540:
528:
552:
516:
210:. Noguchi (through his company Nichitsu) and Winter (American Magnesium Metals corporation) established a subsidiary Japanese magnesium company. Hansgirg took the post of vice president of both American and Japanese magnesium companies, but there were problems with financing. Hansgirg's work was not limited to magnesium. In 1936, he founded a new firm Nitehiuu
492:
253:
process. However, instead of modifying the approach, PMC chemists found a new use for the magnesium dust. They invented a new incendiary mixture of "goop" – a paste of magnesium dust gelled with gasoline and additives, which could be used as a bomb. Government controls allowed PMC to price the "goop" in competition with
504:
252:
However, getting the
Permanete plant working was dangerous and fraught with problems. The technology for the Hansgirg process was still as unreliable as it had been in Radenthein, as it required handling magnesium dust which ignites explosively in air. PMC engineers built a pilot plant to improve the
189:
laboratory. This was a less costly method of mass-producing magnesium of extremely high purity. After setting up a pilot plant in
Radenthein to produce magnesium, his senior partner, Emil Winter of the Pittsburgh Steel Company, urged Hansgirg to sell the patent rights to the highest bidder. This he
360:
Although many of his colleagues had fled Europe during the rise of fascism, Hansgirg was the only Black
Mountain College community member with "enemy alien" status. He was known for letting the college community use his grand piano, his organ, his photographic equipment and his extensive collection
348:
At Black
Mountain College, Hansgirg combined teaching of chemistry and physics with research and business activities. In 1943, an extension was added to the school's science building to make room for a photography darkroom and for Hansgirg's experiments in extracting magnesium from
245:. Before the war, the demand for aircraft engineering had increased the need for light magnesium alloys. Kaiser had paid $ 750,000 to Winter for the patent in the carbothermic process and received government credits of about $ 22 million to build a plant for
261:
with "goop" constituted about 8% of the total tonnage of incendiary devices used in the bombing of Japan and
Germany. After the war, the Permanente plant was halted, and at the end of 1945 Kaiser repaid his credits. Nine days after the December 7, 1941,
942:
257:, and avoid large financial losses. By September 1943, only 10% of the dust was being used to produce magnesium as ingots. For the entire war period, PMC issued 20 million lbs. of magnesium and 86 million lbs. of "goop". The proportion of
315:
If it is within your jurisdiction to aid in reinstating my husband to his rightful place of usefulness, that his loyalty and integrity may again be recognized in this country, you may know you will have the undying gratitude of his
372:
After Black
Mountain College, Hansgirg moved to New York. There he worked as chief engineer for the Electro-Metal Corporation and the Bach Corporation, and provided consulting services to the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey.
961:
194:. The pilot plant never worked at full strength – it took a lot of accessories, and working with magnesium requires sophisticated equipment and increased caution due to the reactivity of magnesium dust.
357:
as a reducing agent. Hansgirg created and applied for patents under the name of the North
Carolina Magnesium Development Corporation, and gave 20% of the shares of this business to the college.
415:
production during the war and for many years thereafter. Many aspects of the postwar history related to both the U.S. and Soviet (now
Russian) use of Hansgirg's processes remain classified.
241:
In May 1940, Hansgirg left Japan for the United States after the political mood became "hostile to foreigners". In the United States, Hansgirg joined forces with
American industrialist
221:
Hansgirg also developed a cracking plant, to break down crude oil into its various component parts. Before leaving
Austria, he had designed two applications of a method of producing
376:
On July 23, 1949, Hansgirg died unexpectedly at the age of 58. The cause of death is unknown, but is suspected to be related to his decades of ingestion of magnesium, resulting in
364:
In September 1948, the building that housed Hansgirg's equipment and experiments burned down in a fire rumored to have been the result of a fellow faculty member's vodka still.
137:
to design a magnesium plant in California. In 1941, Hansgirg was arrested by the FBI on a presidential warrant and interned for "the duration of the war". After the war, the
729:
1567:
329:, who in turn consulted with the director of the alien enemy control unit. This resulted in Hansgirg being released under parole by Theodore Dreier, the treasurer of
345:. Hansgirg's parolee sponsorship was transferred in 1943 to Dr. W. R. Wunsch, another employee at Black Mountain College, and then to Isaac Van Horn in July 1944.
1064:
895:
1137:
1020:
1242:
472:
1537:
133:
using a combined electrolysis catalytic exchange process he had invented. He moved to the United States in 1940, where he worked with industrialist
1557:
361:
of opera recordings. He was also one of the few faculty with personal wealth, and provided champagne and strawberries for special celebrations.
1562:
982:"Making "Goop" Out of Lemons: The Permanente Metals Corporation, Magnesium Incendiary Bombs, and the Struggle for Profits during World War II"
539:
1329:
1192:
921:
879:
848:
793:
636:
229:. It is thought that Hansgirg helped the Japanese to produce heavy water in Hungnam, and was suspected by the United States of aiding the
338:
1488:"Production of magnesium during carbothermal reduction of magnesium oxide by differential condensation of magnesium and alkali vapours"
1417:
249:(PMC) in California By 1941, the first unit at Kaiser's plant was producing about 5 short tons (4.5 long tons) of magnesium per day.
1547:
1454:
Production of magnesium during carbothermal reduction of magnesium oxide by differential condensation of magnesium and alkali vapors
311:
because their son was still in the German army and would be retaliated against if he did so. She ended this letter by stating:
267:
230:
392:
278:
274:
896:
http://toto.lib.unca.edu/findingaids/mss/bmcmac/01_bmcmac_publications/bmcmac_pub_15_1948-49/default_bmcmac_pub_1944_wc.htm
246:
482:
270:
on a presidential warrant accused of being "potentially dangerous to the public peace and safety of the United States".
428:
353:, a locally abundant mineral. Later in the same year, he developed a modified method of magnesium production that used
1289:
1079:
1532:
404:
142:
1039:
1552:
620:
206:
to set up a magnesium plant at the Chosen Nitrogen fertilizer complex in what is now the northern Korean city of
1542:
226:
1383:
751:
455:
1458:
Merton C. Flemings; George B. Kenney; Donald R. Sadoway; Joel P. Clark; Julian Szekely (February 1, 1981).
1132:
341:
doing research for the war department in 1942. This decision was taken on the advice of Austrian scientist
652:
450:
337:. Hansgirg was appointed as chemistry professor to replace Charles Lindsley, who took a position with the
330:
263:
185:
In 1928, Hansgirg invented, and patented, a carbothermic magnesium reduction process while working in his
166:
1354:
1217:
1104:
468:
445:
1527:
1522:
589:
286:
1440:
F. Hansgirg, "Thermal Reduction of Magnesium Compounds", Pt. 1, The Iron Age, Vol. 152, No. 21, pp.
141:
captured Hansgirg's plants in northern Korea, using the plants' processes and equipment for their
1058:
1001:
940:, Fritz, Hansgirg, "Production of water enriched with heavy water", issued 1938-10-25
162:
73:
1321:
1315:
1486:
Yang, Cheng-bo; Tian, Yang; Qu, Tao; Yang, Bin; Xu, Bao-Qiang; Dai, Yong-Nian (December 2013).
1335:
1325:
1198:
1188:
1031:
917:
875:
865:
844:
789:
632:
408:
304:
258:
1499:
1467:
993:
836:
624:
597:
532:
508:
203:
126:
90:
576:
Brooks, Geoffrey; Trang, Simon; Witt, Peter; Khan, M. N. H.; Nagle, Michael (May 1, 2006).
1109:
981:
377:
354:
326:
242:
191:
134:
122:
1413:
593:
169:, graduated from the University of Vienna, and served as a military psychologist in the
165:. He was married to Josephine Marie (née Heller). Heller's son from her first marriage,
1464:
U.S. DOE Division of Industrial Energy Conservation Via MIT Materials Processing Center
556:
544:
520:
334:
293:
110:
1516:
1459:
1005:
778:
440:
342:
215:
202:
In 1934, Hansgirg arrived in the Empire of Japanm where he worked with industrialist
684:
551:
496:
389:
308:
174:
170:
138:
114:
117:
who in 1928 invented a carbothermic magnesium reduction process. In 1934, he left
956:
937:
911:
871:
412:
403:. They transferred the technology back to Russia for integration into their own
396:
282:
222:
130:
1162:
628:
296:
denied permission for his wife to visit him. Heller appealed in a hand-written
1504:
1487:
997:
601:
301:
186:
94:
1202:
1187:. Heather South. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. p. 32.
959:, Fritz, Hansgirg, "Production of heavy water", issued 1939-05-02
809:
1339:
1035:
785:
577:
129:
to set up a magnesium plant, and then helped build a pilot plant to produce
1267:
840:
266:
plunged the United States into World War II, Hansgirg was arrested by the
1460:"An Assessment of Magnesiumm Primary Production Technology: Final Report"
1447:
Fritz Hansgirg, "Korea's Industrial Development", originally appeared in
1303:(They Fled Hitler's Germany and Found Refuge in North Carolina): 115–133.
211:
1268:"Process for manufacturing metallic magnesium from magnesium silicates"
400:
350:
207:
118:
254:
1471:
680:
325:
Heller's letter was forwarded by Eleanor Roosevelt to FBI director
307:
seeking leniency, explaining that her husband could not criticize
1133:"Brief Overview of the World War II Enemy Alien Control Program"
913:
Technology and Investment: The Prewar Japanese Chemical Industry
730:
Hungnam, North Korea: Delving into Pyongyang's Long Nuclear Past
154:
37:
395:
northern Korea and took possession of Hansgirg's magnesium and
158:
1163:"Fritz J. Hansgirg – Black Mountain College and World War II"
292:
During Hansgirg's wartime internment, U.S. attorney general
833:
Magnesium Technology. Metallurgy, Design Data, Applications
411:
also utilized Hansgirg's electrolytic (CECE) process for
1355:"Hansgirg, Dr. Fritz J.: Legalities and Correspondence"
333:, a progressive experimental educational community in
1290:"Black Mountain College and its Cosmopolitan Faculty"
480:
615:
Hammerli, M.; Stevens, W. H.; Butler, J. P. (1978).
16:
Austrian electrochemist and metallurgist (1891–1949)
86:
69:
61:
45:
30:
23:
777:
1388:Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society
659:. December 29, 1941 – via content.time.com.
273:After arrest, Hansgirg was first held in jail in
894:Black Mountain college. Work Camp, Summer 1944
831:Friedrich, Horst E.; Mordike, Barry L. (2006).
681:1945: When Korea Faced Its Post-Colonial Future
313:
780:An Encyclopaedia of the History Of Technology
8:
1138:National Archives and Records Administration
190:did in 1934, and then left Austria for the
1080:"Kaiser's Stake in the magnesium industry"
1063:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
20:
1503:
1414:"2014 Evaluation of Tritium Removal, etc"
1320:. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. pp.
1243:"Architecture at Black Mountain College"
732:(Report). National Security News Service
1568:Austrian emigrants to the United States
568:
487:
1087:Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering
1056:
1019:Kaiser Industries Corporation (1968).
905:
903:
723:
721:
619:. ACS Symposium Series. Vol. 68.
214:, because of the increased demand for
1377:
1375:
1353:Dreier, Theodore and Barbara Loines.
1216:Dreier, Theodore and Barbara Loines.
1157:
1155:
835:. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
719:
717:
715:
713:
711:
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
578:"The carbothermic route to magnesium"
7:
975:
973:
971:
674:
672:
670:
668:
666:
477: Process for producing magnesium
1030:. Oakland, California. p. 38.
125:where he worked with industrialist
1418:United States Department of Energy
1317:The arts at Black Mountain College
384:Postwar use of Hansgirg technology
14:
1359:Black Mountain College Collection
1222:Black Mountain College Collection
157:, Austria in 1891 and received a
1218:"Terzaghi, Karl (Dr.) 1941–1947"
728:Streifer, Bill (June 25, 2013).
550:
538:
526:
514:
502:
490:
1538:Austrian people of World War II
1492:Journal of Magnesium and Alloys
1247:blackmountaincollegeproject.org
617:Separation of Hydrogen Isotopes
388:Immediately after the war, the
231:Japanese nuclear weapon program
1558:Black Mountain College faculty
1183:Chesky Smith, Anne E. (2014).
1:
1563:Austrian expatriates in Japan
1105:"Business: Hansgirg Detained"
653:"Business: Hansgirg Detained"
247:Permanente Metals Corporation
161:degree in chemistry from the
916:. Harvard Univ Asia Center.
109:(1891–1949) was an Austrian
1382:Goldowski, Natasha (1950).
1078:KIRKPATRICK, S. D. (1944).
812:. The Pittsburgh Foundation
456:GPX (secondary coordinates)
279:U.S. alien internment camps
277:, California, and later at
1584:
1314:Harris, Mary Emma (1987).
1288:Harris, Mary Emma (1996).
629:10.1021/bk-1978-0068.ch008
604:– via Springer Link.
1505:10.1016/j.jma.2014.01.002
1444:52–63, November 18, 1943.
998:10.1017/S1467222700009721
867:The Unfinished War: Korea
810:"Emil Winter Family Fund"
621:American Chemical Society
602:10.1007/s11837-006-0024-x
451:GPX (primary coordinates)
426:Map all coordinates using
100:
79:
1548:Manhattan Project people
1297:Southern Research Report
980:Wilson, Mark R. (2011).
910:Molony, Barbara (1990).
434:Download coordinates as:
339:US department of defense
227:water gas shift reaction
752:"Josefine Maria Heller"
264:attack on Pearl Harbour
218:for military purposes.
167:Peter Robert Hofstätter
1185:Black Mountain College
986:Enterprise and Society
331:Black Mountain College
321:Black Mountain College
318:
1449:Korea Economic Digest
1384:"Fritz John Hansgirg"
841:10.1007/3-540-30812-1
446:GPX (all coordinates)
153:Hansgirg was born in
107:Fritz Johann Hansgirg
25:Fritz Johann Hansgirg
1021:"The Postwar Gamble"
776:McNeil, Ian (1990).
623:. pp. 110–125.
393:invaded and occupied
287:Stringtown, Oklahoma
1113:. December 29, 1941
594:2006JOM....58e..51B
405:atomic bomb program
143:atomic bomb project
864:Lee, Bong (2013).
275:Santa Clara County
163:University of Graz
74:University of Graz
1533:Austrian chemists
1331:978-0-262-08161-0
1194:978-1-4671-2235-1
923:978-0-674-87260-8
881:978-0-87586-218-7
872:Algora Publishing
850:978-3-540-20599-9
795:978-0-415-01306-2
638:978-0-8412-0420-1
409:Manhattan Project
305:Eleanor Roosevelt
104:
103:
81:Scientific career
53:(aged 57–58)
1575:
1553:Nuclear chemists
1509:
1507:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1443:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1379:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1294:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1159:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1084:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1062:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1045:on June 16, 2015
1044:
1038:. Archived from
1028:The Kaiser Story
1025:
1016:
1010:
1009:
977:
966:
965:
964:
960:
953:
947:
946:
945:
941:
934:
928:
927:
907:
898:
892:
886:
885:
870:. Google Books:
861:
855:
854:
828:
822:
821:
819:
817:
806:
800:
799:
783:
773:
767:
766:
764:
762:
748:
742:
741:
739:
737:
725:
696:
695:
693:
691:
679:Streifer, Bill.
676:
661:
660:
649:
643:
642:
612:
606:
605:
573:
555:
554:
543:
542:
531:
530:
529:
519:
518:
517:
507:
506:
505:
495:
494:
493:
486:
476:
475:
471:
259:incendiary bombs
204:Shitagau Noguchi
127:Shitagau Noguchi
91:Electrochemistry
52:
21:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1543:Henry J. Kaiser
1513:
1512:
1485:
1476:
1474:
1472:10.2172/6509836
1457:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1422:
1420:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1397:
1395:
1381:
1380:
1373:
1363:
1361:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1332:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1292:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1251:
1249:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1226:
1224:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1195:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1143:
1141:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1116:
1114:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1055:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1023:
1018:
1017:
1013:
979:
978:
969:
962:
955:
954:
950:
943:
936:
935:
931:
924:
909:
908:
901:
893:
889:
882:
874:. p. 121.
863:
862:
858:
851:
830:
829:
825:
815:
813:
808:
807:
803:
796:
784:. droppdf.com:
775:
774:
770:
760:
758:
750:
749:
745:
735:
733:
727:
726:
699:
689:
687:
678:
677:
664:
651:
650:
646:
639:
614:
613:
609:
575:
574:
570:
566:
561:
549:
537:
527:
525:
515:
513:
503:
501:
491:
489:
481:
473:
467:
464:
463:
462:
461:
460:
421:
386:
378:hypermagnesemia
370:
355:calcium carbide
327:J. Edgar Hoover
323:
243:Henry J. Kaiser
239:
200:
198:Empire of Japan
192:Empire of Japan
183:
151:
135:Henry J. Kaiser
123:Empire of Japan
70:Alma mater
57:
54:
50:
41:
35:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1581:
1579:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1498:(4): 323–329.
1483:
1455:
1452:
1445:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1405:
1371:
1345:
1330:
1306:
1280:
1259:
1234:
1208:
1193:
1175:
1151:
1124:
1096:
1070:
1011:
967:
948:
929:
922:
899:
887:
880:
856:
849:
823:
801:
794:
768:
743:
697:
662:
644:
637:
607:
567:
565:
562:
560:
559:
547:
535:
523:
511:
499:
479:
478:
459:
458:
453:
448:
443:
437:
431:
424:
423:
422:
420:
417:
385:
382:
369:
366:
335:North Carolina
322:
319:
298:woman-to-woman
294:Francis Biddle
238:
235:
216:jewel bearings
199:
196:
182:
179:
150:
147:
111:electrochemist
102:
101:
98:
97:
88:
84:
83:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
55:
47:
43:
42:
36:
32:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1580:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1453:
1451:(April 1945).
1450:
1446:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1310:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1284:
1281:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1176:
1164:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1093:(6): 104–107.
1092:
1088:
1081:
1074:
1071:
1066:
1060:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1015:
1012:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
992:(12): 10–45.
991:
987:
983:
976:
974:
972:
968:
958:
952:
949:
939:
933:
930:
925:
919:
915:
914:
906:
904:
900:
897:
891:
888:
883:
877:
873:
869:
868:
860:
857:
852:
846:
842:
838:
834:
827:
824:
811:
805:
802:
797:
791:
787:
782:
781:
772:
769:
757:
753:
747:
744:
731:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
698:
686:
682:
675:
673:
671:
669:
667:
663:
658:
654:
648:
645:
640:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
611:
608:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
572:
569:
563:
558:
553:
548:
546:
541:
536:
534:
524:
522:
512:
510:
500:
498:
488:
484:
470:
466:
465:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
438:
436:
435:
430:
429:OpenStreetMap
427:
418:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
391:
383:
381:
379:
374:
367:
365:
362:
358:
356:
352:
346:
344:
343:Karl Terzaghi
340:
336:
332:
328:
320:
317:
312:
310:
306:
303:
299:
295:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
271:
269:
265:
260:
256:
250:
248:
244:
237:United States
236:
234:
232:
228:
224:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
197:
195:
193:
188:
180:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
148:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:New York City
49:June 23, 1949
48:
44:
39:
33:
29:
22:
19:
1495:
1491:
1475:. Retrieved
1463:
1448:
1435:Bibliography
1421:. Retrieved
1408:
1396:. Retrieved
1394:(2): 105–106
1391:
1387:
1362:. Retrieved
1358:
1348:
1316:
1309:
1300:
1296:
1283:
1271:. Retrieved
1262:
1250:. Retrieved
1246:
1237:
1225:. Retrieved
1221:
1211:
1184:
1178:
1166:. Retrieved
1142:. Retrieved
1136:
1127:
1115:. Retrieved
1108:
1099:
1090:
1086:
1073:
1047:. Retrieved
1040:the original
1027:
1014:
989:
985:
951:
932:
912:
890:
866:
859:
832:
826:
814:. Retrieved
804:
779:
771:
759:. Retrieved
756:ancestry.com
755:
746:
734:. Retrieved
688:. Retrieved
685:Academia.edu
656:
647:
616:
610:
588:(5): 51–55.
585:
581:
571:
433:
432:
425:
390:Soviet Union
387:
375:
371:
363:
359:
347:
324:
314:
309:Adolf Hitler
297:
291:
285:, Texas and
272:
251:
240:
220:
201:
184:
175:World War II
173:army during
152:
139:Soviet Union
115:metallurgist
106:
105:
80:
51:(1949-06-23)
18:
1528:1949 deaths
1523:1891 births
1252:February 5,
1168:February 5,
413:heavy water
407:. The U.S.
397:heavy water
283:San Antonio
223:heavy water
131:heavy water
62:Nationality
1517:Categories
957:US2156851A
938:US2134249A
683:(Report).
564:References
469:US 4572736
399:plants in
302:First Lady
300:letter to
187:Radenthein
149:Early life
95:metallurgy
1477:March 24,
1423:March 26,
1203:880861894
1144:March 24,
1117:March 24,
1059:cite book
1049:March 24,
1006:153801545
816:March 24,
786:Routledge
761:March 25,
736:March 24,
690:March 24,
533:Chemistry
509:Biography
212:gemstones
40:, Austria
1398:April 3,
1364:April 2,
1340:14166232
1273:April 3,
1227:April 2,
1036:28907655
419:See also
225:using a
121:for the
65:Austrian
1466:: 124.
590:Bibcode
557:Science
545:Physics
521:Austria
483:Portals
401:Hungnam
351:olivine
208:Hungnam
181:Austria
119:Austria
1442:
1338:
1328:
1201:
1191:
1034:
1004:
963:
944:
920:
878:
847:
792:
635:
474:
255:napalm
171:German
87:Fields
1293:(PDF)
1083:(PDF)
1043:(PDF)
1024:(PDF)
1002:S2CID
497:1920s
368:Death
316:wife.
1479:2016
1425:2016
1400:2016
1366:2016
1336:OCLC
1326:ISBN
1275:2016
1254:2020
1229:2016
1199:OCLC
1189:ISBN
1170:2020
1146:2016
1119:2016
1110:Time
1065:link
1051:2016
1032:OCLC
918:ISBN
876:ISBN
845:ISBN
818:2016
790:ISBN
763:2016
738:2016
692:2016
657:Time
633:ISBN
155:Graz
113:and
46:Died
38:Graz
34:1891
31:Born
1500:doi
1468:doi
1322:137
994:doi
837:doi
625:doi
598:doi
582:JOM
441:KML
281:in
268:FBI
159:PhD
1519::
1494:.
1490:.
1462:.
1416:.
1392:66
1390:.
1386:.
1374:^
1357:.
1334:.
1324:.
1299:.
1295:.
1245:.
1220:.
1197:.
1154:^
1135:.
1107:.
1091:51
1089:.
1085:.
1061:}}
1057:{{
1026:.
1000:.
990:12
988:.
984:.
970:^
902:^
843:.
788:.
754:.
700:^
665:^
655:.
631:.
596:.
586:58
584:.
580:.
380:.
289:.
233:.
177:.
145:.
93:,
1508:.
1502::
1496:1
1481:.
1470::
1427:.
1402:.
1368:.
1342:.
1301:8
1277:.
1256:.
1231:.
1205:.
1172:.
1148:.
1121:.
1067:)
1053:.
1008:.
996::
926:.
884:.
853:.
839::
820:.
798:.
765:.
740:.
694:.
641:.
627::
600::
592::
485::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.