556:
193:
791:
406:, he developed an interest in chemistry at a young age and conducted chemistry experiments in his parents' home. His family was of modest means, and his father died at a young age, worsening the family's financial situation. Financial considerations limited Strassmann's initial choices of where to pursue his
721:
In 1953, Strassmann gave up the directorship, choosing instead to focus on his research and scholarship at the
University of Mainz. He succeeded in building up the department's capabilities, and he worked directly with students. Strassmann began these undertakings at the University of Mainz with a
525:
they concealed a Jewish woman, musician Andrea
Wolfenstein, in their apartment for months, putting themselves and their three-year-old son at risk. Strassmann continued his research in radiochemistry during World War II, although he did not work on weapons development. He disdained the Nazi regime
517:
to find an assistantship for
Strassmann at half pay, and he eventually became a special assistant to Meitner and Hahn. Strassmann considered himself fortunate, for "despite my affinity for chemistry, I value my personal freedom so highly that to preserve it I would break stones for a living."
571:
and Paul Savič reported results from their investigations on irradiating uranium with neutrons. They were unable to identify the substances that formed as a result of the uranium irradiation. Strassmann, with Hahn, was able to identify the element
44:
349:
552:. Of these three scientists, only Strassmann was able to remain focused on their joint experimental investigations. Meitner, being Jewish, was forced to leave Nazi Germany, and Hahn had extensive administrative duties.
712:
In 1950 Strassmann became the official director of the institute. After
Mattauch returned to the institute in 1951, there was considerable conflict over the allocation of resources to their respective departments.
386:. In their second publication on nuclear fission in February 1939, Strassmann and Hahn predicted the existence and liberation of additional neutrons during the fission process, opening up the possibility of a
860:. Reports in this publication were classified as "Top Secret". The reports therefore had very limited distribution, and the authors were not allowed to keep copies. The reports were confiscated under the
460:
with Otto Hahn, who arranged twice for his scholarship to be renewed. When his scholarship expired in
September 1932, Strassmann continued to work as a research student in Hahn's laboratory, without a
1606:
622:
Strassmann developed methods for the dating of the age of minerals and other inorganic substances based on the half-life of radioactive elements and the enrichment of decay products. Strassmann and
888:
Fritz Straßmann: "Über die Löslichkeit von Jod in gasförmiger
Kohlensäure", Zeitschrift f. physikal. Chemie. Abt. A., Bd. 143 (1929) and PhD thesis Technical University of Hannover, 1930
630:
in 1936 and 1937, and
Strassmann continued this work in 1942 and 1943. His methods are known as emanation methods, and Strassmann's research in this area was fundamental to the field of
321:
726:(B.A.S.F.) to fund an institute for the chemical sciences at the university with a focus on nuclear chemistry. He also lobbied the German federal government to fund a
734:
for research purposes, and a special institute for nuclear chemistry. Strassman's creation, the
Institute for Nuclear Chemistry, officially opened on 3 April 1967.
597:
confirmed
Strassman and Hahn's report experimentally on 13 January 1939. Frisch and Meitner explained Strassman's and Hahn's findings as being from nuclear fission.
265:
231:
295:
270:
260:
959:
285:
245:
240:
1601:
1581:
1209:
Volume 27, Number 1, 11-15 (1939). The authors were identified as being at the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Chemie, Berlin-Dahlem. Received 22 December 1938
290:
653:
district, in a textile factory belonging to the Ludwig Haasis company. In April 1945, Hahn and other German physicists were taken into custody as part of
485:. He had known Hartmann for many years, as she was also a member of the same group of young musicians that Strassmann and his wife Maria had belonged to.
279:
255:
1346:
555:
1230:
314:
250:
1591:
1631:
1626:
1571:
868:
445:
1576:
1412:
1258:
1094:
846:
833:(חסיד אמות העולם). Together with his wife Maria (Heckter) Strassmann, he hid a Jew in their apartment, at risk to the lives of his family.
307:
693:'s department, while Nuclear Chemistry was Strassmann's department. Mattauch was appointed director of the institute. Mattauch developed
207:
1156:
698:
275:
1519:
1489:
1291:
638:
665:. In Hahn's absence, Strassmann became director of the chemistry section of the institute. In 1946 Strassmann became professor of
807:
604:
for the discovery of nuclear fission, although Fritz
Strassmann had been acknowledged as an equal collaborator in the discovery.
414:
102:
1041:
475:. He met Maria Heckter Strassmann through a group of young musicians that they both belonged to. The couple had a son, Martin.
1621:
1441:. Washington, D.C.: Scientific and Technical Information Branch, National Aeronautics and Space Administration. p. 259.
402:, Germany, to Richard Strassmann and Julie Strassmann (née Bernsmann). He was the youngest of nine children. Growing up in
876:
856:
697:, and, in his absence, Strassman became acting director in 1948. As of 1949, the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institute was renamed the
607:
From 1939 to 1946 working at the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institute, Strassman contributed to research on the fission products of
535:
872:
830:
742:
182:
1199:Über den Nachweis und das Verhalten der bei der Bestrahlung des Urans mittels Neutronen entstehenden Erdalkalimetalle
192:
494:
593:
reporting the results of their experiments on detection of barium as a product of neutron bombardment of uranium.
1586:
871:
for evaluation. In 1971, the reports were declassified and returned to Germany. The reports are available at the
601:
1203:
On the detection and characteristics of the alkaline earth metals formed by irradiation of uranium with neutrons
1547:
1121:
799:
342:
1361:
374:. Their observation was the key piece of evidence necessary to identify the previously unknown phenomenon of
1227:
772:
641:, the Institute suffered severe bombing damage. For this reason, the institute was temporarily relocated to
589:
526:
and is reported to have said, "If my work would lead to Hitler having an atomic bomb I would kill myself."
861:
790:
387:
1479:
764:
750:
568:
1538:
482:
1616:
1611:
1008:
541:
505:
by the Nazi regime. As a result, he could not work in the chemical industry nor could he receive his
434:
418:
417:, supporting himself financially by working as a tutor for other students. He received a diploma in
674:
666:
623:
1596:
803:
662:
627:
594:
426:
217:
123:
1542:
1283:
996:
1515:
1485:
1436:
1408:
1287:
1254:
1152:
1100:
1090:
1086:
761:
727:
686:
670:
654:
616:
1402:
1248:
1016:
815:
560:
438:
407:
164:
1234:
1074:
864:
757:
731:
468:
On 20 July 1937 Strassmann married Maria Heckter who was also a chemist. Strassmann was a
453:
375:
113:
1452:
738:
584:
of the two elements, uranium having atomic number 92 and barium having atomic number 56.
1012:
1276:
722:
few scattered rooms and very little money. He negotiated with the university and with
690:
650:
457:
1172:
1565:
1079:
658:
631:
581:
430:
403:
212:
202:
65:
1312:
694:
522:
510:
506:
379:
83:
429:
in 1929. His doctoral research was on the solubility and reactivity of iodine in
615:. In this way, he contributed to the understanding of the radiochemistry of the
577:
502:
469:
383:
43:
17:
1555:
822:
768:
754:
642:
479:
222:
521:
Strassman's wife Maria supported his refusal to join the Nazi Party. During
1551:
1220:
Physical Evidence for the Division of Heavy Nuclei under Neutron Bombardment
1104:
826:
746:
612:
514:
472:
359:
143:
844:
G-151 (27 February 1942) by Otto Hahn and Fritz Straßmann was published in
842:
Zur Folge nach der Entstehung des 2,3 Tage-Isotops des Elements 93 aus Uran
811:
646:
549:
371:
576:
as a major end product in the neutron bombardment of uranium, through a
706:
608:
545:
462:
399:
367:
355:
147:
61:
1020:
573:
478:
Maria Strassmann died of cancer in 1956. In 1959, Strassmann married
449:
363:
1512:
German national socialism and the quest for nuclear power, 1939-1949
741:(Göttingen eighteen), a group of leading nuclear researchers of the
509:
as required to be an independent researcher in Germany at the time.
1514:(1st pbk. ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 268–274.
789:
779:
702:
554:
544:
in their investigations of the products resulting from bombarding
79:
794:
Memorial to Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann for fissioning uranium
1435:
Scientific and Technology Division, Library of Congress (1967).
723:
498:
433:
in the gas phase, and also enabled him to become experienced in
1481:
Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources
1313:"Chronik des Kaiser-Wilhelm- / Max-Planck-Instituts für Chemie"
893:
Im Schatten der Sensation. Leben und Wirken von Fritz Straßmann
637:
On 15 February 1944 and again on 24 March 1944, as part of the
580:. The result was surprising because of the large difference in
444:
Subsequently, Strassmann received a partial scholarship to the
964:
Encyclopedia.com / Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography
422:
413:
Strassmann began his formal chemistry studies in 1920 at the
1278:
Chemical Achievers: The Human Face of the Chemical Sciences
587:
In December 1938, Hahn and Strassmann sent a manuscript to
1407:. Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 50–51.
559:
Nuclear fission experimental setup, reconstructed at the
916:"Hitler and the Bomb". New York Times. 11 December 1988.
778:
Strassmann retired in 1970. He died on 22 April 1980 in
540:
Hahn and Meitner made use of Strassmann's expertise in
1607:
Academic staff of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
995:
Friedlander, Gerhart; Herrmann, Günter (April 1981).
1085:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p.
1250:
Heavy Water and the Wartime Race for Nuclear Energy
163:
153:
139:
119:
108:
98:
90:
72:
50:
34:
1275:
1078:
378:, as was subsequently recognized and published by
1151:(1st pbk. ed.). Cambridge University Press.
354:; 22 February 1902 – 22 April 1980) was a German
1401:Castell, Lutz; Ischebeck, Otfried, eds. (2003).
1042:"Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, and Fritz Strassmann"
1550:– his activity to save Jews' lives during the
802:honored Hahn, Meitner and Strassmann with the
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
315:
8:
1478:Hentschel, Klaus; Hentschel, Ann M. (1996).
1149:Nuclear weapons : what you need to know
1116:
1114:
685:The Institute consisted of two departments:
821:In 1985 Fritz Strassmann was recognized by
626:developed the rubidium-strontium method of
1307:
1305:
1303:
322:
308:
178:
42:
31:
1282:. Chemical Heritage Foundation. pp.
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
911:
909:
854:), an internal publication of the German
362:in December 1938, identified the element
1340:
1338:
1336:
1126:The Righteous Among the Nations Database
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
465:but also without having to pay tuition.
960:"Strassmann, Friedrich Wilhelm (Fritz)"
905:
501:-controlled public corporation. He was
230:
181:
1237:. The paper is dated 17 January 1939.
1179:. Spartacus Educational Publishers Ltd
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
869:United States Atomic Energy Commission
456:, beginning in 1929. There he studied
446:Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry
1147:Bernstein, Jeremy (8 February 2010).
493:In 1933 Strassmann resigned from the
341:
7:
1498:Kernphysikalische Forschungsberichte
847:Kernphysikalische Forschungsberichte
1484:. Birkhäuser. p. XVI, XLVIII.
1226:, Volume 143, Number 3616, 276-276
852:Research Reports in Nuclear Physics
737:In 1957 Strassmann was one of the
366:as a product of the bombardment of
1602:Scientists from the Rhine Province
1582:German Righteous Among the Nations
724:Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabriken
699:Max Planck Institute for Chemistry
410:and what subjects they should be.
25:
873:Karlsruhe Nuclear Research Center
639:Bombing of Berlin in World War II
1347:"Cosmochemistry along the Rhine"
808:International Astronomical Union
753:, Göttinger Erklärung) opposing
415:Technical University of Hannover
191:
103:Technical University of Hannover
1592:Nuclear program of Nazi Germany
1457:JPL Small-Body Database Browser
1320:Max-Planck-Instituts für Chemie
1081:Lise Meitner: A Life in Physics
771:, Western Germany's army, with
701:, and moved from Tailfingen to
681:Administrative responsibilities
1632:Max Planck Institute directors
441:was Professor Hermann Braune.
1:
1627:German people of World War II
1572:Enrico Fermi Award recipients
1543:1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1453:"19136 Strassmann (1989 AZ6)"
1404:Time, Quantum and Information
1247:Per F Dahl (1 January 1999).
877:American Institute of Physics
567:In 1937 and 1938, scientists
1577:20th-century German chemists
1496:, See Appendix E; entry for
1438:Astronautics and Aeronautics
536:Discovery of nuclear fission
335:Friedrich Wilhelm Strassmann
55:Friedrich Wilhelm Strassmann
1274:Bowden, Mary Ellen (1997).
1253:. CRC Press. pp. 73–.
831:Righteous Among the Nations
743:Federal Republic of Germany
657:and interned at Farm Hall,
600:In 1944, Hahn received the
489:Activities during Nazi rule
394:Personal life and education
1648:
1386:Bernstein, Jeremy (1996).
1197:O. Hahn and F. Strassmann
533:
495:Society of German Chemists
343:[fʁɪt͡sˈʃtʁasˌman]
27:German chemist (1902–1980)
1390:. Woodbury NY: AIP Press.
1360:(1): 4–10. Archived from
1177:spartacus-educational.com
1046:Science History Institute
602:Nobel Prize for Chemistry
497:when it became part of a
173:
157:Kaiser-Wilhelm Institutes
132:
41:
1354:Geochemical Perspectives
800:President Lyndon Johnson
773:tactical nuclear weapons
689:and Nuclear Physics was
1345:Palme, Herbert (2018).
1233:23 January 2009 at the
398:Strassmann was born in
76:22 April 1980 (aged 78)
798:In 1966 United States
795:
786:Honors and recognition
767:'s plans to equip the
564:
388:nuclear chain reaction
1622:Rare earth scientists
1510:Walker, Mark (1993).
1388:Hitler's Uranium Club
895:; Verlag Chemie, 1981
793:
558:
542:analytical chemistry
435:analytical chemistry
419:chemical engineering
1207:Naturwissenschaften
1013:1981PhT....34d..84F
675:University of Mainz
667:inorganic chemistry
590:Naturwissenschaften
159:University of Mainz
1228:(18 February 1939)
1173:"Fritz Strassmann"
1122:"Strassmann Fritz"
997:"Fritz Strassmann"
804:Enrico Fermi Award
796:
765:Franz-Josef Strauß
751:Göttinger Manifest
739:Göttinger Achtzehn
663:Cambridge, England
628:radiometric dating
569:Irène Joliot-Curie
565:
427:physical chemistry
218:Seven Laws of Noah
124:Enrico Fermi Award
1414:978-3-662-10557-3
1260:978-0-7503-0633-1
1096:978-0-520-08906-8
1021:10.1063/1.2914536
762:defense secretary
728:neutron generator
687:Mass Spectrometry
671:nuclear chemistry
655:Operation Epsilon
617:actinide elements
421:in 1924, and his
332:
331:
185:Among the Nations
177:
176:
134:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
1639:
1587:Nuclear chemists
1548:Fritz Strassmann
1526:
1525:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1366:
1351:
1342:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1317:
1309:
1298:
1297:
1281:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1244:
1238:
1216:
1210:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1118:
1109:
1108:
1084:
1075:Sime, Ruth Lewin
1071:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1027:
992:
975:
974:
972:
970:
955:
918:
917:
913:
867:and sent to the
816:19136 Strassmann
717:Renewed research
561:Deutsches Museum
483:Irmgard Hartmann
439:doctoral advisor
408:higher education
353:
352:
351:
345:
340:
324:
317:
310:
208:Rescuers of Jews
195:
179:
165:Doctoral advisor
128:
112:Co-discovery of
58:22 February 1902
46:
36:Fritz Strassmann
32:
21:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1562:
1561:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1522:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1492:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1460:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1370:
1368:
1367:on 31 July 2020
1364:
1349:
1344:
1343:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1301:
1294:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1235:Wayback Machine
1217:
1213:
1196:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1131:
1129:
1120:
1119:
1112:
1097:
1073:
1072:
1061:
1051:
1049:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1025:
1023:
994:
993:
978:
968:
966:
958:Krafft, Fritz.
957:
956:
921:
915:
914:
907:
902:
885:
883:Further reading
865:Operation Alsos
839:
837:Internal report
788:
758:Konrad Adenauer
732:nuclear reactor
719:
683:
611:, uranium, and
538:
532:
491:
437:. Strassmann's
396:
376:nuclear fission
348:
347:
346:
338:
328:
184:
158:
126:
114:Nuclear fission
86:
77:
68:
59:
57:
56:
37:
28:
23:
22:
18:Fritz Strassman
15:
12:
11:
5:
1645:
1643:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1545:
1534:
1533:External links
1531:
1528:
1527:
1520:
1502:
1490:
1470:
1444:
1427:
1413:
1393:
1378:
1332:
1299:
1292:
1266:
1259:
1239:
1211:
1190:
1164:
1158:978-0521126373
1157:
1139:
1110:
1095:
1059:
1033:
976:
919:
904:
903:
901:
898:
897:
896:
891:Fritz Krafft:
889:
884:
881:
838:
835:
787:
784:
718:
715:
691:Josef Mattauch
682:
679:
534:Main article:
531:
528:
490:
487:
458:radiochemistry
395:
392:
330:
329:
327:
326:
319:
312:
304:
301:
300:
299:
298:
293:
288:
283:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
235:
234:
228:
227:
226:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
197:
196:
188:
187:
175:
174:
171:
170:
169:Hermann Braune
167:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
141:
137:
136:
130:
129:
121:
117:
116:
110:
109:Known for
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
78:
74:
70:
69:
60:
54:
52:
48:
47:
39:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1644:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1523:
1521:0-521-43804-7
1517:
1513:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1491:9783034802031
1487:
1483:
1482:
1474:
1471:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1431:
1428:
1416:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1397:
1394:
1389:
1382:
1379:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1321:
1314:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1293:9780941901123
1289:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1218:O. R. Frisch
1215:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1160:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1140:
1127:
1123:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1001:Physics Today
998:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
977:
965:
961:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
920:
912:
910:
906:
899:
894:
890:
887:
886:
882:
880:
878:
874:
870:
866:
863:
859:
858:
853:
849:
848:
843:
836:
834:
832:
828:
825:Institute in
824:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
792:
785:
783:
781:
776:
774:
770:
766:
763:
759:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
735:
733:
729:
725:
716:
714:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
680:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
659:Godmanchester
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
635:
633:
632:geochronology
629:
625:
624:Ernst Walling
620:
618:
614:
610:
605:
603:
598:
596:
592:
591:
585:
583:
582:atomic number
579:
575:
570:
562:
557:
553:
551:
547:
543:
537:
529:
527:
524:
519:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
488:
486:
484:
481:
476:
474:
471:
466:
464:
459:
455:
451:
447:
442:
440:
436:
432:
431:carbonic acid
428:
424:
420:
416:
411:
409:
405:
401:
393:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
350:
344:
336:
325:
320:
318:
313:
311:
306:
305:
303:
302:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
281:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
238:
237:
236:
233:
229:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
213:Righteousness
211:
209:
206:
204:
203:The Holocaust
201:
200:
199:
198:
194:
190:
189:
186:
180:
172:
168:
166:
162:
156:
152:
149:
145:
142:
138:
135:
131:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
107:
104:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
75:
71:
67:
66:German Empire
63:
53:
49:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
1511:
1505:
1497:
1480:
1473:
1461:. Retrieved
1456:
1447:
1437:
1430:
1418:. Retrieved
1403:
1396:
1387:
1381:
1369:. Retrieved
1362:the original
1357:
1353:
1323:. Retrieved
1319:
1277:
1269:
1249:
1242:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1181:. Retrieved
1176:
1167:
1148:
1142:
1130:. Retrieved
1128:. Yad Vashem
1125:
1080:
1050:. Retrieved
1045:
1036:
1024:. Retrieved
1007:(4): 84–86.
1004:
1000:
967:. Retrieved
963:
892:
855:
851:
845:
841:
840:
820:
797:
777:
745:who wrote a
736:
720:
711:
695:tuberculosis
684:
636:
621:
606:
599:
588:
586:
566:
539:
523:World War II
520:
511:Lise Meitner
507:habilitation
492:
477:
467:
443:
412:
397:
380:Lise Meitner
334:
333:
154:Institutions
133:
84:West Germany
29:
1617:1980 deaths
1612:1902 births
1463:31 December
1420:26 December
1371:31 December
1325:26 December
1132:31 December
1052:31 December
1048:. June 2016
1026:31 December
969:31 December
814:after him:
651:Württemberg
595:Otto Frisch
578:decay chain
513:encouraged
503:blacklisted
470:self-taught
384:Otto Frisch
91:Nationality
1566:Categories
1556:Yad Vashem
857:Uranverein
823:Yad Vashem
769:Bundeswehr
755:chancellor
643:Tailfingen
480:journalist
404:Düsseldorf
358:who, with
266:Lithuanian
232:By country
223:Yad Vashem
1597:Otto Hahn
1552:Holocaust
1539:Otto Hahn
827:Jerusalem
810:named an
747:manifesto
649:) in the
613:neptunium
563:, Munich.
515:Otto Hahn
473:violinist
360:Otto Hahn
296:Ukrainian
271:Norwegian
261:Hungarian
183:Righteous
144:Physicist
99:Education
1231:Archived
1105:32893857
1077:(1996).
875:and the
812:asteroid
647:Albstadt
550:neutrons
372:neutrons
286:Romanian
246:Croatian
241:Austrian
1558:website
1183:1 April
1009:Bibcode
707:Germany
673:at the
661:, near
609:thorium
546:uranium
463:stipend
400:Boppard
368:uranium
356:chemist
339:German:
291:Serbian
148:Chemist
62:Boppard
1518:
1488:
1459:. NASA
1411:
1290:
1257:
1224:Nature
1155:
1103:
1093:
862:Allied
806:. The
574:barium
530:Career
454:Dahlem
450:Berlin
364:barium
276:Polish
256:German
140:Fields
127:(1966)
120:Awards
94:German
1554:, at
1365:(PDF)
1350:(PDF)
1316:(PDF)
1286:-80.
900:Notes
780:Mainz
703:Mainz
645:(now
548:with
370:with
251:Czech
80:Mainz
1516:ISBN
1486:ISBN
1465:2019
1422:2019
1409:ISBN
1373:2019
1327:2019
1288:ISBN
1255:ISBN
1185:2020
1153:ISBN
1134:2019
1101:OCLC
1091:ISBN
1054:2019
1028:2019
971:2019
760:and
730:, a
669:and
499:Nazi
382:and
280:list
73:Died
51:Born
1205:),
1087:157
1017:doi
829:as
448:in
425:in
423:PhD
1568::
1541:,
1455:.
1356:.
1352:.
1335:^
1318:.
1302:^
1284:76
1222:,
1175:.
1124:.
1113:^
1099:.
1089:.
1062:^
1044:.
1015:.
1005:34
1003:.
999:.
979:^
962:.
922:^
908:^
879:.
818:.
782:.
775:.
709:.
705:,
677:.
634:.
619:.
390:.
146:,
82:,
64:,
1524:.
1500:.
1494:.
1467:.
1424:.
1375:.
1358:7
1329:.
1296:.
1263:.
1201:(
1187:.
1161:.
1136:.
1107:.
1056:.
1030:.
1019::
1011::
973:.
850:(
749:(
452:-
337:(
323:e
316:t
309:v
282:)
278:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
