1318:") as the most established. The Johnson foundry was influential, being America's first and oldest foundry; established as Binny & Ronaldson in 1796, it would go through several names before being the largest of the 23 foundries that would merge in 1892 to form the American Type Founders Co. The official definition of one pica is 0.166044 inches (4.2175 mm), and one point is 0.013837 inches (0.3515 mm). That means 6 picas or 72 points constitute
73:
3516:
961:
341:. When a point size of a font is specified, the font is scaled so that its em square has a side length of that particular length in points. Although the letters of a font usually fit within the font's em square, there is not necessarily any size relationship between the two, so the point size does not necessarily correspond to any measurement of the size of the letters on the printed page.
1962:
2660 typographical points of the Didot system should correspond to one metre. Accordingly the
Standard Gauge Commission in Berlin in 1879 arranged a standard measure of 30 centimetres = 133 nonpareil or 798 typographical points, and gave a copy to all the German foundries, and since that time disputes about the Didot depth were unknown in Germany.
1303:
Franklin, the matrices and the
Fournier mould were acquired by Binny and Ronaldson, the first permanent type-foundry in America. Successive mergers and acquisitions in 1833, 1860 and 1897 saw the company eventually become known as MacKellar, Smith & Jordan. The Fournier cicero mould was used by them to cast pica-sized type.
1592:
28 points and, additionally, 9, 11, 36, 48 and 72 points, i.e. the larger sizes equal 3, 4 and 6 picas. While most software nowadays defaults to DTP points, many allow specifying font size in other units of measure (e.g., inches, millimeters, pixels), especially code-based systems such as TeX and CSS.
1591:
Desktop publishing software and word processors intended for office and personal use often have a list of suggested font sizes in their user interface, but they are not named and usually an arbitrary value can be entered manually. Microsoft Word, for instance, suggests every even size between 8 and
1325:
standard inches. A less precise definition is one pica equals 0.166 inches (4.2 mm), and one point 0.01383 inches (0.351 mm). It was also noticed that 83 picas is nearly equal to 35 cm, so the Type
Founders Association also suggested using a 35 cm metal rod for measurements, but
1961:
They commissioned for this purpose the well-known Berlin brass rule manufacturer, H. Berthold, who supplies brass rules not only to most of the German foundries but also to many foreign houses, and he, in conjunction with Prof. W. Fürster, the chief director of the Berlin
Observatory, agreed that
1309:
proposed, like
Fournier, to divide one American inch exactly into six picas, and one pica into 12 points. However, this saw an opposition because the majority of foundries had been using picas less than one sixth of an inch. So in 1886, after some examination of various picas, the Type Founders
1302:
about printing and typefounding, and arranged for him to be trained by
Francois Ambroise Didot. Franklin then imported French typefounding equipment to Philadelphia to help Bache set up a type-foundry. Around 1790, Bache published a specimen sheet with some Fournier types. After the death of
2139:
These latter figures give the size in the 'points millimétriques' of about 0.4 mm that are said to have been introduced at the
Imprimerie impériale by Firmin Didot and which are the basis for the 'point IN' used today at the Imprimerie
1403:
As a consequence all the tables of measurements in the German, Dutch, French, Polish and all other manuals elsewhere on the
European continent for the composition caster and the super-caster are different in quite some details.
1407:
The
Monotype wedges used at the European continent are marked with an extra E behind the set-size: for instance: 5-12E, 1331-15E etc. When working with the E-wedges in the larger sizes the differences will increase even more.
1282:
The basic unit of measurements in
American typography was the pica, usually approximated as one sixth of an inch, but the exact size was not standardized, and various type foundries had been using their own.
1807:
DIN 16507-1:1998 and its predecessors, at least since 1964, for lead typecasting defined 2660 points to measure 1000.333 mm at 20 °C, but for public communication it later introduced a rounder
3550:
1264:. Since the set of sizes includes thicknesses of 0.1 mm, 0.5 mm, 1 mm and 2 mm, there is also one of 0.35 mm which is almost exactly 1 pica point. In other words, 2 mm =
821:
371:. The construction of the alphabet is the first based on logical measurement called "Punto," which corresponds to the ninth part of the height of the letters or the thickness of the principal
1294:
was sent as commissioner (Ambassador) for the United States to France from December 1776 to 1785. While living there he had close contact with the Fournier family, including the father and
999:, in parts of Austria, and in Northern France at the beginning of the 20th century. In Belgium, the Fournier system was used until the 1970s and later. It was called the "mediaan"-system.
2110:
The point in current use at the Imprimerie Nationale measures 0.39877 mm. This appears to be the result of a 'recalibration', for which no date can be given, of the point of 0.4 mm.
1400:
Although the English Monotype manuals used 1 pica = .1660 inch, the manuals used on the European continent use another definition: there 1 pica = .1667 inch, the Old English pica.
256:, and other items on a printed page. The size of the point has varied throughout printing's history. Since the 18th century, the size of a point has been between 0.18 and 0.4
3101:
1010:
in 1783, was an attempt to improve the Fournier system. He did not change the subdivisions (1 inch = 12 subdivisions = 72 points), but defined it strictly in terms of the
2361:
Rich Hopkins, Origin of the American Point system for Printers; Type Measurement, Jill & Dale private Press, Terra Alta, West Virginia, 1976, 2e impression 1989
3475:
945:
in 1737. The system of Fournier was based on a different French foot of c. 298 mm. With the usual convention that 1 foot equals 12 inches, 1 inch (
1588:
In lead typecasting, most font sizes commonly used in printing have conventional names that differ by country, language and the type of points used.
2297:
1143:
unit. This has become the standard in Germany and Central and Eastern Europe. This size is still mentioned in the technical regulations of the
2049:
2019:
1992:
1922:
2545:
1299:
2502:
2411:
2384:
2132:
1895:
1712:
988:
Fournier printed a reference scale of 144 points over two inches; however, it was too rough to accurately measure a single point.
383:
A measurement in points can be represented in three different ways. For example, 14 points (1 pica plus 2 points) can be written:
2073:ГОСТ 3489.1-71. Шрифты типографские (на русской и латинской графических основах). Группировка. Индексация. Линия шрифта. Емкость
800:
There have been many definitions of a "point" since the advent of typography. Traditional continental European points at about
817:
96:
2070:
3489.1-71. Printing types (Russian and Roman graphic bases). Group arrangement. Indexing. Base line. Characters per 4 picas
3470:
2093:ТР ТС 007/2011. Требования безопасности издательской (книжной и журнальной) продукции, школьно-письменных принадлежностей.
3355:
3317:
1616:
1583:
1181:
870:
1096:
Approximations were subsequently employed, largely owing to the Didot point's unwieldy conversion to metric units (the
3501:
2570:
2325:
2092:
3081:
1571:
1556:
1287:
2727:
1257:
specifies respective pens. The steps between nominal sizes are based on a factor of √2 ≈ 1.414 in order to match
863:
417:
1093:
6, and so on. The Didot system prevailed because the French government demanded printing in Didot measurements.
3545:
3485:
3302:
2973:
2910:
2615:
2538:
2427:
1820:
DIN 16507-2 (1984, 1999) does not specify a custom unit for electronic typography, but measures using a module.
1611:
323:
1688:
The alphabet of Francesco Torniello da Novara : Followed by a comparison with the alphabet of Fra Luca Pacioli
334:'s characters were cast. In digital type, letters of a font are designed around an imaginary space called an
1144:
2041:
Die Herstellung: Ein Handbuch für die Gestaltung, Technik und Kalkulation von Buch, Zeitschrift und Zeitung
1514:
screens with a much higher resolution than the original 72 dots per inch, Apple's programming environment
964:
The Fournier scale: two inches in total, divided into four half-inches, the medium intervals are one line (
2930:
2653:
2225:
1859:
1209:
Japanese and German standardization bodies instead opted for a metric typographic base measure of exactly
413:
50:
3405:
2905:
2900:
2813:
2800:
2633:
1487:
1295:
1077:. To avoid confusion between the new and the old sizes, Didot also rejected the traditional names, thus
942:
3197:
2838:
2692:
2104:
Mosley, James (1997). "French academicians and modern typography: designing new types in the 1690s".
1311:
1127:
defined 798 points as being equal to 30 cm, or 2660 points equalling 1 meter: that gives around
992:
866:
3540:
3519:
3480:
3393:
3287:
3142:
3120:
3110:
2978:
2585:
2575:
2531:
2152:
1101:
357:
1837:
3443:
3370:
3350:
3340:
3282:
3242:
2869:
2732:
2717:
2658:
2648:
2242:
1468:
261:
179:
2257:
2197:
1065:
However, 12 Fournier points turned out to be 11 Didot points, giving a Fournier point of about
3388:
3307:
3262:
3192:
2663:
2498:
2407:
2380:
2372:
2128:
2122:
2045:
2039:
2015:
2009:
1988:
1980:
1918:
1891:
1708:
1702:
1606:
1291:
1254:
1250:
874:
327:
316:
285:
165:
2401:
1912:
1885:
3274:
3227:
3066:
3013:
2874:
2684:
1464:
1246:
1124:
372:
265:
245:
101:
72:
1704:
Italian Literature Before 1900 in English Translation: An Annotated Bibliography, 1929-2008
3410:
3297:
3292:
3212:
3180:
3071:
2808:
2610:
1530:
in order to accommodate for screen size, pixel density and typical viewing distance. This
1460:
336:
3365:
2244:
Newspaper Editing: A Manual for Editors, Copyreaders, and Students of Newspaper Desk Work
1661:
1831:
1728:
412:
14pt (12 points would be "12pt" or "1pc" since it is the same as 1 pica)—format used by
3415:
3360:
3237:
3040:
2864:
2818:
2752:
2722:
2590:
2179:
1511:
1472:
860:
269:
175:
3534:
3207:
3175:
3165:
3045:
1601:
1499:
1491:
214:
57:
46:
1198:
in about 1810 and continues to use this measurement today (though "recalibrated" to
3465:
3345:
3232:
3217:
3187:
3147:
3130:
2884:
2854:
2828:
2737:
2580:
2562:
1636:
1456:
1367:
1306:
1007:
991:
The Fournier point did not achieve lasting popularity despite being revived by the
960:
3460:
3455:
3448:
3438:
3252:
3202:
3157:
3097:
3061:
3032:
3020:
3000:
2823:
2775:
2643:
1532:
1476:
1011:
886:
882:
856:
842:
353:
3433:
3247:
3137:
2990:
2983:
2960:
2915:
2879:
2833:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2765:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2554:
1261:
257:
237:
228:
42:
38:
2925:
2920:
2697:
2625:
2513:
2468:
2077:Кегль измеряется в типографских пунктах. Типографский пункт равен 0,376 мм.
906: m or about 325 mm. The Truchet point therefore became equal to
305:(0.3528 mm) and, as with earlier American point sizes, is considered to be
3398:
3257:
3076:
2949:
2935:
2760:
2712:
331:
249:
34:
17:
1336:
In modern times this size of the point has been approximated as exactly
3222:
3008:
2859:
2770:
2702:
2638:
2261:
1258:
1242:
1097:
996:
253:
2455:
2403:
Electronic printing and publishing: the document processing revolution
3125:
2742:
2514:"§81. The life and extraordinary adventures of a typographical point"
111:
1452: mm. Twelve points make up a pica, and six picas make an inch.
443:
45:. For the mark used to separate an integer from a decimal part, see
2968:
2707:
2675:
2486:
Origin of the American Point System for Printer's Type Measurement
2298:"From the Archives no. 12—The Formation of American Type Founders"
1527:
1515:
1495:
959:
878:
350:
31:
2247:. New York and London: D. Appleton and Company. pp. 226–227.
1666:
Cascading Style Sheets Level 2 Revision 2 (CSS 2.2) Specification
3324:
3170:
3115:
2067:
1890:. London and New York: Longmann, Green, and Co. pp. 57–60.
1177:
and refers to a not further specified 1978 redefinition for it.
302:
204:
82:
2527:
1374:
computer typesetting system and is thus sometimes known as the
1014:, a legal length measure in France: the Didot point is exactly
1545:
1519:
1483:
1371:
1062:. Accordingly, one Didot point is exactly two Truchet points.
2523:
30:
This article is about the unit of typographic measure. For a
1526:
that are scaled automatically to a whole number of physical
953:) and 1 line was further divided into 6 typographic points (
1467:. It was adopted by Apple Computer as the standard for the
218:
2473:
Professional Printer: Journal of the Institute of Printing
1310:
Association of the United States approved the pica of the
1274:
mm approximates an English typographic point rather well.
2264:, Rare Books and Manuscripts, University of Pennsylvania
322:
In metal type, the point size of the font describes the
2286:, 1972, London, Frederik Muller Ltd, page 3, 4, 62, 63
804:
are usually a bit larger than English points at around
2230:. Vol. 1. New York: Century Co. pp. 145–156.
1864:. Vol. 1. New York: Century Co. pp. 133–145.
957:). One Fournier point is about 0.0135 English inches.
1884:
Legros, Lucien Alphonse; Grant, John Cameron (1916).
1752:
Various sources give different sizes, namely: ≈
1637:"Point Size and the Em Square: Not What People Think"
1235:. Due to demand by Japanese typesetters, CSS adopted
409:
1p2 (12 points would be just "1p")—format for desktop
56:"Small text" redirects here. Not to be confused with
2469:"Typographic measurement: A critique and a proposal"
2351:(17th revised ed.). Addison-Wesley. p. 58.
1155:
pdfTEX, but not plain TeX or LaTeX, also supports a
934:. It has also been cited as exactly 0.188 mm.
3551:
Customary units of measurement in the United States
3494:
3426:
3379:
3333:
3273:
3156:
3096:
3054:
3031:
2999:
2959:
2948:
2893:
2847:
2799:
2751:
2683:
2674:
2624:
2561:
1951:Smalian, Hermann (1899). "Type Systems of To-day".
1438:of the international inch, making it equivalent to
1140:
774:
686:
657:
571:
567:
521:
210:
171:
139:
117:
107:
95:
90:
65:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1733:Cascading Style Sheets, level 2 CSS2 Specification
1475:desktop computer and the print resolution for the
1985:Schrift und Schriftlichkeit / Writing and its Use
1139:, sometimes is given; this is used by TeX as the
984:inch; no intervals for the point is given, though
820:for the units used in this section, particularly
1231:is used in Japanese after the initial letter of
1333:. The British foundries accepted this in 1898.
1941:, 1913, N.V.De nieuwe Tijd, Amsterdam, pag 30.
1498:due to a general (but wrong) assumption of 96
3476:Intellectual property protection of typefaces
2539:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1816:
1814:
1803:
1801:
1799:
8:
3018:
2033:
2031:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
1662:"15.7. Font size: the 'font-size' property"
2956:
2680:
2546:
2532:
2524:
2320:
2318:
1735:, World Wide Web Consortium, 12 April 2016
1668:, World Wide Web Consortium, 12 April 2016
831:, the first modern typographic point, was
428:
71:
62:
3502:Punctuation and other typographic symbols
2495:Tipometría. Las medidas en Diseño Gráfico
2488:. Terra Alta, WV: Hill & Dale Press.
1917:. Laurence King Publishing. p. 93.
1326:this was not accepted by every foundry.
1298:. Franklin wanted to teach his grandson
1223:, which is sometimes referred to as the
1627:
885:long. This established a length to the
822:those used before the French Revolution
349:The point was first established by the
1490:(CSS) where it was later related at a
974:inch), and the smallest intervals are
2262:Kislak Center for Special Collections
2198:"CSS Values and Units Module Level 3"
2180:"CSS Values and Units Module Level 3"
1911:Baines, Phil; Haslam, Andrew (2005).
1131:to the point. A more precise number,
7:
1987:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 210ff.
1455:This specification was developed by
1418:desktop publishing point (DTP point)
1034:of a French inch, that is (by 1799)
995:in 1927. It was still a standard in
2428:"Support different pixel densities"
27:Measurement unit used in typography
2375:. In Ruiter, Maurice M. de (ed.).
2044:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 101.
1635:Phinney, Thomas (16 August 2012).
1069:; later sources state it as being
25:
2377:Advances in Computer Graphics III
2330:American Printer and Lithographer
2284:Fournier the compleat typographer
1510:Since the advent of high-density
121:
3515:
3514:
2432:Android Developers Documentation
2169:JIS X 4052:2000, JIS Z 8125:2004
1100:of its conversion ratio has the
2273:Updike, I, p. 257, II pp. 152-3
2224:De Vinne, Theodore Low (1900).
1887:Typographical Printing-Surfaces
1858:De Vinne, Theodore Low (1900).
1830:Fournier, Pierre Simon (1764).
1793:. Dimensions of Printing Types.
1707:. University of Toronto Press.
736:L'Imprimerie Nationale nominal
2127:. Promodis. 2002. p. 73.
1686:Mardersteig, Giovanni (1971).
1314:foundry of Philadelphia (the "
818:Units of measurement in France
756:L'Imprimerie Nationale actual
367:– 1589) in his 1517 alphabet,
291:. The DTP point is defined as
1:
3471:History of Western typography
1329:This has become known as the
949:) was divided into 12 lines (
361:
358:Francesco Torniella da Novara
3318:traditional point-size names
2484:Hopkins, Richard L. (1976).
1617:Traditional point-size names
1584:Traditional point-size names
1370:for the default unit of his
1182:French National Print Office
2571:Canons of page construction
2467:Ó Brógáin, Séamas (2006) .
2400:Spring, Michael B. (1991).
2326:"The American Point System"
2241:Hyde, Grant Milnor (1920).
2014:. De Gruyter. p. 194.
1979:Brekle, Herbert E. (1994).
1482:In 1996, it was adopted by
881:to be exactly 443.296
268:has largely supplanted the
248:. It is used for measuring
3567:
2493:Catopodis, Miguel (2014).
2227:The practice of typography
1861:The practice of typography
1581:
1288:American Revolutionary War
877:, a 1799 law declared the
815:
430:Various point definitions
396:(12 points would be just "
260:. Following the advent of
81:scale (on the bottom) and
55:
29:
3510:
2728:Subscript and superscript
2406:. CRC Press. p. 46.
2379:. Springer. p. 296.
2347:Knuth, Donald E. (1990).
2202:World Wide Web Consortium
2184:World Wide Web Consortium
1790:
1550:density-independent pixel
859:. It was invented by the
787:
764:
744:
724:
710:
699:
673:
644:
627:
604:
508:
485:
465:
448:
418:World Wide Web Consortium
135:
70:
3486:Vox-ATypI classification
2616:Intentionally blank page
2512:Lebedev, Artemy (2002),
2497:. Valencia: Campgràfic.
2258:Benjamin Franklin papers
2072:
1612:Body height (typography)
1412:Desktop publishing point
773:DIN, Japanese, CSS
762:= 0.398 77 mm
272:and has established the
264:in the 1980s and 1990s,
2124:Bulletin du bibliophile
2091:Статья 8. Пункт 11. //
1939:Van leerling tot Zetter
1300:Benjamin Franklin Bache
1145:Eurasian Economic Union
1008:François-Ambroise Didot
3019:
2371:Tucker, H. A. (1988).
2153:"Type bodies compared"
2038:Blana, Hubert (1999).
1701:Healey, Robin (2011).
985:
685:DIN nominal, TeX
414:Cascading Style Sheets
51:Point (disambiguation)
49:. For other uses, see
2008:Funke, Fritz (1998).
1914:Type & Typography
1537:is equivalent to the
1488:Cascading Stylesheets
1331:American point system
1296:Pierre Simon Fournier
1286:During and after the
1249:line thicknesses for
1227:in Japan. The symbol
963:
955:points typographiques
943:Pierre Simon Fournier
871:metrication of France
656:DIN actual, TeX
566:PostScript, CSS
3356:Typographic features
2373:"Desktop Publishing"
2186:. 29 September 2016.
1833:Manuel typographique
1312:L. Johnson & Co.
1024:of a French foot or
993:Monotype Corporation
406:")—traditional style
270:letterpress printing
3481:Technical lettering
3380:Typography in other
3121:Hanging punctuation
1953:The British Printer
1602:Dots per inch (DPI)
1184:adopted a point of
1102:prime factorization
941:was established by
431:
130:... is equal to ...
91:General information
3444:Handwriting script
3371:Desktop publishing
3341:Character encoding
3334:Digital typography
2848:Horizontal aspects
2801:Visual distinction
2659:Widows and orphans
1690:. Officina Bodoni.
1473:original Macintosh
1469:display resolution
1463:when they created
1396:Old English points
1251:technical drawings
1233:quarter millimeter
1054: mm or about
986:
926: mm or about
429:
274:desktop publishing
262:desktop publishing
225:
212:
186:
173:
147:
141:
85:scale (on the top)
3528:
3527:
3275:Typographic units
3193:For position only
3092:
3091:
2944:
2943:
2106:Typography Papers
2051:978-3-11-096787-6
2021:978-3-11-094929-2
1994:978-3-11-020323-3
1924:978-1-85669-437-7
1607:Pica (typography)
1366:) of the inch by
1292:Benjamin Franklin
1006:, established by
867:Sébastien Truchet
798:
797:
425:Varying standards
234:
233:
143:typographic units
118:Conversions
16:(Redirected from
3558:
3518:
3517:
3495:Related template
3427:Related articles
3228:Phototypesetting
3082:reverse-contrast
3067:Display typeface
3024:
3001:Blackletter type
2957:
2894:Vertical aspects
2875:Sentence spacing
2685:Typeface anatomy
2681:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2525:
2520:
2508:
2489:
2480:
2463:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2322:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2293:
2287:
2280:
2274:
2271:
2265:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2221:
2206:
2205:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2176:
2170:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2159:. 30 April 2008.
2149:
2143:
2142:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2101:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2035:
2026:
2025:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1976:
1965:
1964:
1948:
1942:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1881:
1866:
1865:
1855:
1842:
1841:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1809:
1805:
1794:
1792:
1787:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1769:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1729:"4.3.2. Lengths"
1725:
1719:
1718:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1641:Phinney on Fonts
1632:
1569:
1565:
1554:
1543:
1465:Adobe PostScript
1451:
1448: mm = 0.352
1447:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1422:PostScript point
1391:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1379:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1324:
1323:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1203:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1142:
1138:
1136:
1130:
1125:Hermann Berthold
1119:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1076:
1074:
1068:
1061:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1022:
1018:
983:
982:
978:
973:
972:
968:
933:
931:
925:
924:
923:
922:
915:
914:
913:
905:
904:
903:
902:
895:
894:
854:
853:
849:
840:
839:
835:
807:
803:
794:
793:
785:
776:
768:
751:
750:
731:
730:
706:
705:
697:
688:
680:
679:
671:
670:
659:
651:
650:
631:
625:
624:
608:
600:
599:
595:
588:
582:
573:
569:
561:
560:
556:
549:
548:
540:
539:
538:
535:
523:
515:
514:
506:
492:
491:
483:
469:
452:
432:
405:
404:
400:
395:
394:
390:
366:
363:
314:
313:
309:
300:
299:
295:
266:digital printing
244:is the smallest
226:
213:
202:
200:
199:
196:
193:
187:
174:
163:
161:
160:
157:
154:
148:
142:
102:typographic unit
77:A ruler showing
75:
63:
21:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3546:Units of length
3531:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3506:
3490:
3422:
3382:writing systems
3381:
3375:
3329:
3269:
3213:Microtypography
3152:
3088:
3050:
3027:
2995:
2952:classifications
2951:
2940:
2889:
2843:
2809:Blackboard bold
2795:
2747:
2670:
2620:
2611:Recto and verso
2557:
2552:
2511:
2505:
2492:
2483:
2466:
2456:"Printing type"
2454:
2451:
2449:Further reading
2446:
2436:
2434:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2324:
2323:
2316:
2306:
2304:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2256:
2252:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2223:
2222:
2209:
2204:. 11 June 2015.
2196:
2195:
2191:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2135:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2074:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2037:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1978:
1977:
1968:
1959:(68): 130–131.
1950:
1949:
1945:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1883:
1882:
1869:
1857:
1856:
1845:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1812:
1806:
1797:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1738:
1736:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1671:
1669:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1645:
1643:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1598:
1586:
1580:
1567:
1563:
1561:effective pixel
1552:
1541:
1508:
1492:fixed 3:4 ratio
1461:Charles Geschke
1449:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1414:
1398:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1375:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1321:
1319:
1280:
1278:American points
1270:
1266:
1265:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1157:new Didot point
1153:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1057:
1055:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1015:
980:
976:
975:
970:
966:
965:
929:
927:
920:
918:
917:
911:
909:
908:
907:
900:
898:
897:
892:
891:
890:
851:
847:
846:
837:
833:
832:
825:
814:
805:
801:
791:
789:
783:
766:
748:
746:
728:
726:
703:
701:
695:
677:
675:
668:
666:
648:
646:
629:
622:
620:
606:
597:
593:
592:
586:
580:
558:
554:
553:
546:
544:
536:
533:
531:
530:
512:
510:
504:
489:
487:
481:
467:
450:
427:
416:defined by the
402:
398:
397:
392:
388:
387:
381:
364:
347:
311:
307:
306:
297:
293:
292:
246:unit of measure
224:
211:
197:
194:
191:
190:
188:
185:
172:
158:
155:
152:
151:
149:
146:
140:
86:
61:
54:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3564:
3562:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3533:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3416:National Fonts
3408:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3391:
3385:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3361:Web typography
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3279:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3238:Reversing type
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3168:
3162:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3107:
3105:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3016:
3011:
3005:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2965:
2963:
2954:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2865:Letter-spacing
2862:
2857:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2819:Color printing
2816:
2811:
2805:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2757:
2755:
2753:Capitalization
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2689:
2687:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2630:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2591:Page numbering
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2567:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2509:
2504:978-8496657359
2503:
2490:
2481:
2464:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2419:
2412:
2392:
2385:
2363:
2354:
2339:
2314:
2288:
2275:
2266:
2250:
2233:
2207:
2189:
2171:
2162:
2144:
2133:
2114:
2096:
2081:
2075:(in Russian).
2057:
2050:
2027:
2020:
2000:
1993:
1966:
1943:
1930:
1923:
1903:
1896:
1867:
1843:
1822:
1810:
1795:
1782:
1758:0.0137 in
1754:0.0135 in
1745:
1720:
1713:
1693:
1678:
1653:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1597:
1594:
1582:Main article:
1579:
1576:
1507:
1504:
1500:pixel-per-inch
1424:is defined as
1413:
1410:
1397:
1394:
1279:
1276:
1152:
1149:
939:Fournier point
869:. During the
813:
810:
796:
795:
786:
780:
777:
770:
769:
763:
760:
757:
753:
752:
743:
740:
737:
733:
732:
723:
720:
717:
713:
712:
708:
707:
698:
692:
689:
682:
681:
672:
663:
660:
653:
652:
643:
640:
637:
633:
632:
626:
617:
614:
610:
609:
602:
601:
589:
583:
577:
574:
563:
562:
550:
541:
527:
524:
517:
516:
507:
501:
498:
494:
493:
484:
478:
475:
471:
470:
464:
461:
458:
454:
453:
446:
445:
442:
439:
436:
426:
423:
422:
421:
410:
407:
380:
377:
346:
343:
232:
231:
222:
208:
207:
183:
169:
168:
144:
137:
136:
133:
132:
127:
120:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
99:
93:
92:
88:
87:
76:
68:
67:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3563:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3521:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3366:Bézier curves
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3351:Rasterization
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3208:Microprinting
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3166:Etaoin shrdlu
3164:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3083:
3080:
3078:
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3070:
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3065:
3063:
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3057:
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3022:
3017:
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3007:
3006:
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2989:
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2958:
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2947:
2937:
2934:
2932:
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2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
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2909:
2907:
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2474:
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2461:
2460:www.sizes.com
2457:
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2042:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2004:
2001:
1996:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1981:"Typographie"
1975:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1944:
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1934:
1931:
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1920:
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1786:
1783:
1774:0.349 mm
1762:0.345 mm
1749:
1746:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1716:
1714:9781442642690
1710:
1706:
1705:
1697:
1694:
1689:
1682:
1679:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1628:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1562:
1558:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1536:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1423:
1419:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1393:
1380:, which is 0.
1378:
1373:
1369:
1334:
1332:
1327:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1277:
1275:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1221:0.250 mm
1207:
1196:0.400 mm
1183:
1178:
1175:0.375 mm
1162:
1158:
1151:Metric points
1150:
1148:
1146:
1129:0.376 mm
1126:
1121:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1067:0.345 mm
1063:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
998:
994:
989:
962:
958:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
935:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
865:
862:
858:
844:
830:
829:Truchet point
823:
819:
812:French points
811:
809:
806:0.350 mm
802:0.375 mm
781:
778:
772:
771:
761:
758:
755:
754:
742:= 0.400
741:
738:
735:
734:
722:≈ 0.188
721:
718:
715:
714:
709:
693:
690:
684:
683:
664:
661:
655:
654:
642:≈ 0.376
641:
638:
635:
634:
618:
615:
612:
611:
607:0.375 mm
603:
590:
584:
578:
575:
565:
564:
551:
542:
528:
525:
519:
518:
502:
499:
496:
495:
479:
476:
473:
472:
463:≈ 0.345
462:
459:
456:
455:
451:0.350 mm
447:
440:
437:
434:
433:
424:
419:
415:
411:
408:
386:
385:
384:
378:
376:
374:
370:
359:
355:
352:
344:
342:
340:
338:
333:
330:on which the
329:
326:of the metal
325:
320:
318:
304:
290:
288:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
230:
223:
220:
216:
209:
206:
184:
181:
177:
170:
167:
145:
138:
134:
131:
128:
126:
123:1 point
122:
116:
113:
110:
106:
103:
100:
98:
94:
89:
84:
80:
74:
69:
64:
59:
58:Microprinting
52:
48:
47:Decimal point
44:
40:
36:
33:
19:
3466:Type foundry
3312:
3303:Metric units
3233:Punchcutting
3218:Movable type
3188:Font catalog
3148:Vertical bar
2885:Word spacing
2855:Figure space
2738:Text figures
2581:Even working
2517:
2494:
2485:
2476:
2472:
2459:
2435:. Retrieved
2431:
2422:
2402:
2395:
2376:
2366:
2357:
2348:
2342:
2333:
2329:
2307:September 6,
2305:. Retrieved
2301:
2296:Shaw, Paul.
2291:
2283:
2282:Allen Huet,
2278:
2269:
2253:
2243:
2236:
2226:
2201:
2192:
2183:
2174:
2165:
2156:
2147:
2138:
2123:
2117:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2089:(in Russian)
2084:
2076:
2066:
2060:
2040:
2010:
2003:
1984:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1938:
1933:
1913:
1906:
1886:
1860:
1832:
1825:
1789:JIS Z 8305.
1785:
1778:0.35 mm
1764:, (exactly)
1748:
1737:, retrieved
1732:
1723:
1703:
1696:
1687:
1681:
1670:, retrieved
1665:
1656:
1644:. Retrieved
1640:
1630:
1590:
1587:
1560:
1549:
1538:
1531:
1523:
1522:elements in
1509:
1481:
1457:John Warnock
1454:
1421:
1417:
1415:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1376:
1368:Donald Knuth
1335:
1330:
1328:
1316:Johnson pica
1315:
1307:Nelson Hawks
1305:
1285:
1281:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1219: mm or
1208:
1194: mm or
1179:
1173: mm or
1160:
1156:
1154:
1122:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1064:
1003:
1001:
990:
987:
954:
950:
946:
938:
936:
883:French lines
828:
826:
799:
585:= 0.013
579:= 0.352
382:
368:
348:
335:
321:
286:
281:
277:
273:
241:
235:
227:0.3528
129:
124:
108:Unit of
78:
3461:Type design
3456:Style guide
3449:Calligraphy
3439:Handwriting
3253:Type design
3203:Lorem ipsum
3198:Letterpress
3158:Typesetting
3098:Punctuation
3062:Record type
3033:Gaelic type
3021:Schwabacher
2911:Body height
2776:Letter case
2644:Line length
2349:The TeXbook
2336:: 89. 1890.
2302:Blue Pencil
2157:Typefoundry
2108:(2): 5–29.
1937:L. Ronner,
1836:. pp.
1739:26 February
1672:26 February
1646:26 February
1570:in Windows
1506:Apple point
1477:LaserWriter
1262:paper sizes
1087:nonpareille
1004:Didot point
843:French inch
570:, TeX
365: 1490
354:typographer
258:millimeters
182: units
97:Unit system
3541:Typography
3535:Categories
3434:Penmanship
3406:East Asian
3248:Type color
3181:monospaced
3138:Interpunct
3131:minus sign
3055:Specialist
2991:Sans-serif
2984:slab serif
2961:Roman type
2916:Cap height
2880:Thin space
2839:Whitespace
2791:Title case
2786:Snake case
2781:Small caps
2766:Camel case
2698:Diacritics
2606:Pull quote
2601:Pagination
2596:Paper size
2555:Typography
2518:Mandership
2479:(5): 9–14.
2140:nationale.
1623:References
1578:Font sizes
1392: mm.
1245:specifies
1079:parisienne
1012:royal foot
887:royal foot
875:revolution
857:royal foot
816:See also:
369:L'Alfabeto
238:typography
43:Interpoint
39:Full point
2931:Overshoot
2926:Mean line
2921:Descender
2834:Underline
2676:Character
2654:Runaround
2634:Alignment
2626:Paragraph
2011:Buchkunde
1776:, ≈
1772:, ≈
1760:, ≈
1756:, ≈
1502:screens.
1479:printer.
1377:TeX point
1247:preferred
1239:in 2015.
1123:In 1878,
873:amid its
864:clergyman
636:Berthold
529:= 0.
520:TeX
497:Japanese
474:American
457:Fournier
379:Notations
18:Font size
3520:Category
3399:PT Fonts
3394:Cyrillic
3258:Typeface
3176:computer
3077:fat face
2950:Typeface
2936:x-height
2906:Baseline
2901:Ascender
2761:All caps
2723:Rotation
2718:Ligature
2713:Ink trap
2065:"§1.3".
1770: mm
1596:See also
1559:and the
1544:unit in
1512:"Retina"
1434:or 0.013
1255:ISO 9175
1204: mm
1137: mm
1075: mm
1060: mm
932: mm
716:Truchet
351:Milanese
332:typeface
289:standard
287:de facto
176:imperial
35:grapheme
3346:Hinting
3223:Pangram
3041:Insular
3014:Rotunda
3009:Fraktur
2974:Antiqua
2860:Kerning
2829:Oblique
2824:Italics
2771:Initial
2703:Dingbat
2693:Counter
2639:Leading
2462:. 2004.
2437:21 June
1791:活字の基準寸法
1557:Android
1494:to the
1471:of the
1443:⁄
1429:⁄
1341:⁄
1269:⁄
1259:ISO 216
1243:ISO 128
1214:⁄
1189:⁄
1168:⁄
1098:divisor
1089:became
1081:became
1044:⁄
1029:⁄
1019:⁄
997:Belgium
979:⁄
969:⁄
916:⁄
896:⁄
855:of the
850:⁄
836:⁄
788:≈
782:=
765:≈
745:≈
725:≈
700:≈
694:=
674:≈
665:=
645:≈
628:≈
619:≈
605:≈
596:⁄
591:=
557:⁄
552:=
543:≈
509:≈
503:=
486:=
480:≈
449:≈
401:⁄
391:⁄
345:History
310:⁄
296:⁄
284:as the
254:leading
221:) units
201:
189:
162:
150:
3389:Arabic
3288:Cicero
3126:Hyphen
3111:Bullet
3072:script
3046:Uncial
2979:Didone
2743:Tittle
2586:Margin
2576:Column
2501:
2410:
2383:
2131:
2048:
2018:
1991:
1921:
1894:
1808:value.
1711:
1548:, the
1528:pixels
1524:points
1518:sizes
951:lignes
861:French
767:0.0157
711:Other
630:0.0148
613:Didot
505:0.3514
482:0.3515
468:0.0135
466:
403:
373:stroke
339:square
324:height
301:of an
252:size,
240:, the
215:metric
203:
164:
125:in ...
112:length
37:, see
3313:Point
3283:Agate
3143:Space
2969:Serif
2870:Pitch
2733:Swash
2708:Glyph
2649:River
1840:–138.
1766:0.348
1539:pixel
1535:point
1533:Cocoa
1516:Xcode
1496:pixel
1348:0.013
1343:72.27
1320:0.996
1225:quart
1200:0.398
1163:) at
1133:0.376
1091:corps
1083:corps
1071:0.348
1056:0.375
947:pouce
928:0.187
879:meter
841:of a
790:0.009
784:0.250
779:1999
759:1810
747:0.015
739:1810
727:0.007
719:1694
702:0.014
696:0.375
691:1984
676:0.014
667:0.376
662:1964
647:0.014
639:1878
621:0.375
616:1783
576:1984
559:72.27
545:0.013
526:1982
511:0.013
500:1962
488:0.013
477:1886
460:1737
444:inch
315:of a
282:point
242:point
166:picas
79:point
66:Point
3411:Thai
3325:Twip
3308:Pica
3263:list
3243:Sort
3171:Font
3116:Dash
3102:List
2814:Bold
2664:runt
2563:Page
2499:ISBN
2439:2022
2408:ISBN
2381:ISBN
2309:2023
2129:ISBN
2068:GOST
2046:ISBN
2016:ISBN
1989:ISBN
1919:ISBN
1892:ISBN
1741:2018
1709:ISBN
1674:2018
1648:2018
1486:for
1459:and
1441:25.4
1416:The
1253:and
1180:The
1117:1979
1002:The
937:The
893:9000
852:1728
827:The
438:Year
435:Name
328:body
317:pica
303:inch
250:font
180:U.S.
83:inch
41:and
1957:XII
1838:125
1572:UWP
1566:or
1564:epx
1555:on
1546:CSS
1520:GUI
1484:W3C
1420:or
1385:459
1383:351
1372:TeX
1357:138
1355:000
1350:837
1206:).
1135:065
1120:).
1104:of
1085:5,
1058:972
1049:559
1040:625
1021:864
930:986
921:118
912:625
901:706
889:of
845:or
838:144
792:842
749:748
729:401
704:764
678:806
669:065
649:801
623:972
547:837
534:459
532:351
513:835
490:837
278:DTP
236:In
32:dot
3537::
3298:En
3293:Em
2516:,
2477:27
2475:.
2471:.
2458:.
2430:.
2334:11
2332:.
2328:.
2317:^
2300:.
2260:,
2210:^
2200:.
2182:.
2155:.
2137:.
2030:^
1983:.
1969:^
1955:.
1870:^
1846:^
1813:^
1798:^
1768:75
1731:,
1664:,
1639:.
1574:.
1568:ep
1553:dp
1542:px
1445:72
1431:72
1388:80
1360:37
1322:24
1290:,
1271:√8
1202:77
1161:nd
1147:.
1141:dd
1073:75
1047:41
1038:15
1031:72
981:36
971:12
919:83
910:15
899:27
808:.
687:nd
658:dd
598:72
572:bp
568:pt
537:80
522:pt
441:mm
399:1P
393:2p
389:1P
375:.
362:c.
356:,
337:em
319:.
312:12
298:72
280:)
229:mm
219:SI
205:in
198:72
159:12
3104:)
3100:(
2547:e
2540:t
2533:v
2507:.
2441:.
2416:.
2389:.
2311:.
2054:.
2024:.
1997:.
1927:.
1900:.
1780:.
1717:.
1650:.
1450:7
1436:8
1427:1
1346:(
1339:1
1267:1
1237:Q
1229:Q
1216:4
1212:1
1191:5
1187:2
1170:8
1166:3
1159:(
1114:×
1111:7
1108:×
1106:3
1027:1
1017:1
977:1
967:1
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834:1
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775:q
594:1
587:8
581:7
555:1
420:.
360:(
308:1
294:1
276:(
217:(
195:/
192:1
178:/
156:/
153:1
60:.
53:.
20:)
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