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336:’: a term used to label the cities of southern Italy established by the Greeks in the eighth century BC. The Greeks were attracted to this area due to the fertile land it offered and the advantageous trading position it controlled. As the settlement flourished, Greek influence was transmitted to Pompeii and the wider Roman world through these colonies. Rooted in this early link, Rome developed a deep and enduring fascination for Greek culture as they integrated its art, architecture and religion into their own society. The popularity of Hellenic culture grew following the Roman capture of
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suggests that
Pompeiians used an Alexandrian-derived technique for creating a vibrant cerulean blue color. Though it has been argued that many Pompeiians may not have even understood how much Egyptian influence could be found in the artwork lining their homes, the presence and sharing of Egyptian material culture and techniques speaks to the multicultural influences throughout Campania.
580:, the Greek god of poetry, music, dance, archery and prophecy, was also incorporated into Pompeian religion. Pompeii’s forum contained a Temple dedicated to this god built in the 2nd century BC. The temple was surrounded by Corinthian columns, featured a travertine stone altar and was decorated by statues of Apollo alongside other deities.
999:. Believed to be one of Egypt’s oldest gods, he is represented as a black canine or as a man with a canine head. Within Pompeii, The House of the Golden Cupids has a shrine dedicated to a number of Egyptian deities including Anubis. In this shrine, Anubis is shown with his customary canine head and holds a
963:
The temple dedicated to her worship is located in the theatre and gymnasium district of
Pompeii. At this temple priests held two daily ceremonies. The first, celebrated before sunrise, memorialised the re-birth of Osiris while the second, celebrated in the afternoon, blessed sacred Nile water to give
1031:
and locally manufactured imitations. The
Pompeian imitations were initially quite similar to their originals however over time the portrayal of Bes was simplified resulting in a vague stick figure illustration of the Egyptian god. Other unearthed coins portray Bes with symbols such as toads or horse
960:, feature Isis, Anubis, and Serapis on one, and Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva on the other. This shrine displays a fascination with the Egyptian deities but at the same time forces Egypt to be understood in the context of Roman religion, echoing the dual nature of Egyptomania among Romans at the time.
893:
Isis was one of the central goddesses in ancient
Egyptian religion and mythology. Evidence supporting the presence of the cult of Isis can be found in Puteoli, another Campanian city, as early as the beginning of the second century BCE. The Temple of Isis in Pompeii, which can also be traced
563:
involved cult members participating in aggressive sexual promiscuity and alcohol-fuelled violence. In 186 BC the Roman senate, fearing that the unbridled nature of the festivals was a threat to public and political stability, outlawed the cult. Despite this, its practice still remained popular in
826:
In the multicultural world that was the ancient
Mediterranean, Egyptian influence is evident within Pompeiian houses from the broken pediment in wall paintings to the elevated podium in the style of the Temple of Isis. As for Egyptian techniques in Pompeiian decor, excavation of wall paintings
1018:
was a minor
Egyptian god of war, sexuality, humour and music, however predominantly he was regarded as the protector of children and pregnant women. Within ancient art, this god was commonly depicted as a monstrous dwarf with large eyes, ears and a bearded head, protruding tongue, bowlegs and
739:
that Rome underwent a period of being considerably influenced by
Egyptian culture. Under Roman rule by the 30BC, Egypt began transmitting spoils of war and new materials such as glass, papyrus, minerals and ores to Rome. This conquest and influx of goods sparked a new fascination with ancient
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plays. Its popularity expanded into the
Mediterranean where it was embraced by other Hellenistic cultures and Rome. This influence of Greek drama on Pompeii is portrayed in The House of the Faun. Uncovered within the remains of this building is a mosaic depicting two tragic
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in 28 BCE rendered the goddess definitively non-Roman, and demonstrated how uneasy the Roman governing elite were to envelop Egypt into the Roman sphere and risk a loss of identity. Regardless, the Romans needed
Egyptian imports for survival, and had little choice but to
604:) and was renowned for his superhuman strength and fantastic adventures. The House of the Garden of Hercules, located to the west of Pompeii’s Palestra, illustrates the influence of this Grecian god. Specifically, the garden of this building contained a large
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by Isis) while another depicts Isaic priests and worshippers. A Pentelic marble statue of Isis was also uncovered at this temple. Similar to
Egyptian hieroglyphics and statues, she is shown with her right foot in front of the left and holding an
968:, a celebration of Isis on March 5, included a procession to the ocean and was believed to bring blessings to people who, like many Pompeiians near the Bay of Naples, were involved in commercial trade by sea. The temple was destroyed during the
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provides further evidence. Within its reception room, on the left hand wall, an infant Hercules is depicted strangling a serpent. This fresco, painted in Fourth Style, recalls the mythological story of when Hera, enraged by Zeus’ affair with
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back to the second century BCE, marks the rise of her cult. The cult became popular among slaves, freedmen, women and later the nobility with followers believing that Isis could grant eternal life as she resurrected her slain husband (
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Tangible Religion. Materiality of Domestic Cult Practices from Antiquity to Early Modern Era, Acta Instituti Romani Finlandiae 49, eds. R. Berg, A. Coralini, A.K. Koponen, R. Välimäki, Roma: Edizioni Quasar, 2021, pp.
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of Pompeii, located in the eastern periphery of the city, adopts Greek architectural elements with its large, open colonnaded spaces. This Roman practice of constructing palaestras originates from the ancient Greek
674:
The works and writers of Greek literature held a great influence over Roman culture. Beyond impacting Roman writing itself, scenes from Greek literature have been discovered throughout Pompeii. For instance,
649:
surrounded by garlands, flowers and fruits. 15 drama masks recently rediscovered in Pompeii provide further evidence. These masks were life-sized, made of plaster and found in 1749 during a dig funded by
426:(‘Spear-Bearer’) have been found around Campania including one in Pompeii. This statue, dated 120–50 BC and made from Carrara marble, is an imitation of the bronze Greek original by the famed sculptor
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Canal in Egypt. This is due to the fact that it included a series of linked water channels and was decorated with statues, elegant stuccoed columns and marble walkways.
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of Eretria dated c. 300 BC. It mirrors the elements of traditional Hellenistic art by both emphasising visual effects and drawing to attention the emotional reaction of the fighters.
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519:, based on Greek design, featured in several of Pompeii’s private buildings and villas. A peristyle was a colonnade or covered walkway around a courtyard which enclosed a garden.
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The House of the Gilded Cupids (VI.16.7, 38) is an excellent example of the relationship between foreign deities and Roman deities in Pompeii. The house's two shrines, called
308:
Specifically, these cultures contributed to the development of Pompeii’s art, architecture and religious spheres. For instance, Greek influences can be identified in the
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Specifically, the walls of the temple are decorated with a variety of Egyptian mythological scenes. One fresco depicts the reception of lo by Isis at Canopus in Egypt.
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was uncovered in various private and public houses in Pompeii. For example, within the House of the Faun there is a table stand in the form of a sphinx. In the
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in Insulae VI have also produced several bronze coins with the figure of Bes imprinted on them. Specifically, these coins were a combination of imports from
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410:), the Three Graces fresco depicts the Graces dancing naked in a circle while holding sprigs of myrtle and wearing wreaths. The Graces (also known as the
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922:. Augustus's subsequent restoration of shrines to Isis signified that she could perhaps be welcomed into Roman religion even after her association with
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1007:. Further evidence for his worship can be drawn from the Pompeian Temple of Isis which contains a fresco depicting a priest wearing a mask of Anubis.
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depicts this architectural feature containing two peristyles: one built in the early 2nd century BC and the other in the late 2nd century BC.
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1839:"VI.16.7 Pompeii. Casa degli Amorini Dorati or House of the Golden Cupids or Domus Cn. Poppaei Habiti or House of Gnaeus Poppaeus Habitus"
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941:) can be seen in depictions of Isis-Venus, Isis-Fortuna, and even Isis-Ceres in frescos, gardens, and small objects throughout the city.
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Several non-native societies had an influence on Ancient Pompeian culture. Historians’ interpretation of artefacts, preserved by the
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pronounced genitals. Multiple portrayals of Bes have been uncovered in Pompeii. Within the Temple of Isis, on the north wall of the
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654:. The exact location of where they were unearthed is not known as they were stored with a variety of other artefacts in the Royal
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555:, the god of fertility and wine was worshipped by the Greeks. Romans called this god Bacchus. Associated with this cult was the ‘
266:
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3801:
2451:
2366:
1495:
1404:
Jashemski, Wilhelmina (1979). ""The Garden of Hercules at Pompeii" (II.viii.6): The Discovery of a Commercial Flower Garden".
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displays a series of frescoes which many historians believe to depict a woman’s initiation into the cult of Dionysus.
447:(built between 120 BC and 78 BC) was constructed in the Hellenistic style. The building featured two levels of Greek
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Egyptian culture with Romans now incorporating Egyptian art, architecture and religion into their own lives.
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Bergmann, Bettina (1994). "The Roman house as memory theater: The House of the Tragic Poet in Pompeii".
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alongside their respective armies. This mosaic is believed to be a copy of a famous Greek painting by
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heads while others depict him with a butting bull or the head of a Roman God, most commonly Apollo.
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Rome had been politically intertwined with Egypt as early as the 2nd century BC during the rule of
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deities like Osiris and Isis into their world. In Pompeii, this Romanization of Egyptian deities (
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in this artwork is surrounded by Egyptian animals (snakes and crocodiles) and motifs (such as a
332:
The origins of Greek influences on Pompeii stems from an ancient region known by the Romans as ‘
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A mosaic within the House of the Faun depicts an Egyptian Nile scene complete with crocodiles,
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4813:
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Eric M. Orlin (2008). "Octavian and Egyptian Cults: Redrawing the Boundaries of Romanness".
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2074:
1659:
Koponen, Anu Kaisa (2021-01-01). "Egyptian Cults in Pompeian Domestic Wall Paintings".
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704:
703:, the king of the Greeks. The following panel, of which only half survives, portrays
333:
316:. Examples of Egyptian influences can be found in the Nile Mosaic, garden art in the
290:
282:
5471:
5331:
4776:
4725:
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4527:
4337:
4223:
4167:
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3934:
3818:
3752:
3291:
3031:
3015:
2916:
2376:
2021:
1587:
321:
297:), which were formed in the 8th century BC. Hellenistic influences originated from
3500:
Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe
1547:
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4710:
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3535:
3419:
3323:
3286:
3278:
2932:
2833:
2431:
2408:
2266:
1732:
Bragantini, Irene (2012).“The Cult of Isis and Ancient Egyptomania in Campania.”
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as an effeminate other, made less manly and less Roman by his relationship with
915:
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732:
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452:
427:
197:
1164:
762:, hippopotamus and ibis. Egyptian flora can also be seen on this mosaic.
344:(146 BC) where plundered Greek art and architecture were brought back to Rome.
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and 18th century dig journals provide only vague details of the excavation.
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2398:
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2151:
2069:
2053:
1020:
1000:
927:
907:
728:
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609:
593:
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559:’, a Latin term for the rites or festivals of Bacchus which according to
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444:
411:
407:
74:
3587:
1981:
1281:
Hurley, Toni; Medcalf, Philippa; Murrary, Christine; Rolph, Jan (2015).
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columns rather than Roman arches to support the roof. An ancient Greek
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3310:
3161:
3114:
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2712:
2515:
2436:
2393:
2356:
2179:
2169:
2141:
1916:
1810:
1794:
Hurley, Toni; Medcalf, Philippa; Murray, Christine; Rolph, Jan (2015).
1629:
Hurley, Toni; Medcalf, Philippa; Murray, Christine; Rolph, Jan (2015).
1296:
Hurley, Toni; Medcalf, Philippa; Murray, Christine; Rolph, Jan (2015).
1222:
Hurley, Toni; Medcalf, Philippa; Murray, Christine; Rolph, Jan (2015).
957:
707:
as she steps from her homeland onto a ship which will transport her to
692:
641:
618:
3721:
1425:
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and incorporated him into their own religion under the new Roman name
5511:
5391:
5321:
5261:
5256:
5223:
4983:
4968:
4918:
4898:
4320:
4197:
4092:
3551:
3391:
Arab-Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalù and Monreale
3337:
3258:
3238:
3194:
3171:
3166:
3141:
3077:
3001:
2529:
2295:
2283:
2244:
2226:
2079:
1023:, Bes is represented seated on a chair. Excavations completed by the
988:
895:
865:
844:
is believed to represent a branch of the Nile Delta, most likely the
810:
802:
577:
406:
Discovered in the House of Titus Dentatus Panthera (on south wall of
239:
66:
1889:
670:
Achilles surrendering Briseis to Agamemnon, House of the Tragic Poet
1968:
Hobbs, Richard (2003). "Coins from the AAPP excavations, Pompeii".
1417:
640:, originally developed in Athens during the 6th century BC, Greek
5296:
5018:
4745:
4037:
3645:
3640:
3314:
3253:
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2984:
2587:
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2254:
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2184:
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992:
979:
943:
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784:
764:
715:, already in the ship, waiting for Helen, his queen, to join him.
684:
680:
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628:
605:
538:
530:
491:
461:
359:
351:
78:
1300:(3rd ed.). Victoria: Oxford University Press. pp. 9–10.
972:
but was quickly rebuilt, displaying Isis’ popularity in Pompeii.
926:. However, his restriction of the worship of Isis to outside the
5506:
5073:
5013:
4595:
3971:
3243:
898:) from the dead. Its foreignness to Romans and association with
815:
798:
708:
646:
601:
560:
456:
3725:
3591:
2936:
2488:
2025:
991:
was the Egyptian God of the dead, associated specifically with
168:
4067:
1798:(3rd ed.). Victoria: Oxford University Press. p. 55.
1633:(3rd ed.). Victoria: Oxford University Press. p. 53.
1285:(3rd ed.). Victoria: Oxford University Press. p. 43.
1226:(3rd ed.). Victoria: Oxford University Press. p. 42.
1015:
691:
seated before his tent as he involuntarily releases his lover
679:
displays a series of frescos which illustrate events from the
564:
Campania and evidence suggests Pompeii as well. For instance,
1068:. Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. pp. 22–24.
914:, Augustus engaged in an ideological campaign which labeled
312:, horse-shoe shaped theatres and Pompeii’s adoption of the
2484:
1330:. Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. p. 169.
1053:. Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. p. 180.
948:
A fresco of Isis-Fortuna from Pompeii (Shop IX.3.7). From
269:, identify that such foreign influences came largely from
3505:
Venetian Works of Defence between 15th and 17th centuries
1704:. Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. p. 23.
872:
of the Forum Baths is a brazier with sphinx shaped feet.
364:
The Three Graces mosaic, House of Titus Dentatus Panthera
459:; a freestanding colonnade which created public spaces.
782:
too portrayed an Egyptian influence on Pompeii’s art.
711:. It is believed that the lost fragment may have shown
484:, a complex similarly built for training and exercise.
285:. Greek influences were transmitted to Pompeii via the
3177:
City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto
1717:
The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddess
46:
2017:
1066:
Cambridge Checkpoints 2017-2018: HSC Ancient History
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3900:
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3441:
Longobards in Italy, Places of Power (568–774 A.D.)
3433:
3376:
3277:
3185:
3094:
2970:
2899:
2878:
2871:
2824:
2766:
2736:
2700:
2679:
2586:
2565:
2558:
2522:
2422:
2235:
2160:
2115:
2060:
860:
Table stand in the form a sphinx, House of the Faun
608:where a marble statuette of Hercules, an altar and
245:
235:
223:
215:
207:
192:
183:
179:
163:
158:
150:
142:
137:
129:
121:
84:
62:
1152:. England: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 96–97.
1719:(2nd ed.). Oxon: Routledge. pp. 79–80.
1643:Naples National Archaeological Museum (2019). “
1521:"Ancient Theater Masks Rediscovered in Pompeii"
2804:Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum
805:statue). Another fresco displays the event of
3737:
3603:
3214:Great Spa Towns of Europe - Montecatini Terme
2948:
2500:
2037:
1137:. England: John Wiley & Sons. p. 78.
1003:denoting his assimilation with the Roman god
727:, however it was during the conflict between
507:to divide the roads of the town into blocks.
382:, unearthed during an 1831 excavation of the
8:
1191:The Complete Encyclopedia of Greek Mythology
902:, especially during the transition from the
889:Fresco depicting lo and Isis, Temple of Isis
621:, sent snakes to kill their child Hercules.
503:The streetscape of Pompeii, with its use of
16:
1051:Cities of Vesuvius: Pompeii and Herculaneum
414:) were minor goddesses of Greek mythology.
4826:
4152:
3784:
3744:
3730:
3722:
3610:
3596:
3588:
3495:Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps
2955:
2941:
2933:
2875:
2562:
2507:
2493:
2485:
2044:
2030:
2022:
2018:
984:Priest with mask of Anubis, Temple of Isis
793:from Pompeii VIII.7.28 (The Temple of Isis
15:
1748:Petersen, Lauren Hackworth (2016-09-01).
1209:Museum of Classical Archaeology Database.
3656:Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park
3307:Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park
3152:Padua's fourteenth-century fresco cycles
1756::10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935390.013.128.
1347:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics
1243:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics
884:
1251:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.6088
1041:
840:The peristyle (i.e. the garden) within
596:. This hero was regarded as the son of
356:The Alexander Mosaic, House of the Faun
3037:Residences of the Royal House of Savoy
1355:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.592
1115:
1105:
633:Theatre mask mosaic, House of the Faun
2886:Naples National Archaeological Museum
2794:Erotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum
1764:
1762:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1728:
1726:
1655:
1653:
1494:Clements, Peter; Clements, Clements.
244:
234:
222:
214:
206:
191:
182:
7:
1674:Clements, Peter; Clements, Michael.
3199:Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi
2545:Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD
1752:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press.
1796:Antiquity 2: Interpreting the Past
1631:Antiquity 2: Interpreting the Past
1500:AD 79 Destruction and Re-discovery
1298:Antiquity 2: Interpreting the Past
1283:Antiquity 2: Interpreting the Past
1224:Antiquity 2: Interpreting the Past
535:Villa of Mysteries Fresco, Pompeii
14:
5689:Foreign relations of ancient Rome
1997:"Pompeii, Coins and pseudo-coins"
1680:AD 79 Destruction and Rediscovery
1203:University of Cambridge (2019). “
588:The Romans adapted the Greek god
196:Archaeological Areas of Pompeii,
3396:Archaeological Area of Agrigento
2626:House of Marcus Lucretius Fronto
2442:Heraion at the mouth of the Sele
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
1837:Dunn, Jackie; Dunn, Bob (2019).
1702:Checkpoints: HSC Ancient History
1193:. Netherlands: Rebo. p. 79.
950:Bullettino archeologico italiano
267:Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79
45:
38:
22:
3069:Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan
2367:Flavian Amphitheater (Pozzuoli)
1406:American Journal of Archaeology
1313:HTA Ancient History Study Guide
3484:Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo
3074:Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont
1588:10.1080/00043079.1994.10786585
744:Egyptian influences on Pompeii
687:. One panel displays the hero
1:
2964:World Heritage Sites in Italy
2641:House of the Prince of Naples
2550:Foreign influences on Pompeii
1770:American Journal of Philology
1447:Fox, Wendy; Rutter, Richard.
1315:. Annandale: Southwood Press.
1189:Houtzager, Houtzager (2003).
719:Origin of Egyptian influences
4316:Frontiers and fortifications
3056:Rock Drawings in Valcamonica
677:The House of the Tragic Poet
133:64 to 67 ha (170 acres)
4375:Decorations and punishments
2656:House of the Small Fountain
2651:House of the Silver Wedding
2621:House of Loreius Tiburtinus
2616:House of the Greek Epigrams
2611:The Garden of the Fugitives
1237:Tomlinson, Richard (2016).
769:The Temple of Isis, Pompeii
731:(later named Augustus) and
386:, depicts a battle between
348:Greek influences on Pompeii
5715:
5282:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
3857:historiography of the fall
2816:Pompeii in popular culture
1895:World History Encyclopedia
1816:World History Encyclopedia
1608:World History Encyclopedia
1553:World History Encyclopedia
1473:World History Encyclopedia
1311:Hurley, Toni, ed. (2007).
1211:Retrieved 30 April 2019.
1079:Shepherd, Gillian (2010).
852:Decorative use of Sphinxes
328:Origin of Greek influences
186:UNESCO World Heritage Site
5663:External wars and battles
3787:
3760:
3626:
3530:
3203:Etruscan Necropolises of
2789:Portrait of Terentius Neo
2636:House of Octavius Quartio
2311:Catacombs of San Gaudioso
2086:
1466:Cartwright, Mark (2013).
600:(the Roman equivalent of
543:Temple of Apollo, Pompeii
422:Numerous Roman copies of
305:from the 2nd century BC.
259:
255:
33:
21:
3641:Ancient remains of Capua
3302:Castel del Monte, Apulia
3064:of Piedmont and Lombardy
2666:House of the Tragic Poet
2540:AD 62 Pompeii earthquake
2316:Catacombs of San Gennaro
2190:Santa Maria Capua Vetere
2052:Archaeological sites in
1970:The Numismatic Chronicle
1750:The Places of Roman Isis
1700:Skinner, Robert (2015).
1647:". Retrieved 8 May 2019.
1326:Bradley, Pamela (2013).
1064:Skinner, Robert (2015).
1049:Bradley, Pamela (2013).
842:The House of Julia Felix
836:The House of Julia Felix
466:Large Palaestra, Pompeii
5658:Roman–Iranian relations
4133:Optimates and populares
3568:with 17 other countries
3425:Villa Romana del Casale
3415:Necropolis of Pantalica
3350:Royal Palace of Caserta
3147:Orto botanico di Padova
3138:Torre della Ghirlandina
2195:Arch of Hadrian (Capua)
1995:Hobbs, Richard (2004).
1921:Encyclopædia Britannica
1601:Wasson, Donald (2016).
1546:Wasson, Donald (2017).
652:King Charles of Bourbon
614:The House of the Vettii
612:were dedicated to him.
402:The Three Graces Fresco
5699:Pompeii (ancient city)
5668:Civil wars and revolts
4934:Sextus Pompeius Festus
4581:Conflict of the Orders
3940:Legislative assemblies
3706:Vesuvius National Park
3681:Santa Sofia, Benevento
3354:Aqueduct of Vanvitelli
3234:Piazza del Duomo, Pisa
2784:Plato's Academy mosaic
2596:House of the Centenary
2578:Villa of the Mysteries
2474:Villa Romana of Minori
1676:"House of Julia Felix"
1455:. Canis Education Ltd.
1449:"Painting of Hercules"
1150:A History of Roman Art
1135:A History of Roman Art
1025:Anglo-American Project
985:
953:
890:
861:
794:
770:
671:
634:
566:The Villa of Mysteries
544:
536:
500:
467:
365:
357:
314:Greek pantheon of gods
28:Aerial view of Pompeii
5377:Simplicius of Cilicia
5129:Quintus Curtius Rufus
4358:Siege in Ancient Rome
3967:Executive magistrates
3470:Campello sul Clitunno
3142:Piazza Grande, Modena
2891:Secret Museum, Naples
2825:Other sites destroyed
2452:Second Temple of Hera
2212:Sant'Angelo in Formis
2200:Amphitheatre of Capua
2117:Province of Benevento
1888:Mark, Joshua (2016).
1809:Mark, Joshua (2016).
1780::10.1353/ajp.0.0007.
1715:Hart, George (2005).
1148:Tuck, Steven (2015).
1133:Tuck, Steven (2015).
983:
947:
888:
859:
789:Wall painting of the
788:
768:
669:
638:Ancient Greek theatre
632:
542:
534:
521:The House of The Faun
495:
465:
363:
355:
340:(212 BC) and sack of
279:Eastern Mediterranean
106:40.75000°N 14.48611°E
5387:Stephanus Byzantinus
5292:Eusebius of Caesaria
5154:Sidonius Apollinaris
4844:Ammianus Marcellinus
4183:Tribune of the plebs
3157:Porticoes of Bologna
2774:Achilles and Briseis
2661:House of the Surgeon
2606:House of Julia Felix
2382:Macellum of Pozzuoli
2062:Province of Avellino
1525:History News Network
964:thanks to Isis. The
938:Interpretatio Romana
548:The Cult of Dionysus
392:Darius III of Persia
374:The Alexander Mosaic
318:Villa of Julia Felix
275:Hellenistic cultures
5563:Distinguished women
5214:Velleius Paterculus
5054:Nicolaus Damascenus
5034:Marcellus Empiricus
4423:Republican currency
3520:Peschiera del Garda
3466:Temple of Clitumnus
3451:Cividale del Friuli
2919:(CIL IV 8123, 8623)
2839:Villa of the Papyri
2692:Macellum of Pompeii
2671:House of the Vettii
2424:Province of Salerno
2404:Castello Barbarossa
2272:Villa of the Papyri
2162:Province of Caserta
1843:Pompeii in Pictures
1496:"House of the Faun"
1453:Pompeii Interactive
822:Domestic Decoration
584:Worship of Hercules
388:Alexander the Great
102: /
18:
5337:Phlegon of Tralles
5144:Seneca the Younger
4618:Naming conventions
4348:Personal equipment
3881:Later Roman Empire
3701:Trinità della Cava
3691:Sorrento Peninsula
3358:San Leucio Complex
2827:in the 79 eruption
2333:Macellum of Naples
2321:Crypta Neapolitana
2237:Province of Naples
2222:Trebula Balliensis
1548:"Roman Literature"
1328:Cities of Vesuvius
986:
954:
952:1 (1862), plate 4.
904:Second Triumvirate
891:
862:
809:(the transport of
795:
774:The Temple of Isis
771:
699:who guides her to
683:by the Greek poet
672:
635:
572:The Cult of Apollo
545:
537:
501:
468:
366:
358:
236:Reference no.
146:6th–7th century BC
111:40.75000; 14.48611
71:Province of Naples
54:Shown within Italy
5676:
5675:
5638:Pontifices maximi
5420:
5419:
5277:Diogenes Laërtius
5099:Pliny the Younger
4854:Asconius Pedianus
4814:Romance languages
4686:Civil engineering
4428:Imperial currency
4301:Political control
4262:
4261:
3896:
3895:
3719:
3718:
3585:
3584:
3488:Monte Sant'Angelo
3401:Barumini nuraghes
3319:Certosa di Padula
3011:Monte San Giorgio
2930:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2809:Pompeian frescoes
2762:
2761:
2754:Temple of Jupiter
2631:House of Menander
2601:House of the Faun
2573:Villa of Diomedes
2482:
2481:
2457:Tomb of the Diver
2289:Piscina Mirabilis
2260:Grotta di Cocceio
2019:
2001:World Archaeology
1364:978-0-19-938113-5
1341:Graf, F. (2015).
1260:978-0-19-938113-5
656:Palace of Portici
498:House of the Faun
496:Peristyle at the
384:House of the Faun
303:conquest of Egypt
263:
262:
5706:
5694:Social influence
5628:Magistri equitum
5543:Cities and towns
5536:
5462:Constantinopolis
5272:Diodorus Siculus
5204:Valerius Maximus
5139:Seneca the Elder
5059:Nonius Marcellus
4827:
4380:Hippika gymnasia
4343:Infantry tactics
4249:Consular tribune
4239:Magister equitum
4188:Military tribune
4153:
4113:Pontifex maximus
4108:Princeps senatus
4098:Magister militum
3864:Byzantine Empire
3785:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3723:
3636:Amalfi Cathedral
3612:
3605:
3598:
3589:
3134:Modena Cathedral
3042:Rhaetian Railway
2957:
2950:
2943:
2934:
2876:
2863:Villa Boscoreale
2779:Alexander Mosaic
2744:Temple of Apollo
2646:House of Sallust
2563:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2486:
2447:Temple of Athena
2414:Villa Boscoreale
2147:Ligures Baebiani
2110:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2023:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1943:"Temple of Isis"
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1864:"Temple of Isis"
1860:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1791:
1785:
1766:
1757:
1746:
1733:
1730:
1721:
1720:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1671:
1665:
1657:
1648:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1576:The Art Bulletin
1571:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1219:
1213:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1046:
970:62 AD earthquake
912:Battle of Actium
906:to the reign of
881:The Cult of Isis
647:theatrical masks
380:Alexander mosaic
310:Alexander Mosaic
202:Torre Annunziata
175:
172:
170:
117:
116:
114:
113:
112:
107:
103:
100:
99:
98:
95:
49:
48:
42:
26:
19:
5714:
5713:
5709:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5704:
5703:
5679:
5678:
5677:
5672:
5534:
5532:
5526:
5416:
5252:Aëtius of Amida
5233:
5219:Verrius Flaccus
5199:Valerius Antias
5159:Silius Italicus
5094:Pliny the Elder
5039:Marcus Aurelius
4914:Cornelius Nepos
4864:Aurelius Victor
4818:
4740:
4652:
4586:Secessio plebis
4557:
4432:
4384:
4258:
4212:
4142:
4024:
3976:
3892:
3813:
3774:
3756:
3750:
3720:
3715:
3622:
3616:
3586:
3581:
3526:
3429:
3386:Aeolian Islands
3372:
3368:Sassi di Matera
3343:Historic Centre
3273:
3224:Hadrian's Villa
3181:
3119:Le Colline del
3090:
2990:Historic center
2966:
2961:
2931:
2922:
2912:Pompeii Lakshmi
2895:
2867:
2826:
2820:
2799:Pompeian Styles
2758:
2732:
2696:
2675:
2582:
2554:
2518:
2513:
2483:
2478:
2418:
2231:
2156:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2084:
2056:
2050:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2005:
2003:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1952:
1950:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1898:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1872:
1870:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1847:
1845:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1821:
1819:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1767:
1760:
1747:
1736:
1731:
1724:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1684:
1682:
1673:
1672:
1668:
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1600:
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1568:
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1556:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1530:
1528:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1504:
1502:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1478:
1476:
1468:"Greek Tragedy"
1465:
1464:
1460:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1388:
1386:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1325:
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1320:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1202:
1198:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1173:
1171:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1114:
1104:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1013:
978:
966:Navigium Isidis
883:
878:
838:
833:
791:Navigium Isidis
756:
754:The Nile Mosaic
751:
746:
721:
664:
627:
586:
550:
529:
513:
490:
473:
441:
436:
420:
404:
376:
371:
350:
330:
188:
167:
110:
108:
104:
101:
96:
93:
91:
89:
88:
58:
57:
56:
55:
52:
51:
50:
29:
12:
11:
5:
5712:
5710:
5702:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5681:
5680:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
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5625:
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5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5539:
5537:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5428:
5426:
5422:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5243:
5241:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5231:
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5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5104:Pomponius Mela
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4839:Aelius Donatus
4835:
4833:
4824:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4807:Ecclesiastical
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4761:
4756:
4750:
4748:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4662:
4660:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4567:
4565:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4550:
4548:Toys and games
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4442:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4394:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4330:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4272:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4159:
4157:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4088:Vigintisexviri
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4048:Cursus honorum
4045:
4040:
4034:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3986:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3906:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3847:Western Empire
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3823:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3794:
3788:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3726:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3651:Caserta Palace
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3592:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3569:
3566:
3544:
3538:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3481:
3472:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3382:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3335:
3326:
3321:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3201:
3191:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3131:
3117:
3112:
3106:
3100:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3071:
3066:
3058:
3053:
3039:
3034:
3013:
3008:
2999:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2982:
2976:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2937:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2914:
2909:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2882:
2880:
2873:
2872:Archaeological
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2830:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2749:Temple of Isis
2746:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2718:Suburban Baths
2715:
2710:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2569:
2567:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2535:Mount Vesuvius
2532:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2489:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2434:
2428:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2372:Lucrinus Lacus
2369:
2359:
2354:
2352:Palazzo a Mare
2349:
2348:
2347:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2306:Bourbon Tunnel
2303:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2281:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2252:
2247:
2241:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2166:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2130:Arch of Trajan
2121:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2075:Aequum Tuticum
2072:
2066:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2026:
2014:
2013:
1987:
1960:
1934:
1908:
1880:
1868:Planet Pompeii
1855:
1829:
1801:
1786:
1776:(2): 231–253.
1758:
1734:
1722:
1707:
1692:
1666:
1649:
1645:Temple of Isis
1636:
1621:
1593:
1582:(2): 225–256.
1566:
1538:
1512:
1486:
1458:
1439:
1418:10.2307/504139
1412:(4): 403–411.
1396:
1370:
1363:
1333:
1318:
1303:
1288:
1273:
1259:
1229:
1214:
1196:
1181:
1165:"The Kharites"
1163:Astma, Aaron.
1155:
1140:
1125:
1116:|website=
1091:
1071:
1056:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1012:
1009:
977:
974:
882:
879:
877:
874:
837:
834:
832:
829:
807:navigum Isidis
780:Temple of Isis
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
720:
717:
663:
660:
626:
623:
585:
582:
549:
546:
528:
525:
512:
509:
489:
486:
472:
469:
440:
437:
435:
432:
419:
416:
403:
400:
375:
372:
370:
367:
349:
346:
329:
326:
299:Roman commerce
295:Southern Italy
287:Greek colonies
261:
260:
257:
256:
253:
252:
247:
243:
242:
237:
233:
232:
225:
221:
220:
217:
213:
212:
209:
205:
204:
194:
190:
189:
184:
181:
180:
177:
176:
165:
161:
160:
156:
155:
152:
148:
147:
144:
140:
139:
135:
134:
131:
127:
126:
123:
119:
118:
86:
82:
81:
64:
60:
59:
53:
44:
43:
37:
36:
35:
34:
31:
30:
27:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5711:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5529:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5423:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5240:
5236:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4994:Julius Paulus
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4929:Fabius Pictor
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4832:
4828:
4825:
4821:
4815:
4812:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4666:Amphitheatres
4664:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4655:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4403:Deforestation
4401:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4353:Siege engines
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4286:Establishment
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4217:Extraordinary
4215:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4203:Promagistrate
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3990:Twelve Tables
3988:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3810:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3759:
3754:
3747:
3742:
3740:
3735:
3733:
3728:
3727:
3724:
3712:
3711:Villa Poppaea
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
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3333:Villa Poppaea
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3249:San Gimignano
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2464:Pertosa Caves
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2387:Portus Julius
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2345:Villa Poppaea
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2135:Roman Theatre
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2024:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1988:
1983:
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1964:
1961:
1948:
1947:Lonely Planet
1944:
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1603:"Roman Egypt"
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1169:Theoi Project
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1092:9780195170726
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1082:Magna Graecia
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993:mummification
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864:The Egyptian
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737:Cleopatra VII
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334:Magna Graecia
327:
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291:Magna Graecia
288:
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268:
258:
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251:
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241:
238:
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210:
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199:
195:
193:Official name
187:
178:
174:
171:.pompeiisites
166:
162:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
115:
87:
83:
80:
76:
72:
68:
65:
61:
41:
32:
25:
20:
5608:Institutions
5472:Leptis Magna
5425:Major cities
5332:Philostratus
5119:Quadrigarius
4939:Rufus Festus
4802:Contemporary
4523:Romanization
4446:Architecture
4053:Collegiality
3902:Constitution
3753:Ancient Rome
3456:Castelseprio
3292:Amalfi Coast
3269:Villa d'Este
3061:
3032:Cinque Terre
3016:Porto Venere
2917:Sator Square
2728:Theatre Area
2708:Amphitheatre
2701:Recreational
2687:Aqua Augusta
2549:
2377:Lake Avernus
2301:Aqua Augusta
2004:. Retrieved
2000:
1990:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1951:. Retrieved
1946:
1937:
1925:. Retrieved
1920:
1911:
1899:. Retrieved
1893:
1883:
1871:. Retrieved
1867:
1858:
1846:. Retrieved
1842:
1832:
1820:. Retrieved
1814:
1804:
1795:
1789:
1773:
1769:
1749:
1716:
1710:
1701:
1695:
1683:. Retrieved
1679:
1669:
1660:
1639:
1630:
1624:
1612:. Retrieved
1606:
1596:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1557:. Retrieved
1551:
1541:
1529:. Retrieved
1524:
1515:
1503:. Retrieved
1499:
1489:
1477:. Retrieved
1471:
1461:
1452:
1442:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1387:. Retrieved
1382:
1373:
1346:
1336:
1327:
1321:
1312:
1306:
1297:
1291:
1282:
1276:
1264:. Retrieved
1242:
1232:
1223:
1217:
1208:
1199:
1190:
1184:
1172:. Retrieved
1168:
1158:
1149:
1143:
1134:
1128:
1096:. Retrieved
1081:
1074:
1065:
1059:
1050:
1044:
1014:
987:
962:
955:
949:
936:
892:
863:
851:
850:
839:
831:Architecture
825:
821:
820:
796:
777:
773:
772:
757:
722:
673:
636:
587:
575:
571:
570:
551:
514:
502:
488:Streetscapes
474:
442:
434:Architecture
421:
405:
377:
331:
322:Cult of Isis
307:
301:, and later
281:, including
264:
5603:Geographers
5287:Dioscorides
5267:Cassius Dio
4889:Cassiodorus
4792:Renaissance
4398:Agriculture
4370:Auxiliaries
4311:Engineering
4148:Magistrates
4000:Citizenship
3995:Mos maiorum
3930:Late Empire
3666:Herculaneum
3564:Switzerland
3536:Switzerland
3486:located at
3477:located at
3475:Santa Sofia
3468:located at
3434:Countrywide
3420:Val di Noto
3324:Herculaneum
3287:Alberobello
3264:Val d'Orcia
3062:Sacri Monti
2834:Herculaneum
2432:Monte Pruno
2409:Villa Jovis
2267:Herculaneum
1976:: 377–379.
1383:History.com
916:Mark Antony
733:Mark Antony
576:Worship of
557:bacchanalia
428:Polykleitos
227:1997 (21st
198:Herculaneum
109: /
85:Coordinates
5683:Categories
5492:Mediolanum
5432:Alexandria
5397:Themistius
5362:Porphyrius
5189:Tertullian
5124:Quintilian
5114:Propertius
5009:Lactantius
4959:Fulgentius
4894:Censorinus
4716:Sanitation
4701:Metallurgy
4658:Technology
4623:Demography
4571:Patricians
4538:Spectacles
4496:Literature
4491:Hairstyles
4328:Technology
4078:Praefectus
4030:Government
4020:Litigation
4005:Auctoritas
3950:Centuriate
3837:Principate
3832:Pax Romana
3792:Foundation
3661:Faraglioni
3577:Montenegro
3406:Mount Etna
3297:Appian Way
3125:Conegliano
3086:Monferrato
3052:Landscapes
3006:Sabbioneta
2907:CIL 4.5296
1784:1086-3168.
1379:"Hercules"
1205:Doryphoros
1036:References
933:syncretize
870:Tepidarium
725:Ptolemy VI
662:Literature
475:The Large
449:Corinthian
443:Pompeii’s
424:Doryphoros
418:Doryphoros
396:Philoxenos
224:Designated
219:iii, iv, v
159:Site notes
125:Settlement
97:14°29′10″E
5648:Quaestors
5578:Empresses
5568:Dynasties
5558:Dictators
5533:and other
5522:Volubilis
5517:Vindobona
5477:Londinium
5402:Theodoret
5372:Procopius
5352:Polyaenus
5327:Pausanias
5229:Vitruvius
5174:Symmachus
5169:Suetonius
5079:Petronius
5064:Obsequens
5029:Macrobius
5024:Lucretius
4949:Frontinus
4924:Eutropius
4909:Columella
4859:Augustine
4849:Appuleius
4797:Neo-Latin
4772:Classical
4763:Versions
4671:Aqueducts
4613:Patronage
4533:Sexuality
4506:Mythology
4481:Education
4471:Cosmetics
4296:Campaigns
4291:Structure
4244:Decemviri
4103:Imperator
3802:overthrow
3686:Solfatara
3540:with the
3515:Palmanova
3479:Benevento
3209:Tarquinia
3205:Cerveteri
3110:Dolomites
3096:Northeast
2972:Northwest
2900:Artefacts
2559:Buildings
2207:Casilinum
2125:Benevento
1434:191363595
1118:ignored (
1108:cite book
1021:Sacrarium
997:afterlife
924:Cleopatra
920:Cleopatra
900:Cleopatra
760:ichneumon
701:Agamemnon
697:Patroclus
517:peristyle
511:Peristyle
482:gymnasium
477:Palaestra
471:Palaestra
412:Charities
151:Abandoned
94:40°45′0″N
5653:Tribunes
5643:Praetors
5593:Generals
5573:Emperors
5482:Lugdunum
5467:Eboracum
5457:Carthage
5442:Aquileia
5357:Polybius
5347:Plutarch
5317:Libanius
5307:Josephus
5302:Herodian
5194:Tibullus
5109:Priscian
5084:Phaedrus
5044:Manilius
4989:Jordanes
4974:Hydatius
4904:Claudian
4884:Catullus
4874:Boëthius
4869:Ausonius
4787:Medieval
4759:Alphabet
4731:Theatres
4706:Numerals
4691:Concrete
4681:Circuses
4648:Bagaudae
4638:Adoption
4633:Marriage
4606:Assembly
4511:Religion
4486:Folklore
4466:Clothing
4461:Calendar
4418:Currency
4408:Commerce
4306:Strategy
4268:Military
4254:Triumvir
4234:Dictator
4229:Interrex
4208:Governor
4193:Quaestor
4156:Ordinary
4138:Province
4128:Tetrarch
4118:Augustus
4083:Vicarius
4073:Officium
4010:Imperium
3960:Plebeian
3920:Republic
3842:Dominate
3809:Republic
3770:Timeline
3631:Aeclanum
3620:Campania
3560:Slovenia
3542:Holy See
3411:Syracuse
3329:Oplontis
3219:Florence
3121:Prosecco
3104:Aquileia
3020:Palmaria
2846:Oplontis
2399:Suessula
2362:Pozzuoli
2340:Oplontis
2279:Liternum
2217:Sinuessa
2152:Saticula
2070:Aeclanum
2054:Campania
1982:42667186
1811:"Anubis"
1685:29 April
1343:"Apollo"
1001:caduceus
995:and the
928:pomerium
908:Augustus
876:Religion
729:Octavian
689:Achilles
610:aedicula
606:lararium
594:Hercules
590:Heracles
553:Dionysus
527:Religion
445:Basilica
439:Basilica
408:tablinum
338:Syracuse
320:and the
216:Criteria
211:Cultural
75:Campania
63:Location
5623:Legions
5583:Fiction
5553:Consuls
5548:Climate
5502:Ravenna
5497:Pompeii
5487:Lutetia
5452:Bononia
5447:Berytus
5437:Antioch
5412:Zosimus
5407:Zonaras
5382:Sozomen
5367:Priscus
5342:Photius
5184:Terence
5179:Tacitus
5164:Statius
5149:Servius
5134:Sallust
5089:Plautus
5069:Orosius
5049:Martial
5004:Juvenal
4979:Hyginus
4964:Gellius
4823:Writers
4754:History
4736:Thermae
4726:Temples
4676:Bridges
4643:Slavery
4591:Equites
4563:Society
4543:Theatre
4516:Deities
4476:Cuisine
4456:Bathing
4438:Culture
4413:Finance
4390:Economy
4281:Borders
4276:History
4178:Tribune
4173:Praetor
4063:Legatus
4058:Emperor
3945:Curiate
3915:Kingdom
3910:History
3886:History
3869:decline
3827:History
3797:Kingdom
3780:History
3765:Outline
3696:Stabiae
3676:Pompeii
3671:Paestum
3573:Croatia
3556:Germany
3548:Austria
3510:Bergamo
3461:Spoleto
3446:Brescia
3378:Islands
3363:Pompeii
3311:Paestum
3187:Central
3162:Ravenna
3115:Ferrara
3050:Bernina
3044:in the
3028:Tinetto
2879:Museums
2858:Stabiae
2737:Temples
2713:Lupanar
2523:History
2516:Pompeii
2437:Paestum
2394:Stabiae
2357:Pompeii
2180:Calatia
2170:Allifae
2142:Caudium
1662:177-208
1005:Mercury
958:lararia
846:Canopus
693:Briseis
642:tragedy
619:Alcmene
598:Jupiter
505:insulae
342:Corinth
277:of the
229:session
164:Website
143:Founded
138:History
17:Pompeii
5633:Nomina
5618:Legacy
5598:Gentes
5535:topics
5531:Lists
5512:Smyrna
5392:Strabo
5322:Lucian
5312:Julian
5262:Arrian
5257:Appian
5247:Aelian
5224:Vergil
4999:Justin
4984:Jerome
4969:Horace
4954:Fronto
4944:Florus
4919:Ennius
4899:Cicero
4879:Caesar
4777:Vulgar
4601:Tribes
4528:Romans
4338:Legion
4321:castra
4198:Aedile
4168:Censor
4163:Consul
4123:Caesar
4093:Lictor
4015:Status
3955:Tribal
3935:Senate
3925:Empire
3819:Empire
3755:topics
3562:, and
3552:France
3338:Naples
3259:Urbino
3239:Pienza
3195:Assisi
3172:Verona
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3078:Langhe
3046:Albula
3002:Mantua
2680:Public
2566:Villas
2530:Pompei
2296:Naples
2284:Miseno
2245:Atella
2227:Vescia
2175:Ausona
2080:Compsa
2006:27 May
1980:
1953:27 May
1949:. 2019
1927:27 May
1923:. 2019
1901:27 May
1873:25 May
1848:26 May
1822:25 May
1559:27 May
1531:27 May
1527:. 2009
1505:25 May
1479:24 May
1432:
1426:504139
1424:
1389:27 May
1385:. 2018
1361:
1266:10 May
1257:
1239:"Stoa"
1089:
1029:Ebusus
989:Anubis
976:Anubis
896:Osiris
866:sphinx
811:Osiris
803:sphinx
578:Apollo
250:Europe
246:Region
200:, and
67:Pompei
5297:Galen
5239:Greek
5209:Varro
5019:Lucan
4831:Latin
4746:Latin
4721:Ships
4711:Roads
4696:Domes
4628:Women
4576:Plebs
4501:Music
4043:Forum
4038:Curia
3646:Cumae
3571:with
3546:with
3534:with
3315:Velia
3279:South
3254:Siena
3082:Roero
2997:Ivrea
2985:Genoa
2588:Domus
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2255:Cumae
2250:Baiae
2185:Cales
1978:JSTOR
1917:"Bes"
1890:"Bes"
1614:9 May
1430:S2CID
1422:JSTOR
1174:1 May
1098:3 May
713:Paris
705:Helen
685:Homer
681:Iliad
625:Drama
453:Ionic
283:Egypt
271:Greek
154:AD 79
79:Italy
5613:Laws
5588:Film
5507:Roma
5074:Ovid
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4782:Late
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4365:Navy
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3972:SPQR
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3356:and
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3026:and
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3004:and
2008:2019
1955:2019
1929:2019
1903:2019
1875:2019
1850:2019
1824:2019
1782:ISSN
1687:2019
1616:2019
1561:2019
1533:2019
1507:2019
1481:2019
1391:2019
1359:ISBN
1268:2019
1255:ISBN
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1120:help
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515:The
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173:.org
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122:Type
4767:Old
4451:Art
4224:Rex
4068:Dux
3982:Law
3123:di
2767:Art
1974:163
1778:doi
1774:129
1754:doi
1584:doi
1414:doi
1351:doi
1247:doi
1207:,”
1016:Bes
1011:Bes
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749:Art
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369:Art
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