272:
803:
652:
1017:
1248:
920:
730:
439:
168:
547:
1471:
633:. The arrow is perhaps the first lethal projectile ever described in discussion of ballistics. A string joins the two ends and when the string is drawn back, the ends of the stick are flexed. When the string is released, the potential energy of the flexed stick is transformed into the velocity of the arrow.
764:
or compressed and stored by mechanical means, operating on the projectile inside an open-ended tube in the fashion of a piston. The confined gas accelerates the movable projectile down the length of the tube imparting sufficient velocity to sustain the projectile's travel once the action of the gas
614:
is placed in the pouch. The middle finger or thumb is placed through a loop on the end of one cord, and a tab at the end of the other cord is placed between the thumb and forefinger. The sling is swung in an arc, and the tab released at a precise moment. This frees the projectile to fly to the
557:
Throwing is the launching of a projectile by hand. Although some other animals can throw, humans are unusually good throwers due to their high dexterity and good timing capabilities, and it is believed that this is an evolved trait. Evidence of human throwing dates back 2 million years. The
290:), dating to c. 280,000 years ago, were found in Ethiopia, present day-East-Africa. The oldest evidence of the use of bows to shoot arrows dates to about 10,000 years ago; it is based on pinewood arrows found in the Ahrensburg valley north of
38:
1164:
1269:
Forensic ballistics involves analysis of bullets and bullet impacts to determine information of use to a court or other part of a legal system. Separately from ballistics information, firearm and tool mark examinations
1140:
Transitional ballistics, also known as intermediate ballistics, is the study of a projectile's behavior from the time it leaves the muzzle until the pressure behind the projectile is equalized, so it lies between
1366:
765:
ceases at the end of the tube or muzzle. Alternatively, acceleration via electromagnetic field generation may be employed in which case the tube may be dispensed with and a guide rail substituted.
906:. Chemical rockets store a large amount of energy in an easily released form, and can be very dangerous. However, careful design, testing, construction and use minimizes risks.
1168:
1167:
1028:. A photo of a Smith & Wesson revolver firing, taken with an ultra high speed air-gap flash. Using this sub-microsecond flash, the bullet can be imaged without motion blur.
1169:
41:
Trajectories of three objects thrown at the same angle (70°). The black object does not experience any form of drag and moves along a parabola. The blue object experiences
2120:
271:
663:. The catapult has been used since ancient times, because it was proven to be one of the most effective mechanisms during warfare. The word "catapult" comes from the
1885:
659:
A catapult is a device used to launch a projectile a great distance without the aid of explosive devices – particularly various types of ancient and medieval
2378:
340:
1869:
1274:") involve analyzing firearm, ammunition, and tool mark evidence in order to establish whether a certain firearm or tool was used in the commission of a crime.
2148:
849:
While comparatively inefficient for low speed use, rockets are relatively lightweight and powerful, capable of generating large accelerations and of attaining
760:. The means of projection varies according to design but is usually effected by the action of gas pressure, either produced through the rapid combustion of a
1166:
2467:
335:
in 1638, using the principle to derive the parabolic form of the ballistic trajectory. Ballistics was put on a solid scientific and mathematical basis by
294:. They had shallow grooves on the base, indicating that they were shot from a bow. The oldest bow so far recovered is about 8,000 years old, found in the
1625:
1308:
860:. Significant scientific, interplanetary and industrial use did not occur until the 20th century, when rocketry was the enabling technology for the
1537:
Ballistics in the
Seventeenth Century: A Study in the Relations of Science and War with Reference Principally to England, CUP Archive, 1952, p. 36
752:
or other material. The projectile may be solid, liquid, gas, or energy and may be free, as with bullets and artillery shells, or captive as with
2346:
2081:
2110:
2061:
1980:
1938:
343:
in 1687. This gave mathematical laws of motion and gravity which for the first time made it possible to successfully predict trajectories.
2141:
1515:
1003:
522:
315:
After millennia of empirical development, the discipline of ballistics was initially studied and developed by
Italian mathematician
312:
around 1000 AD, and by the 12th century the technology was spreading through the rest of Asia, and into Europe by the 13th century.
251:
1165:
1902:
1965:
1962:
1210:
However, external ballistics is also concerned with the free-flight of rockets and other projectiles, such as balls, arrows etc.
2016:
2294:
2105:
941:
460:
324:
189:
1991:
1450:
984:
503:
319:
in 1531, although he continued to use segments of straight-line motion, conventions established by the Greek philosopher
232:
2134:
1997:
1264:
1231:
Terminal ballistics is relevant both for small caliber projectiles as well as for large caliber projectiles (fired from
956:
475:
204:
2431:
1866:
1346:
937:
456:
302:
185:
28:
1428:
2262:
2235:
1910:, Engineering Design Handbook: Ballistics Series, United States Army Materiel Command, AMCP 706-150, archived from
1304:
963:
482:
211:
84:
or the like; the science or art of designing and accelerating projectiles so as to achieve a desired performance.
902:
are the most common type of high performance rocket and they typically create their exhaust by the combustion of
2368:
1494:
McEwen E, Bergman R, Miller C. Early bow design and construction. Scientific
American 1991 vol. 264, pp. 76–82.
1271:
1929:
The art of the catapult: build Greek ballista, Roman onagers, English trebuchets, and more ancient artillery
1351:
1200:
1180:
External ballistics is the part of the science of ballistics that deals with the behaviour of a non-powered
1135:
970:
930:
489:
449:
218:
178:
1367:
Know Your Ammo, Paul F. Kisak "Know Your Ammo !" - The
Ballistics & Technical Design of Ammunition
2452:
2314:
1621:
1176:
image of a bullet travelling in free-flight demonstrating the air pressure dynamics surrounding the bullet
1021:
286:
The oldest evidence of stone-tipped projectiles, which may or may not have been propelled by a bow (c.f.
275:
2457:
2426:
2289:
2210:
1376:
952:
471:
200:
2416:
2240:
2200:
1326:
807:
781:
777:
574:
316:
2488:
2391:
2250:
2245:
2230:
2205:
2182:
2158:
1386:
1292:
1219:
1204:
1158:
1146:
1142:
1071:
853:
with reasonable efficiency. Rockets are not reliant on the atmosphere and work very well in space.
651:
395:
151:
139:
1254: – Astrodynamic calculations have permitted spacecraft to travel to and return from the Moon.
1235:). The study of extremely high velocity impacts is still very new and is as yet mostly applied to
802:
2447:
2324:
2319:
2272:
846:. Rocket engines push rockets forward simply by throwing their exhaust backwards extremely fast.
843:
418:
1076:
Internal ballistics (also interior ballistics), a sub-field of ballistics, is the study of the
2462:
2411:
2356:
2336:
2222:
2077:
2057:
1976:
1944:
1934:
1922:
1854:
1511:
1391:
1361:
1283:
1025:
903:
893:
889:
559:
332:
123:
100:
2031:
562:
can throw things, which is about 20 mph. This ability reflects the ability of the human
2401:
2341:
2267:
1557:
1505:
1406:
1381:
1341:
769:
733:
309:
131:
2101:
1802:
2421:
2331:
2277:
2177:
1873:
1651:
1454:
1432:
1371:
1356:
1336:
1016:
850:
387:
42:
977:
496:
225:
2351:
2306:
2284:
2172:
1911:
1830:
1396:
1247:
881:
712:
586:
265:
143:
46:
95:
which can be subject to forces such as the forces exerted by pressurized gases from a
2482:
1886:
Terminal
Ballistics Test and Analysis Guidelines for the Penetration Mechanics Branch
1123:
899:
877:
835:
673:
624:
391:
351:
287:
77:
69:
2022:
1600:
2386:
660:
336:
147:
104:
17:
1927:
629:
A bow is a flexible piece of material which shoots aerodynamic projectiles called
327:, but with the innovation that he connected the straight lines by a circular arc.
2071:
2051:
2001:
558:
90 mph throwing speed found in many athletes far exceeds the speed at which
2032:"Diodor von Sizilien 14,42,1 und die Erfindung der Artillerie im Mittelmeerraum"
1546:
Niccolo' Tartaglia, Nova
Scientia, 1537. (a treatise on gunnery and ballistics).
919:
729:
438:
167:
1804:
FM 6-40 Tactics, Techniques, and
Procedures for Field Artillery Manual Cannonry
546:
2406:
2396:
1580:
1401:
1300:
1236:
1225:
1196:
1181:
1096:
1092:
1081:
1077:
1052:
856:
Rockets for military and recreational uses date back to at least 13th century
839:
819:
761:
749:
596:
399:
373:
295:
135:
96:
65:
2257:
2126:
1948:
1251:
1232:
1173:
1122:
propelled projectiles, internal ballistics covers the period during which a
1112:
885:
869:
865:
861:
320:
57:
1447:
37:
1570:
Nolte, David D. Galileo
Unbound (Oxford University Press, 2018) pp. 39–63.
1425:
1656:
1330:
1100:
823:
773:
646:
563:
550:
541:
264:
The earliest known ballistic projectiles were stones and spears, and the
134:
only during the relatively brief initial phase of powered flight and the
116:
92:
1188:
944: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
827:
815:
757:
634:
463: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
328:
291:
192: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
127:
112:
108:
2361:
1472:"Oldest Javelins Predate Modern Humans, Raise Questions on Evolution"
1321:
1296:
1192:
1119:
1108:
873:
831:
797:
745:
706:
694:
682:
592:
570:
566:
422:
414:
359:
81:
73:
61:
1311:. It is a core discipline within space mission design and control.
1032:
Ballistics is often broken down into the following four categories:
386:. Although any object in motion through space (for example a thrown
1246:
1224:
Terminal ballistics is the study of the behavior and effects of a
1162:
1104:
1015:
857:
801:
753:
728:
664:
650:
630:
545:
410:
383:
379:
270:
36:
1061:
the study of the projectile and its effects as it ends its flight
406:
2130:
1045:
the study of projectiles as they transition to unpowered flight
1767:
The
Chambers Dictionary, Allied Chambers - 1998, "gun", p. 717
1088:
1039:
the study of the processes originally accelerating projectiles
913:
724:
432:
161:
2076:(7th ed.), CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform,
842:
carried within the rocket before use. Rocket engines work by
700:
688:
676:
354:
1857:
at
Encyclopædia Britannica Online, Accessed April 27, 2009
1303:. The motion of these objects is usually calculated from
2115:
1191:, and deals with the unpowered free-flight phase of the
2096:
301:
Archery seems to have arrived in the Americas with the
2039:
Frankfurter Elektronische Rundschau zur Altertumskunde
711:), "to toss, to hurl". Catapults were invented by the
390:) is a projectile, the term most commonly refers to a
1436:
Technology Museum of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece/
1103:
and users of firearms of all types, from small-bore
2440:
2377:
2305:
2221:
2193:
2165:
2056:(5th ed.), Chichester: John Wiley & Sons,
1993:
Rockets in Ancient Times (100 B.C. to 17th Century)
1788:
1295:to the practical problems concerning the motion of
1099:. The study of internal ballistics is important to
1926:
1199:and before it hits the target, so it lies between
1187:External ballistics is frequently associated with
637:is the art or sport of shooting arrows from bows.
1973:Greek and Roman Artillery: Historical Development
308:The first devices identified as guns appeared in
1051:the study of the passage of the projectile (the
838:. Rocket engine exhaust is formed entirely from
2097:Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners
2142:
1091:internal ballistics covers the time from the
8:
1743:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1095:'s ignition until the projectile exits the
667:
341:Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica
2149:
2135:
2127:
2111:Forensic Firearms and Tool Marks Time Line
610:in the middle of two lengths of cord. The
378:A projectile is any object projected into
2121:The Bullet's Flight from Powder to Target
1695:
1004:Learn how and when to remove this message
523:Learn how and when to remove this message
252:Learn how and when to remove this message
1719:
1707:
577:until it is needed to propel an object.
138:is subsequently governed by the laws of
1817:
1755:
1418:
2347:Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
2123: – Franklin Weston Mann
1955:Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert,
1776:
1731:
748:or other device designed to discharge
1867:Physics 001 The Science of Ballistics
1309:Newton's law of universal gravitation
1291:is the application of ballistics and
7:
2021:(definition), Oxford, archived from
942:adding citations to reliable sources
461:adding citations to reliable sources
382:(empty or not) by the exertion of a
190:adding citations to reliable sources
34:Science of the motion of projectiles
2030:Schellenberg, Hans Michael (2006),
1628:from the original on 31 August 2010
2106:The Wolfram Demonstrations Project
1652:Origins of human throwing unlocked
25:
1933:, Chicago: Chicago Review Press,
142:; in contrast to (for example) a
2116:International Ballistics Society
1020:Ballistics can be studied using
918:
595:typically used to throw a blunt
437:
405:Examples of projectiles include
166:
150:guided in powered flight like a
64:behaviour and impact effects of
2468:Timeline of physics discoveries
929:needs additional citations for
672:, which in turn comes from the
655:Catapult 1 Mercato San Severino
600:
599:such as a stone, clay or lead "
448:needs additional citations for
398:are used to analyze projectile
177:needs additional citations for
2000:History Office, archived from
1971:Marsden, Eric William (1969),
1622:"Aroldis Chapman hits 105 mph"
606:A sling has a small cradle or
60:concerned with the launching,
1:
740:fires a full broadside, 1984.
331:established the principle of
1998:Marshall Space Flight Center
1990:MSFC History Office (2000),
1959:(definition), Perseus, Tufts
1470:Choi, Charles (2013-12-27).
1265:Forensic firearm examination
744:A gun is a normally tubular
707:
695:
683:
360:
2432:Quantum information science
1904:Interior Ballistics of Guns
1347:Bloodstain pattern analysis
868:. Rockets are now used for
303:Arctic small tool tradition
91:is a free-moving body with
29:Ballistics (disambiguation)
2505:
2263:Classical electromagnetism
2053:Rocket Propulsion Elements
1831:"Definition of BALLISTICS"
1801:U.S. Marine Corps (1996).
1620:Pepin, Matt (2010-08-26).
1431:December 26, 2008, at the
1377:Microscopes and ballistics
1281:
1262:
1217:
1156:
1133:
1069:
795:
722:
701:
689:
677:
644:
622:
584:
553:throws can exceed 100 mph.
539:
371:
355:
339:, with the publication of
26:
1901:US Army (February 1965),
1807:. Department of the Army.
1527:– via Google Books.
1228:when it hits its target.
305:, about 4,500 years ago.
2369:Condensed matter physics
1789:MSFC History Office 2000
1684:Encyclopaedia of Archery
1671:Encyclopaedia of Archery
1426:"Archytas of Tar entum."
1272:ballistic fingerprinting
866:setting foot on the Moon
780:of ballistics to design
591:A sling is a projectile
2050:Sutton, George (2001),
1957:A Greek-English Lexicon
1835:www.merriam-webster.com
1510:. Lerner Publications.
1504:Herbst, Judith (2005).
1438:Retrieved: May 6, 2012.
1352:Circular error probable
1305:Newton's laws of motion
1201:transitional ballistics
1136:Transitional ballistics
1130:Transitional ballistics
45:, and the green object
2453:Nobel Prize in Physics
2315:Relativistic mechanics
2102:Ballistic Trajectories
1561:, Leiden, 1638, p. 249
1507:The History of Weapons
1460:Retrieved May 6, 2012.
1255:
1177:
1029:
1022:high-speed photography
811:
741:
668:
656:
554:
364:, meaning "to throw".
283:
158:History and prehistory
50:
2458:Philosophy of physics
1975:, Oxford: Clarendon,
1917:on September 24, 2020
1876:accessed Apr 27, 2009
1581:"The free Dictionary"
1250:
1172:
1126:is providing thrust.
1043:Transition ballistics
1019:
851:extremely high speeds
805:
778:scientific principles
732:
654:
549:
280:Del calcolo balistico
274:
40:
2417:Mathematical physics
2070:Kisak, Paul (2015),
1650:Melissa Hogenboom, "
1327:Ballistic conduction
938:improve this article
808:Falcon 9 Full Thrust
457:improve this article
429:Projectile launchers
186:improve this article
27:For other uses, see
2392:Atmospheric physics
2231:Classical mechanics
2159:branches of physics
1720:Liddell & Scott
1708:Liddell & Scott
1476:National Geographic
1387:Physics of firearms
1293:celestial mechanics
1259:Forensic ballistics
1220:Terminal ballistics
1214:Terminal ballistics
1205:terminal ballistics
1195:after it exits the
1159:External ballistics
1153:External ballistics
1147:external ballistics
1143:internal ballistics
1072:Internal ballistics
1066:Internal ballistics
1059:Terminal ballistics
1049:External ballistics
1037:Internal ballistics
844:action and reaction
784:are often called a
396:equations of motion
276:Gaetano Marzagaglia
152:fixed-wing aircraft
140:classical mechanics
18:Forensic ballistics
2448:History of physics
2083:978-1-518-634-57-4
1923:Gurstelle, William
1872:2012-02-22 at the
1453:2002-12-05 at the
1448:"Ancient history."
1256:
1178:
1030:
1026:high-speed cameras
812:
742:
699:), "against” and
657:
555:
298:swamp in Denmark.
284:
72:munitions such as
51:
2476:
2475:
2463:Physics education
2412:Materials science
2379:Interdisciplinary
2337:Quantum mechanics
2063:978-0-471-32642-7
1982:978-0-19-814268-3
1940:978-1-55652-526-1
1758:, pp. 48–64.
1746:, pp. 14–23.
1744:Schellenberg 2006
1555:Galileo Galilei,
1392:Projectile motion
1362:Hydrostatic shock
1284:Orbital mechanics
1170:
1014:
1013:
1006:
988:
904:rocket propellant
894:space exploration
890:human spaceflight
533:
532:
525:
507:
317:Niccolò Tartaglia
262:
261:
254:
236:
124:ballistic missile
101:propelling nozzle
16:(Redirected from
2496:
2402:Chemical physics
2342:Particle physics
2268:Classical optics
2151:
2144:
2137:
2128:
2104:by Jeff Bryant,
2086:
2066:
2046:
2036:
2026:
2011:
2010:
2009:
1985:
1960:
1951:
1932:
1918:
1916:
1909:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1680:
1674:
1667:
1661:
1648:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1601:"Dictionary.com"
1597:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1562:
1558:Two New Sciences
1553:
1547:
1544:
1538:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1467:
1461:
1445:
1439:
1423:
1407:Vaporific effect
1382:Peter Bielkowicz
1342:Ballistic trauma
1171:
1009:
1002:
998:
995:
989:
987:
946:
922:
914:
900:Chemical rockets
776:who applies the
770:weapons engineer
758:whaling harpoons
710:
704:
703:
698:
692:
691:
686:
680:
679:
671:
528:
521:
517:
514:
508:
506:
465:
441:
433:
419:artillery shells
363:
358:
357:
325:Albert of Saxony
257:
250:
246:
243:
237:
235:
194:
170:
162:
56:is the field of
21:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2436:
2422:Medical physics
2373:
2332:Nuclear physics
2301:
2295:Non-equilibrium
2217:
2189:
2161:
2155:
2093:
2084:
2073:Know Your Ammo.
2069:
2064:
2049:
2034:
2029:
2025:on July 7, 2011
2014:
2007:
2005:
1989:
1983:
1970:
1954:
1941:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1897:
1892:
1884:
1880:
1874:Wayback Machine
1865:
1861:
1853:
1849:
1839:
1837:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1816:
1812:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1754:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1681:
1677:
1668:
1664:
1660:(26 June 2013).
1649:
1640:
1631:
1629:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1480:
1478:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1455:Wayback Machine
1446:
1442:
1433:Wayback Machine
1424:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1372:L.T.E. Thompson
1357:Gunshot residue
1337:Ballistic limit
1317:
1286:
1280:
1267:
1261:
1245:
1222:
1216:
1163:
1161:
1155:
1138:
1132:
1111:, to high-tech
1074:
1068:
1010:
999:
993:
990:
947:
945:
935:
923:
912:
884:for artificial
882:launch vehicles
800:
794:
727:
721:
687:), itself from
649:
643:
627:
621:
589:
583:
544:
538:
529:
518:
512:
509:
466:
464:
454:
442:
431:
394:. Mathematical
376:
370:
350:comes from the
333:compound motion
258:
247:
241:
238:
195:
193:
183:
171:
160:
148:aerodynamically
119:during flight.
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2502:
2500:
2492:
2491:
2481:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2383:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2311:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2285:Thermodynamics
2282:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2227:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2203:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2099:
2092:
2091:External links
2089:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2067:
2062:
2047:
2027:
2012:
1987:
1981:
1968:
1952:
1939:
1919:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1878:
1859:
1847:
1822:
1820:, pp. 1–2
1810:
1793:
1781:
1769:
1760:
1748:
1736:
1724:
1712:
1700:
1696:Gurstelle 2004
1688:
1675:
1662:
1638:
1624:. Boston.com.
1612:
1592:
1572:
1563:
1548:
1539:
1530:
1516:
1496:
1487:
1462:
1440:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1397:Stopping power
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1324:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1282:Main article:
1279:
1276:
1263:Main article:
1260:
1257:
1244:
1241:
1218:Main article:
1215:
1212:
1157:Main article:
1154:
1151:
1134:Main article:
1131:
1128:
1070:Main article:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1056:
1046:
1040:
1012:
1011:
994:September 2021
926:
924:
917:
911:
908:
878:ejection seats
814:A rocket is a
796:Main article:
793:
790:
723:Main article:
720:
717:
713:ancient Greeks
645:Main article:
642:
639:
623:Main article:
620:
617:
587:Sling (weapon)
585:Main article:
582:
579:
540:Main article:
537:
534:
531:
530:
513:September 2021
445:
443:
436:
430:
427:
372:Main article:
369:
366:
266:throwing stick
260:
259:
242:September 2021
174:
172:
165:
159:
156:
144:cruise missile
89:ballistic body
78:unguided bombs
47:Newtonian drag
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2501:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2427:Ocean physics
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2362:Modern optics
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2212:
2211:Computational
2209:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2152:
2147:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2013:
2004:on 2009-07-09
2003:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1958:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1848:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1811:
1806:
1805:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1613:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1582:
1576:
1573:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1552:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1519:
1517:9780822538059
1513:
1509:
1508:
1500:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1422:
1419:
1413:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1289:Astrodynamics
1285:
1278:Astrodynamics
1277:
1275:
1273:
1266:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1221:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1175:
1160:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1124:rocket engine
1121:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1065:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1008:
1005:
997:
986:
983:
979:
976:
972:
969:
965:
962:
958:
955: –
954:
950:
949:Find sources:
943:
939:
933:
932:
927:This section
925:
921:
916:
915:
909:
907:
905:
901:
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
854:
852:
847:
845:
841:
837:
836:rocket engine
833:
830:that obtains
829:
825:
821:
817:
809:
804:
799:
791:
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
766:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
739:
737:
731:
726:
718:
716:
714:
709:
697:
685:
675:
670:
666:
662:
661:siege engines
653:
648:
640:
638:
636:
632:
626:
625:Bow and arrow
618:
616:
613:
609:
604:
602:
598:
594:
588:
580:
578:
576:
572:
568:
565:
561:
552:
548:
543:
535:
527:
524:
516:
505:
502:
498:
495:
491:
488:
484:
481:
477:
474: –
473:
469:
468:Find sources:
462:
458:
452:
451:
446:This section
444:
440:
435:
434:
428:
426:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
401:
397:
393:
392:ranged weapon
389:
385:
381:
375:
367:
365:
362:
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
313:
311:
306:
304:
299:
297:
293:
289:
281:
277:
273:
269:
267:
256:
253:
245:
234:
231:
227:
224:
220:
217:
213:
210:
206:
203: –
202:
198:
197:Find sources:
191:
187:
181:
180:
175:This section
173:
169:
164:
163:
157:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
120:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
70:ranged weapon
68:, especially
67:
63:
59:
55:
48:
44:
39:
30:
19:
2387:Astrophysics
2201:Experimental
2072:
2052:
2042:
2038:
2023:the original
2018:Dictionaries
2017:
2015:"catapult",
2006:, retrieved
2002:the original
1992:
1972:
1956:
1928:
1912:the original
1903:
1881:
1862:
1850:
1838:. Retrieved
1834:
1825:
1818:US Army 1965
1813:
1803:
1796:
1784:
1779:, chapter 1.
1772:
1763:
1756:Marsden 1969
1751:
1739:
1727:
1715:
1703:
1691:
1683:
1678:
1670:
1665:
1655:
1630:. Retrieved
1615:
1604:. Retrieved
1595:
1584:. Retrieved
1575:
1566:
1556:
1551:
1542:
1533:
1521:. Retrieved
1506:
1499:
1490:
1479:. Retrieved
1475:
1465:
1457:
1443:
1435:
1421:
1329:(related to
1288:
1287:
1268:
1243:Applications
1230:
1223:
1209:
1186:
1179:
1139:
1117:
1086:
1075:
1058:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1031:
1000:
991:
981:
974:
967:
960:
953:"Ballistics"
948:
936:Please help
931:verification
928:
898:
864:, including
855:
848:
813:
810:rocket, 2017
786:ballistician
785:
767:
743:
735:
658:
628:
611:
607:
605:
601:sling-bullet
590:
556:
519:
510:
500:
493:
486:
479:
472:"Ballistics"
467:
455:Please help
450:verification
447:
404:
377:
347:
345:
337:Isaac Newton
314:
307:
300:
285:
279:
263:
248:
239:
229:
222:
215:
208:
201:"Ballistics"
196:
184:Please help
179:verification
176:
121:
105:normal force
88:
86:
53:
52:
43:Stokes' drag
2290:Statistical
2206:Theoretical
2183:Engineering
1888: – BRL
1777:Sutton 2001
1734:, catapult.
1184:in flight.
1055:) in flight
840:propellants
756:probes and
750:projectiles
612:sling stone
560:chimpanzees
421:, wingless
368:Projectiles
66:projectiles
2489:Ballistics
2407:Geophysics
2397:Biophysics
2241:Analytical
2194:Approaches
2008:2016-06-09
1895:References
1855:Ballistics
1732:Oxford Dic
1632:2010-08-30
1606:2010-05-19
1586:2010-05-19
1481:2024-04-24
1402:Trajectory
1333:transport)
1301:spacecraft
1299:and other
1237:spacecraft
1226:projectile
1197:gun barrel
1182:projectile
1097:gun barrel
1093:propellant
1082:projectile
1078:propulsion
1053:trajectory
964:newspapers
886:satellites
820:spacecraft
782:cartridges
762:propellant
684:katapeltēs
678:καταπÎλτης
597:projectile
575:elasticity
483:newspapers
400:trajectory
374:Projectile
348:ballistics
212:newspapers
136:trajectory
97:gun barrel
54:Ballistics
2357:Molecular
2258:Acoustics
2251:Continuum
2246:Celestial
2236:Newtonian
2223:Classical
2166:Divisions
1682:Paterson
1673:pp. 27–28
1669:Paterson
1458:Automata.
1252:Apollo 11
1233:artillery
1174:Schlieren
1113:artillery
1101:designers
910:Subfields
870:fireworks
862:Space Age
826:or other
806:SpaceX's
669:catapulta
573:to store
346:The word
321:Aristotle
296:HolmegĂĄrd
146:which is
58:mechanics
2483:Category
1949:54529037
1925:(2004),
1870:Archived
1840:16 March
1722:, πάλλω.
1657:BBC News
1626:Archived
1523:16 March
1451:Archived
1429:Archived
1331:electron
1315:See also
1239:design.
1189:firearms
874:weaponry
824:aircraft
774:armourer
647:Catapult
641:Catapult
615:target.
564:shoulder
551:Baseball
542:Throwing
536:Throwing
388:baseball
130:that is
117:air drag
93:momentum
2441:Related
2325:General
2320:Special
2178:Applied
2045:: 14–23
1710:, κατά.
1297:rockets
1109:pistols
978:scholar
834:from a
828:vehicle
816:missile
738:(BB-61)
635:Archery
571:tendons
567:muscles
497:scholar
425:, etc.
423:rockets
415:bullets
361:ballein
356:βάλλειν
329:Galileo
292:Hamburg
226:scholar
128:missile
113:gravity
109:rifling
82:rockets
74:bullets
2352:Atomic
2307:Modern
2157:Major
2080:
2060:
1979:
1947:
1937:
1514:
1322:Armour
1193:bullet
1120:rocket
1105:rifles
980:
973:
966:
959:
951:
892:, and
832:thrust
798:Rocket
792:Rocket
746:weapon
631:arrows
593:weapon
499:
492:
485:
478:
470:
411:arrows
288:atlatl
282:, 1748
228:
221:
214:
207:
199:
132:guided
111:, and
62:flight
2035:(PDF)
1966:πάλλω
1915:(PDF)
1908:(PDF)
1686:p. 17
1414:Notes
1080:of a
985:JSTOR
971:books
858:China
754:Taser
708:pallĹŤ
702:πάλλω
674:Greek
665:Latin
608:pouch
581:Sling
504:JSTOR
490:books
407:balls
384:force
380:space
352:Greek
310:China
233:JSTOR
219:books
126:is a
99:or a
2278:Wave
2173:Pure
2078:ISBN
2058:ISBN
1977:ISBN
1963:κατά
1945:OCLC
1935:ISBN
1842:2018
1525:2018
1512:ISBN
1307:and
1203:and
1145:and
1118:For
1107:and
1089:guns
957:news
736:Iowa
734:USS
696:kata
690:κατά
569:and
476:news
323:and
205:news
115:and
2273:Ray
1654:",
1087:In
1024:or
940:by
772:or
725:Gun
719:Gun
619:Bow
603:".
459:by
188:by
107:by
2485::
2041:,
2037:,
1996:,
1961:,
1943:,
1833:.
1641:^
1474:.
1270:("
1207:.
1149:.
1115:.
1084:.
896:.
888:,
880:,
876:,
872:,
822:,
818:,
788:.
768:A
715:.
417:,
413:,
409:,
402:.
278:,
268:.
154:.
122:A
103:,
87:A
80:,
76:,
2150:e
2143:t
2136:v
2043:3
1986:.
1844:.
1791:.
1698:.
1635:.
1609:.
1589:.
1484:.
1007:)
1001:(
996:)
992:(
982:·
975:·
968:·
961:·
934:.
705:(
693:(
681:(
526:)
520:(
515:)
511:(
501:·
494:·
487:·
480:·
453:.
255:)
249:(
244:)
240:(
230:·
223:·
216:·
209:·
182:.
49:.
31:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
