232:
44:
31:
338:
There are less than 2500 Foveaux shags remaining. The population seems stable and retains much of its genetic diversity in comparison to the Otago shag, which is continuing to decline. Foveaux shags have fared better than Otago shags because they nest on inaccessible islands just offshore.
339:
Nevertheless, their small population size make both species vulnerable to extinction, and conservation efforts will need to be tailored to each species' demographic history, genetic variation, and restricted geographic distribution.
334:
on islands and sea cliffs. Colonies are large enough to be strikingly visible, and are used year after year. They feed in coastal waters less than 30 m deep and are rarely if ever seen inland or far out to sea.
367:
Rawlence, Nicolas J.; Scofield, R. Paul; Spencer, Hamish G.; Lalas, Chris; Easton, Luke J.; Tennyson, Alan J.D.; Adams, Mark; Pasquet, Eric; Fraser, Cody; Waters, Jonathan M.; Kennedy, Martyn (2016).
447:
Rawlence, Nicolas J.; Till, Charlotte E.; Scofield, R. Paul; Tennyson, Alan J. D.; Collins, Catherine J.; Lalas, Chris; Loh, Graeme; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Waters, Jonathan M. (2014).
1480:
326:
Foveaux shags are restricted to
Stewart Island and Foveaux Strait, both at present, historically, and prehistorically (based on museum specimens, archaeological remains, and
318:
In the breeding season, Foveaux shags have dark orange papillae on their face and a bright orange gular pouch. Roughly half of Otago shags have similar facial ornamentation.
307:, with two plumages. Roughly half the individuals (a larger percentage than in Otago shag) are pied, with dark and white feathers, and the rest are dark all over. Both
1391:
330:
bones); rarely, beach-wrecked birds have been found in Otago. They breed colonially from
September onwards, making raised cup nests out of organic material and
1378:
1485:
519:
311:
breed together. These large, chunky birds are 68 cm (27 in) long and weigh 1.8–2.9 kg (4–6.4 lbs), slightly smaller than
595:
569:
1470:
252:) in a single species, called the Stewart Island shag. Mitochondrial DNA suggests Otago shags are actually more closely related to
1475:
155:
1396:
43:
1038:
1173:
1068:
588:
221:
1490:
681:
1346:
1048:
304:
536:
1254:
1109:
1043:
691:
686:
138:
1135:
295:
is a distinct genus, which would contain amongst other species the Otago, Foveaux, and
Chatham shags.
276:. Foveaux and Otago shags probably diverged when populations were split up by lower sea levels in the
1416:
1223:
1183:
1153:
464:
413:
265:
1465:
1178:
1145:
944:
848:
581:
206:
272:, behavioural, and genetic differences supported recognising Foveaux shags as a separate species,
231:
1321:
1073:
701:
164:
38:
1424:
1296:
1140:
1094:
1018:
818:
775:
696:
515:
492:
429:
217:
1429:
404:
Kennedy, Martyn; Spencer, Hamish G. (2014). "Classification of the cormorants of the world".
1249:
1099:
1053:
971:
875:
795:
728:
626:
482:
472:
421:
384:
573:
1104:
1063:
934:
838:
604:
308:
281:
373:
shag (Aves, Pelecaniformes, Phalacrocoracidae) from southern South Island of New
Zealand"
468:
417:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1114:
1058:
1023:
939:
780:
487:
448:
225:
115:
1459:
1442:
1290:
1280:
1275:
1203:
1009:
269:
1406:
1270:
1214:
1033:
785:
449:"Strong Phylogeographic Structure in a Sedentary Seabird, the Stewart Island Shag (
253:
30:
1369:
477:
1301:
1285:
1164:
843:
800:
790:
672:
622:
425:
277:
214:
288:. Other taxonomists have kept the Otago shag and the Foveaux shag conspecific.
1437:
1265:
1234:
1085:
608:
312:
202:
95:
1243:
1028:
967:
327:
261:
105:
55:
496:
433:
1363:
75:
1383:
1194:
995:
929:
906:
752:
724:
658:
389:
368:
920:
871:
829:
65:
1340:
1126:
984:
895:
879:
766:
741:
647:
630:
331:
285:
230:
85:
1344:
965:
869:
722:
620:
577:
248:
Until 2016 Foveaux shags were classified with Otago shags (
369:"Genetic and morphological evidence for two species of
1150:
1353:
1232:
1212:
1192:
1162:
1124:
1083:
1007:
983:
918:
894:
827:
809:
764:
740:
670:
646:
589:
537:"Scientists Solve A Shag-adelic Bird Mystery"
8:
237:Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum
512:The Field Guide to the Birds of New Zealand
1481:Taxa named by William Robert Ogilvie-Grant
1341:
989:
980:
962:
900:
891:
866:
746:
737:
719:
652:
643:
617:
596:
582:
574:
29:
20:
510:Heather, Barrie; Robertson, Hugh (2015).
486:
476:
388:
377:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
291:A recent taxonomic revision argues that
348:
514:. New Zealand: Penguin. p. 290.
406:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
7:
1417:0cd75186-7a1a-4c8e-9526-98b82d947a8f
1293:(imperial cormorant, blue-eyed shag)
362:
360:
358:
356:
354:
352:
564:Foveaux shag discussed on RadioNZ
14:
535:Platt, John R. (25 March 2016).
228:, from which it takes its name.
42:
1:
322:Distribution and conservation
284:were colonised by shags from
209:and in its dark phase as the
1486:Endemic birds of New Zealand
692:Christmas Island frigatebird
478:10.1371/journal.pone.0090769
426:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.06.020
1507:
543:. National Audubon Society
1471:Birds of the South Island
992:
979:
961:
903:
890:
865:
749:
736:
718:
655:
642:
616:
177:Phalacrocorax chalconotus
170:
163:
144:
137:
39:Scientific classification
37:
28:
23:
1174:Double-crested cormorant
1069:White-breasted cormorant
222:Stewart Island / Rakiura
1476:Birds described in 1898
1117:(long-tailed cormorant)
682:Magnificent frigatebird
1246:(Magellanic cormorant)
1076:(Temminck's cormorant)
1049:Little black cormorant
611:(Phalacrocoraciformes)
451:Leucocarbo chalconotus
240:
205:formerly known as the
182:Leucocarbo chalconotus
173:Phalacrocorax stewarti
1255:New Zealand king shag
1110:Little pied cormorant
1044:Black-faced cormorant
687:Ascension frigatebird
234:
201:), together with the
1224:Red-legged cormorant
1184:Flightless cormorant
1154:Spectacled cormorant
974:: Phalacrocoracidae)
878:: Anhingidae ·
629:: Fregatidae ·
1443:Leucocarbo-stewarti
1355:Leucocarbo stewarti
1179:Neotropic cormorant
1146:Red-faced cormorant
945:Australasian darter
849:Australasian gannet
725:Gannets and boobies
566:Critter of the Week
469:2014PLoSO...990769R
418:2014MolPE..79..249K
207:Stewart Island shag
198:Leucocarbo stewarti
148:Leucocarbo stewarti
1322:South Georgia shag
1257:(rough-faced shag)
1136:Brandt's cormorant
1074:Japanese cormorant
702:Lesser frigatebird
258:Leucocarbo onslowi
241:
213:, is a species of
1453:
1452:
1425:Open Tree of Life
1347:Taxon identifiers
1338:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1297:Heard Island shag
1141:Pelagic cormorant
1095:Crowned cormorant
1019:Socotra cormorant
1003:
1002:
957:
956:
953:
952:
914:
913:
861:
860:
857:
856:
776:Blue-footed booby
760:
759:
714:
713:
710:
709:
697:Great frigatebird
666:
665:
521:978-0-143-57092-9
390:10.1111/zoj.12376
189:
188:
106:Phalacrocoracidae
1498:
1446:
1445:
1433:
1432:
1420:
1419:
1410:
1409:
1400:
1399:
1387:
1386:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1342:
1250:Guanay cormorant
1152:
1100:Little cormorant
1054:Indian cormorant
990:
981:
963:
901:
892:
867:
796:Red-footed booby
747:
738:
720:
653:
644:
618:
598:
591:
584:
575:
553:
552:
550:
548:
532:
526:
525:
507:
501:
500:
490:
480:
444:
438:
437:
401:
395:
394:
392:
364:
150:
130:L. stewarti
47:
46:
33:
21:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1441:
1436:
1428:
1423:
1415:
1413:
1405:
1403:
1395:
1390:
1382:
1377:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1349:
1339:
1326:
1228:
1208:
1188:
1158:
1120:
1105:Pygmy cormorant
1079:
1064:Great cormorant
999:
975:
949:
935:Oriental darter
910:
886:
853:
839:Northern gannet
823:
805:
756:
732:
706:
662:
638:
612:
602:
562:
557:
556:
546:
544:
534:
533:
529:
522:
509:
508:
504:
446:
445:
441:
403:
402:
398:
366:
365:
350:
345:
324:
303:The species is
301:
282:Chatham Islands
246:
180:
175:
159:
152:
146:
133:
41:
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
1504:
1502:
1494:
1493:
1491:Foveaux Strait
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1458:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1434:
1421:
1411:
1401:
1388:
1375:
1359:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1317:Macquarie shag
1314:
1312:Kerguelen shag
1309:
1307:Antarctic shag
1304:
1299:
1294:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1252:
1247:
1240:
1238:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1220:
1218:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1200:
1198:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1170:
1168:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1132:
1130:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1115:Reed cormorant
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1091:
1089:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1059:Cape cormorant
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1039:Pied cormorant
1036:
1031:
1026:
1024:Bank cormorant
1021:
1015:
1013:
1005:
1004:
1001:
1000:
993:
987:
977:
976:
966:
959:
958:
955:
954:
951:
950:
948:
947:
942:
940:African darter
937:
932:
926:
924:
916:
915:
912:
911:
904:
898:
888:
887:
870:
863:
862:
859:
858:
855:
854:
852:
851:
846:
841:
835:
833:
825:
824:
822:
821:
819:Abbott's booby
815:
813:
807:
806:
804:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
781:Peruvian booby
778:
772:
770:
762:
761:
758:
757:
750:
744:
734:
733:
723:
716:
715:
712:
711:
708:
707:
705:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
678:
676:
668:
667:
664:
663:
656:
650:
640:
639:
621:
614:
613:
603:
601:
600:
593:
586:
578:
561:
560:External links
558:
555:
554:
527:
520:
502:
439:
396:
383:(3): 676–694.
347:
346:
344:
341:
323:
320:
300:
297:
250:L. chalconotus
245:
242:
235:Painting from
226:Foveaux Strait
187:
186:
168:
167:
161:
160:
153:
142:
141:
135:
134:
127:
125:
121:
120:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
53:
49:
48:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1503:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1291:Imperial shag
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1281:Campbell shag
1279:
1277:
1276:Auckland shag
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1205:
1204:European shag
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1010:Phalacrocorax
1006:
998:
997:
991:
988:
986:
982:
978:
973:
969:
964:
960:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
927:
925:
923:
922:
917:
909:
908:
902:
899:
897:
893:
889:
884:
881:
877:
873:
868:
864:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
836:
834:
832:
831:
826:
820:
817:
816:
814:
812:
808:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
773:
771:
769:
768:
763:
755:
754:
748:
745:
743:
739:
735:
730:
726:
721:
717:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
679:
677:
675:
674:
669:
661:
660:
654:
651:
649:
645:
641:
636:
632:
628:
624:
619:
615:
610:
606:
599:
594:
592:
587:
585:
580:
579:
576:
572:
571:
567:
559:
542:
538:
531:
528:
523:
517:
513:
506:
503:
498:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
470:
466:
463:(3): e90769.
462:
458:
454:
452:
443:
440:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
400:
397:
391:
386:
382:
378:
374:
372:
363:
361:
359:
357:
355:
353:
349:
342:
340:
336:
333:
329:
321:
319:
316:
314:
310:
306:
298:
296:
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
266:morphological
263:
259:
255:
254:Chatham shags
251:
243:
238:
233:
229:
227:
223:
219:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
199:
194:
185:
183:
178:
174:
169:
166:
162:
157:
156:Ogilvie-Grant
151:
149:
143:
140:
139:Binomial name
136:
132:
131:
126:
123:
122:
119:
118:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
70:
67:
64:
61:
60:
57:
54:
51:
50:
45:
40:
36:
32:
27:
24:Foveaux shag
22:
19:
1407:foveaux-shag
1354:
1271:Chatham shag
1261:Foveaux shag
1260:
1233:
1215:Poikilocarbo
1213:
1193:
1163:
1125:
1084:
1034:Spotted shag
1008:
994:
919:
905:
882:
828:
810:
786:Masked booby
765:
751:
671:
657:
634:
623:Frigatebirds
570:4 March 2016
565:
563:
545:. Retrieved
540:
530:
511:
505:
460:
456:
450:
442:
409:
405:
399:
380:
376:
370:
337:
325:
317:
302:
292:
290:
273:
270:morphometric
262:osteological
257:
249:
247:
236:
210:
197:
196:
193:Foveaux shag
192:
190:
181:
176:
172:
171:
147:
145:
129:
128:
116:
18:
1302:Crozet shag
1286:Bounty shag
1165:Nannopterum
844:Cape gannet
801:Brown booby
791:Nazca booby
412:: 249–257.
313:Otago shags
299:Description
278:Pleistocene
274:L. stewarti
211:bronze shag
1466:Leucocarbo
1460:Categories
1438:Xeno-canto
1266:Otago shag
1235:Leucocarbo
1086:Microcarbo
968:Cormorants
731:: Sulidae)
609:Suliformes
371:Leucocarbo
343:References
293:Leucocarbo
280:, and the
203:Otago shag
184:(in part)
117:Leucocarbo
96:Suliformes
1370:Q24551139
1244:Rock shag
1029:Pitt shag
328:subfossil
305:dimorphic
179:(in part)
124:Species:
62:Kingdom:
56:Eukaryota
1364:Wikidata
811:Papasula
547:15 April
497:24614677
457:PLOS ONE
434:24994028
244:Taxonomy
165:Synonyms
102:Family:
76:Chordata
72:Phylum:
66:Animalia
52:Domain:
1430:6154775
1397:1884673
1384:8521860
1195:Gulosus
996:Species
930:Anhinga
921:Anhinga
907:Species
883:Anhinga
872:Darters
753:Species
673:Fregata
659:Species
635:Fregata
541:Audubon
488:3948693
465:Bibcode
414:Bibcode
260:), and
218:endemic
158:, 1898)
112:Genus:
92:Order:
82:Class:
1414:NZOR:
1404:NZBO:
972:family
876:family
729:family
627:family
518:
495:
485:
432:
309:morphs
239:, 1897
1127:Urile
985:Genus
896:Genus
880:genus
830:Morus
742:Genus
648:Genus
631:genus
605:Order
332:guano
286:Otago
1392:NCBI
1379:GBIF
767:Sula
549:2016
516:ISBN
493:PMID
430:PMID
224:and
215:shag
191:The
86:Aves
483:PMC
473:doi
422:doi
385:doi
381:177
220:to
1462::
1440::
1427::
1394::
1381::
1366::
633::
607::
568:,
539:.
491:.
481:.
471:.
459:.
455:.
453:)"
428:.
420:.
410:79
408:.
379:.
375:.
351:^
315:.
268:,
264:,
1151:†
970:(
885:)
874:(
727:(
637:)
625:(
597:e
590:t
583:v
551:.
524:.
499:.
475::
467::
461:9
436:.
424::
416::
393:.
387::
256:(
195:(
154:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
