1031:. After the first rain, which usually occurs the next winter, the bracts and pappus on the aerial flowerheads unfold, and the cypselas are dispersed by the wind, while many are gathered by ants. The cypselas in the underground flowerheads however germinate through the dead parts of the flowerhead, and remain protected against the ants. These seeds increase the chance that the plant continues its presence in a location that was favorable in the previous year. Aerial cypselas on average only weigh 5–6% of a subterranean fruit. After six days, seedlings of subterranean fruits are six times larger than those of aerial fruits and their survival rate is much higher. In very dry years, only subterranean fruits may develop and aerial florets may be entirely absent.
46:
992:
534:
33:
1026:
plant. It is said to be poisonous and animals appear to avoid it. It has aerial flowers in March, April and - when sufficient moisture is around - May. Already after four leaves have grown, underground flowerheads develop that produce few larger cypselas, followed later on by many small cypselas from
440:
The functionally female florets are each stiffly enclosed by a large, cone-shaped green and white bract, and clustered with other one-flowered female flower heads, mostly surrounding groups of male florets. The inconspicuous corolla consists of whitish threads and surrounds the base of a whitish
1002:
is known from North Africa, such as
Algeria and Egypt, the Middle-East, such as Sinai, Israel, Jordan, Siria, Kuwait, eastern Saudi Arabia, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Iraq, Iran and Pakistan (Balochistan). It grows on gravel plains, stony or rocky areas, in thin sandy deposits,
500:
the male florets (the only ones where a judgement can be made without enlargement) are (tri- or) tetramerous. The vast majority of
Asteraceae have pentamerous florets, and several to many florets per flower head. Other asterids that have flower heads with only one floret are
449:) of the female florets are tiny, ovoid, with rows of stiff hairs on the ribs, and felty overall with long twin hairs, which have thin cell walls. The pappus on top consists of scales ending in a long drawn tip and with a row of hairs along the edges.
416:, mostly in the centre of a larger cluster of female florets. The corollas are small, have (three or) four triangular lobes, greenish yellow and contain (three or) four stamens, carry yellowish or purplish
432:). These furrows have sharp ends and do not merge at the poles. The pollen has some unevenly distributed hollow spines, which are conical with a somewhat swollen base and a pointed tip, 1—2 μm high.
404:
are overlapping in several series, papery, whitish and have a pointy tip. The aerial flower heads have some semblance to a hedgehog and the hard, dry plants hurt the naked foot if stepped upon.
400:
The aerial flower heads are congested in the center of the leaf rosette, more or less arranged as a low cauliflower. Groups of florets are either functionally male or functionally female. The
348:
is a dwarf annual herb of ½–2½ cm high, with all its leaves in rosette of up to 10 cm in diameter, and its flowers tucked away in the hart of this rosette, that is lacking
486:
which are either functionally male, with few florets each, or female with one floret only. This is a rare character combination, that is further known from the inflorescences of
1027:
the aerial flower heads for as long as moisture is available. When the plant dies down in summer, the cypselas remain encased between the hardened bracts, presumably safe from
424:
is not extended beyond the anther. The fruit at the base of the male flower is much reduced and void, and pappus may consist of some irregular scales or be entirely abstent.
2051:
944:
The early production of few large seeds followed by production of many small seeds may have been the result of the variable and unpredictable growing season, fitting to a
1683:
1902:
1696:
1276:
1863:
1631:
1644:
467:, but few morphological features would support this assignment, other than both having two types of flower heads and sharing a tendency towards
2036:
557:
388:
are relatively large and flattened, blackish in color, with ample hairs, and remain below the soil surface after the plant has died. Any
2046:
1309:
1193:
1265:
317:
with a rosette of simple, narrow leaves and flower heads cropped at its hart. It does not contain latex and does not carry spines.
2003:
1761:
1889:
1670:
2041:
471:. Both also have basal leaf rosettes, stretched leaves, with few spaced teeth on the margin, and both lack spines and latex.
372:
and have a smooth surface. The tip is pointy or gradually narrowing. The leaf margins may carry some small, distanced teeth.
352:, and does not have thorns. Two sources report twenty chromosomes (2n=20), but one other publication says eighteen (2n=18).
1168:
1123:"A comprehensive generic-level phylogeny of the sunflower family: Implications for the systematics of Chinese Asteraceae"
633:
545:
1436:
45:
1954:
1907:
1722:
1701:
1808:
596:
389:
1959:
1360:
Narrative of the
Euphrates Expedition carried on by Order of the British Government during the years 1835-1837
685:
subfamily is sister to a clade that has as its basal member the
Gymnarrhenoideae, and further consists of the
384:. Each floret is fully enclosed in its involucral bracts, and the corolla shows very little development. The
365:
1727:
1392:
Bentham, George (1873). "Notes on the
Classification, History, and Geographical Distribution of Compositæ".
1561:
1499:
1354:
640:
has some traits in common with the
Cynareae but a pollen type that cannot be found in the Inuleae tribe.
1037:
is one of few species that grows where the sand has blown out from under tar tracks in Kuwait after the
294:
188:
2008:
1766:
1066:
1840:
1649:
629:
580:
521:
2031:
1545:
698:
442:
1990:
1748:
1453:
1144:
588:
569:
212:
40:
1928:
1827:
1709:
1688:
1618:
1305:
1599:
1933:
1714:
1445:
1401:
1134:
827:
783:
669:
600:
413:
369:
361:
304:
299:
149:
139:
1982:
1915:
991:
945:
533:
83:
1330:
1217:
560:, but it is doubtful this form from Algeria is sufficiently different. In 1868, the name
1358:
1946:
1941:
1405:
1042:
1028:
1004:
641:
592:
492:. The latter however is a much larger, erect, thistle-like plant, which has latex and
70:
673:, who together constitute the tribe Gymnarrheneae and the subfamily Gymnarrhenoideae.
32:
2025:
1550:
1122:
1092:
873:
813:
694:
690:
553:
381:
1148:
364:. They are narrowly lanceolate to narrowly ovate in shape, more or less V-shaped in
1995:
1832:
1753:
1049:
grows on slag piles containing copper and lead and accumulates these heavy metals.
1023:
664:
565:
509:
412:
The functionally male florets occur in small groups and have very short individual
314:
286:
1819:
1623:
1610:
392:
consists of somewhat scale-like bristles, hardly developed or is entirely absent.
1041:, a strong confirmation of its ability to colonize disturbed habitat quickly. At
1876:
1802:
1657:
1593:
1419:
Hoffmann, O. (1890–1894). "Compositae". In H.G.A. Engler; K.A.E. Prantl (eds.).
1300:
Yitzak
Guttermann (1989). "Gymnarrhena micrantha". In Halevy, Abraham H. (ed.).
889:
735:
686:
682:
290:
1793:
1584:
1172:
483:
446:
429:
401:
385:
276:
129:
1518:
1368:
702:
503:
482:
has aerial inflorescences that consist of many individual flower heads with
468:
119:
1740:
1474:
1423:. Vol. 4. Leipzig, Germany: Wilhelm Engelmann Verlag. pp. 87–387.
1972:
1920:
1369:"Cryptadia euphratensis Lindley in Chesney, first listing of this species"
717:
to the closest
Asterid subfamilies are represented by the following tree.
1967:
1787:
1735:
1578:
1038:
652:
in the
Cichorioideae, but without clarifying its position in this tribe.
625:
616:
514:
493:
488:
109:
96:
1855:
681:
Based on recent genetic analysis, it is now generally accepted that the
1868:
1636:
1457:
969:
604:
1881:
1662:
1139:
425:
421:
417:
330:
322:
1555:
1449:
1894:
1434:
Cronquist, A. (1955). "Phylogeny and taxonomy of the
Compositae".
990:
607:
532:
349:
272:
204:
166:
57:
1845:
1675:
1008:
706:
1559:
624:
too different from the Inuleae and proposed a position in the
441:
style with long arms which have rounded tips. The one-seeded
303:
it constitutes the tribe Gymnarrheneae, and in the subfamily
428:
is globe-shaped and has three sunken furrows (a type called
1271:. In V.A. Funk; A. Susanna; T. Stuessy; R. Bayer (eds.).
360:
The leaves are simple and are arranged in a dense basal
321:
flowers in March and April. One of the common names in
1273:
Systematics, Evolution, and Biogeography of Compositae
1121:
Zhi-Xi Fu; Bo-Han Jiao; Bao Nie; Tiangang Gao (2016).
1546:
photo showing both male and female florets (zoom in)
380:
The flower heads that develop underneath the leaves
1777:
1568:
257:Coss. & Durieu ex Coss. & Kralik (1857)
525:, but these are pentamerous and hermaphrodite.
1504:Common Plants of the Western Deserts of Egypt
620:. In 1973, Peter Leins thought the pollen of
8:
1304:. Vol. 6. CRC Press. pp. 356–358.
1277:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
1264:Funk, Vicki A.; Fragman-Sapir, Ori (2009).
713:. Current insights in the relationships of
646:Asteraceae: Cladistics & Classification
636:, and their colleagues in 1977 agreed that
1556:
1325:
1323:
1321:
31:
20:
1169:"Gymnarrhena micrantha | Compositae"
1138:
960:may be a contraction of two Greek words,
610:, while both Hoffmann and Cronquist note
568:, was published, but this name was later
537:specimens with and without aerial flowers
1394:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1331:"الكفنة [Gymnarrhena micrantha]"
1091:Panero, Jose L.; Funk, Vicki A. (2009),
2052:Taxa named by René Louiche Desfontaines
1058:
1469:
1467:
1266:"22. Gymnarrheneae (Gymnarrhenoideae)"
1259:
1257:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1295:
1293:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
219:
7:
1127:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
1045:, in the southern Jordanian desert,
975:is a contraction of the Greek words
968:(arrhēn), "male", while the species
558:Michel Charles Durieu de Maisonneuve
548:in 1818. In 1857, a second species,
420:that are blunt on both ends and the
329:meaning "dog's footprint", while in
1363:. London: Longmans, Green & Co.
865:
819:
808:
758:
750:
727:
720:
382:do not open and are self-pollinated
297:. Together with the very different
1406:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1873.tb02575.x
697:. These three subfamilies share a
14:
475:Differences with other Asteraceae
1960:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:210912-1
1421:Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien
754:subfamily Gymnarrhenoideae
44:
279:, with only one known species,
1728:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:9141-1
337:meaning "small chaff flower".
1:
1498:Petr Pokorny; Adela Pokorna.
964:(gymnos) meaning "naked" and
608:in its widest circumscription
1519:"Gymnarrhena micrantha Desf"
1067:"Gymnarrhena micrantha Desf"
591:to make a solid assignment.
2037:Monotypic Asteraceae genera
1437:American Midland Naturalist
2068:
1551:photo showing a dead plant
1093:"New tribes in Asteraceae"
1071:Plants of the World Online
587:has made it difficult for
453:Characters in common with
886:
870:
863:
841:
824:
817:
806:
780:
763:
756:
748:
732:
725:
546:René Louiche Desfontaines
436:Female florets and fruits
376:Subterranean flower heads
218:
211:
194:
187:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
16:Genus of flowering plants
2047:Plants described in 1818
987:Distribution and habitat
843:all other Cichorioideae
709:which is not present in
564:, with a description by
275:of plants in the family
225:Lindl. ex Endl. (1841)
1517:Věra Svobodová (2010).
1500:"Gymnarrhena micrantha"
1355:Chesney, Francis Rawdon
1218:"Gymnarrhena micrantha"
1194:"Gymnarrhena micrantha"
544:was first described by
313:is a small, flowering,
1222:Wild Flowers of Israel
1022:is a dwarf herbaceous
996:
979:(mikrós), "small" and
940:Evolutionary processes
663:is now considered the
603:put this genus in the
562:Cryptadia euphratensis
538:
510:Hecastocleis shockleyi
238:Cryptadia euphratensis
2042:Flora of North Africa
1809:Gymnarrhena micrantha
1779:Gymnarrhena micrantha
1302:Handbook of Flowering
994:
767:Gymnarrhena micrantha
711:Gymnarrhena micrantha
661:Gymnarrhena micrantha
656:Modern classification
552:was distinguished by
542:Gymnarrhena micrantha
536:
346:Gymnarrhena micrantha
282:Gymnarrhena micrantha
198:Gymnarrhena micrantha
995:a herbarium specimen
983:(ánthos), "flower".
522:Fulcaldea laurifolia
254:Gymnarrhena balansae
463:is most related to
396:Aerial flower heads
1400:(70–72): 335–577.
1279:. pp. 327–332
997:
628:(Cynareae) tribe.
539:
285:. It is native to
2019:
2018:
1929:Open Tree of Life
1710:Open Tree of Life
1562:Taxon identifiers
1198:Euromed Plantbase
1140:10.1111/jse.12216
936:
935:
927:
926:
918:
917:
909:
908:
900:
899:
852:
851:
795:
794:
644:in his 1994 book
634:Billie Lee Turner
516:Stifftia uniflora
402:involucral bracts
335:מוצנית קטנת-פרחים
293:, as far east as
264:
263:
258:
250:
246:Frankia schimperi
242:
234:
226:
180:G. micrantha
169:
2059:
2012:
2011:
1999:
1998:
1986:
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1976:
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1963:
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1229:
1228:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1171:. Archived from
1165:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1142:
1118:
1105:
1104:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1063:
866:
828:Warionia saharae
820:
809:
784:Cavea tanguensis
759:
751:
728:
721:
670:Cavea tanguensis
305:Gymnarrhenoideae
300:Cavea tanguensis
256:
249:Steud. (1840)
248:
240:
232:
224:
200:
165:
140:Gymnarrhenoideae
49:
48:
35:
21:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2007:
2002:
1994:
1989:
1981:
1979:
1971:
1966:
1958:
1953:
1945:
1940:
1932:
1927:
1919:
1916:Observation.org
1914:
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1656:
1648:
1643:
1635:
1630:
1622:
1617:
1609:
1607:
1598:
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1592:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1564:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1527:
1525:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1483:
1481:
1473:
1472:
1465:
1450:10.2307/2422084
1433:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1377:
1375:
1367:Vicki A. Funk.
1366:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1339:
1337:
1329:
1328:
1319:
1312:
1299:
1298:
1291:
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1268:
1263:
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1200:
1192:
1191:
1187:
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1120:
1119:
1108:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1075:
1073:
1065:
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1060:
1055:
1017:
1005:alluvial plains
989:
956:The genus name
954:
946:pioneer species
942:
937:
928:
919:
910:
901:
853:
812:subfamily
796:
679:
658:
630:John J. Skvarla
531:
477:
458:
438:
410:
398:
378:
358:
343:
241:Lindl. (1868)
233:Steud. (1840)
207:
202:
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183:
164:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2065:
2063:
2055:
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2039:
2034:
2024:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2000:
1996:wfo-0000009338
1987:
1977:
1964:
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1912:
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1824:
1814:
1799:
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1775:
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1772:
1771:
1758:
1754:wfo-4000016441
1745:
1732:
1719:
1706:
1693:
1680:
1667:
1654:
1641:
1628:
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1540:External links
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1479:Qatar e-Nature
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1444:(2): 478–511.
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1160:
1133:(4): 416–437.
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1051:
1043:Khirbet Faynan
1029:harvester ants
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614:is similar to
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1475:"Camel's Eye"
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1335:موقع السرحان
1332:
1326:
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1313:
1311:9780849339165
1307:
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1296:
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1175:on 2010-06-14
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1024:winter annual
1021:
1014:
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986:
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905:
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874:Corymbioideae
868:
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848:
847:
844:
839:
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835:
834:
831:
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814:Cichorioideae
811:
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723:
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695:Cichorioideae
692:
691:Corymbioideae
688:
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647:
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631:
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605:Inuleae tribe
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554:Ernest Cosson
551:
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366:cross-section
363:
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333:it is called
332:
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315:winter annual
312:
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271:is a deviant
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189:Binomial name
186:
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176:
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158:
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150:Gymnarrheneae
148:
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138:
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71:Tracheophytes
69:
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59:
56:
53:
52:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1778:
1569:
1526:. Retrieved
1522:
1512:
1503:
1493:
1482:. Retrieved
1478:
1441:
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1429:
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1414:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1376:. Retrieved
1372:
1359:
1349:
1338:. Retrieved
1334:
1301:
1281:. Retrieved
1272:
1225:. Retrieved
1221:
1212:
1201:. Retrieved
1197:
1188:
1177:. Retrieved
1173:the original
1163:
1152:. Retrieved
1130:
1126:
1103:(3): 568–570
1100:
1096:
1086:
1074:. Retrieved
1070:
1061:
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1034:
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826:
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781:
766:
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764:
733:
714:
710:
680:
668:
665:sister group
660:
659:
649:
645:
637:
621:
615:
611:
584:
579:The unusual
578:
574:G. micrantha
573:
566:John Lindley
561:
549:
541:
540:
520:
515:
508:
502:
497:
496:florets. In
487:
484:disk florets
479:
478:
464:
460:
459:
454:
439:
411:
408:Male florets
399:
379:
359:
345:
344:
334:
326:
318:
310:
309:
298:
287:North Africa
281:
280:
267:
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229:
221:
197:
195:
179:
178:
160:
159:
103:
90:
77:
64:
24:
18:
1877:iNaturalist
1803:Wikispecies
1658:iNaturalist
1600:Gymnarrhena
1594:Wikispecies
1570:Gymnarrhena
1047:Gymnarrhena
1035:Gymnarrhena
1020:Gymnarrhena
1000:Gymnarrhena
958:Gymnarrhena
890:Asteroideae
736:Pertyoideae
715:Gymnarrhena
687:Asteroideae
683:Pertyoideae
650:Gymnarrhena
642:Kåre Bremer
638:Gymnarrhena
622:Gymnarrhena
612:Gymnarrhena
589:taxonomists
585:Gymnarrhena
570:synonymised
550:G. balansae
498:Gymnarrhena
494:pentamerous
480:Gymnarrhena
461:Gymnarrhena
443:indehiscent
370:leaf stalks
341:Description
327:كَف الكَلْب
319:Gymnarrhena
311:Gymnarrhena
295:Balochistan
291:Middle East
268:Gymnarrhena
161:Gymnarrhena
136:Subfamily:
84:Angiosperms
25:Gymnarrhena
2032:Asteraceae
2026:Categories
1947:gcc-109048
1942:Plant List
1528:2016-12-31
1484:2016-12-28
1378:2016-12-28
1373:compositae
1340:2016-12-31
1283:2016-12-27
1275:. Vienna:
1227:2016-12-29
1203:2016-12-31
1179:2012-05-09
1154:2016-01-15
1097:Phytologia
1053:References
888:subfamily
872:subfamily
734:subfamily
703:base-pairs
581:morphology
445:fruit (or
430:tricolpate
277:Asteraceae
130:Asteraceae
1523:botany.cz
1365:cited on
973:micrantha
952:Etymology
707:ndhF gene
677:Phylogeny
648:included
601:Cronquist
504:Corymbium
222:Cryptadia
174:Species:
120:Asterales
54:Kingdom:
1968:Tropicos
1895:210912-1
1794:Q5624181
1788:Wikidata
1741:40018691
1736:Tropicos
1585:Q1988006
1579:Wikidata
1357:(1868).
1149:89115861
1076:18 March
1039:Gulf War
701:of nine
699:deletion
626:Cardueae
617:Geigeria
597:Hoffmann
529:Taxonomy
489:Gundelia
469:dioecism
422:filament
386:cypselas
289:and the
213:Synonyms
126:Family:
110:Asterids
97:Eudicots
2009:1104962
1973:2730227
1869:3103902
1846:3014358
1767:1075910
1689:1300229
1637:3103901
1458:2422084
1015:Ecology
970:epithet
705:in the
593:Bentham
447:cypsela
418:anthers
368:, lack
362:rosette
230:Frankia
156:Genus:
146:Tribe:
116:Order:
58:Plantae
1934:756282
1921:134117
1908:313929
1882:495953
1856:GYMMIC
1853:FoIO:
1820:137728
1817:APDB:
1715:756280
1702:313928
1676:9141-1
1663:495954
1611:191120
1608:APDB:
1456:
1308:
1147:
977:μικρός
962:γυμνός
599:, and
426:Pollen
390:pappus
356:Leaves
331:Hebrew
323:Arabic
2004:WoRMS
1980:WoI:
1833:3HPFP
1762:WoRMS
1684:IRMNG
1454:JSTOR
1269:(PDF)
1145:S2CID
1009:wadis
981:ἄνθος
966:ἄῤῥην
572:with
465:Cavea
455:Cavea
414:stems
350:latex
273:genus
205:Desf.
167:Desf.
104:Clade
91:Clade
78:Clade
65:Clade
1983:1183
1955:POWO
1903:NCBI
1890:IPNI
1864:GBIF
1723:POWO
1697:NCBI
1671:IPNI
1650:5232
1645:GRIN
1632:GBIF
1624:4RQV
1306:ISBN
1078:2024
1007:and
693:and
556:and
519:and
1991:WFO
1841:EoL
1828:CoL
1749:WFO
1619:CoL
1446:doi
1402:doi
1135:doi
667:of
583:of
325:is
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2006::
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1970::
1957::
1944::
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1521:.
1502:.
1477:.
1466:^
1452:.
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1440:.
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1396:.
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1292:^
1236:^
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1343:.
1314:.
1286:.
1230:.
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1182:.
1157:.
1137::
1080:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
