190:. These cavity preparations used principles of engineering and material sciences to maximize strength and retention of the amalgam filling and minimize fractures as well as tooth anatomy, to minimize pulp exposure. The phrase, "extension for prevention," is still famous in the dental community today and represents Black's idea that dentists should incorporate more grooves and pits than those currently exhibiting decay as a preventive measure against those grooves and pits developing
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in 1895. This formula and its variations quickly became the gold standard and would remain such for almost 70 years. Black’s son, Arthur continued the legacy of his father, continuing dental research, gaining academic and political support for the importance of the sciences in dental education, and
163:(1864). It was here that he began an active career and research in the developing field of dentistry. He studied dentistry for 20 months (as was common at the time) followed by an apprenticeship He taught in the Dental Department at the
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with the help of his brother, Dr. Thomas G. Black. In 1857, he met Dr. J.C. Speer, who taught him the practice of dentistry. After the Civil War, in which he served as a union scout, he relocated to
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Further, he organized 'Black's
Classification of Caries Lesions' which is still in use today. Since that time, only one more category has been added to his classification system.
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In addition to developing a standard for cavity preparations, Black also experimented with various mixtures of amalgam. After years of experimentation, Black published his
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Class I Caries affecting pits and fissures on occlusal third of molars and premolars, occlusal two thirds of molars and premolars, and
Lingual part of anterior teeth.
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in the future, although today ideas have changed and focus much more on minimal intervention. Black published his concepts and ideals in his text
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Burt, Brian, Steven Eklund. Dentistry, Dental
Practice, and the Community, 6th Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, 2005. VitalBook file. Pafe 307
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Burt, Brian, Steven Eklund. Dentistry, Dental
Practice, and the Community, 6th Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, 2005. VitalBook file. Page 4
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Class VI (never described by Black, added later by W J Simon in 1956) Caries affecting cusp tips of molars, premolars, and cuspids.
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Powers, John M., Ronald
Sakaguchi. Craig's Restorative Dental Materials, 12th Edition. C.V. Mosby, 2006. VitalBook file. Page 9
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Roberson, Theodore. Sturdevant's Art and
Science of Operative Dentistry, 5th Edition. C.V. Mosby, 2006. VitalBook file. Page 5
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http://www.fauchard.org/system/publications/attachments/000/000/027/original/The-History-of-Operative-Dentistry.pdf?1366748688
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Class V Caries affecting gingival 1/3 of facial or lingual surfaces of anterior or posterior teeth.
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and quickly developed an interest in the natural world. By the age of 17, Black began studying
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Significant Events in the
History of Operative Dentistry. Thomas M. Schulien. 2005.
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in the United States. He is also known as the father of operative dentistry.
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Class IV Caries affecting proximal including incisal angles of anterior teeth.
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and ideal cavity preparations. One of his many inventions was a foot-driven
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Photograph of G.V. Black at the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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on August 3, 1836 to
William and Mary Black. He spent his early life on a
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He researched many important topics to dentistry, including the cause of
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435:"The Father of Modern Dentistry - Dr. Greene Vardiman Black (1836–1915)"
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making university education mandatory for dentists.
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323:Kelly, Howard A.; Burrage, Walter L. (eds.).
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208:GV Black Classification of Restorations
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311:Phillips' Science of Dental Materials
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482:Northwestern University faculty
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326:"Black, Greene Vardiman"
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138:Greene Vardiman Black
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420:at PFA Hall of Fame
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18:G.V. Black
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