
1937:Nature Portfolio
1928:
1919:
1908:
1873:
1872:
1856:
1850:
1839:
1833:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1776:
1756:
1745:
1728:
1719:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1687:
1663:
1657:
1644:
1638:
1619:
1606:
1605:
1577:
1566:
1555:
1546:
1545:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1508:
1498:
1474:
1468:
1453:
1442:
1428:
1422:
1411:
1402:
1401:
1391:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1350:
1318:
1307:
1295:
1260:
1259:
1223:
1192:
1191:
1181:
1157:
1146:
1133:
1127:
1116:
1061:
1050:
1037:
1016:
726:Hobart A Reimann
685:. Antipsychotic
657:Research attacks
609:Early skepticism
576:bipolar disorder
493:Dental reception
459:Llewellys Barker
370:partial dentures
305:Sylvester Graham
277:autointoxication
236:Elie Metchnikoff
214:Autointoxication
208:humoral medicine
4655:
4654:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4611:
4601:
4599:
4591:
4589:
4583:
4579:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4516:
4515:
4511:
4502:
4495:
4486:
4482:
4473:
4469:
4439:
4438:
4431:
4417:Wayback Machine
4407:
4403:
4373:
4372:
4368:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4320:
4313:
4300:
4296:
4287:
4283:
4274:
4270:
4253:
4249:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4142:(12): 1085–95.
4133:
4132:
4125:
4089:
4088:
4081:
4049:
4044:
4043:
4039:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3891:
3887:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3776:
3772:
3758:
3740:
3731:
3687:
3686:
3679:
3662:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3611:
3607:
3577:
3576:
3569:
3556:
3547:
3537:PDQ Endodontics
3534:
3530:
3513:
3509:
3496:
3492:
3479:
3468:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3422:
3418:
3388:
3387:
3380:
3367:
3363:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3308:
3304:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3258:
3254:
3235:
3231:
3205:
3204:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3110:
3106:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3058:
3054:
3040:
3033:
3016:
3012:
3001:
2997:
2953:
2952:
2919:
2881:
2880:
2873:
2856:
2839:
2827:
2823:
2815:
2806:
2784:
2783:
2774:
2757:
2753:
2737:
2733:
2707:
2689:
2685:
2672:
2668:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2624:
2620:
2594:
2593:
2586:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2535:Wayback Machine
2525:
2521:
2508:
2504:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2394:
2387:
2372:
2368:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2318:
2314:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2261:
2260:
2253:
2243:PDQ Endodontics
2240:
2223:
2212:
2208:
2177:(2065): 215–6.
2164:
2163:
2159:
2109:Andrew H Beck,
2108:
2104:
2089:
2085:
2055:
2054:
2047:
2037:innate antibody
2021:innate immunity
1991:is mediated by
1974:
1970:
1953:
1944:
1929:
1922:
1909:
1876:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1840:
1836:
1825:
1821:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1758:
1757:
1748:
1737:Clin Infect Dis
1729:
1722:
1705:
1701:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1645:
1641:
1620:
1609:
1579:
1578:
1569:
1556:
1549:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1454:
1445:
1429:
1425:
1412:
1405:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1320:
1319:
1310:
1296:
1263:
1225:
1224:
1195:
1159:
1158:
1149:
1134:
1130:
1117:
1064:
1051:
1040:
1017:
1013:
1009:
931:'s findings on
887:
854:epidemiological
850:
825:red blood cells
801:
767:
722:
659:
611:
606:
560:
524:C. Edmund Kells
495:
428:
398:focal infection
390:tonsillectomies
378:
350:kidney diseases
318:
313:
244:innate immunity
238:—discoverer of
216:
192:brain abscesses
146:
141:
136:
62:and especially
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4653:
4651:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4627:
4626:
4622:
4621:
4609:
4588:
4587:
4577:
4556:(12): 921–39.
4536:
4509:
4493:
4480:
4467:
4429:
4401:
4382:(4): 628–634.
4366:
4347:(2): 245–248.
4331:
4311:
4294:
4281:
4268:
4247:
4196:
4153:
4123:
4079:
4037:
3988:
3953:
3902:
3885:
3836:
3787:
3783:ch 1 "History"
3770:
3729:
3700:(4): 567–591.
3677:
3642:(8): 897–906.
3622:
3605:
3567:
3545:
3535:John I Ingle,
3528:
3507:
3490:
3466:
3431:
3416:
3378:
3361:
3334:
3302:
3291:(5): 691–712.
3275:
3252:
3229:
3174:
3125:
3111:Richard Noll,
3104:
3069:
3052:
3031:
3017:Phil Fennell,
3010:
2995:
2966:(10): 445–51.
2917:
2871:
2837:
2821:
2804:
2772:
2751:
2731:
2683:
2666:
2639:
2618:
2584:
2543:
2519:
2502:
2463:
2432:
2401:
2385:
2366:
2347:(4): 345–378.
2327:
2312:
2301:(4): 484–498.
2281:
2251:
2241:John I Ingle,
2221:
2206:
2157:
2129:, 1984 Feb 24;
2102:
2083:
2045:
2041:helper T cells
1993:killer T cells
1979:, mediate but
1968:
1942:
1920:
1910:Andrew Scull,
1874:
1851:
1834:
1819:
1788:
1746:
1720:
1699:
1685:10.1086/514705
1658:
1639:
1621:Leon Chaitow,
1607:
1588:(6): 496–502.
1567:
1547:
1520:
1469:
1443:
1423:
1403:
1362:
1308:
1261:
1234:(3): 194–200.
1193:
1147:
1128:
1062:
1038:
1010:
1008:
1005:
947:'s 1994 book,
886:
883:
849:
846:
800:
797:
766:
763:
730:William Hunter
721:
718:
698:Edward Rosenow
683:psychoanalysis
658:
655:
627:C Edmund Kells
610:
607:
605:
602:
559:
556:
494:
491:
475:William Hunter
463:William Thayer
444:basic research
427:
424:
410:Edward Rosenow
382:Frank Billings
377:
374:
322:William Hunter
317:
314:
312:
309:
224:rabies vaccine
215:
212:
206:principles of
145:
142:
140:
139:Roots and dawn
137:
135:
132:
92:dental implant
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4652:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4608:
4598:
4594:
4581:
4578:
4573:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4540:
4537:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4513:
4510:
4506:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4484:
4481:
4477:
4471:
4468:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4411:
4405:
4402:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4370:
4367:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4335:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4318:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4298:
4295:
4291:
4285:
4282:
4278:
4272:
4269:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4258:
4251:
4248:
4243:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4216:(4): 487–91.
4215:
4211:
4207:
4200:
4197:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4157:
4154:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4119:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4048:
4041:
4038:
4033:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4008:(7): 473–83.
4007:
4003:
3999:
3992:
3989:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3957:
3954:
3949:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3922:(2): 168–73.
3921:
3917:
3913:
3906:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3889:
3886:
3881:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3856:(4): 547–58.
3855:
3851:
3847:
3840:
3837:
3832:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3777:L H Mattman,
3774:
3771:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3725:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3673:
3667:
3659:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3626:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3606:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3447:(7): 519–21.
3446:
3442:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3420:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3362:
3357:
3353:
3350:(6): 615–97.
3349:
3345:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3269:, 1938 Nov 1;
3268:
3267:
3262:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3233:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3218:(2): 149–91.
3217:
3213:
3209:
3201:
3197:
3194:(2): 139–56.
3193:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3117:Facts on File
3114:
3108:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3085:(2): 138–42.
3084:
3080:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3006:
2999:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2867:Endodontology
2864:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2762:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2467:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2316:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2117:, 2004 May 5;
2116:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2064:(4): 434–41.
2063:
2059:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1865:Dental Cosmos
1862:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1823:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1730:R V Gibbons,
1727:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1678:(3): 627–33.
1677:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1536:(4): 357–61.
1535:
1531:
1524:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1382:(8): 977–80.
1381:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1333:(3154): 859.
1332:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1015:
1012:
1006:
1004:
1001:
997:
993:
988:
984:
979:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
954:
950:
946:
945:George Meinig
942:
938:
934:
930:
925:
922:
918:
914:
910:
909:
904:
900:
896:
892:
884:
882:
880:
876:
872:
867:
864:resulting in
863:
858:
855:
847:
845:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
821:
819:
816:—and, later,
815:
811:
807:
798:
796:
794:
790:
785:
780:
776:
772:
764:
762:
759:
758:
752:
751:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
719:
717:
713:
711:
707:
706:Russell Cecil
703:
699:
695:
690:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
656:
654:
652:
651:Ward's Island
648:
644:
640:
636:
630:
628:
624:
620:
617:In 1919, the
615:
608:
603:
601:
598:
594:
590:
589:
583:
581:
580:nasal sinuses
577:
573:
572:schizophrenia
569:
565:
557:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
536:Dental Cosmos
533:
529:
528:necrotic pulp
525:
521:
516:
514:
510:
506:
505:
500:
492:
490:
488:
484:
478:
476:
472:
468:
467:Russell Cecil
464:
460:
456:
452:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
425:
423:
421:
420:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
375:
373:
371:
368:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
315:
310:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
289:colon removal
286:
281:
279:
278:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
254:—theorist on
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
220:Louis Pasteur
213:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
143:
138:
133:
131:
129:
125:
120:
116:
112:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
75:
72:
71:
65:
61:
57:
53:
52:nasal sinuses
48:
43:
41:
37:
32:
28:
22:
4640:Epidemiology
4580:
4553:
4549:
4539:
4525:(1): 35–46.
4522:
4518:
4512:
4504:
4488:
4483:
4475:
4470:
4445:
4441:
4420:
4404:
4379:
4375:
4369:
4344:
4340:
4334:
4322:
4306:
4297:
4284:
4271:
4261:
4255:
4250:
4213:
4209:
4199:
4169:(2): 59–66.
4166:
4162:
4156:
4139:
4135:
4099:
4095:
4057:
4053:
4040:
4005:
4001:
3991:
3966:
3962:
3956:
3919:
3915:
3905:
3893:
3888:
3853:
3849:
3839:
3804:
3800:
3790:
3778:
3773:
3764:
3760:
3742:
3697:
3693:
3666:cite journal
3639:
3635:
3625:
3613:
3608:
3586:(4): 626–7.
3583:
3579:
3558:
3536:
3531:
3515:
3510:
3498:
3493:
3481:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3424:
3419:
3394:
3390:
3373:
3364:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3327:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3273:(5):577–584.
3270:
3264:
3255:
3241:
3232:
3215:
3211:
3191:
3187:
3177:
3145:(4): 193–7.
3142:
3138:
3128:
3112:
3107:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3067:(3):241–72 .
3064:
3060:
3055:
3043:
3018:
3013:
3003:
2998:
2963:
2959:
2890:(2): 66–72.
2887:
2883:
2866:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2790:
2786:
2765:
2759:
2754:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2720:: 1468–524.
2717:
2713:
2695:
2691:
2690:Baumgartner
2686:
2674:
2669:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2626:
2621:
2607:(23): 2027.
2604:
2600:
2560:
2556:
2546:
2538:
2522:
2514:
2505:
2483:(23): 2026.
2480:
2476:
2466:
2452:(23): 2025.
2449:
2445:
2435:
2421:(23): 2024.
2418:
2414:
2404:
2378:
2369:
2344:
2340:
2330:
2320:
2315:
2298:
2294:
2284:
2267:
2263:
2242:
2214:
2209:
2174:
2170:
2160:
2152:
2146:
2145:revisited",
2130:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2105:
2095:
2086:
2061:
2057:
2036:
2020:
1996:
1971:
1955:
1935:
1911:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1842:
1837:
1827:
1822:
1805:
1801:
1791:
1764:
1744:(3):627–633.
1741:
1735:
1718:(3):236–242.
1715:
1711:
1702:
1675:
1671:
1661:
1647:
1642:
1622:
1585:
1581:
1558:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1489:(2): 144–7.
1486:
1482:
1472:
1456:
1438:
1426:
1414:
1379:
1375:
1365:
1330:
1326:
1299:
1231:
1227:
1172:(4): 422–4.
1169:
1165:
1136:
1131:
1119:
1053:
1029:
1020:
1014:
991:
983:gutta-percha
980:
958:
948:
929:Weston Price
926:
907:
888:
878:
859:
851:
837:Weston Price
822:
802:
793:case-control
789:endocarditis
779:case reports
768:
755:
748:
746:
733:
723:
714:
694:Weston Price
691:
660:
643:George Kirby
639:Henry Cotton
631:
616:
612:
586:
584:
561:
543:
535:
517:
502:
496:
489:had missed.
483:neurological
479:
470:
448:
436:Charles Mayo
432:William Mayo
429:
419:pleomorphism
418:
413:
397:
393:
386:case reports
379:
367:never remove
366:
325:
319:
300:
282:
275:
268:putrefactive
258:, mediating
252:Paul Ehrlich
242:, mediating
217:
181:
164:
157:tuberculosis
153:Karl Weigert
147:
127:
108:
96:endocarditis
79:
76:
67:
46:
44:
26:
25:
4421:Endodontics
3317:, 1982 Jan;
3115:(New York:
3063:, 1920 Mar;
3048:philosopher
2793:(2): 65–9.
2151:, 1992 Oct;
2148:J R Soc Med
2009:lymphocytes
1740:, 1998 Sep;
974:, elderly,
941:endodontics
891:Hal Huggins
742:antibiotics
738:sulfa drugs
548:Endodontics
440:Mayo Clinic
394:oral sepsis
326:oral sepsis
190:, stomach,
161:Robert Koch
149:Hippocrates
144:Germ theory
119:immunologic
100:enter blood
4629:Categories
4307:Quackwatch
3520:Glossary-7
3121:pp 170–170
2655:(4): 254.
2563:(5): 502.
2025:phagocytes
2013:leukocytes
1802:The Lancet
1430:Gavett G,
1000:bacteremia
960:Boyd Haley
917:osteopathy
908:cavitation
903:gangrenous
814:mycoplasma
784:endodontic
669:concluded
552:hard labor
487:clinicians
344:, chronic
301:sanitarium
240:phagocytes
228:biomedical
196:tooth pulp
115:metastasis
86:and later
4503:Breiner,
4448:: 32–45.
4060:: 5S–6S.
3767:(4): 1–4.
3119:, 2007),
3025:, 1996),
3023:Routledge
2861:" & "
1989:other arm
1871:: 505–28.
1631:pp 348–49
1629:, 2005),
1563:pp 115–16
1439:Frontline
1304:pp 135–37
1058:pp 159–62
1007:Footnotes
996:molecular
968:cirrhotic
866:antigenic
833:dysbiosis
692:By 1927,
687:colectomy
334:gastritis
264:probiotic
128:treatment
4607:Medicine
4572:17931389
4531:19323310
4413:Archived
4242:23493942
4191:43371539
4183:17462139
4148:21375141
4118:17716290
4074:17012729
4032:25813714
3983:23040337
3948:23055580
3880:11023956
3831:23717756
3753:, while
3724:25940667
3658:10962273
3486:pp 33–34
3461:13398294
3411:14955464
3356:14831976
3169:21507275
3099:23372129
2990:19797603
2912:41416327
2904:15179665
2799:11794365
2531:Archived
2497:72457427
2361:30080461
2201:20759127
1987:, whose
1916:pp 33–37
1783:17012729
1652:—causes
1627:Elsevier
1602:21111933
1542:15366304
1515:22529571
1419:p 272–73
1398:18739726
1357:20770334
1256:42277199
1248:11326533
1188:20318466
1124:p 221–24
1036:, 2011).
972:asplenic
937:quackery
913:ischemia
256:antibody
248:Nobelist
40:gangrene
31:systemic
4619:Biology
4593:Portals
4462:9643840
4361:1066607
4275:IAOMT,
4233:3590713
4023:4485946
3939:3459494
3822:3664057
3715:4487407
3160:3714297
3046:. The
2981:2755332
2831:, 1935;
2741:, 1928;
2578:1031019
2192:2462945
2139:Flexner
2125:,
2094:,
2078:2668399
2005:T cells
2001:B cells
1981:one arm
1694:9770165
1654:anthrax
1506:3329699
1389:1654829
1348:2415200
953:Rosenow
818:viruses
806:L phase
661:In two
544:prevent
362:lobbied
338:colitis
204:Galenic
80:disease
58:, both
56:tonsils
36:measles
4570:
4529:
4460:
4396:269357
4394:
4359:
4240:
4230:
4189:
4181:
4146:
4116:
4072:
4030:
4020:
3981:
3946:
3936:
3878:
3868:
3829:
3819:
3749:&
3722:
3712:
3656:
3600:269356
3598:
3522:&
3459:
3409:
3354:
3167:
3157:
3097:
3027:p. 120
2988:
2978:
2910:
2902:
2797:
2633:&
2575:
2495:
2359:
2199:
2189:
2076:
1847:pp 4–5
1781:
1692:
1633:&
1600:
1540:
1513:
1503:
1463:&
1396:
1386:
1355:
1345:
1254:
1246:
1186:
1179:382689
1176:
1034:Karger
829:spleen
671:Cotton
354:sepsis
104:valves
70:sepsis
4458:S2CID
4327:p 257
4187:S2CID
4050:(PDF)
3898:p 166
3871:88948
3755:p 291
3618:p 455
3563:p 597
3503:p 192
3240:–32,
2908:S2CID
2835::451.
2700:p 286
2692:et al
2679:p 488
2635:Vol 2
2631:Vol 1
2493:S2CID
2357:JSTOR
2247:p xiv
2143:Osler
1252:S2CID
667:Kirby
396:with
272:colon
68:oral
4568:PMID
4527:PMID
4425:p 64
4392:PMID
4357:PMID
4238:PMID
4179:PMID
4144:PMID
4114:PMID
4070:PMID
4028:PMID
3979:PMID
3944:PMID
3876:PMID
3827:PMID
3720:PMID
3672:link
3654:PMID
3596:PMID
3541:p xv
3524:5-14
3457:PMID
3407:PMID
3352:PMID
3248:p 32
3165:PMID
3095:PMID
2986:PMID
2900:PMID
2795:PMID
2197:PMID
2141:and
2127:JAMA
2115:JAMA
2074:PMID
2003:and
1960:viii
1779:PMID
1712:Proc
1690:PMID
1637:–51.
1598:PMID
1538:PMID
1511:PMID
1394:PMID
1353:PMID
1244:PMID
1184:PMID
773:and
740:and
595:and
434:and
342:cord
188:lung
4558:doi
4450:doi
4384:doi
4349:doi
4305:",
4228:PMC
4218:doi
4171:doi
4104:doi
4062:doi
4058:137
4018:PMC
4010:doi
3971:doi
3934:PMC
3924:doi
3866:PMC
3858:doi
3817:PMC
3809:doi
3751:289
3747:286
3710:PMC
3702:doi
3644:doi
3588:doi
3449:doi
3445:163
3399:doi
3395:150
3293:doi
3220:doi
3196:doi
3155:PMC
3147:doi
3087:doi
3083:144
3044:etc
2976:PMC
2968:doi
2964:102
2892:doi
2817:ADA
2747:101
2722:doi
2657:doi
2609:doi
2573:PMC
2565:doi
2537:",
2513:",
2485:doi
2454:doi
2423:doi
2349:doi
2303:doi
2272:doi
2268:114
2187:PMC
2179:doi
2131:251
2119:291
2066:doi
1995:.
1983:of
1810:doi
1806:138
1769:doi
1680:doi
1635:350
1590:doi
1501:PMC
1491:doi
1436:PBS
1384:PMC
1343:PMC
1335:doi
1236:doi
1174:PMC
992:can
649:on
530:or
449:At
388:of
4631::
4566:.
4554:40
4552:.
4548:.
4523:59
4521:.
4496:^
4456:.
4444:.
4432:^
4390:.
4380:44
4378:.
4355:.
4345:42
4343:.
4314:^
4236:.
4226:.
4214:16
4212:.
4208:.
4185:.
4177:.
4167:14
4165:.
4140:14
4138:.
4126:^
4112:.
4100:13
4098:.
4094:.
4082:^
4068:.
4056:.
4052:.
4026:.
4016:.
4006:17
4004:.
4000:.
3977:.
3967:12
3965:.
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