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of code, easily navigating and rearranging it, and to drill down into more detail as needed, without being distracted by other code. Viewing-wise, this allows one to quickly see a list of all functions (without their bodies), while navigation-wise this replaces extensive paging past long functions – or searching for the target – with going directly to the next function.
38:
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There are various mechanisms, coarsely divided as automatic and manual – do they require any specification by the programmer? Folding points are usually determined with one or more of the following mechanisms. Each of these has its own distinct advantages and difficulties, and it is essentially up to
551:
If there are many such fields, the result can easily be hundreds of lines of code with very little "interesting" content – code folding can reduce this to a single line per field, or even to a single line for all fields. Further, if all routine fields are folded, but non-routine fields (where getter
214:
Most basically, applications use code folding to outline source code, collapsing each block to a single line. This can be only top-level blocks like functions and classes, nested blocks like nested functions and methods, or all blocks, notably control-flow blocks. This allows one to get an overview
834:
User-specified folding allows the user to fold sections of text using a generic selection method, but without changing the source code (out-of-band), instead being specified only in the editor. For example, a programmer may select some lines of text and specify that they should be folded. Folded
679:
in structured programming, one generally acquires a resource, followed by a block of code using the resource, and finishing with releasing the resource. The acquisition/release pairing is hard to see if there is a long block of code in between, but easy to see if the intervening block is folded.
674:
consists of nested blocks of code, and long blocks of code – such as long switch statements – can obscure the overall structure. Code folding allows one to see the overall structure and expand to a specific level. Further, in some uses, particularly strict structured programming (single function
825:
Token-based folding requires in-band signalling, with folding tokens essentially being structured comments, and unlike other methods, are present in the source code and visible to other programmers. This allows them to be shared, but also requires their use (or preservation) by all programmers
744:
Indentation-based folding points are generally specified by the position and sequence of non-printing whitespace, such as tabs and spaces, within the text. This is most often used as a simple form of syntax-based folding, as indentation almost always reflects nesting level in
663:. Code folding allows one to have long comments, but to display them only when required. In cases where a long comment has a single summary line, such as Python docstrings, the summary can still be displayed when the section is collapsed, allowing a summary/detailed view.
67:
that allows the user to selectively hide ("fold") or display ("unfold") parts of a document. This allows the user to manage large amounts of text while viewing only those subsections that are currently of interest. It is typically used with documents which have a natural
714:
In order to support code folding, the text editor must provide a mechanism for identifying "folding points" within a text file. Some text editors provide this mechanism automatically, while others provide defaults that can either be overridden or augmented by the user.
727:
Syntax-dependent folding points are those that rely on the content of the file being edited in order to specify where specific folding regions should begin and end. Syntax-based folding points are typically defined around any or all of the standard sub-features of the
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that serve no other purpose in the text than to identify the boundaries of folding points. This convention can be compared to indentation-based folding points, where printable characters are used instead of whitespace. The most common delimiter tokens are
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Fold groups can be used to group code, either by explicit grouping – similar to comment blocks separating a module into sections, or class members into associated groups – or implicitly, such as by automatically grouping class members by access level.
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text might be anonymous or named, and this may be preserved across editing sessions or discarded. Unlike token-based folding, this does not change the source text – it thus is not shared with other editors of the file, and is not visible in the code.
883:. STET is a text editor (for documentation, programs, etc.) which folds files on the basis of blocks of lines; any block of lines can be folded and replaced by a name line (which in turn can be part of a block which itself can then be folded).
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the developers who create the text editor software to decide which to implement. Text editors that provide support for multiple folding mechanisms typically allow the user to choose which is most appropriate for the file being edited.
650:
Comments are a form of human-readable metadata, and lengthy comments can disrupt the flow of code. This can be the case either for a long comment for a short section of code, such as a paragraph to explain one line, or comments for
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As a manual method, token-based folding allows discretion in grouping code based on arbitrary criteria, such as "functions related to a given task", which cannot be inferred from syntactic analysis.
560:
Metadata can be lengthy, and is generally less important than the data it is describing. Collapsing metadata allows one to primarily focus on the data, not the metadata. For example, a long list of
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Legacy code – or any code that a developer does not wish to view or change at a given point in time – can be folded away so that programmers can concentrate on the code under consideration.
2158:"Now, this is interesting, because I tend to use #region more to HIDE THE CRAP (XML documentation etc, long list of attributes etc.) making it easier to see the important code…"
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in use. These are desirable due to being automatic and agreeing with code structure, but may require significant work to implement, and time to compute when editing a file.
2181:
Transputer research and applications, 2 : NATUG-2, proceedings of the Second
Conference of the North American Transputer Users Group, October 18-19, 1989, Durham, NC
2212:
2057:
Simon Gauvin, Omid
Banyasad, "Transparency, holophrasting, and automatic layout applied to control structures for visual dataflow programming languages", in
186:
mainframes, which could hide lines based on their indentation. It displayed on character-mapped 3270 terminals. It was very useful for prolix languages like
760:
and text files that require indentation as a rule by themselves. However, even in these cases, structure does not exactly agree with indent, such as in
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1978:
library in the corresponding language-specific modes, and possibly in other modes for particular syntaxes. Sometimes, the standard simple
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206:, primarily organizing code or hiding less useful information so one can focus on more important information. Common patterns follow.
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for code folding in a sidebar, indicated for example by a triangle that points sideways (if collapsed) or down (if expanded), or by a
1934:
227:. This results in extremely long code, which can obscure the main point. Further, substantive code can be lost in the boilerplate.
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For example, in Java a single private field with a getter and setter requires at least 3 lines, if each is on a separate line:
1974:
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or setter is not just returning or assigning a private field) are not folded, it becomes easier to see the substantive code.
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This expands to 10 lines with conventional function line breaks and spacing between functions (including trailing newline):
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182:. Probably the first widely available folding editor was the 1974 Structured Programming Facility (SPF) editor for
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is a similar feature used on ordinary text, where the nested elements consist of paragraphs, sections, or
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North
American Transputer Users Group. Conference (2nd : 1989 : Durham, N.C.) (1990).
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function in Emacs to hide lines based on the indentation level, as suggested in the
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Heading 1 {{{ Body }}} Heading 2 {{{ Body }}} Heading 3 {{{ Body }}}
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working on a particular file, and can cause friction and maintenance burden.
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and is used to structure a binary file or hide inaccessible data sections.
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for properly indented HTML. Several folding mechanisms are unified by the
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Author-it enterprise authoring and component content management software
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When loaded into a folding editor, the outline structure will be shown:
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function may be used to hide lines indented beyond a specified amount.
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product
Frontier is a scripting environment that has this capability.
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consisting of nested elements. Other names for these features include
2183:. Board, John A., Duke University. Amsterdam: IOS Press. p. 85.
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This convention is particularly suitable to syntaxes that have an
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2097:"The Mother of All Demos, presented by Douglas Engelbart (1968)"
2009:
Folding of user-selected regions in Emacs is implemented by the
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190:. It evolved into the Interactive System Productivity Facility (
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Proceedings of the 2006 ACM symposium on
Software visualization
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STET may have been the first text editor that supported folding
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The earliest known example of code folding in an editor is in
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1982:
minor mode is used to simulate syntax-based folding, cf. the
170:, to select one version or another, or only the differences.
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684:, secondary blocks may be far from the condition statement.
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Showing structure or sandwich code in structured programming
432:* Property <code>name</code> readable/writable.
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Heading 1 {{{ ... Heading 2 {{{ ... Heading 3 {{{ ...
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2282:, Vol 31, No. 1, 1987, IBM Reprint order number G322-0151
1849:
http://flight-manual.atom.io/using-atom/sections/folding/
2228:"INMOS Technical Note 03 - Getting started with the TDS"
1926:
minor mode for some programming languages; also, by the
1986:
of it in properly indented Emacs Lisp source code, the
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Token-based folding points are specified using special
2303:– criticism of code folding, detailed comments on use.
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or semantics-based folding is now a component of many
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Folding is provided by many modern text editors, and
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Documentation with
Javadoc expands this to 20 lines:
27:
Tool of editors for programming, scripting and markup
495:* Setter for property <code>name</code>.
459:* Getter for property <code>name</code>
764:, and thus syntax-dependent folding is preferred.
88:, the feature is called "collapsible outlining".
843:The following document contains folding tokens (
2278:LEXX – A programmable structured editor
863:marks makes the appropriate body text appear.
223:Some languages or libraries require extensive
119:. The folding structure typically follows the
1904:Syntax-dependent folding is supported by the
1825:article for more editors that support folding
8:
1803:(however its folding is effected by scripts)
2211:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2072:"HxD - Freeware Hex Editor and Disk Editor"
1878:minor modes for sectioning program sources.
98:box for collapsible (expanded) text, and a
1859:Token-based folding is implemented by the
932:
898:Inmos Transputer Development System (TDS)
819:, though they do not affect compilation.
1988:use of it (see near the end of the page)
871:One of the earliest folding editors was
2280:IBM Journal of Research and Development
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907:computer historically had a number of
749:for structured programming languages.
568:may be manually collapsed as follows:
127:. It may also be defined by levels of
867:Software with code folding capability
815:. These are treated syntactically as
101:box for expandable (collapsed) text.
7:
2119:Saint-flour, Gilbert (25 Jun 1998).
911:that "folded" portions of code via "
680:Similarly, in conditional code like
166:Folding is also frequently used in
25:
2342:Description of the folding editor
2168:from the original on Aug 6, 2020.
928:software development environments
886:A folding editor appeared in the
781:to begin the folded section, and
141:. Programs offering this include
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608:The resulting code displays as:
2297:"The Problem With Code Folding"
123:of the program defined by the
1:
2162:The Problem With Code Folding
91:Many user interfaces provide
2164:. Coding Horror Discussion.
1916:modes for special dedicated
879:operating system in 1977 by
875:, an editor written for the
705:Hiding in-source data tables
896:1983, which was called the
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2313:: CS1 maint: postscript (
1823:Comparison of text editors
1707:f (alias xf, Winf, Winf32)
29:
2330:What is a folding editor?
788:Another notable token is
202:Code folding has various
65:graphical user interfaces
859:Usually clicking on the
653:documentation generators
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329:
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41:Code folding example on
30:Not to be confused with
810:Microsoft Visual Studio
806:Visual Basic directives
219:Hiding boilerplate code
63:, is a feature of some
2226:Cormie, David (1986).
2156:Rob (March 19, 2014).
2095:Marcel (Jul 9, 2012),
1944:(a component of CEDET)
1940:syntaxes supported by
1893:Universal code folding
672:Structured programming
49:
2332:by the author of the
2026:set_selective_display
1996:interface. See also
1889:set-selective-display
1252:EmEditor Professional
40:
2367:Text editor features
1929:semantic-tag-folding
1819:Programming features
1797:(since version 3.30)
734:programming language
1932:minor mode and the
1866:. One can also use
1785:The Hessling Editor
1710:Folding Text Editor
930:. Editors include:
909:source code editors
817:compiler directives
677:resource management
646:Collapsing comments
556:Collapsing metadata
113:source code editors
74:expand and collapse
59:, or less commonly
1920:-syntaxes; by the
1718:GridinSoft Notepad
1630:Visual Studio Code
697:Hiding legacy code
573:#region Attributes
93:disclosure widgets
50:
1998:CategoryHideStuff
1969:sgml-fold-element
1701:-optimized editor
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1270:FlashDevelop IDE
917:UserLand Software
915:triangles". The
762:line continuation
740:Indentation-based
661:XML Documentation
159:is found in some
125:computer language
16:(Redirected from
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1737:Komodo Edit
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1668:Zend Studio
1178:Dreamweaver
954:ABAP Editor
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813:Code Editor
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785:to end it.
768:Token-based
710:Conventions
161:hex editors
149:, and some
129:indentation
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2356:Categories
2265:2006-12-27
2240:2019-07-19
2190:9051990278
2130:2015-10-27
2125:Planet MVS
2106:2019-12-29
2081:2007-04-30
2061:, p. 67–75
2045:References
1975:nxml-outln
1972:command,
1864:minor mode
1497:Qt Creator
1159:Delphi IDE
990:Anjuta IDE
913:disclosure
774:delimiters
655:, such as
613:Attributes
576:#endregion
562:attributes
45:code with
2207:cite book
1993:fold-dwim
1752:LEXX/LPEX
1726:JetBrains
1714:GFA BASIC
1573:UltraEdit
1459:Notepad++
1215:EditPlus
1141:CudaText
1123:Cubic IDE
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619:ITemplate
582:ITemplate
210:Outlining
147:outliners
82:outlining
2344:used in
2309:cite web
2199:35478471
2166:Archived
2076:mh-nexus
2015:command.
1949:doc-mode
1942:semantic
1923:hideshow
1812:See also
1795:WinShell
1780:Smultron
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1051:Plug-in
1047:Brackets
972:AkelPad
839:Examples
2338:editor.
2101:YouTube
1980:outline
1958:Doxygen
1954:JavaDoc
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516:String
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80:, and
2346:occam
2231:(PDF)
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1836:Notes
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