923:
942:
958:
989:. Pasadena also experienced a sudden uptick in typhus with 22 cases in 2018 but, without being able to attribute this to one location, the Pasadena Public Health Department did not identify the cases as an "outbreak". Over the past decade as well murine typhus cases have been rising with the highest number of cases being 171 in 2022.
643:, the sergeant, and hundreds of others. During a time when persons were executed for capital offenses, more prisoners died from 'gaol fever' than were put to death by all the public executioners in the British realm. In 1759, an English authority estimated that each year, a quarter of the prisoners had died from gaol fever. In
872:. On March 6th 1939 - French Prime Minister (Daladier) stated to the French parliament, he would return 300,000 of the Spanish refugees fleeing from the 1938 Spanish Civil war). Reasons included the typhus spread in the French refugee camps, as well as France's sovereign recognition of Francisco Franco.
474:
The main method of diagnosing typhus of all types is laboratory testing. It is most commonly done with an indirect immunofluorescence antibody IFA test for all types of typhus. This tests a sample for the antibodies associated with typhus. It can also be done with either immunohistochemistry (IHC) or
530:
is caused by flea bites so take steps to avoid fleas. This can be done by making sure pets do not have fleas and if they do, treat them, stay away from wild animals, use insect repellent to keep fleas away, and wear gloves when dealing with sick or dead animals. Take steps to ensure rodents or other
726:
is said to be responsible for 400,000 deaths. The Irish typhus spread to
England, where it was sometimes called "Irish fever" and was noted for its virulence. It killed people of all social classes, as lice were endemic and inescapable, but it hit particularly hard in the lower or "unwashed" social
514:
is caused by body lice and thrives in areas with overcrowding. To avoid lice you should stay away from highly populated areas. Also, make sure to regularly clean yourself and your clothing to help kill louse. This also goes for things like bedding and towels. Make sure to not share any fabric items
626:
In historical times, "jail fever" or "gaol fever" was common in
English prisons, and is believed by modern authorities to have been typhus. It often occurred when prisoners were crowded together into dark, filthy rooms where lice spread easily. Thus, "imprisonment until the next term of court" was
304:
Signs and symptoms begin with sudden onset of fever and other flu-like symptoms about one to two weeks after being infected. Five to nine days after the symptoms have started, a rash typically begins on the trunk and spreads to the extremities. This rash eventually spreads over most of the body,
543:
recommends treatment based upon clinical findings and before culturing confirms the diagnosis. Without treatment, death may occur in 10% to 60% of people with epidemic typhus, with people over age 50 having the highest risk of death. In the antibiotic era, death is uncommon if
69:
502:
to prevent mite bites. Lastly, make sure to use bug spray to keep mites away as well. For children and babies, you additionally have to make sure their clothing covers their limbs. For babies put a mosquito cover over their stroller which also protects them from mites.
1453:
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and surrounding lands from 1618 to 1648. According to Joseph
Patrick Byrne, "By war's end, typhus may have killed more than 10 percent of the total German population, and disease in general accounted for 90 percent of Europe's casualties."
922:
1435:
941:
2866:
957:
475:
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests excluding scrub typhus. Scrub typhus is not tested with IHC or PCR but is instead tested with the IFA test as well as indirect immunuoperoxidase (IIP) assays.
567:
Only a few areas of epidemic typhus exist today. Since the late 20th century, cases have been reported in
Burundi, Rwanda, Ethiopia, Algeria, and a few areas in South and Central America.
324:
usually start within 1 to 2 weeks after being infected. These symptoms include fever, headaches, chills, swollen lymph nodes, nausea/vomiting, and a rash at the site of infection called an
373:
When the term "typhus" is used without qualification, this is usually the condition described. Historical references to "typhus" are now generally considered to be this condition.
848:
with some 4 million cases reported, efforts to stem the spread of disease in that country had largely succeeded by 1921 through the efforts of public health pioneers such as
237:
have been developed, but none are commercially available. Prevention is achieved by reducing exposure to the organisms that spread the disease. Treatment is with the antibiotic
2859:
985:
primarily affecting homeless people. In 2019, city attorney
Elizabeth Greenwood revealed that she, too, was infected with typhus as a result of a flea bite at her office in
2852:
281:), meaning hazy or smoky and commonly used as a word for delusion, describing the state of mind of those infected. While "typhoid" means "typhus-like", typhus and
1467:
1824:
Perine PL, Chandler BP, Krause DK, McCardle P, Awoke S, Habte-Gabr E, et al. (May 1992). "A clinico-epidemiological study of epidemic typhus in Africa".
623:
sores and the associated smell of rotting flesh. During the siege, the
Spaniards lost 3,000 men to enemy action, but an additional 17,000 died of typhus.
583:
2309:
2614:
2516:
2219:
1350:
619:(1482–1492). These accounts include descriptions of fever; red spots over arms, back, and chest; attention deficit, progressing to delirium; and
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alone. Fatalities were generally between 10% and 40% of those infected and the disease was a major cause of death for those nursing the sick.
4416:
4032:
2143:
2076:
2044:
1447:
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293:
does mean the "typhoid fever", caused by specific strains of
Salmonella typhi bacteria, and the here depicted "typhus" is called lice fever.
3427:
3682:
718:. An estimated 100,000 people perished. Typhus appeared again in the late 1830s, and yet another major typhus epidemic occurred during the
1249:
1280:
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2098:
2082:
1336:
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782:
3108:
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who were held in unhygienic conditions. Pictures of mass graves including people who died from typhus can be seen in footage shot at
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2879:
1606:
1303:
1274:
1243:
892:
636:
797:. Officials neither knew how to provide sufficient sanitation under conditions of the time nor understood how the disease spread.
309:
begin with the rash and continue into the second or third weeks. Other signs of meningoencephalitis include sensitivity to light (
3672:
2241:
1199:
888:
3677:
3218:
4340:
1646:
Matossian RM, Thaddeus J, Garabedian GA (January 1963). "Outbreak of epidemic typhus in the northern region of Saudi Arabia".
3250:
1103:
3066:
1177:
868:, epidemic typhus killed 2–3 million people, many of whom were civilians. In 1937 and 1938 there was a typhus epidemic in
2025:
1140:
4236:
3560:
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456:
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1910:"Brill-Zinsser disease in a patient following infection with sylvatic epidemic typhus associated with flying squirrels"
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often equivalent to a death sentence. Prisoners brought before the court sometimes infected members of the court. The
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is caused by mites, so avoid the outdoors when scrub is common in the area. Make sure your clothing is treated with
3976:
2545:
2435:
1949:
1025:
2954:
483:
As of 2024, no vaccine is commercially available. A vaccine has been in development for scrub typhus known as the
245:
when poor sanitary conditions and crowding are present. While once common, it is now rare. Scrub typhus occurs in
3697:
3532:
3501:
3431:
3212:
701:
575:
561:
2493:
301:
These signs and symptoms refer to epidemic typhus, as it is the most important of the typhus group of diseases.
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3692:
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1908:
McQuiston JH, Knights EB, Demartino PJ, Paparello SF, Nicholson WL, Singleton J, et al. (September 2010).
884:
640:
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194:. Common symptoms include fever, headache, and a rash. Typically these begin one to two weeks after exposure.
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is given. In one study of 60 people hospitalized with epidemic typhus, no one died when given doxycycline or
4376:
4256:
4216:
4158:
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3644:
3080:
3038:
964:
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In 1922, the typhus epidemic reached its peak in Soviet territory, with some 20 to 30 million cases in
591:
103:
33:
2242:"Health, Disease, Mortality; Demographic Effects | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)"
1683:
1599:
Control of communicable diseases manual : an official report of the
American Public Health Association
285:
are distinct diseases caused by different types of bacteria. Note, however, that in some languages such as
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3946:
3940:
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3417:
3352:
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3052:
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1971:
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fever was the more prevalent cause of US Civil War "camp fever". Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium
747:
719:
460:
410:
213:
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2317:
2131:
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Epidemics occurred routinely throughout Europe from the 16th to the 19th centuries, including during the
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3423:
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2944:
2205:
986:
968:
715:
362:
277:
203:
1601:. Washington, DC: APHA Press, an imprint of the American Public Health Association. pp. 661–668.
1436:"Rickettsial (Spotted & Typhus Fevers) & Related Infections (Anaplasmosis & Ehrlichiosis)"
570:
Except for two cases, all instances of epidemic typhus in the United States have occurred east of the
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4283:
4165:
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between 1816 and 1819, during the famine caused by a worldwide reduction in temperature known as the
676:
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2022:
1461:
982:
763:
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574:. An examination of a cluster of cases in Pennsylvania concluded the source of the infection was
93:
86:
2549:
1859:
Chapman AS, Swerdlow DL, Dato VM, Anderson AD, Moodie CE, Marriott C, et al. (July 2009).
1233:
4321:
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81:
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223:
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in the interwar period; the vaccine did not prevent the disease but reduced its mortality.
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582:(diseases transmitted from wild animals) epidemic typhus remains uncommon in the US. The
549:
511:
356:
286:
183:
2477:
2699:
2182:
2165:
607:
The first reliable description of typhus appears in 1489 AD during the
Spanish siege of
564:, in 2010 the death rate from typhus was about one of every 5,000,000 people per year.
68:
4362:
4012:
4006:
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3765:
3722:
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3138:
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2408:
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1885:
1861:"Cluster of sylvatic epidemic typhus cases associated with flying squirrels, 2004-2006"
1860:
1725:
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1207:
861:
806:
759:
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648:
616:
579:
246:
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3789:
3632:
3399:
3310:
2970:
2936:
2911:
2896:
2210:
1235:
Mandell, Douglas, and
Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases E-Book
907:
731:
723:
608:
527:
433:
378:
282:
269:
191:
40:
2764:
2760:
1990:
Smith RD (January 1967). "Criminal Law—Arrest—The Right to Resist Unlawful Arrest".
1765:
1748:
Mokrani K, Fournier PE, Dalichaouche M, Tebbal S, Aouati A, Raoult D (August 2004).
951:
hand-spraying equipment. DDT was used to control the spread of typhus-carrying lice.
4354:
4128:
3607:
3335:
3275:
3222:
3207:
3152:
2821:
1967:
913:
900:
876:
853:
739:
495:
416:
404:
321:
187:
2130:
Renvoise A, Raoult D (2013-01-01), Magill AJ, Hill DR, Solomon T, Ryan ET (eds.),
883:
died of typhus. Typhus epidemics killed those confined to POW camps, ghettos, and
336:
Multiple diseases include the word "typhus" in their descriptions. Types include:
2775:
1095:
935:
in Medicine for his identification of lice as the transmitter of epidemic typhus.
789:
and other forms of quarantine, who had contracted the disease aboard the crowded
328:. More severe symptoms may damage the lungs, brain, kidney, meninges, and heart.
3928:
3883:
3834:
3538:
3290:
2805:
1837:
1699:
Raoult D, Roux V, Ndihokubwayo JB, Bise G, Baudon D, Marte G, Birtles R (1997).
932:
826:
814:
790:
545:
310:
262:
238:
155:
134:
2786:
2596:"L.A. City Hall, overrun with rats, might remove all carpets amid typhus fears"
1573:
1377:"The Early Diagnosis of Scrub Typhus by Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing"
1169:
707:
in 1812, more French soldiers died of typhus than were killed by the Russians.
3302:
2827:
2399:
1548:
1393:
1132:
896:
786:
660:
620:
516:
499:
438:
368:
2690:
1659:
1402:
785:
killed more than 20,000 people from 1847 to 1848, mainly Irish immigrants in
4116:
3968:
3636:
3577:
3458:
2816:
2745:
2117:
Black '47 and Beyond: The Great Irish Famine in History, Economy, and Memory
910:
254:
242:
208:
127:
2708:
2682:
2667:"Fleaborne Typhus–Associated Deaths — Los Angeles County, California, 2022"
2365:
2292:
2191:
1935:
1894:
1876:
1783:
1716:
1667:
1533:
1420:
2417:
2356:
2339:
2136:
Hunter's Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Disease (Ninth Edition)
1845:
1810:
1734:
17:
3552:
2832:
2215:
2166:"Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and the pathogenesis of typhoid fever"
865:
762:, between 1865 and 1873. Typhus was also a significant killer during the
735:
697:
659:, and many court personnel were fatally infected in the courtroom of the
314:
258:
218:
2515:. Vol. 1. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1949. pp. 508–511.
1524:
1507:
1017:
4143:
4089:
3443:
3408:
2488:
Newsweek Gen. Franco’s Victory Clinched by French-British Recognition,
767:
711:
632:
268:
Typhus has been described since at least 1528. The name comes from the
234:
2728:
821:
during the war. Delousing stations were established for troops on the
683:. Pestilence of several kinds raged among combatants and civilians in
2740:
1440:
CDC health Information for International Travel 2014: The Yellow Book
845:
841:
810:
778:
704:
644:
424:
325:
2462:
A Mennonite Family in Tsarist Russia and the Soviet Union, 1789–1923
631:
was another notable outbreak. During the Lent assizes court held at
2542:
Murderous Medicine: Nazi Doctors, Human Experimentation, and Typhus
1926:
1909:
2340:"The impact of infectious disease in war time: a look back at WW1"
1623:"Department of Agriculture | Typhus Fever - Rickettsia prowazekii"
869:
651:
and then moved into the general city population. In May 1750, the
647:, gaol fever frequently broke out among the ill-kept prisoners of
612:
420:
250:
228:
1680:
3164:
3123:
587:
586:
have documented only 47 cases from 1976 to 2010. An outbreak of
515:
with anyone who has lice or typhus. Lastly, treat clothing with
446:
391:
2848:
2615:"Amid Typhus Outbreak, LA City Hall Carpets May Be Ripped Out"
2509:
Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuernberg Military Tribunal
948:
891:. Among thousands of prisoners in concentration camps such as
395:
1508:"Scrub typhus vaccines: past history and recent developments"
2432:
International Health Organisations and Movements, 1918–1939
2008:(Howard's observations are from 1773 to 1775). Copied from
1059:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | Typhus Fevers
147:
Avoiding exposure to organisms known to carry the disease
1266:
Bacterial Infections of Humans: Epidemiology and Control
2068:
Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues: A—M
1985:
1983:
722:
between 1846 and 1849. The typhus outbreak along with
1648:
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
2718:
2206:"M993X.5.1529.1 | The government inspector's office"
1950:"Downtown LA Hit With Outbreak Of Flea-Borne Typhus"
1375:
Liu X, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Lou Z, Xia H, Lu Z (2021).
981:
Beginning in 2018, a typhus outbreak spread through
967:
worker distributes rat poison for typhus control in
4320:
4311:
4273:
4246:
4226:
4182:
4127:
4100:
4055:
4029:
3993:
3925:
3916:
3808:
3773:
3764:
3721:
3616:
3601:
3592:
3522:
3469:
3442:
3407:
3398:
3389:
3301:
3274:
3265:
3198:
3163:
3122:
2980:
2969:
2920:
2904:
2895:
2886:
2796:
2722:
2641:"How the Homeless Ended Up Being Blamed for Typhus"
161:
151:
143:
133:
122:
114:
102:
92:
80:
58:
53:
1701:"Jail fever (epidemic typhus) outbreak in Burundi"
1797:"Epidemic typhus risk in Rwandan refugee camps".
1750:"Reemerging threat of epidemic typhus in Algeria"
590:-borne murine typhus was identified in downtown
1483:"Typhus fevers for healthcare providers | CDC"
906:The first typhus vaccine was developed by the
2860:
2384:"Typhus and its control in Russia, 1870-1940"
1296:Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology
317:), or coma. Untreated cases are often fatal.
305:sparing the face, palms, and soles. Signs of
197:The diseases are caused by specific types of
8:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
635:in 1730, gaol fever caused the death of the
2671:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
2138:, London: W.B. Saunders, pp. 535–538,
1681:WHO Statistical Information System (WHOSIS)
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
813:and several neighboring countries prior to
4317:
3922:
3770:
3613:
3598:
3404:
3395:
3271:
2977:
2917:
2901:
2892:
2867:
2853:
2845:
2719:
2271:Section of Epidemiology and State Medicine
1578:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1553:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1487:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1466:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1319:Mullen GR, Durden LA (27 September 2002).
1238:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 2217.
1174:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1137:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1100:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1022:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
895:and Bergen-Belsen who died of typhus were
584:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
338:
67:
50:
2698:
2407:
2355:
2282:
2181:
2119:. Princeton University Press. p. 88.
2006:. J.M. Dent & Sons Ltd. pp. 6–7.
1925:
1884:
1773:
1724:
1523:
1410:
1392:
1227:
1225:
750:, in 1843. Several epidemics occurred in
746:(14th President of the United States) in
2570:"Typhus Epidemic Worsens in Los Angeles"
2096:The Historical Impact of Epidemic Typhus
2032:pp.331–2. T. Fisher Unwin, London, 1902
1339:from the original on 10 September 2017.
1232:Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ (2014).
1055:"Information for Health Care Providers"
998:
918:
829:, but typhus ravaged the armies of the
2502:
2500:
2267:"Typhus Fever in Poland, 1916 to 1919"
1459:
241:. Epidemic typhus generally occurs in
4033:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
2377:
2375:
2304:
2302:
2277:(Sect Epidemiol State Med): 261–276.
2012:(May 1997) 132 Wn.2d 1, 935 P.2d 1294
1506:Chattopadhyay S, Richards AL (2007).
7:
3418:Neisseria meningitidis/meningococcus
531:wildlife do not get into your home.
2183:10.1146/annurev-micro-091313-103739
1799:Relevé Épidémiologique Hebdomadaire
2880:Gram-negative bacterial infections
2132:"61 - Epidemic Louse-borne Typhus"
1574:"Flea-borne (murine) typhus | CDC"
1180:from the original on 26 March 2017
1143:from the original on 26 March 2017
1106:from the original on 26 March 2017
1065:from the original on 27 March 2017
1028:from the original on 26 March 2017
541:American Public Health Association
25:
3237:Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis
2522:from the original on 4 March 2016
2490:Page 18, Newsweek, March 6th 1939
2246:encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net
2222:from the original on 8 April 2011
1456:from the original on 17 May 2014.
1322:Medical and Veterinary Entomology
1096:"Epidemic Typhus | Typhus Fevers"
772:Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi
663:, which adjoined Newgate Prison.
221:, and murine typhus is caused by
3453:Neisseria gonorrhoeae/gonococcus
3428:Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome
2164:Dougan G, Baker S (2014-09-08).
2085:from the original on 2014-01-04.
1754:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
1325:. Academic Press. pp. 58–.
1283:from the original on 2017-09-10.
1252:from the original on 2017-09-10.
956:
940:
921:
889:Bergen-Belsen concentration camp
3219:Human granulocytic anaplasmosis
1766:10.1128/jcm.42.8.3898-3900.2004
201:. Epidemic typhus is caused by
3251:Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection
2338:Pennington H (February 2019).
2000:(hereinafter Comment) (citing
1976:. Bantam Classic. p. 186.
1434:Eremeeva ME, Dasch GA (2014).
1263:Evans AS, Brachman PS (2013).
947:A US soldier is demonstrating
844:. Although typhus had ravaged
742:in 1837 and killed the son of
126:Bacterial infection spread by
76:Rash caused by epidemic typhus
1:
3067:Flinders Island spotted fever
2382:Patterson KD (October 1993).
2265:Goodall ES (April 23, 1920).
2170:Annual Review of Microbiology
903:, age 19 in the latter camp.
879:, many German POWs after the
833:, where over 150,000 died in
710:A major epidemic occurred in
4417:Vaccine-preventable diseases
4237:Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
3561:Burkholderia cepacia complex
2997:Rocky Mountain spotted fever
1914:Clinical Infectious Diseases
1865:Emerging Infectious Diseases
1826:Clinical Infectious Diseases
1705:Emerging Infectious Diseases
1351:"Herpes Meningoencephalitis"
1298:(11 ed.). McGraw Hill.
519:because it helps kill lice.
457:Rocky Mountain spotted fever
211:, scrub typhus is caused by
27:Group of infectious diseases
3898:Far East scarlet-like fever
3892:Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
3508:Chromobacteriosis infection
2466:University of Toronto Press
2310:"Typhus, War, and Vaccines"
629:Black Assize of Exeter 1586
357:Epidemic louse-borne typhus
4433:
2546:Greenwood Publishing Group
2436:Cambridge University Press
2023:The Old Bailey and Newgate
1381:Frontiers in Public Health
1206:. May 1997. Archived from
313:), altered mental status (
257:. Murine typhus occurs in
38:
31:
3698:Hemolytic-uremic syndrome
3533:Burkholderia pseudomallei
3502:Chromobacterium violaceum
3432:Meningococcal septicaemia
3213:Anaplasma phagocytophilum
2400:10.1017/s0025727300058725
2071:. ABC-CLIO. p. 732.
1992:Natural Resources Journal
1838:10.1093/clinids/14.5.1149
1394:10.3389/fpubh.2021.755228
1269:. Springer. p. 839.
899:, age 15, and her sister
562:World Health Organization
432:
403:
377:
355:
350:
347:
344:
341:
276:
75:
66:
4173:Plesiomonas shigelloides
3955:Brazilian purpuric fever
3572:Bordetella parapertussis
3361:Bartonella bacilliformis
3180:Flea-borne spotted fever
3110:Rickettsia aeschlimannii
3103:Rickettsia aeschlimannii
3095:American tick bite fever
2004:The State of the Prisons
1805:(34): 259. August 1994.
1660:10.4269/ajtmh.1963.12.82
885:Nazi concentration camps
817:(1914–1918), but became
118:1–2 weeks after exposure
39:Not to be confused with
4341:Guillain–Barré syndrome
4257:Cardiobacterium hominis
4217:Acinetobacter baumannii
4159:Vibrio parahaemolyticus
3878:Yersinia enterocolitica
3645:Klebsiella granulomatis
3081:African tick bite fever
3039:North Asian tick typhus
2619:NBC Southern California
2574:NBC Southern California
2451:. Springer 2010, p. 250
1355:www.hopkinsmedicine.org
965:Civilian Public Service
856:. In Russia during the
783:typhus epidemic of 1847
592:Los Angeles, California
34:Typhus (disambiguation)
4193:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
4111:Francisella tularensis
4070:Legionella longbeachae
4066:Legionella pneumophila
3708:Enterobacter aerogenes
3353:Bacillary angiomatosis
3147:Orientia tsutsugamushi
3053:Queensland tick typhus
3025:Japanese spotted fever
2959:Flying squirrel typhus
2683:10.15585/mmwr.mm7231a1
2447:Andrew W. Artenstein.
1973:Rats, Lice and History
1877:10.3201/eid1507.081305
1717:10.3201/eid0303.970313
748:Concord, New Hampshire
667:Early modern epidemics
461:Queensland tick typhus
411:Orientia tsutsugamushi
320:Signs and symptoms of
214:Orientia tsutsugamushi
4210:Moraxella catarrhalis
4076:Legionnaires' disease
3997:Pasteurella multocida
3627:Klebsiella pneumoniae
3424:Meningococcal disease
3231:Ehrlichia chaffeensis
2991:Rickettsia rickettsii
2955:Brill–Zinsser disease
2945:Rickettsia prowazekii
2449:Vaccines: A Biography
2357:10.2217/fmb-2018-0323
987:Los Angeles City Hall
969:Gulfport, Mississippi
716:Year Without a Summer
363:Rickettsia prowazekii
204:Rickettsia prowazekii
98:Fever, headache, rash
4371:Helicobacter cinaedi
4331:Campylobacter jejuni
4284:Aeromonas hydrophila
4166:Vibrio alginolyticus
3817:Shigella dysenteriae
3755:Citrobacter freundii
3712:Enterobacter cloacae
3568:Bordetella pertussis
3047:Rickettsia australis
2645:Los Angeles Magazine
2568:Grover J, Corral A.
1549:"Scrub typhus | CDC"
653:Lord Mayor of London
485:scrub typhus vaccine
463:and other variants.
381:or "endemic typhus"
265:areas of the world.
32:For other uses, see
4349:Helicobacter pylori
3839:Bacillary dysentery
3784:Salmonella enterica
3732:Serratia marcescens
3651:Granuloma inguinale
3547:Burkholderia mallei
3482:Eikenella corrodens
3330:Bartonella quintana
3322:Cat-scratch disease
3316:Bartonella henselae
3033:Rickettsia sibirica
3019:Rickettsia japonica
2613:City News Service.
2344:Future Microbiology
2314:History of Vaccines
2105:. Joseph M. Conlon.
1525:10.4161/hv.3.3.4009
1294:Levinson W (2010).
594:, in October 2018.
442:spotted fever group
307:meningoencephalitis
199:bacterial infection
180:infectious diseases
109:Meningoencephalitis
4337:Campylobacteriosis
4248:Cardiobacteriaceae
3749:Citrobacter koseri
3659:Klebsiella oxytoca
3089:Rickettsia parkeri
3075:Rickettsia africae
3005:Rickettsia conorii
2797:External resources
2665:Alarcón J (2023).
2555:2014-06-27 at the
2492:, March 6th 1939,
2115:Ó Gráda C (1999).
2101:2009-11-06 at the
2047:2009-09-21 at the
2042:War and Pestilence
2028:2016-03-12 at the
2010:State v. Valentine
1686:2010-02-21 at the
1597:Heymann D (2015).
1572:CDC (2023-08-03).
1547:CDC (2020-11-13).
1481:CDC (2021-03-29).
983:Los Angeles County
931:received the 1928
881:loss at Stalingrad
795:Great Irish Famine
720:Great Irish Famine
297:Signs and symptoms
87:Infectious disease
4394:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4322:Campylobacterales
4307:
4306:
4288:Aeromonas veronii
4152:Vibrio vulnificus
4084:Coxiella burnetii
4051:
4050:
3977:H. parainfluenzae
3912:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3847:Proteus mirabilis
3794:Paratyphoid fever
3683:Enterohemorrhagic
3603:Enterobacteriales
3588:
3587:
3518:
3517:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3367:Carrion's disease
3261:
3260:
3245:Ehrlichia ewingii
3194:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3011:Boutonneuse fever
2842:
2841:
2600:Los Angeles Times
2460:David G. Rempel.
2145:978-1-4160-4390-4
2078:978-0-313-34102-1
2065:Byrne JP (2008).
2002:Howard J (1929).
1956:. 4 October 2018.
1449:978-0-19-994850-5
1332:978-0-08-053607-1
677:Thirty Years' War
673:English Civil War
639:, as well as the
572:Mississippi River
560:According to the
467:
466:
453:Boutonneuse fever
348:Reservoir/vector
169:
168:
48:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
4424:
4318:
4228:Xanthomonadaceae
4036:
4019:Actinobacillosis
4000:
3933:
3923:
3853:Proteus vulgaris
3771:
3668:Escherichia coli
3614:
3599:
3474:
3405:
3396:
3285:Brucella abortus
3272:
3267:Hyphomicrobiales
3174:Rickettsia felis
3133:Rickettsia akari
3061:Rickettsia honei
2978:
2931:Rickettsia typhi
2918:
2902:
2893:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2846:
2720:
2713:
2712:
2702:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2565:
2559:
2540:Naomi Baumslag,
2538:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2521:
2514:
2504:
2495:
2486:
2480:
2475:
2469:
2458:
2452:
2445:
2439:
2430:Paul Weindling.
2428:
2422:
2421:
2411:
2379:
2370:
2369:
2359:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2316:. Archived from
2306:
2297:
2296:
2286:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2185:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2112:
2106:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2062:
2056:
2039:
2033:
2021:Gordon, Charles
2019:
2013:
2007:
1999:
1987:
1978:
1977:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1929:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1888:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1777:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1728:
1696:
1690:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1527:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1465:
1457:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1414:
1396:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1229:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1210:on 27 March 2017
1196:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1166:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1139:. 7 March 2017.
1129:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1102:. 7 March 2017.
1092:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1061:. 7 March 2017.
1051:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1024:. 7 March 2017.
1014:
960:
944:
925:
637:Lord Chief Baron
576:flying squirrels
386:Rickettsia typhi
339:
280:
224:Rickettsia typhi
178:, is a group of
174:, also known as
71:
51:
21:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4386:
4303:
4269:
4242:
4222:
4184:Pseudomonadales
4178:
4138:Vibrio cholerae
4123:
4096:
4047:
4030:
4025:
3994:
3989:
3926:
3904:
3860:Yersinia pestis
3804:
3760:
3717:
3673:Enterotoxigenic
3605:
3584:
3524:Burkholderiales
3514:
3488:Kingella kingae
3470:
3465:
3438:
3377:
3371:Verruga peruana
3297:
3257:
3200:Anaplasmataceae
3186:
3159:
3118:
2972:
2965:
2951:Epidemic typhus
2909:
2882:
2873:
2843:
2838:
2837:
2792:
2791:
2731:
2717:
2716:
2677:(31): 838–843.
2664:
2663:
2659:
2649:
2647:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2623:
2621:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2578:
2576:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2557:Wayback Machine
2539:
2535:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2498:
2487:
2483:
2476:
2472:
2459:
2455:
2446:
2442:
2429:
2425:
2388:Medical History
2381:
2380:
2373:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2323:
2321:
2308:
2307:
2300:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2250:
2248:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2225:
2223:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2103:Wayback Machine
2094:
2090:
2079:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2049:Wayback Machine
2040:
2036:
2030:Wayback Machine
2020:
2016:
2001:
1989:
1988:
1981:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1954:CBS Los Angeles
1948:
1947:
1943:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1760:(8): 3898–900.
1747:
1746:
1742:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1688:Wayback Machine
1679:
1675:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1631:
1629:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1582:
1580:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1557:
1555:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1491:
1489:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1458:
1450:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1360:
1358:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1333:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1277:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1246:
1231:
1230:
1223:
1213:
1211:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1183:
1181:
1170:"Murine Typhus"
1168:
1167:
1156:
1146:
1144:
1131:
1130:
1119:
1109:
1107:
1094:
1093:
1078:
1068:
1066:
1053:
1052:
1041:
1031:
1029:
1018:"Typhus Fevers"
1016:
1015:
1000:
995:
979:
972:
961:
952:
945:
936:
929:Charles Nicolle
926:
803:
793:in fleeing the
744:Franklin Pierce
694:
681:Napoleonic Wars
669:
605:
600:
558:
550:chloramphenicol
537:
525:
512:Epidemic typhus
509:
507:Epidemic typhus
493:
481:
472:
334:
299:
253:, and northern
184:epidemic typhus
139:Poor sanitation
49:
44:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4430:
4428:
4420:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4399:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4367:
4366:
4365:
4363:Gastric cancer
4345:
4344:
4343:
4326:
4324:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4279:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4252:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4232:
4230:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4213:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4188:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4133:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4106:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4061:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4039:
4037:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4013:Actinobacillus
4009:
4007:Pasteurellosis
4003:
4001:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3936:
3934:
3920:
3918:Pasteurellales
3914:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3870:Bubonic plague
3856:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3779:
3777:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3727:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3678:Enteroinvasive
3675:
3663:
3662:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3622:
3620:
3611:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3564:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3528:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3477:
3475:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3448:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3413:
3411:
3402:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3307:
3305:
3303:Bartonellaceae
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3280:
3278:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3204:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3169:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3139:Rickettsialpox
3128:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2986:
2984:
2975:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2926:
2924:
2915:
2906:Rickettsiaceae
2899:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2876:Pseudomonadota
2874:
2872:
2871:
2864:
2857:
2849:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2824:
2813:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2778:
2767:
2748:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:Classification
2715:
2714:
2657:
2631:
2605:
2586:
2560:
2533:
2496:
2481:
2478:Fever in Chile
2470:
2453:
2440:
2423:
2371:
2350:(3): 165–168.
2330:
2298:
2257:
2233:
2197:
2156:
2144:
2122:
2107:
2088:
2077:
2057:
2034:
2014:
1979:
1959:
1941:
1927:10.1086/655891
1900:
1871:(7): 1005–11.
1851:
1832:(5): 1149–58.
1816:
1789:
1740:
1691:
1673:
1638:
1614:
1607:
1589:
1564:
1539:
1512:Human Vaccines
1498:
1473:
1448:
1426:
1367:
1342:
1331:
1311:
1304:
1286:
1275:
1255:
1244:
1221:
1200:"WHO | Typhus"
1191:
1154:
1133:"Scrub Typhus"
1117:
1076:
1039:
997:
996:
994:
991:
978:
975:
974:
973:
971:, around 1945.
962:
955:
953:
946:
939:
937:
927:
920:
893:Theresienstadt
850:Hélène Sparrow
802:
799:
760:Washington, DC
693:
690:
668:
665:
657:Samuel Pennant
649:Newgate Prison
617:War of Granada
604:
601:
599:
596:
580:Sylvatic cycle
557:
554:
536:
533:
524:
521:
508:
505:
492:
489:
480:
477:
471:
468:
465:
464:
449:
444:
436:
430:
429:
427:
414:
407:
401:
400:
398:
389:
382:
375:
374:
371:
366:
359:
353:
352:
349:
346:
343:
333:
330:
298:
295:
247:Southeast Asia
167:
166:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
145:
141:
140:
137:
131:
130:
124:
120:
119:
116:
112:
111:
106:
100:
99:
96:
90:
89:
84:
78:
77:
73:
72:
64:
63:
60:
56:
55:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4429:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4412:Rickettsioses
4410:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4359:MALT lymphoma
4356:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4310:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4275:Aeromonadales
4272:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4102:Thiotrichales
4099:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4057:Legionellales
4054:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4028:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3992:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3941:H. influenzae
3938:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3799:
3798:Salmonellosis
3795:
3791:
3790:Typhoid fever
3788:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3633:Rhinoscleroma
3631:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3468:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3311:Bartonellosis
3309:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2968:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2937:Murine typhus
2935:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2912:Rickettsioses
2907:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2897:Rickettsiales
2894:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2865:
2863:
2858:
2856:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2658:
2646:
2642:
2635:
2632:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2587:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2518:
2511:
2510:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2394:(4): 361–81.
2393:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2331:
2320:on 2021-02-28
2319:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2258:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2211:McCord Museum
2207:
2201:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2176:(1): 317–36.
2175:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2157:
2147:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2123:
2118:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1711:(3): 357–60.
1710:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1639:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1610:
1608:9780875530185
1604:
1600:
1593:
1590:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1565:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1499:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1474:
1469:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1430:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1368:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1315:
1312:
1307:
1305:9780071700283
1301:
1297:
1290:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1276:9781461553274
1272:
1268:
1267:
1259:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1245:9780323263733
1241:
1237:
1236:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
999:
992:
990:
988:
984:
976:
970:
966:
959:
954:
950:
943:
938:
934:
930:
924:
919:
917:
915:
912:
909:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
838:
836:
832:
831:Eastern Front
828:
824:
823:Western Front
820:
816:
812:
808:
800:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
775:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
738:broke out in
737:
733:
732:United States
728:
725:
724:typhoid fever
721:
717:
713:
708:
706:
703:
699:
691:
689:
686:
682:
678:
674:
666:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
602:
597:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
568:
565:
563:
555:
553:
551:
547:
542:
534:
532:
529:
528:Murine typhus
523:Murine typhus
522:
520:
518:
513:
506:
504:
501:
497:
490:
488:
486:
478:
476:
469:
462:
458:
454:
450:
448:
445:
443:
441:
437:
435:
434:Spotted fever
431:
428:
426:
422:
418:
417:Harvest mites
415:
413:
412:
408:
406:
402:
399:
397:
393:
390:
388:
387:
383:
380:
379:Murine typhus
376:
372:
370:
367:
365:
364:
360:
358:
354:
340:
337:
331:
329:
327:
323:
318:
316:
312:
308:
302:
296:
294:
292:
288:
284:
283:typhoid fever
279:
274:
271:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
230:
226:
225:
220:
216:
215:
210:
206:
205:
200:
195:
193:
192:murine typhus
189:
185:
182:that include
181:
177:
173:
164:
160:
157:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
136:
132:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
110:
107:
105:
104:Complications
101:
97:
95:
91:
88:
85:
83:
79:
74:
70:
65:
61:
57:
52:
46:
42:
41:Typhoid fever
35:
30:
19:
4378:Helicobacter
4377:
4369:
4355:Peptic ulcer
4347:
4329:
4294:
4282:
4255:
4235:
4215:
4208:
4199:
4191:
4171:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4136:
4129:Vibrionaceae
4109:
4082:
4064:
4031:
4011:
3995:
3975:
3961:
3947:
3939:
3927:
3890:
3876:
3858:
3851:
3845:
3815:
3782:
3753:
3747:
3738:
3730:
3706:
3666:
3657:
3643:
3625:
3566:
3559:
3545:
3531:
3500:
3486:
3480:
3471:
3451:
3416:
3400:Neisseriales
3359:
3347:
3343:
3336:Trench fever
3328:
3314:
3283:
3276:Brucellaceae
3243:
3229:
3223:Anaplasmosis
3211:
3208:Ehrlichiosis
3172:
3153:Scrub typhus
3145:
3131:
3109:
3101:
3087:
3073:
3059:
3045:
3031:
3017:
3003:
2989:
2943:
2929:
2921:
2878:-associated
2826:
2815:
2804:
2780:
2769:
2750:
2735:
2674:
2670:
2660:
2648:. Retrieved
2644:
2634:
2622:. Retrieved
2618:
2608:
2599:
2589:
2577:. Retrieved
2573:
2563:
2541:
2536:
2524:. Retrieved
2508:
2484:
2473:
2468:2011, p. 249
2461:
2456:
2448:
2443:
2438:1995, p. 99.
2431:
2426:
2391:
2387:
2347:
2343:
2333:
2322:. Retrieved
2318:the original
2313:
2274:
2270:
2260:
2249:. Retrieved
2245:
2236:
2224:. Retrieved
2209:
2200:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2149:, retrieved
2135:
2125:
2116:
2110:
2091:
2067:
2060:
2052:
2037:
2017:
2009:
2003:
1998:(1): 119–28.
1995:
1991:
1972:
1962:
1953:
1944:
1920:(6): 712–5.
1917:
1913:
1903:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1757:
1753:
1743:
1708:
1704:
1694:
1676:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1630:. Retrieved
1626:
1617:
1598:
1592:
1581:. Retrieved
1577:
1567:
1556:. Retrieved
1552:
1542:
1518:(3): 73–80.
1515:
1511:
1501:
1490:. Retrieved
1486:
1476:
1442:. New York.
1439:
1429:
1384:
1380:
1370:
1359:. Retrieved
1357:. 2019-11-19
1354:
1345:
1321:
1314:
1295:
1289:
1265:
1258:
1234:
1212:. Retrieved
1208:the original
1203:
1194:
1182:. Retrieved
1173:
1145:. Retrieved
1136:
1108:. Retrieved
1099:
1067:. Retrieved
1058:
1030:. Retrieved
1021:
980:
977:21st century
914:Rudolf Weigl
905:
877:World War II
874:
860:between the
854:Rudolf Weigl
839:
804:
801:20th century
791:coffin ships
776:
771:
764:US Civil War
740:Philadelphia
729:
709:
702:retreat from
695:
692:19th century
670:
641:High Sheriff
625:
611:against the
606:
569:
566:
559:
556:Epidemiology
538:
526:
510:
496:Scrub typhus
494:
491:Scrub typhus
482:
473:
439:
409:
405:Scrub typhus
384:
361:
335:
322:scrub typhus
319:
303:
300:
290:
272:
267:
233:
222:
212:
202:
196:
188:scrub typhus
176:typhus fever
175:
171:
170:
135:Risk factors
62:Typhus fever
45:
29:
4200:Pseudomonas
3948:Haemophilus
3929:Haemophilus
3884:Yersiniosis
3835:Shigellosis
3539:Melioidosis
3348:B. quintana
3344:B. henselae
3291:Brucellosis
2806:MedlinePlus
2639:Braslow S.
2624:12 February
1204:www.who.int
933:Nobel Prize
827:World War I
815:World War I
805:Typhus was
787:fever sheds
781:alone, the
766:, although
734:, a typhus
615:during the
603:Middle Ages
546:doxycycline
311:photophobia
289:, the term
263:subtropical
239:doxycycline
156:Doxycycline
115:Usual onset
59:Other names
4401:Categories
4380:cellulitis
3963:H. ducreyi
3950:meningitis
3472:ungrouped:
3165:Flea-borne
3124:Mite-borne
2982:Tick-borne
2828:Patient UK
2782:DiseasesDB
2579:9 February
2324:2021-02-26
2251:2021-02-26
2226:22 January
2151:2023-10-31
1632:2023-09-14
1627:www.nj.gov
1583:2023-10-19
1558:2023-10-19
1492:2023-10-19
1361:2023-10-31
993:References
897:Anne Frank
866:Red Armies
679:, and the
661:Old Bailey
621:gangrenous
517:permethrin
500:permethrin
479:Prevention
440:Rickettsia
369:Body louse
345:Bacterium
342:Condition
227:spread by
217:spread by
207:spread by
144:Prevention
18:Gaol fever
4297:infection
4295:Aeromonas
4202:infection
4117:Tularemia
3969:Chancroid
3741:infection
3723:Slow/weak
3637:Pneumonia
3578:Pertussis
3459:Gonorrhea
3112:infection
2817:eMedicine
2691:0149-2195
2594:Smith D.
1968:Zinsser H
1654:: 82–90.
1462:cite book
1403:2296-2565
911:zoologist
858:civil war
752:Baltimore
535:Treatment
470:Diagnosis
451:Includes
255:Australia
243:outbreaks
209:body lice
162:Frequency
152:Treatment
128:parasites
82:Specialty
3825:flexneri
3739:Serratia
3553:Glanders
2822:med/2332
2709:37535465
2700:10414999
2553:Archived
2550:page 133
2548:, 2005,
2517:Archived
2366:30628481
2293:19981289
2220:Archived
2216:Montreal
2192:25208300
2099:Archived
2083:Archived
2055:magazine
2045:Archived
2026:Archived
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1936:20687836
1895:19624912
1784:15297561
1684:Archived
1668:13933690
1534:17375000
1454:Archived
1421:34858931
1337:Archived
1281:Archived
1250:Archived
1214:26 March
1184:26 March
1178:Archived
1147:26 March
1141:Archived
1110:27 March
1104:Archived
1069:26 March
1063:Archived
1032:26 March
1026:Archived
819:epidemic
736:epidemic
727:strata.
698:Napoleon
315:delirium
259:tropical
235:Vaccines
219:chiggers
94:Symptoms
4144:Cholera
4090:Q fever
3693:O104:H4
3688:O157:H7
3342:Either
2971:Spotted
2776:D014438
2650:5 March
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2409:1036775
2284:2152684
1886:2744229
1846:1600020
1811:7947074
1735:9284381
1726:2627627
1412:8632043
875:During
825:during
807:endemic
768:typhoid
756:Memphis
730:In the
712:Ireland
696:During
685:Germany
633:Taunton
598:History
425:rodents
4407:Typhus
3866:Plague
3829:boydii
3821:sonnei
2922:Typhus
2833:Typhus
2811:001363
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2526:19 May
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846:Poland
842:Russia
835:Serbia
811:Poland
779:Canada
758:, and
705:Moscow
675:, the
655:, Sir
645:London
421:humans
351:Notes
332:Causes
326:eschar
291:typhus
287:German
273:tûphos
190:, and
172:Typhus
123:Causes
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4263:HACEK
4043:HACEK
3983:HACEK
3494:HACEK
2973:fever
2787:29240
2520:(PDF)
2513:(PDF)
870:Chile
862:White
613:Moors
447:Ticks
392:Fleas
278:τῦφος
270:Greek
251:Japan
229:fleas
3809:H2S−
3775:H2S+
3766:Lac−
3618:Lac+
2771:MeSH
2756:9-CM
2746:A75
2705:PMID
2687:ISSN
2652:2021
2626:2019
2581:2019
2528:2015
2414:PMID
2362:PMID
2289:PMID
2228:2012
2188:PMID
2140:ISBN
2073:ISBN
2053:Time
1932:PMID
1891:PMID
1842:PMID
1807:PMID
1780:PMID
1731:PMID
1664:PMID
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1530:PMID
1468:link
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1399:ISSN
1327:ISBN
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1271:ISBN
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1186:2017
1149:2017
1112:2017
1071:2017
1034:2017
864:and
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588:flea
539:The
396:rats
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2761:080
2752:ICD
2737:ICD
2695:PMC
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