757:
clauses, but a much freer SV / VS order in intransitive clauses. Cases like this can be addressed by encoding transitive and intransitive clauses separately, with the symbol "S" being restricted to the argument of an intransitive clause, and "A" for the actor/agent of a transitive clause. ("O" for object may be replaced with "P" for "patient" as well.) Thus, Russian is fixed AVO but flexible SV/VS. In such an approach, the description of word order extends more easily to languages that do not meet the criteria in the preceding section. For example,
1239:
in independent clauses, the finite verb always comes second and is preceded by one and only one constituent. In closed questions, V1 (verb-first) word order is used. And lastly, dependent clauses use verb-final word order. However, German cannot be called an SVO language since no actual constraints are imposed on the placement of the subject and object(s), even though a preference for a certain word-order over others can be observed (such as putting the subject after the finite verb in independent clauses unless it already precedes the verb).
1640:) is essentially a verb-final (SOV) language, with relatively free word order since in most cases postpositions explicitly mark the relationships of noun phrases to the other sentence constituents. Word order in Hindustani does not usually encode grammatical functions. Constituents can be scrambled to express different information structural configurations, or for stylistic reasons. The first syntactic constituent in a sentence is usually the topic, which may under certain conditions be marked by the particle "
1117:). Furthermore, acting participants (especially humans) are more likely to be talked about (to be topic) than things simply undergoing actions (like oranges being eaten). If acting participants are often topical, and topic tends to be expressed early in the sentence, this entails that acting participants have a tendency to be expressed early in the sentence. This tendency can then
1610:
The emphasis can be on the action (verb) itself, as seen in sentences 1, 6 and 7, or it can be on parts other than the action (verb), as seen in sentences 2, 3, 4 and 5. If the emphasis is not on the verb, and the verb has a co-verb (in the above example 'meg'), then the co-verb is separated from the
2226:
Due to the presence of grammatical cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative, and in some cases or dialects vocative and locative) applied to nouns, pronouns and adjectives, Albanian permits a large variety of word order combinations. In the spoken language, an alternative word order
2188:
The subject, verb, and object can come in any order in a Latin sentence, although most often (especially in subordinate clauses) the verb comes last. Pragmatic factors, such as topic and focus, play a large part in determining the order. Thus the following sentences each answer a different question:
1606:
The only freedom in
Hungarian word order is that the order of parts outside the focus position and the verb may be freely changed without any change to the communicative focus of the sentence, as seen in sentences 2 and 3 as well as in sentences 6 and 7 above. These pairs of sentences have the same
1238:
Despite this, English, as opposed to German, has very strict word order. In German, word order can be used as a means to emphasize a constituent in an independent clause by moving it to the beginning of the sentence. This is a defining characteristic of German as a V2 (verb-second) language, where,
1491:
Word order in
Hungarian sentences can change according to the speaker's communicative intentions. Hungarian word order is not free in the sense that it must reflect the information structure of the sentence, distinguishing the emphatic part that carries new information (rheme) from the rest of the
1429:
Some languages do not have a fixed word order and often use a significant amount of morphological marking to disambiguate the roles of the arguments. However, the degree of marking alone does not indicate whether a language uses a fixed or free word order: some languages may use a fixed order even
1671:
must come either to the left or to the right of the verb it negates. For compound verbs or verbal construction using auxiliaries the negation can occur either to the left of the first verb, in-between the verbs or to the right of the second verb (the default position being to the left of the main
2494:
allow for VSO word order ("Must he perish?"). Non-auxiliary and non-modal verbs require insertion of an auxiliary to conform to modern usage ("Did he buy the book?"). Shakespeare's usage of word order is not indicative of
English at the time, which had dropped OV order at least a century before.
1437:
Typologically, there is a trend that high-animacy actors are more likely to be topical than low-animacy undergoers; this trend can come through even in languages with free word order, giving a statistical bias for SO order (or OS order in ergative systems; however, ergative systems do not always
1143:
In many languages, standard word order can be subverted in order to form questions or as a means of emphasis. In languages such as O'odham and
Hungarian, which are discussed below, almost all possible permutations of a sentence are grammatical, but not all of them are used. In languages such as
756:
SVO is both the most frequent and obligatory when case marking fails to disambiguate argument roles. Just as languages may have different word orders in different contexts, so may they have both fixed and free word orders. For example, Russian has a relatively fixed SVO word order in transitive
1124:
The mentioned functions of word order can be seen to affect the frequencies of the various word order patterns: The vast majority of languages have an order in which S precedes O and V. Whether V precedes O or O precedes V, however, has been shown to be a very telling difference with wide
2510:
There are some languages which have different preferred word orders in different dialects. One such case is Andean
Spanish, spoken in Peru. While Spanish is classified as an SVO language, Peruvian Spanish has been influenced by Quechua and Aymara, both SOV languages. This has led to some
2203:
Latin prose often follows the word order "Subject, Direct Object, Indirect Object, Adverb, Verb", but this is more of a guideline than a rule. Adjectives in most cases go before the noun they modify, but some categories, such as those that determine or specify (e.g.
928:
Hammarström (2016) calculated the constituent orders of 5252 languages in two ways. His first method, counting languages directly, yielded results similar to Dryer's studies, indicating both SOV and SVO have almost equal distribution. However, when stratified by
1212:, and not whomever else we might have assumed her to love. However, a sentence this verbose is unlikely to occur in everyday speech (or even in written language), be it in English or in German. Instead, one would most likely answer the echo question in (
1081:
Fixed word order is one out of many ways to ease the processing of sentence semantics and reducing ambiguity. One method of making the speech stream less open to ambiguity (complete removal of ambiguity is probably impossible) is a fixed order of
376:
studies it from a cross-linguistic perspective, and examines how languages employ different orders. Correlations between orders found in different syntactic sub-domains are also of interest. The primary word orders that are of interest are
777:
Every language falls under one of the six word order types; the unfixed type is somewhat disputed in the community, as the languages where it occurs have one of the dominant word orders but every word order type is grammatically correct.
1102:. Fixed word order reduces expressiveness but added marking increases information load in the speech stream, and for these reasons strict word order seldom occurs together with strict morphological marking, one counter-example being
2458:. An example of this is found in Old English, which at one point had flexible word order, before losing it over the course of its evolution. In Old English, both of the following sentences would be considered grammatically correct:
2540:
Differences in word order complicate translation and language education – in addition to changing individual words, the order must be changed. The area of linguistics that is concerned with translation and education is
2477:
A modern speaker of
English would possibly recognise this as a grammatically comprehensible sentence, but nonetheless archaic. There are some verbs, however, that are entirely acceptable in this format:
1711:
marker occurs at the beginning or the end of a clause as its unmarked positions but it can be put anywhere in the sentence except the preverbal position, where instead it is interpreted as interrogative
439:
Some languages use relatively fixed word order, often relying on the order of constituents to convey grammatical information. Other languages—often those that convey grammatical information through
522:
These are all possible word orders for the subject, object, and verb in the order of most common to rarest (the examples use "she" as the subject, "loves" as the verb, and "him" as the object):
1469:. In some languages, a general word order can be identified, but this is much harder in others. When the word order is free, different choices of word order can be used to help identify the
2441:
Those examples are all grammatically valid variations on the sentence "The cowboy is branding the calves," but some are rarely found in natural speech, as is discussed in
Grammaticality.
565:, have SOV normal word order but conform less to the general tendencies of other such languages. A sentence glossing as "She him loves" would be grammatically correct in these languages.
2587:
Hammarström included families with no data in his count (58 out of 424 = 13.7%), but did not include them in the list. This is why the percentages do not add up to 100% in this column.
2545:. The reordering of words can cause problems when transcribing stories. Rhyme schemes can change, as well as the meaning behind the words. This can be especially problematic when
336:
2469:
This flexibility continues into early Middle
English, where it seems to drop out of usage. Shakespeare's plays use OV word order frequently, as can be seen from this example:
3594:
Klee, Carol A.; Tight, Daniel G.; Caravedo, Rocio (1 December 2011). "Variation and change in
Peruvian Spanish word order: language contact and dialect contact in Lima".
2388:" is always followed by the verb. Thus, a sentence consisting of a subject, a verb and two objects (a direct and an indirect one), can be expressed in six ways without "
742:
of the utterance. However, also in languages of this kind there is usually a pragmatically neutral constituent order that is most commonly encountered in each language.
3470:
3474:
3671:
1495:
The position of focus in a
Hungarian sentence is immediately before the verb, that is, nothing can separate the emphatic part of the sentence from the verb.
2185:
In Classical Latin, the endings of nouns, verbs, adjectives, and pronouns allow for extremely flexible order in most situations. Latin lacks articles.
769:
both trigger the same type of agreement on the verb. Indeed, many languages that some thought had a VOS word order turn out to be ergative like Mayan.
1607:
information structure, expressing the same communicative intention of the speaker, because the part immediately preceding the verb is left unchanged.
1372:
There are several common correlations between sentence-level word order and phrase-level constituent order. For example, SOV languages generally put
329:
1235:
to form questions from verbs other than auxiliaries, German has no such restriction and uses inversion to form questions, even from lexical verbs.
1678:
usually precede the adjectives they qualify in their unmarked position, but when adverbs are constructed using the instrumental case postposition
257:
252:
247:
235:
230:
225:
2511:
first-language (L1) Spanish speakers using OV word order in more sentences than would be expected. L2 speakers in Peru also use this word order.
2896:
933:, the distribution showed that the majority of the families had SOV structure, meaning that a small number of families contain SVO structure.
785:. The 2005 study surveyed 1228 languages, and the updated 2013 study investigated 1377 languages. Percentage was not reported in his studies.
3735:
3727:
3709:
3578:
3545:
3512:
3433:
3408:
3244:
3147:
3088:
3042:
2372:" (puts emphasis on Mark. Probably the others did not give her present, they gave something else or the present was not expected at all.)
143:
322:
106:
3681:
3113:
2873:
2845:
2790:
2753:
2659:
2634:
451:
or focus. However, even languages with flexible word order have a preferred or basic word order, with other word orders considered "
2208:"Appian Way"), usually follow the noun. In Classical Latin poetry, lyricists followed word order very loosely to achieve a desired
762:
752:
structure. Nonetheless, there is often a preferred order; in Latin and Turkish, SOV is the most frequent outside of poetry, and in
118:
2486:
This is acceptable to a modern English speaker and is not considered archaic. This is due to the verb "to be", which acts as both
3756:
2624:
2382:" can be omitted when not in first position, causing a perceivable change in emphasis; the latter being of different intensity. "
1413:, which kept its position when borrowed from French.) Russian places numerals after nouns to express approximation (шесть домов=
2414:
O'odham is a language that is spoken in southern Arizona and Northern Sonora, Mexico. It has free word order, with only the
2227:
to the most common S-V-O helps the speaker to emphasise a word and hence make a nuanced change to the meaning. For example:
1090:. This works because speech is inherently linear. Another method is to label the constituents in some way, for example with
462:(V) in combination with two arguments, namely the subject (S), and object (O). Subject and object are here understood to be
274:
2613:. (1981). Language universals and linguistic typology: syntax and morphology (2nd ed). University of Chicago Press, Chicago
1177:; it would be uttered only after receiving an unsatisfactory or confusing answer to a question. One could replace the word
2519:
Poetry and stories can use different word orders to emphasize certain aspects of the sentence. In English, this is called
1252:
3261:
2767:
148:
675:
in main clauses, SVO word order being the most common. Using the guidelines above, the unmarked word order is then SVO.
652:
642:
628:
606:
568:
526:
510:
506:
502:
495:
488:
481:
2354:" (emphasis on "to me" and the fact that it was a present, only one present or it was something different from usual.)
133:
3282:
A Probabilistic Approach in Historical Linguistics. Word Order Change in Infinitival Clauses: from Latin to Old French
242:
220:
284:
3204:
Patil, Umesh; Kentner, Gerrit; Gollrad, Anja; Kügler, Frank; Fery, Caroline; Vasishth, Shravan (17 November 2008).
1698:" (से /سے), when both are present in a sentence then the quantity they modify cannot appear adjacent to each other.
177:
111:
1173:), the first sentence shows the word order used for wh-questions in English and German. The second sentence is an
1087:
365:
101:
2675:
Sasse, Hans-Jürgen (1993). "Das Nomen – eine universale Kategorie?" [The noun – a universal category?].
3653:
745:
618:
92:
1672:
verb when used with auxiliary and in-between the primary and the secondary verb when forming a compound verb).
3165:
The East Indian speech community in Guyana: a sociolinguistic study with special reference to koine formation
2164:
1248:
1228:
1095:
264:
182:
81:
3360:"The interaction of syntactic change and information status effects in the change from OV to VO in English"
3625:
1668:
766:
473:
76:
71:
40:
2454:
Languages change over time. When language change involves a shift in a language's syntax, this is called
409:
310:
192:
187:
172:
2861:
2163:) are used above to indicate omitted subject pronouns, which may be implicit in Portuguese. Because of
1684:(से /سے) (which qualifies verbs), their position in the sentence becomes free. However, since both the
1144:
English and German, word order is used as a means of turning declarative into interrogative sentences:
2868:. Languages of the World/Materials ; 148. Munich & Newcastle: Lincom Europa. pp. 45–46.
2246:" (emphasis on the indirect object, probably to compare the result of the verb on different persons.)
3688:
2542:
1658:
1445:
Most languages with a high degree of morphological marking have rather flexible word orders, such as
1373:
1274:
1190:
1099:
699:
546:
163:
158:
138:
3205:
1708:
3751:
3645:
3641:
2409:
1637:
1470:
1270:
1114:
1110:
646:
588:
580:
550:
33:
1341:
Within the adpositional clause, one investigates whether the languages makes use of prepositions (
3451:
3340:
2996:
2988:
2796:
2727:
2692:
2318:" (puts emphasis on the fact that she got the present and someone else got something different.)
2168:
2079:
1624:
1486:
1450:
1194:
1118:
679:
668:
584:
538:
61:
54:
2498:
This variation between archaic and modern can also be shown in the change between VSO to SVO in
749:
2327:" (no particular emphasis, but can be used to list different actions from different subjects.)
3731:
3723:
3705:
3677:
3603:
3574:
3541:
3508:
3439:
3429:
3404:
3240:
3168:
3143:
3135:
3109:
3084:
3038:
2879:
2869:
2841:
2786:
2749:
2655:
2630:
2221:
1685:
1462:
719:
703:
695:
636:
622:
596:
562:
530:
421:
390:
153:
128:
66:
49:
3697:
3660:
3566:
3533:
3396:
3371:
3285:
3232:
3076:
3030:
2980:
2951:
2941:
2778:
2719:
2684:
2563:
2455:
2180:
1454:
1439:
1431:
1103:
723:
711:
707:
691:
656:
600:
576:
572:
554:
542:
394:
123:
1438:
extend to the highest levels of animacy, sometimes giving way to an accusative system (see
3761:
3528:
Loprieno, Antonio (2000). "From VSO to SVO? Word Order and Rear Extraposition in Coptic".
3463:
2956:
2887:
2768:"Some Universals of Grammar with Particular Reference to the Order of Meaningful Elements"
2568:
2499:
1446:
930:
758:
753:
731:
727:
715:
632:
614:
610:
534:
529:
is the order used by the largest number of distinct languages; languages using it include
279:
197:
765:, and the more specific word order is intransitive VS, transitive VOA, where the S and O
3607:
2255:" (meaning that Mark gave her only a present, and not something else or more presents.)
1409:
3701:
3636:
2610:
2487:
2345:" ["To me (me) gave Mark a present." (is used when Mark gave something else to others.)
1434:) may combine a free order with a lack of morphological distinction between arguments.
1138:
687:
660:
592:
448:
1657:
An adjective comes before the noun it modifies in its unmarked position. However, the
1204:), the first sentence is declarative and provides an answer to the first question in (
3745:
2723:
2696:
2415:
1689:
1474:
1174:
1083:
782:
672:
413:
269:
2913:
Dryer, M. S. (2005). "Order of Subject, Object, and Verb". In Haspelmath, M. (ed.).
1430:
when they provide a high degree of marking, while others (such as some varieties of
1399:. On the other hand, in English (also SVO) adjectives almost always go before nouns
3657:(1981) – this is the authoritative introduction to word order and related subjects.
3227:
Vasishth, Shravan (2004). "Discourse Context and Word Order Preferences in Hindi".
3004:
3000:
2800:
2731:
2558:
1377:
1091:
2462:"Martianus hæfde his sunu ær befæst" (Martianus had earlier established his son.)
1349:), or both (normally with different adpositions at both sides) either separately (
1665:
adjectives can occur either to the left or to the right of the noun it describes.
1273:
are investigated. Within the noun phrase, one investigates whether the following
3630:
3025:
Hale, Kenneth L. (1992). "Basic word order in two "free word order" languages".
2688:
2546:
1407:(English has a very small number of adjectives that go after the heads, such as
1381:
1266:
1189:?' . In that case, since no change in word order occurs, it is only by means of
459:
425:
350:
3108:. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 159–160.
2900:
761:
have been described with the rather uncommon VOS word order. However, they are
27:
Branch of linguistics studying the order of a language's syntactic constituents
17:
3443:
3236:
2782:
2520:
2491:
2124:
1662:
1466:
1232:
1181:(which indicates that this sentence is a question) with an identifier such as
739:
452:
444:
440:
417:
305:
202:
3172:
2300:" (puts emphasis on the fact that the receiver is her and not someone else.)
1109:
Observing discourse patterns, it is found that previously given information (
3626:
A collection of papers on word order by a leading scholar, some downloadable
3570:
2883:
1278:
1134:
432:
405:
3537:
3376:
3359:
2891:
2465:"gif heo þæt bysmor forberan wolde" (if she would tolerate that disgrace.)
2984:
2946:
2929:
3080:
3034:
2209:
1653:
Some rules governing the position of words in a sentence are as follows:
369:
2422:"Wakial 'o g wipsilo ha-cecposid." (The cowboy is branding the calves.)
3344:
469:
296:
3532:. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. Vol. 213. pp. 23–39.
3290:
3008:
2992:
2971:
Dryer, Matthew S. (1992). "The Greenbergian word order correlations".
3649:
2085:
1675:
1395:
However, a small class of adjectives generally go before their heads
1262:
1258:
735:
386:
362:
3138:. In Butt, Miriam; King, Tracy Holloway; Ramchand, Gillian (eds.).
1380:. VSO languages tend to place modifiers after their heads, and use
3690:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
3400:
3059:
Language Universals and Linguistic Typology: Syntax and Morphology
2089:
1716:
Some of all the possible word order permutations of the sentence "
1629:
1458:
683:
558:
3530:
Stability, Variation and Change of Word-Order Patterns over Time
2336:" (remembers that at least a present was given to her by Mark.)
1633:
464:
398:
3140:
Theoretical Perspectives on Word Order in South Asian Languages
1646:" (तो / تو), similar in some respects to Japanese topic marker
1615:
marks the direct object: 'torta' (cake) + '-t' -> 'tortát'.
472:
often tend to display different word order properties. Thus, a
3667:). A basic overview of word order variations across languages.
3664:
3075:. Typological Studies in Language. Vol. 22. p. 193.
2825:. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
2818:
2282:" (probably is the cause of an event being introduced later.)
3142:. Center for the Study of Language (CSLI). pp. 185–216.
3071:
Rude, Noel (1992). "Word order and topicality in Nez Perce".
3029:. Typological Studies in Language. Vol. 22. p. 63.
2710:
Rijkhoff, Jan (November 2007). "Word Classes: Word Classes".
2273:" (neutral sentence, but puts less emphasis on the subject.)
1208:). The second sentence emphasizes that Kate does indeed love
443:—allow more flexible word order, which can be used to encode
3424:
Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616, author. (4 February 2020).
3331:
Walker, Arthur T. (1918). "Some Facts of Latin Word-Order".
3229:
The Yearbook of South Asian Languages and Linguistics (2004)
1492:
sentence that carries little or no new information (theme).
1403:
and adverbs can go either way, but initially is more common
1160:'Sie liebt Mark' / 'Mark ist der, den sie liebt' (SVO/OSV)
1197:
that we are able to identify the sentence as a question.
3676:. Norwegian University of Science and Technology. 2001.
2196:"Hanc urbem condidit Romulus." (Who founded this city?)
1121:
to a privileged position in the sentence, the subject.
476:
sentence has six logically possible basic word orders:
3395:. Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today. Vol. 60.
3317:
Devine, Andrew M. & Laurence D. Stephens (2006),
2309:" (meaning it was a present and not something else.)
1611:
verb, and always follows the verb. Also the enclitic
2532:
Here SVO is changed to OSV to emphasize the object.
781:
The table below displays the word order surveyed by
3505:
Think on my Words: Exploring Shakespeare's Language
2821:. In Dryer, Matthew S.; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.).
1261:can vary as much as the order of constituents in a
2264:" (meaning that Mark gave a present only to her.)
3492:. Boston, USA: Ginn and Company. pp. 12, 16.
2812:
2810:
2502:, the language of the Christian Church in Egypt.
2193:"Romulus Romam condidit." (What did Romulus do?)
3061:(2nd edn). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
487:about one-third of the world's languages deploy
458:Constituent word order is defined in terms of a
3358:Taylor, Ann; Pintzuk, Susan (1 December 2011).
3136:"Case OCP: A Constraint on Word Order in Hindi"
2777:. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. pp. 73–113.
3673:Old Norse Word Order and Information Structure
3129:
3127:
3125:
2606:
2604:
2490:and main verb. Similarly, other auxiliary and
2400:", adding up to thirty possible combinations.
2395:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2367:
2358:
2349:
2340:
2331:
2322:
2313:
2304:
2295:
2286:
2277:
2268:
2259:
2250:
2241:
2232:
1583:Kati." (emphasis on completeness of action) (
2930:"Linguistic diversity and language evolution"
2823:The World Atlas of Language Structures Online
2418:. Here is an example in literal translation:
2100:a você amanhã." (same word order as English)
1384:. For SVO languages, either order is common.
330:
8:
1529:One of the pieces of cake was eaten by Kate.
1387:For example, French (SVO) uses prepositions
513:(OSV) is the rarest by a significant margin.
501:the remaining three arrangements are rarer:
3507:. Cambridge University Press. p. 205.
3206:"Focus, Word Order and Intonation in Hindi"
2199:"Condidit Romam Romulus." (What happened?)
480:about half of the world's languages deploy
3473:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3306:Constituent Order in Classical Latin Prose
1692:case are marked by the same postposition "
1598:." (emphasis on completeness of action) (
1585:A piece of cake had been finished by Kate.
1543:Kate was the one eating one piece of cake.
667:Sometimes patterns are more complex: some
337:
323:
29:
3722:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3469:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3375:
3289:
3263:The Proceedings of the LFG '05 Conference
3260:Spencer, Andrew (2005). "Case in Hindi".
2955:
2945:
1571:Only one piece of cake was eaten by Kate.
935:
787:
2838:Basic Word Order: Functional Principles
2677:STUF - Language Typology and Universals
2600:
2580:
1220:. This is the same for both languages.
734:have no strict word order; rather, the
494:a smaller fraction of languages deploy
295:
210:
91:
39:
32:
3459:
3449:
2915:The World Atlas of Language Structures
748:organize sentences to emphasize their
3393:From OV to VO in Early Middle English
3020:
3018:
2434:"Ha-cecposid 'o g wipsilo g wakial."
2428:"Ha-cecposid 'o g wakial g wipsilo."
1125:consequences on phrasal word orders.
671:have SOV in subordinate clauses, but
7:
3687:Rijkhoff, Jan (2015). "Word Order".
3073:Pragmatics of Word Order Flexibility
3027:Pragmatics of Word Order Flexibility
2473:"It was our selfe thou didst abuse."
2363:" (Mark gave her only one present.)
1113:) tends to precede new information (
738:is highly flexible and reflects the
2819:"Order of Subject, Object and Verb"
2437:"Wakial 'o ha-cecposid g wipsilo."
2431:"Wipsilo 'o g wakial ha-cecposid."
2425:"Wipsilo 'o ha-cecposid g wakial."
1600:Kate finished with a piece of cake.
1077:Functions of constituent word order
505:(VOS) is slightly more common than
3702:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.53031-1
3661:Order of Subject, Object, and Verb
3633:clearly illustrated with examples.
3210:Journal of South Asian Linguistics
25:
2773:. In Greenberg, Joseph H. (ed.).
2403:
2394:", and in twenty-four ways with "
1231:. But, whereas English relies on
3596:Southwest Journal of Linguistics
3163:Gambhir, Surendra Kumar (1984).
2724:10.1111/j.1749-818X.2007.00030.x
2712:Language and Linguistics Compass
2237:" (neutral narrating sentence.)
1516:." (same word order as English)
1243:Phrase word orders and branching
1150:'Wen liebt Kate?' / 'Kate liebt
773:Distribution of word order types
603:, among others. "She loves him."
2333:Një dhuratë (mua) Marku më dha.
2324:Një dhuratë (mua) më dha Marku.
2288:Më dha (mua) Marku një dhurate.
2279:Më dha një dhuratë Marku (mua).
2270:Më dha Marku një dhuratë (mua).
2261:Marku një dhuratë (mua) më dha.
2252:Marku një dhuratë më dha (mua).
2243:Marku (mua) më dha një dhuratë.
2234:Marku më dha një dhuratë (mua).
1569:Kati." (emphasis on number ) (
1541:." (also emphasis on agent ) (
1257:The order of constituents in a
389:, namely the relative order of
3364:Catalan Journal of Linguistics
2957:11858/00-001M-0000-0029-2F3E-C
2315:Një dhuratë Marku më dha (mua)
2306:Një dhuratë më dha Marku (mua)
1277:occur before and/or after the
1:
3488:Shakespeare, William (1941).
2934:Journal of Language Evolution
2766:Greenberg, Joseph H. (1963).
2654:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
2351:Mua një dhuratë më dha Marku.
2342:Mua më dha Marku një dhuratë.
2092:allow many different orders:
1707:" (क्या / کیا) "what" as the
1253:Head directionality parameter
1223:In yes–no questions such as (
763:ergative–absolutive languages
3308:, p. 1, quoting Weil (1844).
3280:Scrivner, Olga (June 2015).
2775:Universals of Human Language
2626:Study Skills for Linguistics
2445:Other issues with word order
2369:Mua Marku më dha një dhuratë
2360:Mua Marku një dhuratë më dha
2297:Më dha një dhuratë mua Marku
1559:– cf. not a piece of bread.)
1391:and places adjectives after
1389:(dans la voiture, à gauche),
3631:Basic word order in English
2748:, Oxford University Press,
2689:10.1524/stuf.1993.46.14.187
2416:auxiliary bound to one spot
1555:." (emphasis on object ) (
154:Ditransitive/Monotransitive
3778:
2836:Tomlin, Russel S. (1986).
2817:Dryer, Matthew S. (2013).
2407:
2219:
2178:
2077:
1622:
1527:." (emphasis on agent ) (
1505:", the possibilities are:
1484:
1246:
1227:), English and German use
1166:'Liebt Kate Mark?' (VSO)
1132:
3565:. 2003. pp. 91–142.
3237:10.1515/9783110179897.113
2783:10.1515/9781503623217-005
2629:. Routledge. p. 61.
1557:Kate ate a piece of cake
746:Topic-prominent languages
3057:Comrie, Bernard (1981).
2928:Hammarström, H. (2016).
2650:Hengeveld, Kees (1992).
2623:Sakel, Jeanette (2015).
1393:(une voiture spacieuse).
619:Insular Celtic languages
404:the order of modifiers (
3757:Syntactic relationships
3718:Song, Jae Jung (2012),
3571:10.4324/9780203426531-7
3503:Crystal, David (2012).
3104:Kachru, Yamuna (2006).
1357:) or at the same time (
1249:Branching (linguistics)
1216:) simply by restating:
1129:Semantics of word order
518:Constituent word orders
3538:10.1075/cilt.213.05lop
3490:Much Ado about Nothing
3391:Trips, Carola (2002).
3284:(Thesis). p. 32.
3134:Mohanan, Tara (1994).
2840:. London: Croom Helm.
2744:Rijkhoff, Jan (2004),
2652:Non-verbal predication
2523:. Here is an example:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2368:
2359:
2350:
2341:
2332:
2323:
2314:
2305:
2296:
2287:
2278:
2269:
2260:
2251:
2242:
2233:
2155:, eu, a você amanhã?"
1229:subject-verb inversion
361:) is the order of the
3563:The Romance Languages
3333:The Classical Journal
3304:Spevak, Olga (2010).
2985:10.1353/lan.1992.0028
2404:O'odham (Papago-Pima)
1727:." are shown below.
1376:before heads and use
1335:the house built by me
1331:the by me built house
447:information, such as
144:Nominative–absolutive
107:Nominative–accusative
3696:. pp. 644–656.
3377:10.5565/rev/catjl.61
3231:. pp. 113–128.
3081:10.1075/tsl.22.08rud
3035:10.1075/tsl.22.03hal
2543:language acquisition
2376:In these examples, "
1425:Pragmatic word order
1397:(une grande voiture)
547:Indo-Aryan languages
3646:Linguistic Typology
3642:Language Universals
3269:. pp. 429–446.
2947:10.1093/jole/lzw002
2529:"Mark Kate loves."
2526:"Kate loves Mark."
2506:Dialectal variation
2291:" (same as above.)
2123:-lhe-ei amanhã." (
1405:(greatly improved).
1271:adpositional phrase
1086:and other sentence
680:synthetic languages
551:Dravidian languages
511:object–subject–verb
507:object–verb–subject
503:verb–object–subject
496:verb–subject–object
489:subject–verb–object
482:subject–object–verb
374:Word order typology
258:Object–verb–subject
253:Object–subject–verb
248:Subject–object–verb
236:Verb–object–subject
231:Verb–subject–object
226:Subject–verb–object
119:Ergative–absolutive
34:Linguistic typology
3462:has generic name (
2547:translating poetry
2169:grammatical person
2080:Portuguese grammar
1625:Hindustani grammar
1487:Hungarian language
1345:), postpositions (
803:Percentage (2013)
736:sentence structure
669:Germanic languages
663:. "Him she loves."
655:languages include
649:. "Him loves she."
645:languages include
639:. "Loves him she."
631:languages include
625:. "Loves she him."
609:languages include
571:languages include
3736:978-0-521-69312-7
3728:978-0-521-87214-0
3711:978-0-08-097087-5
3580:978-0-203-42653-1
3547:978-90-272-3720-0
3514:978-1-139-19699-4
3435:978-1-9821-0941-7
3410:978-90-272-2781-2
3246:978-3-11-020776-7
3149:978-1-881526-49-0
3090:978-90-272-2905-2
3044:978-90-272-2905-2
3005:Project MUSE
2222:Albanian language
2071:
2070:
1596:egy szelet tortát
1581:egy szelet tortát
1564:Egy szelet tortát
1550:egy szelet tortát
1539:egy szelet tortát
1521:Egy szelet tortát
1514:egy szelet tortát
1367:together with him
1361:; Dutch example:
1329:relative clause (
1074:
1073:
931:language families
926:
925:
797:Percentage (2005)
597:Chinese languages
383:constituent order
347:
346:
289:Place–manner–time
285:Time–manner–place
178:Dependent-marking
129:Symmetrical voice
112:Marked nominative
16:(Redirected from
3769:
3715:
3695:
3612:
3611:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3467:
3461:
3457:
3455:
3447:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3328:
3322:
3319:Latin Word Order
3315:
3309:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3186:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3131:
3120:
3119:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3068:
3062:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3022:
3013:
3012:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2949:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2910:
2904:
2895:
2862:Kordić, Snježana
2858:
2852:
2851:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2814:
2805:
2804:
2772:
2763:
2757:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2588:
2585:
2564:Information flow
2482:"Are they good?"
2456:syntactic change
2410:Oʼodham language
2399:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2371:
2362:
2353:
2344:
2335:
2326:
2317:
2308:
2299:
2290:
2281:
2272:
2263:
2254:
2245:
2236:
2181:Latin word order
2109:a você amanhã."
1730:
1729:
1720:received a gift
1440:split ergativity
1419:circa six houses
1265:. Normally, the
942:No. of Languages
936:
788:
611:Classical Arabic
339:
332:
325:
30:
21:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3712:
3693:
3686:
3621:
3619:Further reading
3616:
3615:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3581:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3548:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3468:
3458:
3448:
3436:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3411:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3316:
3312:
3303:
3299:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3266:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3247:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3150:
3133:
3132:
3123:
3116:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3091:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3056:
3052:
3045:
3024:
3023:
3016:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2876:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2848:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2816:
2815:
2808:
2793:
2770:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2746:The Noun Phrase
2743:
2739:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2662:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2637:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2611:Comrie, Bernard
2609:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2569:Language change
2555:
2538:
2517:
2508:
2452:
2450:Language change
2447:
2412:
2406:
2224:
2218:
2183:
2177:
2084:In Portuguese,
2082:
2076:
1725:on her birthday
1709:yes–no question
1627:
1621:
1503:a piece of cake
1489:
1483:
1427:
1255:
1247:Main articles:
1245:
1141:
1133:Main articles:
1131:
1079:
948:No. of Families
775:
759:Mayan languages
615:Biblical Hebrew
520:
357:(also known as
343:
280:Free word order
198:Syntactic pivot
93:Morphosyntactic
28:
23:
22:
18:Free word order
15:
12:
11:
5:
3775:
3773:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3716:
3710:
3684:
3670:Haugan, Jens,
3668:
3658:
3637:Bernard Comrie
3634:
3628:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3586:
3579:
3553:
3546:
3520:
3513:
3495:
3480:
3434:
3416:
3409:
3383:
3350:
3339:(9): 644–657.
3323:
3310:
3297:
3272:
3252:
3245:
3219:
3196:
3187:
3178:
3155:
3148:
3121:
3114:
3096:
3089:
3063:
3050:
3043:
3014:
2963:
2920:
2905:
2874:
2866:Serbo-Croatian
2853:
2846:
2828:
2806:
2791:
2758:
2737:
2718:(6): 709–726.
2702:
2667:
2660:
2642:
2635:
2615:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2554:
2551:
2537:
2534:
2516:
2513:
2507:
2504:
2484:
2483:
2475:
2474:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2408:Main article:
2405:
2402:
2374:
2373:
2364:
2355:
2346:
2337:
2328:
2319:
2310:
2301:
2292:
2283:
2274:
2265:
2256:
2247:
2238:
2220:Main article:
2217:
2214:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2179:Main article:
2176:
2173:
2171:is recovered.
2157:
2156:
2149:
2146:entregar-te-ei
2142:
2135:
2128:
2117:
2110:
2101:
2078:Main article:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2053:
2041:
2028:
2016:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1986:
1974:
1961:
1949:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1920:
1908:
1895:
1882:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1852:
1839:
1826:
1813:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1783:
1770:
1757:
1745:
1714:
1713:
1699:
1673:
1666:
1661:and reflexive
1623:Main article:
1620:
1617:
1604:
1603:
1588:
1574:
1560:
1546:
1532:
1517:
1485:Main article:
1482:
1479:
1426:
1423:
1417:, домов шесть=
1410:extraordinaire
1339:
1338:
1327:
1316:
1305:
1294:
1244:
1241:
1185:: 'Kate liebt
1154:?' (OVS/SVO)
1139:Topicalization
1130:
1127:
1119:grammaticalize
1078:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
987:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
970:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
953:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
924:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
907:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
890:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
873:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
856:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
839:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
822:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
805:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
774:
771:
665:
664:
650:
640:
626:
604:
593:Serbo-Croatian
566:
519:
516:
515:
514:
499:
492:
485:
449:topicalisation
437:
436:
429:
414:demonstratives
402:
345:
344:
342:
341:
334:
327:
319:
316:
315:
314:
313:
308:
300:
299:
293:
292:
291:
290:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
261:
260:
255:
250:
240:
239:
238:
233:
228:
215:
214:
208:
207:
206:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
183:Double-marking
180:
175:
170:
169:
168:
167:
166:
161:
151:
149:Direct-inverse
146:
141:
136:
134:Active–stative
131:
126:
124:Split ergative
121:
116:
115:
114:
96:
95:
89:
88:
87:
86:
85:
84:
82:Oligosynthetic
79:
74:
69:
59:
58:
57:
44:
43:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3774:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3692:
3691:
3685:
3683:
3682:82-471-5060-3
3679:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3590:
3587:
3582:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3557:
3554:
3549:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3524:
3521:
3516:
3510:
3506:
3499:
3496:
3491:
3484:
3481:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3453:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3431:
3427:
3420:
3417:
3412:
3406:
3402:
3401:10.1075/la.60
3398:
3394:
3387:
3384:
3378:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3354:
3351:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3273:
3265:
3264:
3256:
3253:
3248:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3223:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3200:
3197:
3191:
3188:
3182:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3159:
3156:
3151:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3117:
3115:90-272-3812-X
3111:
3107:
3100:
3097:
3092:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3051:
3046:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2979:(1): 81–138.
2978:
2974:
2967:
2964:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2924:
2921:
2916:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2875:3-89586-161-8
2871:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2849:
2847:0-415-72357-4
2843:
2839:
2832:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2792:9781503623217
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2754:0-19-926964-5
2751:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2679:(in German).
2678:
2671:
2668:
2663:
2661:3-11-013713-5
2657:
2653:
2646:
2643:
2638:
2636:9781317530107
2632:
2628:
2627:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2584:
2581:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2514:
2512:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2449:
2444:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2411:
2401:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2088:pronouns and
2087:
2081:
2073:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1608:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1496:
1493:
1488:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1435:
1433:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1378:postpositions
1375:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1359:from her away
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1175:echo question
1172:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1098:, or another
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1076:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
988:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
971:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
954:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
937:
934:
932:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
908:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
891:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
874:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
857:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
840:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
823:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
806:
802:
800:Number (2013)
799:
796:
794:Number (2005)
793:
790:
789:
786:
784:
779:
772:
770:
768:
764:
760:
755:
751:
750:topic–comment
747:
743:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
676:
674:
673:V2 word order
670:
662:
658:
654:
651:
648:
644:
641:
638:
634:
630:
627:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
605:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
567:
564:
560:
556:
553:. Some, like
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
525:
524:
523:
517:
512:
508:
504:
500:
497:
493:
490:
486:
483:
479:
478:
477:
475:
471:
467:
466:
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
434:
431:the order of
430:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
379:
378:
375:
371:
367:
364:
360:
356:
352:
340:
335:
333:
328:
326:
321:
320:
318:
317:
312:
309:
307:
304:
303:
302:
301:
298:
294:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
275:OS word order
273:
271:
270:V2 word order
268:
266:
265:V1 word order
263:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
245:
244:
241:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
223:
222:
219:
218:
217:
216:
213:
209:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
173:Zero-marking
171:
165:
162:
160:
157:
156:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
113:
110:
109:
108:
105:
104:
103:
100:
99:
98:
97:
94:
90:
83:
80:
78:
77:Polysynthetic
75:
73:
72:Agglutinative
70:
68:
65:
64:
63:
60:
56:
53:
52:
51:
48:
47:
46:
45:
42:
41:Morphological
38:
35:
31:
19:
3719:
3689:
3672:
3640:
3599:
3595:
3589:
3562:
3556:
3529:
3523:
3504:
3498:
3489:
3483:
3425:
3419:
3392:
3386:
3367:
3363:
3353:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3318:
3313:
3305:
3300:
3281:
3275:
3262:
3255:
3228:
3222:
3213:
3209:
3199:
3190:
3181:
3164:
3158:
3139:
3105:
3099:
3072:
3066:
3058:
3053:
3026:
2976:
2972:
2966:
2940:(1): 19–29.
2937:
2933:
2923:
2914:
2908:
2865:
2856:
2837:
2831:
2822:
2774:
2761:
2745:
2740:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2680:
2676:
2670:
2651:
2645:
2625:
2618:
2583:
2559:Antisymmetry
2539:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2518:
2509:
2497:
2485:
2476:
2468:
2453:
2440:
2413:
2375:
2225:
2205:
2202:
2187:
2184:
2160:
2158:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2120:
2113:
2104:
2103:
2098:vou entregar
2097:
2083:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2005:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1724:
1722:from the boy
1721:
1717:
1715:
1703:
1702:
1694:
1693:
1686:instrumental
1680:
1679:
1650:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1628:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1513:
1510:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1444:
1436:
1428:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1404:
1401:(a big car),
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1382:prepositions
1371:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1340:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1319:
1312:
1308:
1301:
1297:
1296:determiner (
1290:
1286:
1256:
1237:
1224:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1170:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1123:
1108:
1092:case marking
1088:constituents
1080:
927:
780:
776:
744:
677:
666:
521:
498:(VSO) order;
491:order (SVO);
484:order (SOV);
463:
457:
438:
382:
373:
366:constituents
359:linear order
358:
354:
348:
243:OV languages
221:VO languages
211:
193:Null-subject
188:Head-marking
3602:(2): 5–32.
3561:"Spanish".
3460:|last=
3194:Kidwai 2000
2536:Translation
2492:modal verbs
2165:conjugation
2049:taufā milā
1976:taufā milā
1954:milā taufā
1922:milā taufā
1916:milā taufā
1363:met hem mee
1318:possessor (
1285:adjective (
1267:noun phrase
951:Percentage
509:(OVS), and
460:finite verb
426:noun phrase
418:possessives
351:linguistics
306:Color terms
164:Indirective
159:Secundative
3752:Word order
3746:Categories
3720:Word Order
3654:Morphology
3608:A348978474
3444:1105937654
3291:2022/20230
3167:(Thesis).
2595:References
2521:anastrophe
2139:entregarei
2132:entregarei
2130:"A ti, eu
2125:mesoclisis
2114:entregarei
2107:Entregarei
2074:Portuguese
2063:janmdin pe
2047:janmdin pe
2032:janmdin pe
2027:milā taufā
2022:janmdin pe
2013:janmdin pe
1996:janmdin pe
1981:janmdin pe
1972:janmdin pe
1959:janmdin pe
1947:janmdin pe
1927:janmdin pe
1914:janmdin pe
1898:janmdin pe
1893:janmdin pe
1879:janmdin pe
1859:janmdin pe
1846:janmdin pe
1829:janmdin pe
1823:janmdin pe
1810:janmdin pe
1787:janmdin pe
1780:janmdin pe
1760:janmdin pe
1756:taufā milā
1754:janmdin pe
1744:taufā milā
1742:janmdin pe
1663:pronominal
1659:possessive
1638:Hindustani
1619:Hindi-Urdu
1498:For "Kate
1415:six houses
1313:houses two
1309:two houses
1302:house this
1298:this house
1233:do-support
945:Percentage
939:Word Order
791:Word Order
740:pragmatics
647:Hixkaryana
589:Macedonian
581:Portuguese
474:transitive
441:inflection
433:adverbials
406:adjectives
355:word order
212:Word order
203:Theta role
139:Tripartite
3452:cite book
3185:Kuno 1981
3173:654720956
2864:(2006) .
2697:192204875
2488:auxiliary
2206:Via Appia
2151:"Poderia
2144:"Amanhã,
2141:amanhã."
2134:amanhã."
2116:amanhã."
2060:lar̥ki ko
2057:lar̥ke se
2051:lar̥ke se
2044:lar̥ki ko
2039:lar̥ki ko
2035:lar̥ke se
2025:lar̥ki ko
2019:lar̥ke se
2010:lar̥ki ko
2006:lar̥ke se
1993:lar̥ke se
1990:lar̥ki ko
1984:lar̥ki ko
1978:lar̥ke se
1969:lar̥ki ko
1965:lar̥ke se
1956:lar̥ki ko
1952:lar̥ke se
1943:lar̥ki ko
1939:lar̥ke se
1930:lar̥ke se
1924:lar̥ki ko
1918:lar̥ki ko
1911:lar̥ke se
1906:lar̥ki ko
1902:lar̥ke se
1889:lar̥ki ko
1886:lar̥ke se
1876:lar̥ke se
1873:lar̥ki ko
1863:lar̥ke se
1856:lar̥ki ko
1850:lar̥ki ko
1843:lar̥ke se
1836:lar̥ki ko
1832:lar̥ke se
1820:lar̥ki ko
1816:lar̥ke se
1807:lar̥ke se
1803:lar̥ki ko
1794:lar̥ke se
1790:lar̥ki ko
1777:lar̥ki ko
1774:lar̥ke se
1767:lar̥ke se
1763:lar̥ki ko
1751:lar̥ki ko
1748:lar̥ke se
1739:lar̥ke se
1736:lar̥ki ko
1567:evett meg
1553:evett meg
1536:evett meg
1525:evett meg
1481:Hungarian
1451:Hungarian
1374:modifiers
1355:Whom for?
1351:For whom?
1347:London in
1343:in London
1307:numeral (
1291:house red
1287:red house
1279:head noun
1275:modifiers
1135:Semantics
1096:agreement
1084:arguments
767:arguments
585:Bulgarian
539:Mongolian
445:pragmatic
363:syntactic
102:Alignment
62:Synthetic
55:Isolating
3321:, p. 79.
2973:Language
2897:Contents
2892:2863538W
2884:37959860
2553:See also
2216:Albanian
2210:scansion
2161:{ }
2159:Braces (
2153:entregar
2121:Entregar
2112:"Eu lhe
1718:The girl
1690:ablative
1688:and the
1669:Negation
1592:Megevett
1578:Megevett
1511:megevett
1473:and the
1463:Albanian
1365:meaning
1324:house my
1320:my house
1269:and the
720:Japanese
704:Assamese
700:Assyrian
696:Romanian
682:such as
637:Malagasy
623:Hawaiian
549:and the
531:Japanese
470:pronouns
468:, since
422:adjuncts
410:numerals
370:language
311:Numerals
67:Fusional
50:Analytic
3426:Henry V
3345:3288352
3001:9693254
2901:Summary
2801:2675113
2732:5404720
2683:(1–4).
2137:"A ti,
1712:"what".
1676:Adverbs
1467:O'odham
1455:Spanish
1432:Datooga
1115:comment
1104:Persian
1058:Unfixed
910:Unfixed
754:Finnish
724:Finnish
712:Turkish
708:Russian
692:Persian
657:Xavante
601:Swahili
577:Spanish
573:English
563:Quechua
555:Persian
543:Turkish
424:) in a
391:subject
297:Lexicon
3762:Syntax
3734:
3730:&
3726:
3708:
3680:
3650:Syntax
3606:
3577:
3544:
3511:
3442:
3432:
3407:
3370:: 71.
3343:
3243:
3171:
3146:
3112:
3087:
3041:
3009:452860
3007:
2999:
2993:416370
2991:
2890:
2882:
2872:
2844:
2799:
2789:
2752:
2730:
2695:
2658:
2633:
2515:Poetry
2500:Coptic
2167:, the
2090:commas
2086:clitic
2030:taufā
2008:taufā
1963:taufā
1945:taufā
1904:taufā
1884:taufā
1871:taufā
1861:taufā
1841:taufā
1834:taufā
1818:taufā
1805:taufā
1792:taufā
1772:taufā
1548:"Kati
1534:"Kati
1509:"Kati
1465:, and
1447:Polish
1263:clause
1259:phrase
1191:stress
1100:marker
985:13.0%
968:56.6%
922:13.7%
837:35.4%
820:41.0%
732:Basque
728:Arabic
716:Korean
633:Fijian
621:, and
617:, the
595:, the
545:, the
535:Korean
453:marked
420:, and
397:, and
395:object
387:clause
3694:(PDF)
3341:JSTOR
3267:(PDF)
3106:Hindi
2997:S2CID
2989:JSTOR
2797:S2CID
2771:(PDF)
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