870:
oscillations which in turn intensifies glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. How GxTX-1E is able to generate distinctive calcium oscillations in different cells remains unclear (broader oscillations, increased frequency or restoration of oscillations), however, the specificity of GxTX-1E points in
26:
958:
Herrington J, Zhou YP, Bugianesi RM, Dulski PM, Feng Y, Warren VA, Smith MM, Kohler MG, Garsky VM, Sanchez M, Wagner M, Raphaelli K, Banerjee P, Ahaghotu C, Wunderler D, Priest BT, Mehl JT, Garcia ML, McManus OB, Kaczorowski GJ, Slaughter RS (April 2006).
1124:
Lee CW, Kim S, Roh SH, Endoh H, Kodera Y, Maeda T, Kohno T, Wang JM, Swartz KJ, Kim JI (February 2004). "Solution structure and functional characterization of SGTx1, a modifier of Kv2.1 channel gating".
1644:
Oudit GY, Kassiri Z, Sah R, Ramirez RJ, Zobel C, Backx PH (May 2001). "The molecular physiology of the cardiac transient outward potassium current (I(to)) in normal and diseased myocardium".
854:
2.1 by GxTX-1E causes a shift in voltage-dependency of activation toward more positive potentials of almost 100 mV. Moreover, GxTX-1E also exhibits properties of decreasing the velocity of hK
5006:
4957:
3722:
3567:
1089:
Escoubas P, Diochot S, Célérier ML, Nakajima T, Lazdunski M (July 2002). "Novel tarantula toxins for subtypes of voltage-dependent potassium channels in the Kv2 and Kv4 subfamilies".
1720:
Frech GC, VanDongen AM, Schuster G, Brown AM, Joho RH (August 1989). "A novel potassium channel with delayed rectifier properties isolated from rat brain by expression cloning".
705:
channels from within the membrane. Differences in distribution of acidic and basic residues compared to SGTx-1 may contribute to the difference in affinity of GxTX-1E for the K
4774:
205:
mechanotoxin-4 (GsMTx-4), and
Voltage-sensor toxin-1 (VSTX1) peptides. GxTX-1 consists of two variants, GxTX-1D and GxTX-1E, of which GxTX-1E is a more potent inhibitor of K
1847:
Roe MW, Worley JF, Mittal AA, Kuznetsov A, DasGupta S, Mertz RJ, Witherspoon SM, Blair N, Lancaster ME, McIntyre MS, Shehee WR, Dukes ID, Philipson LH (December 1996).
1954:
804:
697:
stabilizing the toxin structure. The conserved amphipathic structure assists in binding the toxin and can be explained since similar toxins allocate into
709:
2.1 channel. Dissimilarities in orientation of loops and turns compared to JZTX-III may contribute to the discrepancy in selectivity of GxTX-1E to the K
45:
1890:"Delayed rectifying and calcium-activated K+ channels and their significance for action potential repolarization in mouse pancreatic beta-cells"
1410:
Phillips LR, Milescu M, Li-Smerin Y, Mindell JA, Kim JI, Swartz KJ (August 2005). "Voltage-sensor activation with a tarantula toxin as cargo".
1771:
Misonou H, Mohapatra DP, Trimmer JS (October 2005). "Kv2.1: a voltage-gated k+ channel critical to dynamic control of neuronal excitability".
811:) of the β-cells. This makes GxTX appropriate to study the physiological role of the aforementioned current as it inhibits 90% of the β-cell I
4943:
3433:
3873:
3851:
1947:
866:
2.1 potassium channels, GxTX-1E boosts action potentials of pancreatic β-cells causing mainly increased glucose-stimulated intracellular
3746:
4675:
1980:
1359:
Lee SY, MacKinnon R (July 2004). "A membrane-access mechanism of ion channel inhibition by voltage sensor toxins from spider venom".
875:
inhibition causing these effects. Notably, GxTX-1E stimulated insulin secretion is specifically glucose dependent, considering that I
459:
GxTX-2 consists of 33 amino acids, which has only 9 identical amino acids in corresponding sequence compared to GxTX-1D and GxTX-1E:
2601:
1250:
Ruta V, Jiang Y, Lee A, Chen J, MacKinnon R (March 2003). "Functional analysis of an archaebacterial voltage-dependent K+ channel".
1203:"Identification of a peptide toxin from Grammostola spatulata spider venom that blocks cation-selective stretch-activated channels"
2945:
3636:
3456:
1940:
892:
738:
1312:"Solution structure of GxTX-1E, a high-affinity tarantula toxin interacting with voltage sensors in Kv2.1 potassium channels"
4203:
3933:
961:"Blockers of the delayed-rectifier potassium current in pancreatic beta-cells enhance glucose-dependent insulin secretion"
5002:
1162:"Jingzhaotoxin-III, a novel spider toxin inhibiting activation of voltage-gated sodium channel in rat cardiac myocytes"
5026:
4982:
1849:"Expression and function of pancreatic beta-cell delayed rectifier K+ channels. Role in stimulus-secretion coupling"
667:
4968:
4542:
3865:
3763:
3447:
2959:
1681:"Voltage-dependent K(+) channels in pancreatic beta cells: role, regulation and potential as therapeutic targets"
158:
123:
4870:
4788:
4689:
4606:
4475:
3898:
3795:
3627:
3396:
1806:
MacDonald PE, Ha XF, Wang J, Smukler SR, Sun AM, Gaisano HY, Salapatek AM, Backx PH, Wheeler MB (August 2001).
904:
4816:
4752:
4088:
1994:
5031:
4620:
4556:
3947:
2913:
2904:
2468:
2455:
2437:
2379:
2003:
1603:
Yan L, Figueroa DJ, Austin CP, Liu Y, Bugianesi RM, Slaughter RS, Kaczorowski GJ, Kohler MG (March 2004).
788:
675:
200:
4839:
4834:
4824:
4584:
4485:
4063:
2518:
1013:
Herrington J (February 2007). "Gating modifier peptides as probes of pancreatic beta-cell physiology".
2389:
4178:
2709:
2644:
2624:
1729:
1419:
1368:
1259:
769:
2447:
2442:
2399:
2109:
2049:
4829:
2967:
2513:
2371:
880:
4908:
3529:
2274:
2219:
2214:
2179:
1562:
Schmalhofer WA, Ratliff KS, Weinglass A, Kaczorowski GJ, Garcia ML, Herrington J (November 2009).
1201:
Suchyna TM, Johnson JH, Hamer K, Leykam JF, Gage DA, Clemo HF, Baumgarten CM, Sachs F (May 2000).
4390:
4153:
4083:
3239:
3234:
3137:
3012:
2869:
2844:
2744:
2614:
2488:
2336:
2299:
2199:
2194:
2094:
2079:
2074:
2039:
1753:
1443:
1392:
1283:
867:
3709:
3132:
3107:
3022:
2669:
2659:
2249:
2239:
2209:
2204:
2169:
2124:
2069:
2059:
2054:
179:
Guangxitoxin consists of multiple subtypes, including GxTX-1D, GxTX-1E and GxTX-2. GxTX-2 shows
25:
4592:
3714:
3694:
3679:
3649:
3067:
2977:
2409:
2314:
2304:
2284:
2264:
2244:
1808:"Members of the Kv1 and Kv2 voltage-dependent K(+) channel families regulate insulin secretion"
4888:
4628:
4499:
4385:
4380:
4365:
4173:
3817:
3689:
3669:
2936:
2829:
2583:
2366:
1963:
1919:
1870:
1829:
1788:
1745:
1702:
1661:
1626:
1585:
1544:
1492:
1435:
1384:
1341:
1275:
1232:
1183:
1142:
1106:
1071:
1030:
982:
824:
138:
3117:
3097:
2493:
2473:
4666:
4410:
4163:
4078:
3878:
3732:
3597:
3386:
3381:
2724:
2478:
1909:
1901:
1860:
1819:
1780:
1737:
1692:
1653:
1616:
1575:
1534:
1526:
1482:
1474:
1427:
1376:
1331:
1323:
1267:
1222:
1214:
1173:
1134:
1098:
1061:
1050:"An inhibitor of the Kv2.1 potassium channel isolated from the venom of a Chilean tarantula"
1022:
972:
690:
679:
180:
141:
4648:
4918:
4913:
4883:
4712:
4707:
4310:
4275:
4265:
4230:
3837:
3812:
3279:
2972:
2854:
2498:
2424:
2009:
1971:
1310:
Lee S, Milescu M, Jung HH, Lee JY, Bae CH, Lee CW, Kim HH, Swartz KJ, Kim JI (June 2010).
698:
694:
85:
217:
GxTX-1D and GxTX-1E consist of 36 amino acids, differing only a single amino acid at the
1733:
1423:
1372:
1263:
977:
960:
4893:
4849:
4440:
4340:
4250:
3924:
3780:
3524:
3479:
3224:
3214:
2834:
2754:
2384:
2351:
2254:
1914:
1889:
1539:
1515:"Interactions between lipids and voltage sensor paddles detected with tarantula toxins"
1514:
1487:
1462:
1336:
1311:
1227:
1202:
820:
730:
1605:"Expression of voltage-gated potassium channels in human and rhesus pancreatic islets"
5020:
4903:
4796:
4742:
4727:
4513:
4450:
4183:
4128:
4123:
4113:
4068:
3888:
3822:
3674:
3484:
3469:
3314:
3007:
2889:
2729:
2609:
2588:
2563:
2483:
2104:
2099:
1066:
1049:
912:
196:
128:
4523:
4435:
4425:
4335:
4270:
4168:
4098:
4033:
4023:
3978:
3602:
3587:
3534:
3489:
3344:
3299:
3284:
3274:
3259:
3199:
2839:
2819:
2759:
2309:
2164:
2024:
1757:
1447:
1396:
1287:
1461:
Milescu M, Vobecky J, Roh SH, Kim SH, Jung HJ, Kim JI, Swartz KJ (November 2007).
1026:
678:(ICK) motif. The amphipathic part is composed of a large cluster characterized by
4574:
4528:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4320:
4305:
4300:
4255:
4234:
4226:
4138:
4133:
4118:
4103:
4038:
3983:
3559:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3519:
3504:
3494:
3474:
3376:
3359:
3349:
3339:
3329:
3324:
3294:
3269:
3264:
3244:
3229:
3194:
3179:
3142:
3077:
3037:
3027:
2884:
2879:
2864:
2849:
2789:
2654:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2538:
2533:
2414:
2361:
2356:
2341:
2184:
2159:
2149:
2139:
2129:
2119:
2034:
2029:
2019:
1784:
188:
95:
3723:
3568:
4878:
4806:
4801:
4737:
4732:
4722:
4717:
4697:
4518:
4507:
4503:
4470:
4355:
4350:
4325:
4315:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4221:
4211:
4193:
4188:
4158:
4148:
4108:
4073:
4028:
4018:
4013:
4008:
3993:
3958:
3883:
3827:
3804:
3772:
3699:
3659:
3617:
3607:
3582:
3554:
3514:
3499:
3419:
3414:
3354:
3334:
3319:
3309:
3174:
3164:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3072:
3032:
2987:
2982:
2894:
2874:
2814:
2804:
2734:
2714:
2699:
2689:
2679:
2664:
2649:
2639:
2629:
2619:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2543:
2523:
2503:
2429:
2419:
2404:
2394:
2346:
2294:
2229:
2154:
2144:
2134:
2114:
2089:
2084:
2064:
2044:
2014:
1697:
1680:
1621:
1604:
1564:"A KV2.1 gating modifier binding assay suitable for high throughput screening"
762:
682:
671:
218:
61:
1865:
1848:
4898:
4844:
4760:
4643:
4633:
4564:
4493:
4455:
4430:
4420:
4345:
4295:
4240:
4216:
4143:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4003:
3998:
3988:
3973:
3832:
3704:
3684:
3664:
3654:
3612:
3592:
3509:
3304:
3219:
3209:
3189:
3127:
3112:
3102:
3062:
3047:
3017:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2918:
2859:
2809:
2799:
2794:
2779:
2769:
2749:
2739:
2719:
2694:
2324:
2289:
2269:
2234:
2224:
2189:
2174:
726:
230:
226:
184:
145:
119:
4775:
1833:
1824:
1807:
1792:
1706:
1665:
1657:
1630:
1589:
1580:
1563:
1548:
1496:
1439:
1388:
1345:
1279:
1236:
1187:
1178:
1161:
1146:
1110:
1034:
986:
1923:
1905:
1874:
1749:
1478:
1218:
1160:
Xiao Y, Tang J, Yang Y, Wang M, Hu W, Xie J, Zeng X, Liang S (June 2004).
1075:
4569:
4375:
4370:
4330:
4245:
4093:
3968:
3906:
3289:
3254:
3159:
2774:
2704:
2674:
2634:
2528:
2319:
2279:
2259:
1932:
1513:
Milescu M, Bosmans F, Lee S, Alabi AA, Kim JI, Swartz KJ (October 2009).
835:
4.3 channels are believed not to contribute significantly to the β-cell I
66:
30:
Schematic diagram of the three-dimensional
Solution Structure of GxTX-1E.
1431:
1380:
1271:
1102:
787:
2.1 channel is predominantly expressed in pancreatic β-cells and in the
4638:
4460:
4260:
3785:
3184:
3122:
2784:
2764:
2460:
2331:
1463:"Tarantula toxins interact with voltage sensors within lipid membranes"
766:
163:
1888:
Smith PA, Bokvist K, Arkhammar P, Berggren PO, Rorsman P (June 1990).
1530:
1327:
1138:
4464:
3577:
3249:
3169:
3052:
3042:
2824:
2593:
1741:
686:
3204:
3057:
777:
742:
131:
115:
4702:
3405:
3367:
3150:
750:
3728:
Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel
3573:
Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel
1936:
701:
effectively with the help of this structure and interact with K
195:
toxin (SGTx) peptides. GxTX-1 shows sequence similarities with
4944:
3434:
3852:
4780:
Tooltip Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
3747:
4676:
1981:
862:
2.1 channel closing approximately sixfold. By inhibiting K
842:
GxTX-1E has no effect on voltage-gated Na or Ca channels.
725:
2.1 channels by modifying its voltage-dependent gating,.
2946:
903:
and demonstrates a potential target for future drugs in
803:
2.1 channel shows similar biophysical properties to the
3637:
3457:
3934:
858:
2.1 channel opening and increasing the velocity of K
737:
2.1 reduce affinity for tarantula toxins. Two other
156:
Guangxitoxin is found in the venom of the tarantula
4967:
4942:
4935:
4869:
4862:
4815:
4787:
4773:
4751:
4688:
4674:
4665:
4619:
4605:
4583:
4555:
4541:
4484:
3946:
3932:
3923:
3897:
3864:
3850:
3794:
3762:
3745:
3626:
3446:
3432:
3395:
2958:
2944:
2935:
2903:
1993:
1979:
1970:
91:
81:
76:
60:
52:
40:
35:
18:
953:
951:
949:
947:
729:in the S3b-S4 paddle motif of the voltage-sensing
4969:
4543:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
4607:
5007:Transient receptor potential channel modulators
1508:
1506:
795:2.1 comprises 60% of the currents mediated by K
4949:Tooltip Transient receptor potential channels
3439:Tooltip Inwardly rectifying potassium channel
1948:
883:which is only seen in raised glucose levels.
8:
3857:Tooltip Tandem pore domain potassium channel
1646:Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology
3755:Tooltip Calcium-activated potassium channel
4939:
4866:
4784:
4685:
4681:Tooltip Calcium-activated chloride channel
4671:
4616:
4552:
3943:
3929:
3861:
3759:
3443:
2973:4-Aminopyridine (fampridine/dalfampridine)
2955:
2941:
1990:
1986:Tooltip Voltage-dependent calcium channels
1976:
1955:
1941:
1933:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
73:
1913:
1864:
1823:
1696:
1620:
1579:
1538:
1519:Nature Structural & Molecular Biology
1486:
1335:
1226:
1177:
1065:
976:
2951:Tooltip Voltage-gated potassium channels
1679:MacDonald PE, Wheeler MB (August 2003).
819:is thought to play an important role in
3645:Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel
3465:Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel
1048:Swartz KJ, MacKinnon R (October 1995).
923:
693:residues. The ICK motif contains three
15:
3939:Tooltip Voltage-gated sodium channels
148:, thus increasing insulin secretion.
144:, which are prominently expressed in
7:
3874:12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
2968:3,4-Diaminopyridine (amifampridine)
1853:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1166:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
978:10.2337/diabetes.55.04.06.db05-0788
899:blockers, GxTX-1 primarily blocks I
776:4.3 is mainly of importance in the
670:structure of the toxin reveals an
114:, is a peptide toxin found in the
14:
4974:Tooltip Ligand gated ion channels
4548:Tooltip Epithelial sodium channel
1894:The Journal of General Physiology
1467:The Journal of General Physiology
1207:The Journal of General Physiology
4612:Tooltip Acid-sensing ion channel
907:treatment, since a blockade of I
761:2.2 is located predominantly in
739:voltage-gated potassium channels
721:GxTX-1E inhibits voltage-gated K
127:. It primarily inhibits outward
24:
2430:Ziconotide (ω-conotoxin MVIIA)
685:residues which is enclosed by
1:
5003:Receptor/signaling modulators
2405:Leconotide (ω-conotoxin CVID)
1027:10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.09.012
1067:10.1016/0896-6273(95)90184-1
799:channels. Furthermore, the K
741:inhibited by GxTX-1 are the
166:province of southern China.
1785:10.1016/j.neuro.2005.02.003
879:is only active above -20mV
805:delayed rectifier K current
159:Plesiophrictus guangxiensis
124:Plesiophrictus guangxiensis
46:Plesiophrictus guangxiensis
5048:
3966:Antiarrhythmics (class I):
791:. In pancreatic β-cells, K
4996:
4476:Tricyclic antidepressants
3485:Glibenclamide (glyburide)
1698:10.1007/s00125-003-1159-8
1622:10.2337/diabetes.53.3.597
72:
23:
1866:10.1074/jbc.271.50.32241
905:diabetes mellitus type 2
461:
235:
162:, which lives mainly in
4089:Eslicarbazepine acetate
1812:Molecular Endocrinology
3833:Rottlerin (mallotoxin)
1964:Ion channel modulators
1825:10.1210/mend.15.8.0685
1658:10.1006/jmcc.2001.1376
1581:10.4161/chan.3.6.10201
1179:10.1074/jbc.M401387200
1091:Molecular Pharmacology
789:central nervous system
676:inhibitor cystine knot
666:The three-dimensional
2190:Ryodipine (riodipine)
1906:10.1085/jgp.95.6.1041
1479:10.1085/jgp.200709869
1219:10.1085/jgp.115.5.583
202:Grammostola spatulata
4179:Valproate semisodium
2710:Carboxyamidotriazole
2645:Gabapentin enacarbil
2625:Arbaclofen placarbil
4830:1,10-Phenanthroline
3387:Spooky toxin (SsTx)
2372:Tetrahydropalmatine
1734:1989Natur.340..642F
1432:10.1038/nature03873
1424:2005Natur.436..857R
1381:10.1038/nature02632
1373:2004Natur.430..232L
1272:10.1038/nature01473
1264:2003Natur.422..180R
1103:10.1124/mol.62.1.48
911:should not provoke
881:membrane potentials
5027:Ion channel toxins
4840:7,8-Benzoquinoline
4835:4,7-Phenanthroline
4825:1,7-Phenanthroline
4201:Local anesthetics:
3733:ML-297 (VU0456810)
3240:Diallyl trisulfide
3235:Dextropropoxyphene
3138:Tetraethylammonium
2845:Pinaverium bromide
2615:4-Methylpregabalin
871:the direction of I
183:similarities with
146:pancreatic β-cells
5014:
5013:
4992:
4991:
4931:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4889:Meclofenamic acid
4858:
4857:
4769:
4768:
4661:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4601:
4600:
4537:
4536:
4411:RG7893 (GDC-0287)
4174:Valproate pivoxil
4064:Acetylpheneturide
3919:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3846:
3845:
3818:Meclofenamic acid
3781:Ethanol (alcohol)
3741:
3740:
3690:Minoxidil sulfate
3428:
3427:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2830:Otilonium bromide
2755:Ethanol (alcohol)
2519:ω-Conotoxin MVIIC
2255:Phenylalkylamines
1531:10.1038/nsmb.1679
1328:10.1021/bi100246u
1139:10.1021/bi0353373
825:action potentials
197:Jingzhaotoxin-III
139:potassium channel
105:
104:
101:
100:
5039:
4975:
4971:
4950:
4946:
4940:
4867:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4672:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4164:Sodium valproate
4079:Chlorphenacemide
4061:Anticonvulsants:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3930:
3879:Arachidonic acid
3862:
3858:
3854:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3729:
3725:
3646:
3642:
3598:Dextromethorphan
3574:
3570:
3466:
3462:
3444:
3440:
3436:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2914:L-type-selective
2725:Dimeditiapramine
2687:Others/unsorted:
2469:T-type-selective
2456:R-type-selective
2438:P-type-selective
2390:ω-Conotoxin GVIA
2380:N-type-selective
2010:Dihydropyridines
2004:L-type-selective
1991:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1917:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1868:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1827:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1742:10.1038/340642a0
1717:
1711:
1710:
1700:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1624:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1583:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1542:
1510:
1501:
1500:
1490:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1418:(7052): 857–60.
1407:
1401:
1400:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1339:
1307:
1292:
1291:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1230:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1181:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1069:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1010:
991:
990:
980:
955:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
642:
639:
636:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
329:
326:
323:
320:
317:
314:
311:
308:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
266:
263:
260:
257:
254:
251:
248:
245:
242:
239:
233:, respectively:
193:Scodra griseipes
191:-1 (ScTx1), and
110:, also known as
74:
48:
28:
16:
5047:
5046:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5036:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5010:
4988:
4973:
4963:
4948:
4923:
4919:Trifluoperazine
4914:Tolfenamic acid
4884:Flufenamic acid
4854:
4811:
4779:
4765:
4747:
4713:Flufenamic acid
4708:Ethacrynic acid
4680:
4653:
4611:
4597:
4579:
4547:
4533:
4480:
4311:Metabutoxycaine
4276:Diphenhydramine
4266:Cyclomethycaine
4231:Levobupivacaine
3938:
3911:
3893:
3856:
3842:
3838:Tolfenamic acid
3813:Flufenamic acid
3808:
3790:
3776:
3754:
3751:
3737:
3727:
3644:
3641:
3622:
3572:
3464:
3461:
3438:
3424:
3409:
3391:
3371:
3280:Norpropoxyphene
3157:11.1)-specific:
3156:
2950:
2923:
2899:
2855:Rhynchophylline
2605:
1985:
1966:
1961:
1931:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1859:(50): 32241–6.
1846:
1845:
1841:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1773:Neurotoxicology
1770:
1769:
1765:
1728:(6235): 642–5.
1719:
1718:
1714:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1512:
1511:
1504:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1367:(6996): 232–5.
1358:
1357:
1353:
1322:(25): 5134–42.
1309:
1308:
1295:
1258:(6928): 180–5.
1249:
1248:
1244:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1172:(25): 26220–6.
1159:
1158:
1154:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1012:
1011:
994:
957:
956:
925:
921:
910:
902:
896:
889:
887:Therapeutic use
878:
874:
865:
861:
857:
853:
850:Inhibition of K
848:
838:
834:
830:
818:
814:
810:
802:
798:
794:
786:
775:
760:
754:
746:
736:
724:
719:
712:
708:
704:
699:lipid membranes
695:disulfide bonds
680:solvent-exposed
664:
659:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
457:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
312:
309:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
258:
255:
252:
249:
246:
243:
240:
237:
222:
215:
208:
177:
172:
154:
135:
44:
31:
19:Guangxitoxin-1E
12:
11:
5:
5045:
5043:
5035:
5034:
5029:
5019:
5018:
5012:
5011:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4986:
4978:
4976:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4961:
4953:
4951:
4937:
4933:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4894:Mefenamic acid
4891:
4886:
4881:
4875:
4873:
4864:
4860:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4852:
4850:Phenanthridine
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4821:
4819:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4793:
4791:
4782:
4771:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4757:
4755:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4694:
4692:
4683:
4669:
4663:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4625:
4623:
4614:
4603:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4589:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4561:
4559:
4550:
4539:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4498:Atracotoxins (
4496:
4490:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4458:
4453:
4444:
4443:
4441:Zetekitoxin AB
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4414:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4341:Proxymetacaine
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4251:Chloroprocaine
4248:
4243:
4238:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3962:
3961:
3952:
3950:
3941:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3903:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3870:
3868:
3859:
3848:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3806:
3800:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3774:
3768:
3766:
3757:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3639:
3632:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3525:Glyclopyramide
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3480:Chlorpropamide
3477:
3472:
3459:
3452:
3450:
3441:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3407:
3401:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3225:Clarithromycin
3222:
3217:
3215:Chlorpromazine
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3154:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2964:
2962:
2953:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2909:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2835:Paramethadione
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2610:gabapentinoids
2603:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:Non-selective:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2464:
2463:
2451:
2450:
2448:ω-Agatoxin IVB
2445:
2443:ω-Agatoxin IVA
2433:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2400:Huwentoxin XVI
2397:
2392:
2387:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2352:Cyproheptadine
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2110:Levniguldipine
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2050:Dexniguldipine
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
1999:
1997:
1988:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1937:
1930:
1929:
1900:(6): 1041–59.
1880:
1839:
1818:(8): 1423–35.
1798:
1763:
1712:
1691:(8): 1046–62.
1671:
1636:
1615:(3): 597–607.
1595:
1554:
1525:(10): 1080–5.
1502:
1473:(5): 497–511.
1453:
1402:
1351:
1293:
1242:
1193:
1152:
1116:
1081:
1040:
992:
971:(4): 1034–42.
922:
920:
917:
908:
900:
894:
888:
885:
876:
872:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
846:Mode of action
844:
836:
832:
828:
821:repolarization
816:
812:
808:
800:
796:
792:
784:
773:
758:
752:
744:
734:
722:
718:
715:
710:
706:
702:
663:
660:
462:
236:
220:
214:
211:
206:
176:
173:
171:
168:
153:
150:
133:
103:
102:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
70:
69:
64:
58:
57:
54:
50:
49:
42:
38:
37:
33:
32:
29:
21:
20:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5044:
5033:
5032:Spider toxins
5030:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5009:
5008:
5004:
5001:
4995:
4984:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4972:
4966:
4959:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4947:
4941:
4938:
4934:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4904:Niflumic acid
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4872:
4868:
4865:
4861:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4818:
4814:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4797:Glibenclamide
4795:
4794:
4792:
4790:
4786:
4783:
4778:
4772:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4750:
4744:
4743:Niflumic acid
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4728:Glibenclamide
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4679:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4615:
4610:
4604:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4554:
4551:
4546:
4540:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4524:Grayanotoxins
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4514:Batrachotoxin
4512:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4500:ω-Atracotoxin
4497:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4451:Buprenorphine
4449:
4446:
4445:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4184:Valproic acid
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4129:Oxitriptyline
4127:
4125:
4124:Oxcarbazepine
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4114:Licarbazepine
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4069:Carbamazepine
4067:
4065:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3956:Antianginals:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3945:
3942:
3937:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3890:
3889:Norfluoxetine
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3860:
3855:
3849:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3823:Niflumic acid
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3753:
3744:
3734:
3731:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3675:Levcromakalim
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3643:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3625:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3470:Acetohexamide
3468:
3463:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3437:
3431:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3315:Roxithromycin
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3008:Charybdotoxin
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2890:Trimethadione
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2730:Diproteverine
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2589:Ruthenium red
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2564:Levetiracetam
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2514:ω-Agatoxin TK
2512:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2484:Niflumic acid
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2105:Levamlodipine
2103:
2101:
2100:Lercanidipine
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1779:(5): 743–52.
1778:
1774:
1767:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1652:(5): 851–72.
1651:
1647:
1640:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1574:(6): 437–47.
1573:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1213:(5): 583–98.
1212:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
993:
988:
984:
979:
974:
970:
966:
962:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
924:
918:
916:
914:
913:hypoglycaemia
906:
898:
886:
884:
882:
869:
845:
843:
840:
826:
822:
806:
790:
781:
779:
771:
768:
764:
756:
748:
740:
732:
728:
716:
714:
713:2.1 channel.
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
681:
677:
673:
669:
661:
460:
234:
232:
228:
224:
212:
210:
204:
203:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
174:
169:
167:
165:
161:
160:
151:
149:
147:
143:
140:
137:
130:
129:voltage-gated
126:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
97:
94:
90:
87:
84:
80:
75:
71:
68:
65:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
34:
27:
22:
17:
4999:
4998:
4909:Talniflumate
4447:
4436:Tetrodotoxin
4426:Neosaxitoxin
4417:
4362:
4336:Propoxycaine
4271:Dimethocaine
4204:
4200:
4169:Valnoctamide
4099:Fosphenytoin
4060:
4034:Procainamide
4024:Pilsicainide
3979:Disopyramide
3965:
3955:
3803:
3771:
3721:
3635:
3603:Ethosuximide
3588:Cloperastine
3566:
3535:Metahexamide
3530:Glycyclamide
3490:Glibornuride
3455:
3404:
3366:
3345:Thioridazine
3300:Promethazine
3285:Orphenadrine
3275:Ketoconazole
3260:Erythromycin
3149:
2912:
2840:Phensuximide
2820:Ochratoxin A
2760:Ethosuximide
2686:
2608:-selective (
2600:
2510:
2467:
2454:
2436:
2385:ω-Conotoxins
2378:
2328:
2310:Norverapamil
2275:Dexverapamil
2253:
2227:derivatives:
2223:
2220:Vatanidipine
2215:Trombodipine
2180:Palonidipine
2165:Nitrendipine
2120:Mepirodipine
2025:Azelnidipine
2008:
2002:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1856:
1852:
1842:
1815:
1811:
1801:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1688:
1685:Diabetologia
1684:
1674:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1571:
1567:
1557:
1522:
1518:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1319:
1316:Biochemistry
1315:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1210:
1206:
1196:
1169:
1165:
1155:
1133:(4): 890–7.
1130:
1127:Biochemistry
1126:
1119:
1097:(1): 48–57.
1094:
1090:
1084:
1060:(4): 941–9.
1057:
1053:
1043:
1021:(2): 231–8.
1018:
1014:
968:
964:
890:
849:
841:
827:. Both the K
782:
720:
674:part and an
665:
458:
216:
201:
199:(JZTX-III),
192:
178:
157:
155:
122:
111:
108:Guangxitoxin
107:
106:
4575:Triamterene
4529:Poneratoxin
4519:Ciguatoxins
4406:Raxatrigine
4401:Ralfinamide
4396:PF-05089771
4391:PF-04531083
4363:Analgesics:
4321:Piperocaine
4306:Meprylcaine
4301:Mepivacaine
4256:Cinchocaine
4235:Ropivacaine
4227:Bupivacaine
4154:Sipatrigine
4139:Pheneturide
4134:Phenacemide
4119:Mephenytoin
4104:Lamotrigine
4084:Elpetrigine
4039:Propafenone
3984:Dronedarone
3560:Tolbutamide
3550:Repaglinide
3545:Nateglinide
3540:Mitiglinide
3520:Glisoxepide
3505:Glimepiride
3495:Glicaramide
3475:Carbutamide
3377:Linopirdine
3360:Vernakalant
3350:Tolterodine
3340:Terfenadine
3330:Tamulotoxin
3325:Solifenacin
3295:PNU-282,987
3270:Haloperidol
3265:Gigactonine
3245:Domperidone
3230:Darifenacin
3195:Bedaquiline
3180:Azaspiracid
3143:Vernakalant
3078:Linopirdine
3038:Dronedarone
3028:Dendrotoxin
3013:Clamikalant
2885:Tolperisone
2880:Tetrandrine
2870:Sipatrigine
2865:Silperisone
2850:Prenylamine
2790:Lidoflazine
2745:Elpetrigine
2655:Mirogabalin
2559:Lamotrigine
2554:Flunarizine
2549:Efonidipine
2539:Cinnarizine
2534:Cilnidipine
2489:NNC 55-0396
2415:Ralfinamide
2362:Fantofarone
2357:Dronedarone
2342:Budiodarone
2337:Brinazarone
2300:Levemopamil
2200:Sornidipine
2195:Sagandipine
2185:Pranidipine
2160:Nisoldipine
2150:Nilvadipine
2140:Niguldipine
2130:Nicardipine
2095:Lemildipine
2080:Iganidipine
2075:Furnidipine
2040:Cronidipine
2035:Clevidipine
2030:Barnidipine
2020:Aranidipine
757:channels. K
683:hydrophobic
672:amphipathic
189:Stromatoxin
86:Swiss-model
36:Identifiers
5021:Categories
4879:Bumetanide
4817:Activators
4807:Piretanide
4802:Lonidamine
4753:Activators
4738:Mibefradil
4733:Mefloquine
4723:Furosemide
4718:Fluoxetine
4698:Crofelemer
4585:Activators
4508:Versutoxin
4504:Robustoxin
4486:Activators
4471:Safinamide
4421:Conotoxins
4356:Trimecaine
4351:Tetracaine
4326:Prilocaine
4316:Orthocaine
4291:Iontocaine
4286:Hexylcaine
4281:Etidocaine
4222:Benzocaine
4212:Amylocaine
4194:Zonisamide
4189:Valpromide
4159:Topiramate
4149:Rufinamide
4109:Lacosamide
4074:Cenobamate
4029:Prajmaline
4019:Moricizine
4014:Mexiletine
4009:Lorcainide
3994:Flecainide
3959:Ranolazine
3899:Activators
3884:Fluoxetine
3828:Nimesulide
3810:-specific:
3796:Activators
3778:-specific:
3730:-specific:
3710:Rilmakalim
3700:Nicorandil
3660:Cromakalim
3647:-specific:
3628:Activators
3618:Tipepidine
3608:Ifenprodil
3583:Caramiphen
3575:-specific:
3555:Tolazamide
3515:Gliquidone
3500:Gliclazide
3467:-specific:
3420:Retigabine
3415:Flupirtine
3412:-specific:
3397:Activators
3374:-specific:
3355:Vanoxerine
3335:Terodiline
3320:Sertindole
3310:Ranolazine
3175:Astemizole
3165:Amiodarone
3133:Terikalant
3108:Pinokalant
3093:Nifekalant
3088:Maurotoxin
3083:Lolitrem B
3073:Kaliotoxin
3033:Dofetilide
3023:Dalazatide
3018:Conotoxins
2988:Amiodarone
2983:Almokalant
2905:Activators
2895:Valperinol
2875:Terodiline
2815:Naftopidil
2805:Mesuximide
2735:Enpiperate
2715:Cycleanine
2700:Bevantolol
2690:Bencyclane
2680:Pregabalin
2670:PD-299,685
2665:PD-217,014
2660:PD-200,347
2650:Imagabalin
2640:Gabapentin
2630:Atagabalin
2620:Arbaclofen
2579:Mibefradil
2574:Loperamide
2569:Lomerizine
2544:Dotarizine
2524:Benidipine
2504:Zonisamide
2420:Safinamide
2395:Caroverine
2347:Celivarone
2295:Gallopamil
2250:Siratiazem
2240:Iprotiazem
2230:Clentiazem
2210:Tiamdipine
2205:Teludipine
2170:Olradipine
2155:Nimodipine
2145:Niludipine
2135:Nifedipine
2125:Mesudipine
2115:Manidipine
2090:Lacidipine
2085:Isradipine
2070:Flordipine
2065:Felodipine
2060:Elnadipine
2055:Elgodipine
2045:Darodipine
2015:Amlodipine
919:References
82:Structures
77:Search for
5000:See also:
4899:Mepacrine
4845:Ivacaftor
4761:Carbachol
4644:Ibuprofen
4634:Amiloride
4593:Solnatide
4565:Amiloride
4494:Aconitine
4456:Evenamide
4431:Saxitoxin
4346:Risocaine
4296:Lidocaine
4241:Butacaine
4217:Articaine
4144:Phenytoin
4054:Tocainide
4049:Sparteine
4044:Quinidine
4004:Lorajmine
3999:Lidocaine
3989:Encainide
3974:Aprindine
3715:Sarakalim
3705:Pinacidil
3695:Naminidil
3685:Minoxidil
3680:Mazokalim
3665:Diazoxide
3655:Bimakalim
3650:Aprikalim
3613:Tertiapin
3593:Clozapine
3510:Glipizide
3305:Quinidine
3255:Ergtoxins
3220:Cisapride
3210:BRL-32872
3190:Azimilide
3153:(KCNH2, K
3128:Tedisamil
3113:Quinidine
3103:Paxilline
3068:Inakalant
3063:Ibutilide
3048:Hanatoxin
3003:Bunaftine
2998:Bretylium
2993:Azimilide
2978:Adekalant
2937:Potassium
2919:Bay K8644
2860:Sesamodil
2810:Monatepil
2800:Manoalide
2795:Magnesium
2780:Imepitoin
2770:Fendiline
2750:Ethadione
2740:Eperisone
2720:Dauricine
2695:Berbamine
2606:δ subunit
2410:PD-173212
2325:Verapamil
2315:Ronipamil
2305:Nexopamil
2290:Falipamil
2285:Etripamil
2270:Devapamil
2265:Dagapamil
2245:Nictiazem
2235:Diltiazem
2225:Diltiazem
2175:Oxodipine
831:2.2 and K
727:mutations
662:Structure
231:glutamate
227:aspartate
223:-terminal
185:Hanatoxin
170:Chemistry
120:tarantula
4985:instead.
4960:instead.
4871:Blockers
4863:Unsorted
4789:Blockers
4690:Blockers
4667:Chloride
4629:A-317567
4621:Blockers
4570:Benzamil
4557:Blockers
4386:NKTR-171
4381:GDC-0276
4376:Funapide
4371:DSP-2230
4366:AZD-3161
4331:Procaine
4246:Butamben
4094:Ethotoin
3969:Ajmaline
3948:Blockers
3907:Riluzole
3866:Blockers
3764:Blockers
3670:Emakalim
3448:Blockers
3290:Pimozide
3160:Ajmaline
2960:Blockers
2775:Fostedil
2705:Canadine
2675:Phenibut
2635:Baclofen
2584:NP078585
2529:Bepridil
2367:SR-33805
2320:Tiapamil
2280:Emopamil
2260:Anipamil
1995:Blockers
1834:11463864
1793:15950285
1707:12830383
1666:11343410
1631:14988243
1609:Diabetes
1590:21150283
1568:Channels
1549:19783984
1497:17938232
1440:16094370
1389:15241419
1346:20509680
1280:12629550
1237:10779316
1188:15084603
1147:14744131
1111:12065754
1035:17101164
987:16567526
965:Diabetes
213:Sequence
187:(HaTX),
181:sequence
175:Subtypes
142:currents
96:InterPro
41:Organism
4639:Aspirin
4461:Menthol
4448:Others:
4418:Toxins:
4261:Cocaine
3786:GAL-021
3406:KCNQ (K
3368:KCNQ (K
3185:AZD1305
3123:Sotalol
3118:ShK-186
3098:Notoxin
2785:JTV-519
2765:Fasudil
2494:ProTx I
2474:ABT-639
2461:SNX-482
2332:AH-1058
2329:Others:
1972:Calcium
1924:2197368
1915:2216351
1875:8943282
1758:4352853
1750:2770868
1730:Bibcode
1540:2782670
1488:2151668
1448:4426640
1420:Bibcode
1397:4329147
1369:Bibcode
1337:2918519
1288:4396796
1260:Bibcode
1228:2217226
1076:7576642
1015:Toxicon
897:channel
891:Unlike
868:calcium
815:. The I
767:primate
763:δ-cells
164:Guangxi
152:Sources
118:of the
92:Domains
62:UniProt
4936:Others
3925:Sodium
3578:Barium
3382:XE-991
3250:E-4031
3200:BeKm-1
3170:AmmTX3
3053:HgeTx1
3043:E-4031
2825:Osthol
2594:TROX-1
2479:ML-218
1922:
1912:
1873:
1832:
1791:
1756:
1748:
1722:Nature
1705:
1664:
1629:
1588:
1547:
1537:
1495:
1485:
1446:
1438:
1412:Nature
1395:
1387:
1361:Nature
1344:
1334:
1286:
1278:
1252:Nature
1235:
1225:
1186:
1145:
1109:
1074:
1054:Neuron
1033:
985:
770:islets
731:domain
717:Target
687:acidic
67:P84835
53:Symbol
4970:LGICs
4677:CaCCs
4649:PcTX1
4608:ASICs
3935:VGSCs
3205:BmTx3
3058:HsTx1
2947:VGKCs
1982:VDCCs
1754:S2CID
1444:S2CID
1393:S2CID
1284:S2CID
783:The K
778:heart
691:basic
209:2.1.
116:venom
4983:here
4981:See
4958:here
4956:See
4945:TRPs
4776:CFTR
4703:DIDS
4544:ENaC
4465:mint
3853:K2Ps
3724:GIRK
3569:GIRK
3435:IRKs
3151:hERG
2499:Z944
2425:Z160
1920:PMID
1871:PMID
1830:PMID
1789:PMID
1746:PMID
1703:PMID
1662:PMID
1627:PMID
1586:PMID
1545:PMID
1493:PMID
1436:PMID
1385:PMID
1342:PMID
1276:PMID
1233:PMID
1184:PMID
1143:PMID
1107:PMID
1072:PMID
1031:PMID
983:PMID
749:and
733:of K
689:and
112:GxTX
4207:FBT
3640:ATP
3460:ATP
1910:PMC
1902:doi
1861:doi
1857:271
1820:doi
1781:doi
1738:doi
1726:340
1693:doi
1654:doi
1617:doi
1576:doi
1535:PMC
1527:doi
1483:PMC
1475:doi
1471:130
1428:doi
1416:436
1377:doi
1365:430
1332:PMC
1324:doi
1268:doi
1256:422
1223:PMC
1215:doi
1211:115
1174:doi
1170:279
1135:doi
1099:doi
1062:doi
1023:doi
973:doi
895:ATP
823:of
772:. K
765:of
755:4.3
747:2.2
668:NMR
656:Thr
650:Gly
644:Asp
638:Trp
632:Ala
626:Cys
620:Tyr
614:Lys
608:Leu
602:Thr
596:Pro
590:Lys
584:Cys
578:Gly
572:Leu
566:His
560:Ala
554:Cys
548:Cys
542:Asp
536:Ser
530:Asp
524:Val
518:Ser
512:Cys
506:Gly
500:Gly
494:Phe
488:Met
482:Lys
476:Arg
470:Cys
464:Glu
454:Pro
448:Met
442:Pro
436:Phe
430:Asn
424:Cys
418:Leu
412:Gly
406:Trp
400:Lys
394:Pro
388:Ser
382:Cys
376:Val
370:Tyr
364:Lys
358:Pro
352:Cys
346:Cys
340:Ala
334:Pro
328:Lys
322:Gly
316:Ser
310:Gly
304:Cys
298:Lys
292:Trp
286:Trp
280:Phe
274:Gly
268:Gly
262:Cys
256:Glu
250:Gly
244:Glu
238:Asp
229:or
136:2.1
56:N/A
5023::
5005:•
4506:,
4502:,
4233:,
3807:Ca
3805:BK
3775:Ca
3773:BK
3750:Ca
3410:7)
3372:7)
2612:):
2327:;
2252:;
2222:;
1918:.
1908:.
1898:95
1896:.
1892:.
1869:.
1855:.
1851:.
1828:.
1816:15
1814:.
1810:.
1787:.
1777:26
1775:.
1752:.
1744:.
1736:.
1724:.
1701:.
1689:46
1687:.
1683:.
1660:.
1650:33
1648:.
1625:.
1613:53
1611:.
1607:.
1584:.
1570:.
1566:.
1543:.
1533:.
1523:16
1521:.
1517:.
1505:^
1491:.
1481:.
1469:.
1465:.
1442:.
1434:.
1426:.
1414:.
1391:.
1383:.
1375:.
1363:.
1340:.
1330:.
1320:49
1318:.
1314:.
1296:^
1282:.
1274:.
1266:.
1254:.
1231:.
1221:.
1209:.
1205:.
1182:.
1168:.
1164:.
1141:.
1131:43
1129:.
1105:.
1095:62
1093:.
1070:.
1058:15
1056:.
1052:.
1029:.
1019:49
1017:.
995:^
981:.
969:55
967:.
963:.
926:^
915:.
909:DR
901:DR
877:DR
873:DR
839:.
837:DR
817:DR
813:DR
809:DR
807:(I
780:.
225:,
219:NH
4510:)
4467:)
4463:(
4237:)
4229:(
4205:p
3748:K
3638:K
3458:K
3408:v
3370:v
3155:v
2916::
2604:2
2602:α
2471::
2458::
2440::
2382::
2257::
2012::
2006::
1956:e
1949:t
1942:v
1926:.
1904::
1877:.
1863::
1836:.
1822::
1795:.
1783::
1760:.
1740::
1732::
1709:.
1695::
1668:.
1656::
1633:.
1619::
1592:.
1578::
1572:3
1551:.
1529::
1499:.
1477::
1450:.
1430::
1422::
1399:.
1379::
1371::
1348:.
1326::
1290:.
1270::
1262::
1239:.
1217::
1190:.
1176::
1149:.
1137::
1113:.
1101::
1078:.
1064::
1037:.
1025::
989:.
975::
893:K
864:v
860:v
856:v
852:v
833:v
829:v
801:v
797:v
793:v
785:v
774:v
759:v
753:v
751:K
745:v
743:K
735:v
723:v
711:v
707:v
703:v
653:-
647:-
641:-
635:-
629:-
623:-
617:-
611:-
605:-
599:-
593:-
587:-
581:-
575:-
569:-
563:-
557:-
551:-
545:-
539:-
533:-
527:-
521:-
515:-
509:-
503:-
497:-
491:-
485:-
479:-
473:-
467:-
451:-
445:-
439:-
433:-
427:-
421:-
415:-
409:-
403:-
397:-
391:-
385:-
379:-
373:-
367:-
361:-
355:-
349:-
343:-
337:-
331:-
325:-
319:-
313:-
307:-
301:-
295:-
289:-
283:-
277:-
271:-
265:-
259:-
253:-
247:-
241:/
221:2
207:v
134:v
132:K
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